Rational Purify
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| Original author(s) | Pure Software |
|---|---|
| Developer(s) | Rational Software |
| Stable release | 7.0.1 / November 11, 2009 |
| Operating system | Windows, Linux, Solaris, AIX |
| Type | Memory debugger |
| License | Proprietary software |
| Website | unicomsi |
Purify is a memory debugger program used by software developers to detect memory access errors in programs, especially those written in C or C++. It was originally written by Reed Hastings of Pure Software.[1] Pure Software later merged with Atria Software to form Pure Atria Software, which in turn was later acquired by Rational Software, which in turn was acquired by IBM, and then divested to UNICOM Systems, Inc. on Dec 31, 2014. It is functionally similar to other memory debuggers, such as Insure++, Valgrind and BoundsChecker.
Contents
Overview
Purify allows dynamic verification, a process by which a program discovers errors that occur when the program runs, much like a debugger. Static verification or static code analysis, by contrast, involves detecting errors in the source code without ever compiling or running it, just by discovering logical inconsistencies. The type checking by a C compiler is an example of static verification.
When a program is linked with Purify, corrected verification code is automatically inserted into the executable by parsing and adding to the object code, including libraries. That way, if a memory error occurs, the program will print out the exact location of the error, the memory address involved, and other relevant information. Purify also detects memory leaks. By default, a leak report is generated at program exit but can also be generated by calling the Purify leak-detection API from within an instrumented application.
The errors that Purify discovers include array bounds reads and writes, trying to access unallocated memory, freeing unallocated memory (usually due to freeing the same memory for the second time), as well as memory leaks (allocated memory with no pointer reference). Most of these errors are not fatal (at least not at the site of the error), and often when just running the program there is no way to detect them, except by observing that something is wrong due to incorrect program behavior. Hence Purify helps by detecting these errors and telling the programmer exactly where they occur. Because Purify works by instrumenting all the object code, it detects errors that occur inside of third-party or operating system libraries. These errors are often caused by the programmer passing incorrect arguments to the library calls, or by misunderstandings about the protocols for freeing data structures used by the libraries. These are often the most difficult errors to find and fix.
Differences from traditional debuggers
The ability to detect non-fatal errors is a major distinction between Purify and similar programs from the usual debuggers. By contrast, debuggers generally only allow the programmer to quickly find the sources of fatal errors, such as a program crash due to dereferencing a null pointer, but do not help to detect the non-fatal memory errors. Debuggers are useful for other things that Purify is not intended for, such as for stepping through the code line by line or examining the program's memory by hand at a particular moment of execution. In other words, these tools can complement each other for a skilled developer.
Purify also includes other functionality, such as high-performance watchpoints, which are of general use while using a debugger on one's code.
It is worth noting that using Purify makes the most sense in programming languages that leave memory management to the programmer. Hence, in Java, Lisp, or Visual Basic, for example, automatic memory management reduces occurrence of any memory leaks. These languages can however still have leaks; unnecessary references to objects will prevent the memory from being re-allocated. IBM has a product called Rational Application Developer to uncover these sorts of errors.
Supported platforms
| Operating System | Processor Architectures | Operating System versions | Compilers | Debuggers | Miscellaneous |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solaris | |||||
| Sun UltraSPARC | Solaris 10 base through 5/09 Solaris 9 base through 9/05 Solaris 8 base through 2/04 |
Sun C/C++ 5.3 through 5.10 GNU gcc/g++ 4.0 through 4.4 GNU gcc/g++ 3.0 through 3.4 |
Sun dbx 7.0 through 7.7 Sun dbx 6.2 GNU gdb 6.0 through 6.7 |
Solaris threads POSIX kernel threads Solaris ld 5.8 through 5.10 |
|
| AMD64 Intel 64 |
Solaris 10 6/06 through 5/09 | Sun C/C++ 5.8 through 5.10 GNU gcc/g++ 4.0 through 4.4 GNU gcc/g++ 3.4 |
Sun dbx 7.5 through 7.7 GNU gdb 6.0 through 6.7 |
POSIX kernel threads Solaris ld 5.10 |
|
| Linux | |||||
| Intel IA-32 | RHEL 5 (Server/Desktop) base through 5.4 RHEL 4 (AS/ES/WS) base through 4.8 RHEL 3 (AS/ES/WS) base through U9 SLES 11 base SLES 10 base through SP2 SLES 9 base through SP4 |
GNU gcc/g++ 4.0 through 4.4 GNU gcc/g++ 3.2 through 3.4 Intel icc 11.0 |
GNU gdb 6.0 through 6.8 | Native POSIX thread library (NPTL) GNU ld 2.13 through 2.17 |
|
| AMD64 Intel 64 |
RHEL 5 (Server/Desktop) base through 5.4 RHEL 4 (AS/ES/WS) base through 4.8 SLES 11 base SLES 10 base through SP2 SLES 9 base through SP4 |
GNU gcc/g++ 4.0 through 4.4 GNU gcc/g++ 3.2 through 3.4 Intel icc 11.0 |
GNU gdb 6.0 through 6.8 | Native POSIX thread library (NPTL) GNU ld 2.13 through 2.17 |
|
| AIX | |||||
| IBM POWER5 IBM POWER6 |
AIX 6.1 base through TL3 AIX 5L v5.3 base through TL9 |
IBM XL C/C++ 10.1 IBM XL C/C++ 9.0 IBM XL C/C++ 8.0 IBM XL C/C++ 7.0 GNU gcc/g++ 3.4 |
IBM Debugger 6.0 IBM Debugger 5.0 GNU gdb 6.2 |
POSIX kernel threads AIX ld 5.2 through 6.1 |
|
| Windows | |||||
| Intel IA-32 | Vista Business base through SP2 Vista Enterprise base through SP2 Vista Ultimate base through SP2 XP Professional base through SP3 2000 Professional SP2 through SP4 2000 Server SP2 through SP4 2000 Advanced Server SP2 through SP4 Server 2003 Standard base through SP2 Server 2003 Enterprise base through SP2 Server 2003 R2 Standard base through SP2 Server 2003 R2 Enterprise base through SP2 Server 2008 Enterprise Edition base through SP2 Server 2008 Standard Edition base through SP2 Server 2008 DataCenter Edition base through SP2 |
Visual Studio 2010 Visual Studio 2008 Visual Studio 2005 Visual Studio .NET 2003 Visual Studio .NET Visual Studio 6.0 |
Visual Studio 2010 Visual Studio 2008 Visual Studio 2005 Visual Studio .NET 2003 Visual Studio .NET Visual Studio 6.0 |
| Platform | Data Collection Type | Runtime Environment |
|---|---|---|
| Windows | ||
| Java data collection | IBM JRE 1.4.2 IBM JRE 5.0 SUN JRE 1.4.2 SUN JRE 1.5.0 |
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| .NET data collection | .NET Framework 1.0 .NET Framework 1.1 base through SP1 .NET Framework 2.0 .NET Framework 3.0, 3.5 |
See also
References
- ↑ Purify: fast detection of memory leaks and access errors. by Reed Hastings and Bob Joyce, Usenix Winter 1992 technical conference.
