South Asian sweets

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Mithai
Gulab jamun - Lavapies (Spain).JPG
Gulab jamun
Rasmalai Secretlondon 09.jpg
Rasmalai
JalebiIndia.jpg
Gujhiya.jpg
Gujiya
Indian Sweets Vark.jpg
Khoya sweets with varaq
Bal mithai.jpg
Bal mithai
Almond Khoa based burfi Mumbai India.jpg
Khoa and almond mithais
India - Varanasi pastry shop - 2542.jpg
Bengal sweets in India
Royal sweets - Slough.jpg
Collection in UK
Chikki assortment.jpg
Chikki
Sohan Halwa at Ghantewala in Chandni Chowk, Delhi.jpg
Sohan sweets in India
Indian sweet shop.jpg
Street sweets in India
A sample of South Asian sweets
Different varieties of sweets served on a Pumsavanam ritual in Kerala.

South Asian sweets are the confectionery and desserts of South Asia.[1][2] Thousands of dedicated shops in Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka sell nothing but sweets; however, outside of these countries, South Asian sweet shops are uncommon.[1]

Sugarcane has been grown in India for thousands of years, and the art of refining sugar was invented there.[3] The English word sugar comes from a Sanskrit word sakhar, while the word candy comes from Sanskrit word khand (jaggery) - one of the simplest raw forms of sweet.[4] Over its long history, cuisines of the Indian Subcontinent developed a diversified array of sweets. Some[3] claim there is no other region of the world where sweets are so varied, so numerous, or so invested with meaning as the Indian Subcontinent.[5]

In India's diverse languages, sweets are called by numerous names, one common name being Mithai (मिठाई). They include sugar, and a vast array of ingredients such as different flours, milk, milk solids, fermented foods, root vegetables, raw and roasted seeds, seasonal fruits, fruit pastes and dry fruits.[6] Some sweets such as kheer are cooked, some like burfi are baked, varieties like Mysore pak are roasted, some like jalebi are fried, others like kulfi are frozen, while still others involve a creative combination of preparation techniques.[7][8][9] The composition and recipes of the sweets and other ingredients vary by region. Mithai are sometimes served with a meal, and often included as a form of greeting, celebration, religious offering, gift giving, parties, and hospitality in India. On Indian festivals - such as Holi, Diwali, Eid, or Raksha Bhandan - sweets are homemade or purchased, then shared.[2][10] Many social gatherings, wedding ceremonies and religious festivals often include a social celebration of food, and the flavors of sweets are an essential element of such a celebration.[11]

History

Payas (or Kheer as it is called in Hindi). Recipes for making it are present in the 11th century Mānasollāsa.

Ancient Sanskrit literature from India mention feasts and offerings of mithas (sweet). One of the more complete surviving texts, with extensive description of sweets and how to prepare them is the Mānasollāsa (Sanskrit: मानसोल्लास; meaning in Sanskrit, the delight of an idea,[12] or delight of mind and senses[13]). This ancient encyclopedia on food, music and other Indian arts is also known as the Abhilaṣitārtha Cintāmaṇi (the magical stone that fulfils desires). Mānasollāsa was composed about 1130 AD, by the Hindu King Somesvara III. The document describes [14] meals that include a rice pudding which are called payasam (Sanskrit: पायसं) are in modern Indian languages is called kheer. The document mentions seven kinds of rice.

Mānasollāsa also describes[15] recipes for golamu as a donut from wheat flour and scented with cardamom, gharikas as a fried cake from black gram flour and sugar syrup, chhana as a fresh cheese and rice flour fritter soaked in sugar syrup that the document suggests should be prepared from strained curdled milk mixed with buttermilk, and many others. Mānasollāsa mentions numerous milk-derived sweets, along with describing the 11th century art of producing milk solids, condensed milk and methods for souring milk to produce sweets.

The origin of sweets in Indian subcontinent has been traced to at least 500 BC, where records suggest both raw sugar (gur, vellam, jaggery) as well as refined sugar (sarkara) were being produced.[16] By 300 BC, kingdom officials in India were including five kinds of sugar in official documents. By the Gupta dynasty era (300–500 AD), sugar was being made not only from sugar cane, but other plant sources such as palm. Sugar-based foods were also included in temple offerings, as bhoga for the deities,[17] which after the prayers became Prasād for devotees, the poor or visitors to the temple.[18][19][20]

Varieties (in alphabetical order)

Barfani toda

Sweets shop in Kolkata
Barfis and pedas in a shop
A tray of Indian sweets
A tray of burfis and other Indian sweets
Mithai in India; Burfis may be garnished with shiny foil vark.

Barfi is a sweet, made from milk solids (khoya) or condensed milk and other ingredients like ground cashews or pistachios. Some barfi use various flours such as besan (gram flour). Barfi may be flavored with pastes or pieces of fruits such as mango, banana, berries, coconut. They may include aromatic spices such as cardamom and rose water to enhance the sensual impact while they are consumed.[2][8]

Sometimes a thin inert silver or gold layer of edible foil is placed on top face of burfi for an attractive presentation. Gold and silver are approved food foils in the European Union, as E175 and E174 additives respectively. The independent European food-safety certification agency, TÜV Rheinland, has deemed gold leaf safe for consumption. Gold and silver leaf are certified kosher. These inert metal foils are neither considered toxic to human beings nor the broader ecosystem.[21][22][23]

Cham-cham

Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Cham Chams are prepared from flattened paneer (a form of curdled milk solids, cheese) sweetened in syrup.

Chhena Murki

Chhena murki, or chenna murki, is a sweet made from an Indian version of cottage cheese, milk and sugar in many states such as Odisha. Milk and sugar are boiled to a thick consistency. Round, cubes, cuboid or other shapes of cottage cheese are soaked in the milky condensate.[24] Other flavors and aromatic spices are typically added. It is also known by Bangladeshi and Guyanese people as pera.

Slices of Chhena Poda

Chhena Poda

Chhena Poda is a cheese dessert from the state of Odisha in eastern India. 'Chhena poda' literally means 'burnt cheese' in Odia. It is made of well-kneaded homemade cottage cheese or chhena, sugar, cashew nuts and raisins, and is baked for several hours until it browns.

Chikki

Chikki is a ready-to-eat solid, brittle sweet generally made from casting a mix of dry nuts and hot jaggery syrup. Peanuts and jaggery mix are most common.[25] Other than almonds, cashews, walnuts, sesame and other seeds, varieties of chikki are also prepared from puffed or roasted Bengal gram, puffed rice, beaten rice, puffed seasonal grains, and regional produce such as Khobara (desiccated coconut). Like many Indian sweets, Chikki is typically a high protein delicacy.[26]

Carrot-based gajrela served with kheer and slices of orange.

Gajrela

Gajrela, also called Gajar halwa, is a seasonal pudding-like sweet made from carrot.[27] It is popular in Punjab regions of India and Pakistan, agricultural belt of North India, now common in many parts of South Asia. It is made by slowly cooking carrot with ghee, concentrated and caramelized milk, mawa (khoya) and sugar; often served with a garnish of aromatic spices, almonds, cashews or pistachios.[28] The recipes vary by region, and Gajrela may be cooked without ghee, then include cheese or other milk solids for sophisticated mix of flavors.[29] It is common in Indian restaurants and is a seasonal street and cafe food during post-monsoon through spring festive celebrations.

Gulab jamun, a sweet often served with meals and feasts.

Gulab jamun

Gulab jamun is a common sweet found in Bangladesh, India, Nepal and Pakistan. It is made out of fried chenna (milk solids and cheese) balls soaked in sweet rose-water flavoured syrup.[30]

Jalebi or Imarti

Jalebi is made by deep-frying a fermented batter of wheat flour with yoghurt, in a circular (coil-like) shape and then soaking it in sugar syrup.[31] Imarti is a variant of Jalebi, with a different flour mixture and has tighter coils. Typically Jalebi is brown or yellow, while Imarti is reddish in colour. Often taken with milk, tea, yogurt or Lassi. In classical Sanskrit literature, jalebis have been referred to as kundalika or jalavallika.

Khaja

Khaja is a sweet of India. Refined wheat flour, sugar and oils are the chief ingredients of khaja.

It is believed that, even 2000 years ago,[citation needed] Khajas were prepared in the southern side of the Gangetic Plains of Bihar. These areas which are home to khaja, once comprised the central part of Maurya and Gupta empires. Presently, Khajas are prepared and sold in the city of Patna, Gaya and several other places across the state of Bihar. Khajas of the Silao and Rajgir are known for their puffiness.

Khajas have travelled to some other parts of India, including Andhra Pradesh and Odisha. Khaja of Kakinada is a coastal town of Andhra Pradesh. Where as khaja of Puri is too famous. At first, the batter is of wheat flour, mawa and oil. It is then deep fried until crisp. Then a sugar syrup is made which is known as "pak". The crisp croissants are then soaked in the sugar syrup until they absorb the sugar syrup. In Kakinada, Khaja is dry from outside and full of sugar syrup from inside and is juicy.

Matka Kulfi, flavoured frozen sweet dish made from milk.

Kulfi

Kulfis are traditional South Asian ice-cream, where flavored milk is first condensed and caramelized by slow cooking in presence of a small quantity of rice or seasonal grain flour; once condensed, dry nut pastes and aromatic spices are added, the mix frozen in small earthen or metal cans.[32] This creates one of the densest known form of frozen sweets; it is typically served between -10 to -15 C when they are easier to spoon and eat. It comes in a variety of flavours such as mango, kesar, pistachios, badam (almond), coconut and plain. It is also a street side urban as well as rural India summer time snack and festive sweet, where food hawkers carry around frozen mounds of kulfi in a big earthen pot and play a particular horn music to attract customers.[33] These vendors are known as "kulfiwalla" (one who sells kulfi).

Kheer or payas

Kheer is a pudding, usually made from milk, sugar and one of these ingredients - vermicelli, rice, Bulgar wheat, semolina, tapioca, dried dates, and shredded white gourd. It is also known as "Payas".

As sweet rice pudding, payas has been a cultural dish throughout the history of India, being usually found at ceremonies, feasts and celebrations. In many parts of India, ancient traditions maintain that a wedding is not fully blessed if payas (or payasam as known in South India) is not served at the feast during traditional ceremonies like marriage, child birth, annaprasan (first solid feed to child), and other occasions. Other than sweet yoghurt, some families include kheer in the last meal, as hospitality and auspicious food, before a family member or guest departs on a long journey away from the home.[34]

Laddu

Different kinds of Laddu

Laddu (sometimes transliterated as laddoo or laadu) is made of varieties of flour, grains, pulses, semolina, regional or seasonal fruits, dry fruits, and other ingredients cooked with sugar, then shaped into bite-size or larger spheres. Laddu is mentioned in ancient Sanskrit documents as temple offerings, and is referred to as Ladduka.[35] They are popular all over India, easy to prepare, and come in dozens of varieties. Laddu is often made to celebrate festivals, religious ceremonies, or household events such as weddings.

One example of laddu is Motichoor Ka Ladoo. It is a sweet food in states like Bihar, made from roasted gram flour flakes which are sweetened, mixed with almonds, rolled into a batter which is then cast into mini balls and fried in ghee. Every mini ball called 'boondi' has enough sugar that melts like a fresh sweet. The mini balls are then combined with aromatic spices and then formed into bite-size spheres, which are called Motichoor Ka Ladoo. When bit, the mini balls distribute over the tongue for a burst of flavors throughout the mouth. Other examples include Tirupati Laddu so popular that over a million Laddu are distributed every week from a single temple of Lord Venkateswara.[36]

Malpoa

Malpoa is the most ancient homemade sweets of India.[citation needed] It is a form of pancake (made of wheat or rice flour) deep fried and sugar syrup.

Narikol Laru

Street shop for sweets in Rajasthan, India

Narikol Laru is a dessert from Assam. They are ball-shaped and made from khoa/condensed milk and coconut, a traditional food during bihu and pujas

Parwal Ki Mithai

Parwal Ki Mithai is a dry sweet made of the vegetable parwal, a kind of gourd. The shell of parwal is filled with milk solids, then cooked. It is rather popular in Bihar, but also found in Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal.

Pathishapta

Pathishapta is a Bengali dessert. The final dish is a rolled pancake that is stuffed with a filling often made of coconut, milk, cream, and jaggery from the date palm. These desserts are consumed in Thailand as well.

Rasgulla, a popular sweet dish made from cottage cheese.

Rasgulla

Rasgulla is a popular sweet in South Asia. They come in many forms, such as Kamalabhog (Orange Rasgulla), Rajbhog (Giant Rasgulla), Kadamba often served with kheer, Rasamundi, Raskadamba, and others.[37] Some are white, others cream, brown, gold or orange colored. They are called Rasbari in Nepal. This dish is made by boiling small dumplings of chhenna and semolina mixture in sugar syrup. Once cooked, these are stored in the syrup making them spongy. Increasing the semolina content reduces the sponginess and hardens them, creating variety of textures. Some Rasgulla are stuffed inside with treats, such as dry fruits, raisins, candied peel and other delicacies to create a series of flavors experienced as they are consumed. Some versions, called danedhar, are removed from syrup and sugar coated into shapes of fruits and other creative designs.[38] These are festive foods found year round, in many parts of India.

Rasmalai being served

Ras Malai

Ras malai or rosh malai is a dessert eaten in India and Bangladesh. The name ras malai comes from two words in Hindi: ras, meaning "juice", and malai, meaning "cream". It has been described as "a rich cheesecake without a crust. Ras malai consists of sugary white, cream or yellow-coloured (or flattened) balls of paneer soaked in malai (clotted cream) flavoured with cardamom.

Sandesh

Sandesh is a sweet made from fine cheese made from cow's milk kneaded with fine ground sugar or molasses. This is a sweet from West Bengal and Odisha. Revered for its delicate making, and appreciated by the connoiseur, this represents sweet making at its finest. Sandesh comes in two varieties, "Norom Pak" (the softer version) and "Koda Pak" (the harder version). The softer version although more gentle and considered better, is fragile. The harder version is robust and often easier for storage. Molasses made from dates can be used to make a special variation of Sandesh called "Noleen Gurher Sandesh" (a Sandesh made from "Noleen Gurh" or molases from dates) or simply "Noleen Sandesh".

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Sel Roti
Sandesh (food)
Nollen Sandesh
A variety of Indian sweets
A variety of Indian sweets
South Asian sweets

Sel Roti

Sel roti is a Nepali home-made circular-shaped bread or rice donut, prepared during Tihar, a widely celebrated Hindu festival in Nepal. It is made of rice flour with adding customized flavors. A semi liquid rice flour dough is usually prepared by adding milk, water, sugar, butter, cardamom, cloves and other flavors of personal choice.

Shrikhand

Shrikhand is a creamy dessert made out of strained yogurt, from which water is drained off completely. Dry fruits, mango puree, saffron or cardamom and sugar are added to the thick yoghurt to get the desired flavour and taste. It is served chilled. It is a West Indian traditional dish.

A sample of Newari sweets from Nepal.

Other Indian and Pakistani sweets

Other traditional Indian sweets and desserts famous throughout the history of Indian food include:

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 The Sweet Side of the Subcontinent Raison d'Etre, New York City (September 20, 2012)
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Priya Wickramasinghe, Carol Selva Rajah; Food of India, Murdoch Books, ISBN 978-1740454728
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Barbara Revsine, Indian Sweets in Chicago, Chicago Now Magazine (October 4, 2013)
  4. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ Bruce Craig and Colleen Sen (2013), Street Food Around the World: An Encyclopedia of Food and Culture, ISBN 978-1598849547, ABC-CLIO
  6. ↑ Michael Krondl, Sweet Invention: A History of Dessert, Chicago Review Press, ISBN 978-1556529542
  7. ↑ Tarla Dalal (1999), Mithai, ISBN 978-8186469385
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Pramila Parmar (1994), Mithai, UBS Publishers, ISBN 978-8185944883
  9. ↑ K Achaya, Historical Dictionary of Indian Food, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0195658682
  10. ↑ Amy Karafin and Anirban Mahapatra, South India, ISBN 978-1741791556, pp 73
  11. ↑ Colleen Sen, Food Culture of India, Greenwood, ISBN 978-0313324871, See Chapter 6
  12. ↑ Sanskrit English Dictionary, Germany (2009); see entry for मन and सोल्लास
  13. ↑ Monier-Williams' 'Sanskrit-English Dictionary', University of Koeln, Germany (2010); search for manas in primary language
  14. ↑ Michael Krondl, Sweet Invention: A History of Dessert, Chicago Review Press, ISBN 978-1556529542, page 41
  15. ↑ Michael Krondl, Sweet Invention: A History of Dessert, Chicago Review Press, ISBN 978-1556529542, page 41-42
  16. ↑ Michael Krondl, Sweet Invention: A History of Dessert, Chicago Review Press, ISBN 978-1556529542, pp 34-35
  17. ↑ Tim Richardson, Sweets: A history of Candy, ISBN 1-58234-229-6, pp 334-340
  18. ↑ Moxham, Roy, The Great Hedge of India, Carroll & Graf, 2001 ISBN 0-7867-0976-6.
  19. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  20. ↑ Adas, Michael (January 2001), Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History, Temple University Press, ISBN 1-56639-832-0
  21. ↑ Conspicuous Consumption L.V. Anderson, Slate (July 16, 2012)
  22. ↑ Public Health Statement for Silver ATSDR-CDC, US Government (December 1990)
  23. ↑ Edible gold and silver See health data on gold and silver; Wrights of Lymm Ltd, United Kingdom
  24. ↑ Chhenna Murki Sanjeev Kapoor (2010)
  25. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  26. ↑ Shakuntala and Manay, Food: Facts And Principles, ISBN 81-224-1325-0, pp 424-425
  27. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  28. ↑ Gourmet Files: Flatter the carrot? The Hindu, Vasundhara Chauhan, 7 August 2010
  29. ↑ Gajrela Simon Fraser University, Canada
  30. ↑ Priya Wickramasinghe and Carol Selva Rajah (2005), Food of India, Murdoch Books, ISBN 978-1740454728, pp 264
  31. ↑ Joseph A. Kurmann, Jeremija L. Rasic and Manfred Kroger(1992), Encyclopedia of Fermented Fresh Milk Products, Van Nostrand Rheinhold, ISBN 0-442-00869-4; page 150
  32. ↑ Caroline Liddell and Robin Weir (1996), Frozen Desserts: The Definitive Guide to Making Ice Creams, Ices, Sorbets, Gelati, and Other Frozen Delights, Macmillan, ISBN 978-0-312-14343-5
  33. ↑ Madhur Jaffrey, Madhur Jaffrey Indian Cooking, Barron's Educational Series, 2003
  34. ↑ Harlan Walker, Milk-- Beyond the Dairy: Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery- 1999, Prospect Books, ISBN 1-903-018-064, pp 51-53
  35. ↑ LaDDuka Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Germany
  36. ↑ Tirupati laddu all set to regain its old taste Deccan Herald (May 25, 2013)
  37. ↑ S Banerjee (2006), The Book Of Indian Sweets, ISBN 978-8129110459
  38. ↑ Alan Davidson, The Oxford Companion to Food, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-280681-9
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