List of Iron Age states

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The Iron Age is the period generally occurring after the Bronze Age, marked by the prevalent use of iron, circa 1200 BC to 600 BC.

The early period of the age is characterized by the widespread use of iron or steel. The adoption of such material coincided with other changes in society, including differing agricultural practices, religious beliefs and artistic styles. The Iron Age as an archaeological term indicates the condition as to civilization and culture of a people using iron as the material for their cutting tools and weapons.^[1] The Iron Age is the third principal period of the three-age system created by Christian Thomsen (1788–1865) for classifying ancient societies and prehistoric stages of progress.^[2]

Development of states

The development of states—large-scale, populous, politically centralized, and socially stratified polities/societies governed by powerful rulers, marks one of the major milestones in the evolution of human societies. Archaeologists often distinguish between primary (or pristine) states and secondary states. Primary states evolved independently through largely internal developmental processes rather than through the influence of any other pre-existing state. The earliest known primary states appeared in Mesopatamia c. 3700 BC, in Egypt c. 3300 BC, in the Indus Valley c. 2500 BC, India c. 1700 BC, and in China c. 1600 BC. As they interacted with their less developed neighbors through trade, warfare, migration, and more generalized ideological influences, the primary states directly or indirectly fostered the emergence of secondary states in surrounding areas, for example, the Hittites in Anatolia, the Minoan and Mycenaean states of the Aegean, or the Nubian kingdoms in the Sudan. Professor Gil Stein at the University of Chicago Oriental Institute states "The excavations and archaeological surveys of the last few decades have vastly increased both the quantity and quality of what we know about ancient states and urbanism. Archaeologists have broadened the scope of their research beyond the traditional focus on rulers and urban elites. Current research now aims at understanding the role of urban commoners, craft specialists, and village-based farmers in the overall organization of ancient states and societies. Given the immense geographical scope encompassed by the term 'the Ancient World'".^[3] This list's the main types state that existed in Africa, Americas, Central Asia, East Asia, Europe, Eurasian Steppe, South Asia, and West Asia, from the beginning of the Iron Age to the beginning of Classical antiquity a period of 600 years.

Africa

Map of the world early iron age 1000 BC

State	Capital/s	Type	Existed
Assyrian	Assur, Nineveh, Harran	Empire	911 - 612 BC
Aethiopia	Adulis	Kingdom	c. 13th - 5th centuries BC
Carthage	Carthage	Kingdom	814 - 650 BC
Carthaganian	Carthage	Empire	650 - 146 BC
Cyrenaica	Cyrene	Kingdom	631-525 BC
D'mt	Yeha	Kingdom	980 - 400 BC
Egypt	Memphis,Thebes	Kingdom	1069 - 525 BC
Egyptian	Memphis, Thebes	Empire	1550 - 1069 BC
Garamantian	Garama	Tribal confederation/empire	1000 BC - 700 AD
Kush	Meroë	Kingdom	1070 BC - 350 AD
Libu		Tribal confederation	1550 - 146BC
Macrobia		Tribal kingdom	c. 8th - 4th centuries BC
Nok		Tribal chiefdom/kingdom	1000 BC - 300 AD
Punt		Kingdom	2400 - 1069 BC

Americas

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State	Capital/s	Type	Existed
Maya	Various	Kingdom city states	2000 BC - 900 AD
Olmec	La Venta, Tenochtitlán	Kingdom city states	1400-400 BC
Paracas		Tribal Chiefdoms	800 - 100 BC
Pueblo	Various	Tribal chiefdoms	12th century BC - 14th century AD
Zapotec		Kingdom city states	700 BC - 1521 AD

Europe

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North and West

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State	Capital/s	Type	Existed
Hallstatt	Various	Tribal chiefdoms	700 BC - 500 BC
Pre-Roman Iron Age in Northern Europe	Various	Tribal confederations, Tribal kingdoms, Tribal chiefdoms	450-50 BC

South and East

State	Capital/s	Type	Existed
Alba Longa	Lavinium	Kingdom	1200-753 BC
Alashiya	Enkomi, Kalavasos	Kingdom	1450-1050 BC
Arcadia		Kingdom	1000-743 BC
Argolis	Argos	Kingdom	1200-379 BC
Athens	Athens	Kingdom city state	1556-683 BC
Athens	Athens	Republican city state	683-87 BC
Boeotia	Thebes	Kingdom	1100-750 BC
Corinth	Corinth	City state	700-338 BC
Dacia	Sarmizegetusa, Regia	Tribal kingdom	700 BC - 106AD
Daunia		Tribal kingdom	7th century - 89 BC
Epirus	Amvrakia, Passaron, Phoenice	Kingdom	1183 - 168 BC
Etruria	Veii	Kingdom	768 - 264 BC
Getae	Not specified	Tribal Kingdom	7th century BC -4th century AD
Iapydes	Various	Tribal confederation	9th century - 34 BC
Illyria	Scodra	Kingdom	2000-168 BC
Lacedaemon	Sparta	Kingdom	1300-950 BC
Liburnia		Tribal thalassocracy ^[4]	11th century - 34 BC
Locria	Amphissa, Naupactus	Kingdom	1250-386 BC
Lucania		Tribal kingdom	1000-356 BC^[5]
Macedon	Aigai, Pella	Kingdom	860-146 BC
Magna Graecia	Various	Kingdom city states	740 - 89 BC
Messapia	Hyria	Tribal kingdom	8th century - 89 BC
Messenia	Messene	Kingdom	1300-724 BC
Mycenaea	Mycenae	Kingdom city states	1600 - 1100 BC
Oenotria	Metabon	Tribal kingdom	1000 - 325 BC
Oscans	Ausones	Tribal kingdom	1000 - 4th centuries BC
Padanian Etruria	Various	Federated city states	9th century - 5th century BC
Iapyges	Gnapia	Tribal kingdom	11th century - 89 BC
Rome	Rome	Kingdom	753 - 509 BC
Sabinum		Tribal kingdom	c. 760 - 494 BC
Samnium	Bovianum	Tribal confederation	c. 600 - 82 BC
Sicani		Tribal confederation	c. 13th century - 300 BC
Sicels		Tribal Kingdom	c. 11th century - 425 BC
Sparta	Sparta	Kingdom	950-146 BC
Tartessos	Tartessus	Tribal kingdom	1000-450 BC ^[6]
Thrace	Bizye. Svetopolis	Tribal chiefdom	1500 - 450 BC
Tyrrhenia	Various	Kingdom city states	1100 - 764 BC
Veneti		Tribal kingdom	c. 10th century - 231 BC

Eurasian Steppe and Central Asia

name	capital	state type	existed
Aria		Kingdom/client	700 BC - 300 BC
Bactria	Bactra	Tribal kingdom/client	2140 - 550 BC
Balhara	Balkh	Tribal kingdom	12th century - 7th century BC
Bulgar	Balkh/Phanagoria	Tribal confederation	7th century BC - 7th century AD
Caspiane		Tribal kingdom/client	650 BC - 387 AD
Chorasmia		Tribal confederation	1290-180 BC
Colchis	Phasis	Kingdom	1300 BC - 2nd century AD
Dahae		Tribal confederation	700 - 530 BC
Dingling		Tribal chiefdoms	650-209 BC
Hyrcania		Tribal kingdom	c. 9th century - 550 BC
Iberia		Tribal confederation	1000 - 302 BC
Magyar		Tribal confederation/principality	1100 BC - 895 AD
Margiana		Tribal kingdom	9th century - 6th century BC
Massagatae		Tribal confederation	8th century - 46 BC
Melanchlaeni		Tribal confederation	650 - 350 BC
Qiang		Tribal chiefdoms/confederation	2000 BC- 150 BC
Sattagydia	not specified	Kingdom	c. 7th century - 480 BC
Scythia	Neopolis	Tribal kingdom	690 - 250 BC
Sogdia	Marakanda	Tribal confederation	8th century - 327 BC
Tocharia	Neopolis	Tribal kingdom city states	650 - 176 BC
Xianyun		Nomadic tribal federation	824-209 BC
Yuezhi		Nomadic tribal confederation	650-20 BC

East Asia

name	capital	state type	existed
Ba	Yíchéng	Tribal confederation	13th century - 311 BC
Cai	Shàngcài),Xīncài,Xiàcài	Marquisate/client	980 - 447 BC
Cao	Táoqiū	Dukedom/client	1053 - 487 BC
Chen	Wǎnqiū	Dukedom/client	1046-479 BC
Chu	Danyang,JiangYing,JiYing,Shouchun,	Viscountcy/kingdom/client	1030-223 BC
Deng	Dengzhou	Marquisate/client	1200-678 BC
Donghu		Nomadic tribal confederation	1400-150 BC
Eastern Guo	Dengzhou	Marquisate/client	1046-767 BC
Gojoseon	Asadal, Wanggeom-seong	Kingdom	2333-108 BC
Guan	Guan	Kingdom city state	1046 - 1040 BC
Gumie	Gumie	Kingdom	1046 - 480 BC
Han	Hancheng	Marquisate/client	1046-764 BC
Huang	Can'hu, Yicheng, Hubei	Marquisate/client	891-648 BC
Jin	Tang, Quwo, Jiang, Xintian	Dukedom/client	1042-376 BC
Kỷ line	Not specified	Kingdom	853-755 BC
Japan	Heijō-kyō, Heian-kyō, Tokyo	Principalities/empire	660 BC - present day
Lu	Qufu	Marquisate/dukedom/client	1042-249 BC
Pi	Xuecheng	Earldom/client	1046-418 BC
Qi	Qi	Dukedom	1600-445 BC
Qi	Linzi	Dukedom/client	1046-221 BC
Qin	Qin, Quanqiu, Qian, Pingyang	Marquisate/dukedom/client	858-221 BC
Quan		Dukedom/client	1250-704 BC
Quanrong		Nomadic Tribal Confedracy	954-301 BC
Shang	Anyang	Kingdom	1600-1046 BC
Shěn	Shěn	Earldom/marquisate	1050-500 BC
Shu		Kingdom	1046-316 BC
Song	Shangqiu	Dukedom and vassal	1058-286 BC
Sui	Suizhou	Marquisate and client	771-221 BC
Sumpa		Tribal chiefdom/client	1600 BC - 7th century AD
Tan	Mingshui	Viscountcy and vassal	1046-684 BC
Teng	Tengzhou	Viscountcy	1046-414 BC
Văn Lang	Anyang	Confederation/kingdom	2879-258 BC
Western Guo	Yongdi,Shangyang,Xiayang	Countship/dukedom	1046-687 BC
Wey	Shangqiu	Dukedom and vassal	1046-687 BC
Wu	Gusu	Dukedom and vassal	1046-473 BC
Xing	Xingtai	Marquisate/client	1046-632 BC
Xu	Gusu	Viscountacy/client	2000-512 BC
Yan	Ji	Kingdom/principality	1046-222 BC
Zheng	Zheng, Xinzheng	Kingdom	806-375 BC
Zhou	Haojing, Luoyi	Kingdom	1046-256 BC
Zou		Viscountacy/dukedom	1012-350 BC

South Asia

name	capital	state type	existed
Anarta	Dvaraka	Kingdom	1100-550 BC
Anga	Champa or Campā	Kingdom	1380-550 BC
Asmaka	Potana	Kingdom	1150-300 BC
Avanti	Mahissati,Ujjaini	Kingdom	900-322 BC
Āryāvarta	Multiple	Confederated tribal kingdoms	1750 - 600 BC
Chedi	Suktimati	Kingdom	1250-344 BC
Chola	Urayur/Kaveripattinam	Kingdom	2645-110 BC
Danda	Janasthana	Kingdom	1100 - 450 BC
Dasarna		Kingdom	1150 - 600 BC
Drangiana		Tribal chiefdom	950 - 600 BC
Gurjara		Kingdom	1000 - 550 BC
Haryanka	Rajagriha, later Pataliputra	Kingdom	684 - 413 BC
Himalaya		Kingdom	600 - 322 BC
Kalinga	Dantapura/Rajapura^[7]	Kingdom	1376 - 285 BC
Kamboja	Rajapura	Kingdom	1450 - 195 BC
Kasmira	Asirgarh Qila	Kingdom	1250 - 322 BC
Kekeya		Kingdom	1250 - c. 4th century BC
Kimpurusha		Kingdom	1000 - 325 BC
Kirata		Tribal kingdom	1350 - c. 300 BC
Kosala	Shravasti	Kingdom	1300 - 266 BC
Kuru	Āsandīvat, Indraprastha	Kingdom	1376 - 285 BC
Lanka	Lankapura	Kingdom	1200 - 543 BC
Madra	Sagala	Kingdom	1350 - 350 BC
Magadha	Rajagriha or Rajgir	Kingdom	1200-800 BC
Malla	Kusavati, Pava	Republic	780 - 323 BC
Matsya	Viratanagara	Kingdom	1250 -318 BC
Nepa		Kingdom	750 - 323 BC
Panchala	Ahichatra, Kampilya	Kingdom	1200 - 700 BC
Panchala	Ahichatra, Kampilya	Republic	700 - 308 BC
Pandya	Madurai	Kingdom	1350 - 460 BC
Parvata		Kingdom	c. 9th century - 325 BC
Pragjyotisha		Kingdom	c. 11th century - 350 BC
Pundra	Pundravardhana	Kingdom	1300 BC - 550 AD
Saurashtra		Kingdom	950- 355 BC
Shakya	Kapilavatthu	Monarchical Republic	800 - 320 BC
Sindhu	Vrsadarbhpura	Kingdom	1300 - 320 BC
Suhma	not specified	Kingdom	c. 8th century - 4th century BC
Surasena	Methora	Kingdom	1300 - 323 BC
Trigarta	Prasthala	Kingdom	1150-322 BC
Vanga	Gange	Kingdom	1300 BC - 580 AD
Vatsa	Kauśāmbī	Kingdom	1100-323 BC
Vidarbha	Kundinapuri	Kingdom	1200-322 BC
Virata	Kundinapuri	Kingdom	1300-322 BC
Vriji	Vaishali	Confederacy	1250 - 322 BC
Yaksha	Narmada	Kingdom	1200 - 350 BC

West Asia

name	capital	state type	existed
Ammon	Rabbath Ammon	Kingdom	1000 - 332 BC
Anshan	Anshan	Kingdom	717 - 646 BC
Aram-Damascus	Damascus	Kingdom	1184 - 732 BC
Aramea		Tribal chiefdom's/kingdom	2300 – 700 BC
Arzawa	Apasa	Federation	15th – 12th Century BC
Awsan	Ḥajar Yaḥirr	Kingdom	7th century BC - 100 AD
Arme-Shupria	Van	Kingdom	1290 - 1190 BC
Assyria	Assur	Kingdom	1975 - 934 BC
Assyrian Empire	Assur,Nineveh,Harran	Empire	911 - 612 BC
Bashan	Bashan	Confederation	1330 - 928 BC
Bit-Istar		Kingdom	12th century - 710 BC
Chaldea	Bit Yakin	Kingdom	1100 - 539 BC
Corduene		Principality/kingdom/client	800 BC - 653 AD
Cilicia	Tarsus	Kingdom	795 - 546 BC
Drangiana		Tribal chiefdom	950 - 600 BC
Diauehi	Zua, Ultu	Kingdom	1118-760 BC
Dilmun	Qal'at	Kingdom	2600-675 BC
Doris	Doris	Kingdom	1200-580 BC
Edom	Rabbath Ammon	Kingdom	1200 - 125 BC
Elamite Empire	Susa	Empire	1210-535 BC
Ellipi		Kingdom	850-609 BC
Eshnuna	Eshnunna	Kingdom city state	2000 - 8th century BC
Hadhramaut		Kingdom	700 BC - 320 AD
Haram	Haram	Kingdom city state	600 - 175 BC
Hittite Empire	Hattussa	Empire	1600 - 1178 BC
Ionia	Delos	Kingdom city states	1070-545 BC
Israel and Judah		United Kingdom	1000 - 930 BC
Israel		Kingdom	930- 720 BC
Judah		Kingdom	930- 586 BC
Lukka		Tribal kingdom	2000-1183 BC
Lullubi	Lulubuna	Tribal kingdom	2400-650 BC
Lycia	Xanthos, Patara	Kingdom	1183-546 BC
Lydia	Sardis	Kingdom	1200-680 BC
Lydian Empire	Sardis	Empire	680-546 BC
Mannai	Izirtu	Kingdom	1110-616 BC
Magan		Kingdom	2200-550 BC
Media	Ecbatana	Kingdom	750-678 BC
Median Empire	Ecbatana	Empire	678-549 BC
Mysia	Pergamene	Kingdom	1320 - 301 BC ^[8]
Nairi	Multiple	Tribal confederation	1190-890 BC
Namar	Namar	Kingdom	2350-750 BC
Neo-Babylonian Empire	Babylon	Empire	626 - 539 BC
Neo-Hitit	Multiple	Kingdom city states	1200-800 BC
Paphlagonia	Gangra	Kingdom	1480 - 183 BC^[9]
Parsua		Tribal chiefdom/kingdom^[10]	860-600 BC
Persis		Tribal kingdom	10th century - 550 BC
Philistia	Ashdod, Ekron, Gaza	Kingdom city states	1175-732 BC
Phoenicia	Byblos, Tyre, Berytus, Sidon	Kingdom city states	1800-539 BC
Phrygia		Kingdom	1200-700 BC
Qedar	Adumattu	Tribal confederation/client	870 BC - 250 AD
Quwê		Kingdom/client kingdom	895-625 BC
Sabaea	Ma'rib	Kingdom	1100-275 BC
Sam'al	Samal	Principality/kingdom	1200-680 BC
Saparda		Kingdom	7200-670 BC
Tabal	Kanesh	Kingdom	1180 - 609 BC
Tarhuntassa	Tarhuntassa	Kingdom	1350 - 1200 BC
Troas	Troy	Kingdom	3000-700 BC
Tuwanuwa	Tuwanuwa	Kingdom city state	1000 - 700 BC
Urartu	Arzashkun, Tushpa	Kingdom	860 - 590 BC
Zabdicene		Principality/client	780 BC - 5th century AD
Zikirti		Kingdom	750 - 521 BC

Types of state

References

↑ The Junior Encyclopædia Britannica: A reference library of general knowledge. (1897). Chicago: E.G. Melvin.
↑ C. J. Thomsen and Jens Jacob Asmussen Worsaae first applied the system to artifacts.
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↑ Michael Graham Fry, Erik Goldstein, Richard Langhorne. Guide to International Relations and Diplomacy. London, England, UK; New York, New York, USA: Continuum International Publishing, 2002. Pp. 9.
↑ Stuart Berg Flexner and Leonore Crary Hauck, editors, Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2nd Ed., Random House, New York (1993)

External links

[TJEB-1] The Junior Encyclopædia Britannica: A reference library of general knowledge. (1897). Chicago: E.G. Melvin.

[2] C. J. Thomsen and Jens Jacob Asmussen Worsaae first applied the system to artifacts.

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[12] Michael Graham Fry, Erik Goldstein, Richard Langhorne. Guide to International Relations and Diplomacy. London, England, UK; New York, New York, USA: Continuum International Publishing, 2002. Pp. 9.

[13] Stuart Berg Flexner and Leonore Crary Hauck, editors, Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2nd Ed., Random House, New York (1993)

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v t e Types of state
Chiefdom	A chiefdom is a form of hierarchical political organization in ancient tribal societies usually based on kinship, and in which formal leadership is monopolized by the legitimate senior members of select families or 'houses'. These elites form a political-ideological aristocracy relative to the general group.^[11] A chiefdom is thus led by a highly ranked incumbent of an inherited political role, tribal chief or king: chiefs lead because of their ascribed status, not their achieved status, examples of this type of state would be, Aedui, Brigantes.
City state	A city-state is an independent or autonomous entity, not administered as a part of another local government, whose territory consists of a sovereign city its dependencies and possibly its surrounding territory, examples of this type of state would be, Sparta, Tyre.
Client state	A client state is a state that is economically, politically or militarily subordinate to another more powerful state in international affairs.^[12] Types of client states include: satellite state, associated state, puppet state, neo-colony, protectorate, vassal state and tributary state, More powerful ancient states would create client states by making the leaders of that state subservient out of those it defeated, examples of this type of state would be, Armenia, Ammon, Zheng.
Confederation	A confederation, in the context of the history, may refer to a semi-permanent political and military alliance consisting of multiple "nations" or "chiefdoms" or "tribes" which maintained their separate leadership, examples of this type of state would be, the Alemanni, Caledonii, Xiongnu.
Dukedom	A dukedom or, duchy is a territory, fief, or domain ruled by a duke or duchess. Some historic duchies were sovereign in areas that would become unified realms,others were subordinate districts of those kingdoms that unified either partially or completely during the ancient era, examples of this type of state would be the Qin and Swabia.
Earldom	An earldom is a territory, fief, or domain ruled by an Earl, Count or Countess in which case it would be called a Countship. Some historic earldom's/countship's were sovereign in areas that would become unified realms,others were subordinate districts of those kingdoms that unified either partially or completely during the post-classical era.
Empire	The English word empire derives from the Latin imperium (power, authority). Politically, an empire is a geographically extensive group of states and peoples (ethnic groups) united and ruled either by a monarch (emperor, empress) or an oligarchy. An imperial political structure is established and maintained in two ways: (i) as a territorial empire of direct conquest and control with force (direct, physical action to compel the emperor's goals) or (ii) as a coercive, hegemonic empire of indirect conquest and control with power (the perception that the emperor can physically enforce his desired goals). Examples of this type of state would be, the Athenian Empire, Median Empire and Roman Empire.
Federation	A federation is a political entity characterized by a union of partially self-governing states or regions under a central (federal) government. Several ancient chiefdoms and kingdoms, such as the 4th-century BC League of Corinth, Noricum in Central Europe, and the Haudenosaunee Confederation in pre-Columbian North America, could be described as federations or confederations. The Old Swiss Confederacy was an early example of formal non-unitary statehood.
Khanate	A khanate, or chanat, is a Turco-Mongol-originated word used to describe a political entity ruled by a khan. In modern Turkish, the word used is kağanlık or hanlık and in modern Azeri of the Republic of Azerbaijan, xanlıq. In Mongolian the word khanlig is used, as in "Khereidiin Khanlig" meaning the khanate of the Kerait. This political entity is typical for people from the Eurasian Steppe and it can be equivalent to tribal chiefdom, principality, kingdom or even empire. Examples of this type of state would be, the Göktürk Khaganate,
Kingdom	A kingdom is a state ruled by a king or queen) is a form of government in which sovereignty is actually or nominally embodied in a single individual (the monarch).^[13] Forms of monarchy differ widely based on the level of legal autonomy the monarch holds in governance, the method of selection of the monarch, and any predetermined limits on the length of their tenure. When the monarch has no or few legal restraints in state and political matters, it is called an absolute monarchy and is a form of autocracy. Examples of this type of state would be, Epirus, Nabatea and Pontus.
Marquess	A marquess or marquisate is a territory, fief, or domain ruled by a Marquis or marchioness .Some historic marquisate's were sovereign in areas that would become unified realms,others were subordinate districts of those kingdoms that unified either partially or completely during the ancient era, examples of this type of state would be the Jin.
Principality	A principality, or princedom, can either be a monarchical feudatory or a sovereign state, ruled or reigned over by a monarch with the title of prince or by a monarch with another title within the generic use of the term prince. Most of these states have historically been a polity, but in some occasions were rather territories in respect of which a princely style is held. The prince's estate and wealth may be located mainly or wholly outside the geographical confines of the principality. Examples of this type of state would be: Gardman, Corduene.
Republic	A republic is a form of government in which power is exercised by the public at large, and affairs of state are a concern of the public sphere (from Latin: res publica), rather than privately accommodated (such as through inheritance or divine mandate). In modern times the definition of a republic is also commonly limited to a government which excludes a monarch. Examples: Roman Republic, and Kalinga.
Viscountcy	A viscountcy, or county, is a territory, fief, or domain ruled by a viscount or viscountess. Some historic viscountcies were sovereign in areas that would become unified realms, others were subordinate districts of those kingdoms that unified either partially or completely during the ancient era. Examples of this type of state would be: Xu, Chu.

List of Iron Age states

Contents

Development of states

Africa

Americas

Europe

North and West

South and East

Eurasian Steppe and Central Asia

East Asia

South Asia

West Asia

Types of state

See also

References

External links

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