Monarch flycatcher

Monarchidae
Mascarene paradise flycatcher Terpsiphone bourbonnensis
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Suborder:	Passeri
Family:	Monarchidae Bonaparte, 1854
Genera
See text

The monarch flycatchers (Monarchidae) comprise a family of passerine birds which includes boatbills, shrikebills, paradise flycatchers, and magpie-larks.

Monarchids are small insectivorous songbirds with long tails. They inhabit forest or woodland across sub-Saharan Africa, south-east Asia, Australasia and a number of Pacific islands. Only a few species migrate. Many species decorate their cup-shaped nests with lichen.

Morphology and description

The monarch flycatchers are a diverse family of passerine birds that are generally arboreal (with the exception of the magpie-larks). They are mostly slim birds and possess broad bills. The bills of some species are quite large; the boatbills of the genus Machaerirhynchus are very broad and flat, and the heavy-set bills of the shrikebills are used to probe dead wood and leaves. The plumage of the family ranges from sombre, like the almost monochrome black monarch, to spectacular, like the golden monarch. The tails are generally long and spectacularly so in the paradise flycatchers in the genus Terpsiphone. Sexual dimorphism in plumage can be subtle, as in the paperbark flycatcher, where the female is identical to the male except for a slight buff on the throat; striking, as in the Chuuk monarch where the male almost entirely white and the female entirely black; or non-existent, as in the Tahiti monarch. In some species, for example the Madagascar paradise flycatcher, the males have two or more colour morphs.

Distribution, habitat and movements

File:Satinflycatcher1.jpg

The satin flycatcher is fully migratory, breeding in southern Australia and migrating to northern Australia and New Guinea.

The monarch flycatchers have a mostly Old World distribution. In the western end of their range they are distributed through sub-Saharan Africa, Madagascar and the islands of the tropical Indian Ocean. They also occur in South and Southeastern Asia, north to Japan, down to New Guinea and most of Australia. The family has managed to reach many Pacific islands, and several endemic genera occur across Micronesia, Melanesia and Polynesia as far as Hawaii and the Marquesas.

The paradise flycatchers of the genus Terpsiphone have the widest distribution of any of the monarch flycatchers, ranging almost all of sub-Saharan Africa, Madagascar, the Mascarenes and Seychelles, South, East and Southeastern Asia as far as Korea, Afghanistan, the Philippines and the Lesser Sundas. The other paradise flycatcher genus, Trochocercus, is restricted to Africa. The other exclusively Asian genus is the Hypothymis monarchs. The remaining genera are predominantly found in the Austro-Papuan and Oceania regions. A few monotypic genera are restricted to Pacific island; these include the silktail (Lamprolia) in Fiji, the Chuuk monarch (Metabolus) in the Micronesian island of Chuuk, the Hawaiian Elepaio (Chasiempis) and the buff-bellied monarch (Neolalage) which is restricted to the islands of Vanuatu. Other Pacific genera are the shrikebills (Clytorhynchus), the Mayrornis monarchs, both of which are found in Melanesia and west Polynesia, and the Pomarea monarchs which are exclusively Polynesian in origin.

The majority of the family is found in forest and woodland habitats. Species that live in more open woodlands tend to live in the higher levels of the trees but, in denser forest, live in the middle and lower levels. Other habitats used by monarch flycatchers include savannah and mangroves, and the terrestrial magpie-lark occurs in most Australian habitats except the driest deserts.

While the majority of monarch flycatchers are resident, a few species are partially migratory and one, the satin flycatcher, is fully migratory, although the Japanese paradise flycatcher is almost entirely migratory. The African paradise flycatcher makes a series of poorly understood intra-African migratory movements.

Breeding

File:Black-naped Monarch (Hypothymis puella puella) female on nest.jpg

Female pale-blue monarch on a nest constructed on a fork in a tree.

The monarch flycatchers are generally monogamous, with the pair bonds ranging from just a single season (as in the African paradise flycatcher) to life (the Elepaio). Only three species are known to engage in cooperative breeding; but many species are as yet unstudied. They are generally territorial, defending territories that are around 2 ha in size, but a few species may cluster their nesting sites closely together. Nesting sites may also be chosen close to aggressive species, for example leaden flycatchers nests may be located near the nests of the aggressive noisy friarbird. The nests are in turn often aggressively defended by monarch flycatchers. In all species the nest is an open cup on a branch, fork or twig. In some species the nests can be highly conspicuous.

Systematics

Many of the approximately 140 species making up the family were previously assigned to other groups, largely on the basis of general morphology or behaviour. The magpie-lark, for example, was assigned to the same family as the white-winged chough, since both build unusual nests from mud rather than vegetable matter. The Australasian fantails were thought to be allied with the fantails of the northern hemisphere (they have a similar diet and behaviour), and so on.

With the new insights generated by the DNA-DNA hybridisation studies of Sibley and his co-workers toward the end of the 20th century, however, it became clear that these apparently unrelated birds were all descended from a common ancestor: the same crow-like ancestor that gave rise to the drongos. On that basis they have been included as a subfamily of the Dicruridae, along with the fantails, although Christidis and Boles have more recently treated it at familial rank as Monarchidae.

More recently, the grouping has been refined somewhat as the original concept of Corvida has proven paraphyletic. The narrower 'Core corvine' group now comprises the crows and ravens, shrikes, birds of paradise, fantails, monarch flycatchers, drongos and mudnest builders.

The monarchs are small to medium-sized insectivorous passerines, many of which hunt by flycatching.

Taxonomic list

Based on del Hoyo et al. (2006)

• Genus Hypothymis (4 species)
• Genus Eutrichomyias – cerulean paradise flycatcher
• Genus Trochocercus (2 species)

File:Asian Paradise Flycatcher (Terpsiphone paradisi)- male W IMG 9283.jpg

Indian paradise flycatcher Terpsiphone paradisi male at Ananthagiri Hills, in Rangareddy district of Andhra Pradesh, India.

• Genus Terpsiphone – typical paradise flycatchers (14 species)
• Genus Chasiempis – (3 species)
• Genus Pomarea- (9 species, 4 extinct)
• Genus Mayrornis (3 species)
• Genus Neolalage - buff-bellied monarch
• Genus Clytorhynchus, shrikebills (5 species)
• Genus Metabolus - Chuuk monarch
• Genus Monarcha
  File:Blackfacedmonarch.jpg

  Black-faced monarch, Monarcha melanopsis
  (some authorities classify some of these species under the genus Symposiachrus and Carterornis)
  • Black monarch, Monarcha axillaris
  • Rufous monarch, Monarcha rubiensis
  • Island monarch, Monarcha cinerascens
  • Black-faced monarch, Monarcha melanopsis
  • Black-winged monarch, Monarcha frater
  • Bougainville monarch, Monarcha erythrostictus
  • Chestnut-bellied monarch, Monarcha castaneiventris
  • White-capped monarch, Monarcha richardsii
  • White-eared monarch, Monarcha leucotis
  • White-naped monarch, Monarcha pileatus
  • Loetoe monarch, Monarcha castus
  • Spot-winged monarch, Monarcha guttulus
  • Black-bibbed monarch, Monarcha mundus
  • Flores monarch, Monarcha sacerdotum
  • Black-chinned monarch, Monarcha boanensis
  • Spectacled monarch, Monarcha trivirgatus
  • White-tailed monarch, Monarcha leucurus
  • White-tipped monarch, Monarcha everetti
  • Black-tipped monarch, Monarcha loricatus
  • Black-backed monarch, Monarcha julianae
  • Biak monarch, Monarcha brehmii
  • Hooded monarch, Monarcha manadensis
  • Manus monarch, Monarcha infelix
  • White-breasted monarch, Monarcha menckei
  • Black-tailed monarch, Monarcha verticalis
  • Black-and-white monarch, Monarcha barbatus
  • Kulambangra monarch, Monarcha browni
  • White-collared monarch, Monarcha viduus
  • Yap monarch, Monarcha godeffroyi
  • Tinian monarch, Monarcha takatsukasae
  • Golden monarch, Monarcha chrysomela
• Genus Arses (4 species)
• Genus Myiagra
  • Guam flycatcher, Myiagra freycineti – extinct (1983)
  • Oceanic flycatcher, Myiagra oceanica
  • Palau flycatcher, Myiagra erythrops
  • Pohnpei flycatcher, Myiagra pluto
  • Moluccan flycatcher, Myiagra galeata
  • Biak flycatcher, Myiagra atra
  • Leaden flycatcher, Myiagra rubecula
  • Steel-blue flycatcher, Myiagra ferrocyanea
    File:Broad billed flycatcher1.jpg

    Broad-billed flycatcher, Myiagra ruficollis
  • Ochre-headed flycatcher, Myiagra cervinicauda
  • Melanesian flycatcher, Myiagra caledonica
  • Vanikoro flycatcher, Myiagra vanikorensis
  • Samoan flycatcher, Myiagra albiventris
  • Blue-crested flycatcher, Myiagra azureocapilla
  • Broad-billed flycatcher, Myiagra ruficollis
  • Satin flycatcher, Myiagra cyanoleuca
  • Shining flycatcher, Myiagra alecto
  • Velvet flycatcher, Myiagra hebetior
  • Paperbark flycatcher, Myiagra nana
  • Restless flycatcher, Myiagra inquieta
• Genus Lamprolia – silktail (Taxonomic position uncertain)
• Genus Machaerirhynchus – boatbills (2 species – Taxonomic position uncertain)
• Genus Elminia
  • African blue flycatcher, Elminia longicauda
  • White-tailed blue flycatcher, Elminia albicauda
  • Dusky crested flycatcher, Elminia nigromitrata
  • White-bellied crested flycatcher, Elminia albiventris
  • White-tailed crested flycatcher, Elminia albonotata
• Genus Grallina magpie-larks (2 species)

External links

• Monarch flycatcher videos on the Internet Bird Collection

• Sibley, Charles Gald & Ahlquist, Jon Edward (1990): Phylogeny and classification of birds. Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn.