Typhoid Mary

For the fictional character, see Typhoid Mary (comics).

Mary Mallon
Mallon in isolation
Born	(1869-09-23)September 23, 1869 Cookstown, County Tyrone, Ireland
Died	North Brother Island, East River, New York, U.S.
Cause of death	Pneumonia
Resting place	Saint Raymond's Cemetery
Residence	United States
Nationality	Irish by birth; American citizen by naturalization after immigration
Other names	Mary Brown
Ethnicity	Irish
Occupation	Cook
Known for	Asymptomatic carrier of typhoid fever

Mary Mallon (September 23, 1869 – November 11, 1938), better known as Typhoid Mary, was the first person in the United States identified as an asymptomatic carrier of the pathogen associated with typhoid fever. She was presumed to have infected 51 people, three of whom died, over the course of her career as a cook. She was twice forcibly isolated by public health authorities and died after a total of nearly three decades in isolation.

Early life

Mary Mallon was born in 1869 - in Cookstown, County Tyrone, Ireland. She immigrated to the United States in 1883 at the age of 15. She lived with her aunt and uncle for a time and later found work as a cook for affluent families.

Career

From 1900 to 1907, Mallon worked as a cook in the New York City area for seven families. In 1900, she worked in Mamaroneck, New York, where, within two weeks of her employment, residents developed typhoid fever. In 1901, she moved to Manhattan, where members of the family for whom she worked developed fevers and diarrhea, and the laundress died. Mallon then went to work for a lawyer; she left after seven of the eight people in that household became ill.

File:Mallon-Mary 01.jpg

Typhoid Mary in a 1909 newspaper illustration. Note the skulls she casts into the skillet.

In 1906, she took a position in Oyster Bay, Long Island, and within two weeks 10 of the 11 family members were hospitalized with typhoid. She changed jobs again, and similar occurrences happened in three more households. She worked as a cook for the family of a wealthy New York banker, Charles Henry Warren. When the Warrens rented a house in Oyster Bay for the summer of 1906, Mallon went along too. From August 27 to September 3, six of the 11 people in the family came down with typhoid fever. The disease at that time was "unusual" in Oyster Bay, according to three medical doctors who practiced there. Mallon was subsequently hired by other families, and outbreaks followed her.

Investigation

In late 1906, one family hired a typhoid researcher named George Soper to investigate. Soper published the results on June 15, 1907, in the Journal of the American Medical Association. He believed Mallon might be the source of the outbreak. He wrote:

"It was found that the family changed cooks on August 4. This was about three weeks before the typhoid epidemic broke out. She remained in the family only a short time, leaving about three weeks after the outbreak occurred. The cook was described as an Irish woman about 40 years of age, tall, heavy, single. She seemed to be in perfect health."

Soper discovered that a female Irish cook, who fit the physical description he was given, was involved in all of the outbreaks. He was unable to locate her because she generally left after an outbreak began, without giving a forwarding address. Soper learned of an active outbreak in a penthouse on Park Avenue, and discovered Mallon was the cook. Two of the household's servants were hospitalized, and the daughter of the family died of typhoid.

When Soper approached Mallon about her possible role in spreading typhoid, she adamantly rejected his request for urine and stool samples. Since Mallon refused to give samples, he decided to compile a five-year history of Mallon's employment. Soper found that of the eight families that hired Mallon as a cook, members of seven claimed to have contracted typhoid fever. On his next visit, he brought another doctor with him but again was turned away. During a later encounter when Mallon was herself hospitalized, he told her he would write a book and give her all the royalties. She angrily rejected his proposal and locked herself in the bathroom until he left.

First quarantine (1907–10)

Mary Mallon (foreground) in a hospital bed during her first quarantine

The New York City Health Department finally sent physician Sara Josephine Baker to talk to Mallon. Baker stated "by that time she was convinced that the law was only persecuting her when she had done nothing wrong." A few days later, Baker arrived at Mallon's workplace with several police officers, who took her into custody.

Mallon attracted so much media attention that she was called "typhoid Mary" in a 1908 issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association. Later, in a textbook that defined typhoid fever, she was again called "Typhoid Mary."

Mallon admitted poor hygiene, saying she did not understand the purpose of hand-washing because she did not pose a risk. In prison, she was forced to give stool and urine samples. Doctors found a significant nidus of typhoid bacteria in her gallbladder. Authorities suggested removing her gallbladder, but she refused as she did not believe she carried the disease. She was also unwilling to cease working as a cook.

The New York City Health Inspector determined her to be a carrier. Under sections 1169 and 1170 of the Greater New York Charter, Mallon was held in isolation for three years at a clinic located on North Brother Island.

Eventually, Eugene H. Porter, the New York State Commissioner of Health, decided that disease carriers should no longer be kept in isolation and that Mallon could be freed if she agreed to stop working as a cook and take reasonable steps to prevent transmitting typhoid to others. On February 19, 1910, Mallon agreed that she was "prepared to change her occupation (that of a cook), and would give assurance by affidavit that she would upon her release take such hygienic precautions as would protect those with whom she came in contact, from infection." She was released from quarantine and returned to the mainland.

Release and second quarantine (1915–38)

Upon her release, Mallon was given a job as a laundress, which paid less than cooking. She soon changed her name to Mary Brown, and returned to her old occupation. For the next five years, she worked in a number of kitchens; wherever she worked, there were outbreaks of typhoid. However, she changed jobs frequently, and Soper was unable to find her.

In 1915, Mallon started another major outbreak, this time at Sloane Hospital for Women in New York City. Twenty-five people were infected and two died. She again left, but the police were able to find and arrest her when she brought food to a friend on Long Island. After arresting her, public health authorities returned her to quarantine on North Brother Island on March 27, 1915. She was still unwilling to have her gallbladder removed. Mallon remained confined for the remainder of her life. She became a minor celebrity, and was occasionally interviewed by the media. They were told not to accept even water from her. Later, she was allowed to work as a technician in the island's laboratory, washing bottles.

Death

A historical poster warning against acting like Typhoid Mary

Mallon spent the rest of her life in quarantine at the Riverside Hospital. Six years before her death, she was paralyzed by a stroke. On November 11, 1938, she died of pneumonia at age 69. An autopsy found evidence of live typhoid bacteria in her gallbladder. Mallon's body was cremated, and her ashes were buried at Saint Raymond's Cemetery in the Bronx.

Legacy

Among the infections Mallon caused, at least three deaths were attributed to her. However, due to her use of aliases and refusal to cooperate, the exact number is not known. Some have estimated that she may have caused 50 fatalities.

Mallon was the first asymptomatic typhoid carrier to be identified by medical science, and there was no policy providing guidelines for handling the situation. Some difficulties surrounding her case stemmed from Mallon's vehement denial of her possible role, as she refused to acknowledge any connection between her working as a cook and the typhoid cases. Mallon maintained that she was perfectly healthy, had never had typhoid fever, and could not be the source. Public-health authorities determined that permanent quarantine was the only way to prevent Mallon from causing significant future typhoid outbreaks.

Other healthy typhoid carriers identified in the first quarter of the 20th century include Tony Labella, an Italian immigrant, presumed to have caused over 100 cases (with five deaths); an Adirondack guide dubbed "Typhoid John", presumed to have infected 36 people (with two deaths); and Alphonse Cotils, a restaurateur and bakery owner.

Today, "Typhoid Mary" is a colloquial term for anyone who, knowingly or not, spreads disease or some other undesirable thing.

In August 2013, researchers at the Stanford University School of Medicine announced they were making breakthroughs in understanding the exact science behind asymptomatic carriers such as Mallon. The bacteria that cause typhoid may hide in macrophages, a type of immune cell.

Individuals can develop typhoid fever after ingesting food or water contaminated during handling by a human carrier. The human carrier may be a healthy person who has survived a previous episode of typhoid fever yet who continues to shed the associated bacteria, Salmonella typhi, in feces and urine. Washing hands with soap before touching or preparing food, washing dishes and utensils with soap and water, and only eating cooked food are all ways to reduce the risk of typhoid infection.

In popular culture

• Typhoid Mary is a Marvel Comics character in the Daredevil comics series.
• A Rhymesayers Entertainment rap group consisting of Aesop Rock and Rob Sonic named themselves "Hail Mary Mallon" as a tribute to Mallon. The cover of their first album depicts Mary Mallon feeding a man a bowl of soup.
• In the Star Trek: Voyager episode "Infinite Regress", when the crew finds the carrier of a virus that affected one of the ships on the series the doctor refers to the carrier of the virus as a "Typhoid Mary."
• In season one of the Cinemax original series The Knick several characters investigate an outbreak of typhoid fever, identifying and arresting Mary Mallon (portrayed by American actress Melissa McMeekin) as the source of the outbreak in episode 6, "Start Calling Me Dad".
• In the video game franchise Call of Duty: Black Ops there is a reference in the "Zombies" mode of the game. If one upgrades the HS10 shotgun with the Pack-a-Punch it becomes the dual shotguns "Typhoid & Mary".
• The band Fair to Midland released an instrumental song titled "Typhoid Mary Sends Her Best" in 2011 on their album Arrows and Anchors.
• In the episode of Warehouse 13 called "Trials," Steve Jinks and Claudia Donovan go after "Typhoid Mary's Knife" which transfers injuries and diseases from one person to another, leaving the holder healthy.
• In an episode of Quincy, M.E., Quincy calls himself "Typhoid Mary" when his associates avoid him believing him to be paranoid and hallucinatory after the death of his friend.
• Agent Dana Scully makes mention of "Typhoid Mary" in Season 4, Episode 11 "El Mundo Gira" of the X-Files
• The antagonist in Mission: Impossible II attempts to unleash a pandemic by releasing a woman infected with a deadly virus among a city population, and refers to using the woman as a Typhoid Mary.

Further reading

• Keane, Mary Beth. Fever. New York: Scribner, 2013. Hardcover, 320 pages, ISBN 1451693419
• Bourdain, Anthony. Typhoid Mary: An Urban Historical. New York: Bloomsbury, 2001. Hardcover, 148 pages, ISBN 1-58234-133-8
• Leavitt, Judith Walzer. Typhoid Mary, Captive to the Public's Health. Boston: Beacon Press, 1996. Hardcover, 331 pages, ISBN 0-8070-2102-4
• Baker, Josephine Sarah (1939). Fighting for Life. New York: Macmillan Press. ISBN 0-405-05945-0 (1974 ed), ISBN 0-88275-611-7 (1980 ed)
• Federspiel, Jürg. The Ballad of Typhoid Mary (historical novel translated by Joel Agee). New York: Ballantine Books, 1985.

External links

• The Most Dangerous Woman in America at PBS.org
• Typhoid Mary at Snopes.com
• Typhoid Mary at Find a Grave