Poznań

This article is about the city in Poland. For other uses, see Poznań (disambiguation).

"Posnania" redirects here. For the rugby club, see RC Posnania.

Poznań
Capital City of Poznań Stołeczne Miasto Poznań
Top: Panorama of Poznań City CenterMiddle: Poznań Town Hall, Stary Browar, Opera HouseBottom: Guardhouse Top: Panorama of Poznań City Center Middle: Poznań Town Hall, Stary Browar, Opera House Bottom: Guardhouse
Flag Coat of arms
Poznań
Coordinates:
Country	Poland
Voivodeship	Greater Poland
County	city county
Established	10th century
Town rights	1253
Government
• Mayor	Jacek Jaśkowiak
Area
• City	261.85 km2 (101.10 sq mi)
Highest elevation	154 m (505 ft)
Lowest elevation	60 m (200 ft)
Population (31.12.2010)
• City	551,627
• Density	2,100/km2 (5,500/sq mi)
• Urban	1.1 million
• Metro	1.4 million
Time zone	CET (UTC+1)
• Summer (DST)	CEST (UTC+2)
Postal code	60-001 to 61-890
Area code(s)	+48 61
Car plates	PO
Website	http://www.poznan.pl/

Poznań ([ˈpɔznaɲ]; German: Posen, known also by other historical names) is a city on the Warta river in west-central Poland, in Greater Poland region. It is best known for its renaissance old town, destroyed during World War II and then rebuilt, and Ostrów Tumski cathedral. After the second partition of Poland Poznań was administrated by Prussia, and then, with the unification of Germany after the Franco-Prussian War of 1871, the province of Posen became part of the German Empire. Furthermore, the city of Posen was officially named an imperial residence city, leading to the construction of the Imperial Castle, the Imperial District, the Opera House, new city walls, railway station and many other sites which make a big part of its landmarks to this day. Today, Poznań is an important cultural and business centre and one of Poland's most populous regions with many regional customs such as Jarmark Świętojański, traditional Saint Martin's croissants and a local dialect.

Poznań is among the oldest cities in Poland and was one of the most important centers in the early Polish state in the tenth and eleventh centuries. The first center city was Ostrów Tumski, the natural island on the Warta river-very similar to the Île de la Cité in Paris. The first rulers were buried in Poznań's cathedral on the island. It also served as the capital for a short time in the 13th century, hence the official name: The capital city of Poznan.

Poznań is one of the biggest cities in Poland. The city population is about 550,000, while the continuous conurbation with Poznan County and several other communities (Oborniki, Skoki, Szamotuły and Śrem) is inhabited by almost 1.1 million people. The Larger Poznań Metropolitan Area (PMA) is inhabited by 1.3-1.4 million people and extends to such satellite towns as Nowy Tomyśl, Gniezno and Wrzesnia, making it the fourth largest metropolitan area in Poland. It is the historical capital of the Wielkopolska (Greater Poland) region and is currently the administrative capital of the province called Greater Poland Voivodeship. Poznań is today one of the largest Polish centers of trade, industry, sports, education, technology, tourism and culture. It is particularly important academic center, with about 130,000 students and the third biggest Polish university - Adam Mickiewicz University. It is also the residence of the oldest Polish diocese, now being one of the most populous archdioceses in the country.

In 2012, the Poznań's Art and Business Center "Stary Browar" won a competition organized by National Geographic Traveller and was given the first prize as one of the seven "New Polish Wonders". Poznań has been rated highly, often coming first for Poland, as a city with a very high quality of life. The city has also won many times a prize awarded by "Superbrands" for a very high quality brand of city of Poznań. Poznań was classified in 2012 as high sufficiency city by Globalization and World Cities Research Network.

The official patron saints of Poznań are Saint Peter and Paul of Tarsus, the patrons of the cathedral. As a patron of the city is regarded as well the patron of the main street Święty Marcin - Martin of Tours.

Names

The name Poznań probably comes from a personal name, Poznan, (from the Polish participle poznan(y) – "one who is known/recognized"), and would mean "Poznan's town". It is also possible that the name comes directly from the verb poznać, which means "to get to know" or "to recognize," so it may simply mean "known town".

The earliest surviving references to the city are found in the chronicles of Thietmar of Merseburg, written between 1012 and 1018: episcopus Posnaniensis ("bishop of Poznań", in an entry for 970) and ab urbe Posnani ("from the city of Poznań", for 1005). The city's name appears in documents in the Latin nominative case as Posnania in 1236 and Poznania in 1247. The phrase in Poznan appears in 1146 and 1244.

The city's full official name is Stołeczne Miasto Poznań ("The Capital City of Poznań"), in reference to its role as a centre of political power in the early Polish state. Poznań is known as Posen in German, and was officially called Haupt- und Residenzstadt Posen ("Capital and Residence City of Poznań") between 20 August 1910 and 28 November 1918. The Latin names of the city are Posnania and Civitas Posnaniensis. Its Yiddish name is פּױזן, or Poyzn.

The Russian version of the name, Познань (Poznan'), is of feminine gender, in contrast to the Polish name, which is masculine.

History

Main articles: History of Poznań and Historical population of Poznań

See also: Timeline of Poznań history

Monument of Mieszko I and Bolesław Chrobry, Golden Chapel in Archicathedral Basilica, Poznań

For centuries before the Christianization of Poland, Poznań (consisting of a fortified stronghold between the Warta and Cybina rivers, on what is now Ostrów Tumski) was an important cultural and political centre of the Polan tribe. Mieszko I, the first historically recorded ruler of the Polans, and of the early Polish state which they dominated, built one of his main stable headquarters in Poznań. Mieszko's baptism of 966, seen as a defining moment in the establishment of the Polish state, may have taken place in Poznań.

Following the baptism, construction began of Poznań's cathedral, the first in Poland. Poznań was probably the main seat of the first missionary bishop sent to Poland, Bishop Jordan. The Congress of Gniezno in 1000 led to the country's first permanent archbishopric being established in Gniezno (which is generally regarded as Poland's capital in that period), although Poznań continued to have independent bishops of its own. Poznań's cathedral was the place of burial of the early Piast monarchs (Mieszko I, Boleslaus I, Mieszko II, Casimir I), and later of Przemysł I and King Przemysł II.

Tomb of Mieszko I and Bolesław Chrobry in catedral church in Poznań

The pagan reaction that followed Mieszko II's death (probably in Poznań) in 1034 left the region weak, and in 1038 Bretislaus I of Bohemia sacked and destroyed both Poznań and Gniezno. Poland was reunited under Casimir I the Restorer in 1039, but the capital was moved to Kraków, which had been relatively unaffected by the troubles. In 1138, by the testament of Bolesław III, Poland was divided into separate duchies under the late king's sons, and Poznań and its surroundings became the domain of Mieszko III the Old, the first of the Dukes of Greater Poland. This period of fragmentation lasted until 1320. Duchies frequently changed hands; control of Poznań, Gniezno and Kalisz sometimes lay with a single duke, but at other times these constituted separate duchies.

File:Poznań seal from XIV century.PNG

14th-century seal showing Poznań's coat of arms

In about 1249, Duke Przemysł I began constructing what would become the Royal Castle on a hill on the left bank of the Warta. Then in 1253 Przemysł issued a charter to Thomas of Guben (Gubin) for the founding of a town under Magdeburg law, between the castle and the river. Thomas brought a large number of German settlers to aid in the building and settlement of the city – this is an example of the German eastern migration (Ostsiedlung) characteristic of that period. The city (covering the area of today's Old Town neighbourhood) was surrounded by a defensive wall, integrated with the castle.

File:Castillo Real, Poznan, Polonia, 2014-09-18, DD 42.jpg

Royal Castle after its total reconstruction

In reunited Poland, and later in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Poznań was the seat of a voivodeship. The city's importance began to grow in the Jagiellonian period, due to its position on trading routes from Lithuania and Ruthenia to western Europe. It would become a major centre for the fur trade by the late 16th century. Suburban settlements developed around the city walls, on the river islands and on the right bank, with some (Ostrów Tumski, Śródka, Chwaliszewo, Ostrówek) obtaining their own town charters. However the city's development was hampered by regular major fires and floods. On 2 May 1536 a blaze destroyed 175 buildings, including the castle, the town hall, the monastery and the suburban settlement called St. Martin. In 1519 the Lubrański Academy had been established in Poznań as an institution of higher education (but without the right to award degrees, which was reserved to Kraków's Jagiellonian University). However a Jesuits' college, founded in the city in 1571 during the Counter-Reformation, had the right to award degrees from 1611 until 1773, when it was combined with the Academy.

In the second half of the 17th century and most of the 18th, Poznań was severely affected by a series of wars (and attendant military occupations, lootings and destruction) – the Second and Third Northern Wars, the War of the Polish Succession, the Seven Years' War and the Bar Confederation rebellion. It was also hit by frequent outbreaks of plague, and by floods, particularly that of 1736, which destroyed most of the suburban buildings. The population of the conurbation declined (from 20,000 around 1600 to 6,000 around 1730), and Bambergian and Dutch settlers (Bambrzy and Olędrzy) were brought in to rebuild the devastated suburbs. In 1778 a "Committee of Good Order" (Komisja Dobrego Porządku) was established in the city, which oversaw rebuilding efforts and reorganized the city's administration. However, in 1793, in the Second Partition of Poland, Poznań, came under the control of the Kingdom of Prussia, becoming part of (and initially the seat of) the province of South Prussia.

Posnania (Poznań), ca. 1617, view from north

The Prussian authorities expanded the city boundaries, making the walled city and its closest suburbs into a single administrative unit. Left-bank suburbs were incorporated in 1797, and Ostrów Tumski, Chwaliszewo, Śródka, Ostrówek and Łacina (St. Roch) in 1800. The old city walls were taken down in the early 19th century, and major development took place to the west of the old city, with many of the main streets of today's city centre being laid out.

In the Greater Poland Uprising of 1806, Polish soldiers and civilian volunteers assisted the efforts of Napoleon by driving out Prussian forces from the region. The city became a part of the Duchy of Warsaw in 1807, and was the seat of Poznań Department - a unit of administrative division and local government. However, in 1815, following the Congress of Vienna, the region was returned to Prussia, and Poznań became the capital of the semi-autonomous Grand Duchy of Posen.

The city continued to expand, and various projects were funded by Polish philanthropists, such as the Raczyński Library and the Bazar hotel. The city's first railway, running to Stargard in Pommern (now Stargard Szczeciński), opened in 1848. Due to its strategic location, the Prussian authorities intended to make Poznań into a fortress city, building a ring of defensive fortifications around it. Work began on the citadel (Fort Winiary) in 1828, and in subsequent years the entire set of defences (Festung Posen) was completed.

File:Poznan 10-2013 img11 Jesuit College.jpg

Jesuits' college

File:Poznan 10-2013 img05 Grand Theatre.jpg

Opera House

A Greater Poland Uprising during the Revolutions of 1848 was ultimately unsuccessful, and the Grand Duchy lost its remaining autonomy, Poznań becoming simply the capital of the Prussian Province of Posen. It would become part of the German Empire with the unification of German states in 1871. Polish patriots continued to form societies (such as the Central Economic Society for the Grand Duchy of Poznań), and a Polish theatre (Teatr Polski, still functioning) opened in 1875; however the authorities made efforts to Germanize the region, particularly through the Prussian Settlement Commission (founded 1886). Germans accounted for 38% of the city's population in 1867, though this percentage would later decline somewhat, particularly after the region returned to Poland.

Another expansion of Festung Posen was planned, with an outer ring of more widely spaced forts around the perimeter of the city. Building of the first nine forts began in 1876, and nine intermediate forts were built from 1887. The inner ring of fortifications was now considered obsolete and came to be mostly taken down by the early 20th century (although the citadel remained in use). This made space for further civilian construction, particularly the Imperial Palace ("Zamek"), completed 1910, and other grand buildings around it (including today's central university buildings and the opera house). The city's boundaries were also significantly extended to take in former suburban villages: Piotrowo and Berdychowo in 1896, Łazarz, Górczyn, Jeżyce and Wilda in 1900, and Sołacz in 1907.

After World War I the Greater Poland Uprising (1918–1919) brought Poznań and most of the region under Polish control, confirmed by the Treaty of Versailles. The local populace had to acquire Polish citizenship or leave the country. This led to a significant decline of ethnic Germans, whose number decreased from 65,321 in 1910 to 5,980 in 1926 and further to 4,387 in 1934. In the interwar Second Polish Republic, the city again became the capital of Poznań Voivodeship. Poznań's university (today called Adam Mickiewicz University) was founded in 1919, and in 1925 the Poznań International Fairs began. In 1929 the fairs site was the venue for a major National Exhibition (Powszechna Wystawa Krajowa, popularly PeWuKa) marking the tenth anniversary of independence; it attracted around 4.5 million visitors. The city's boundaries were again expanded in 1925 (to include Główna, Komandoria, Rataje, Starołęka, Dębiec, Szeląg and Winogrady) and 1933 (Golęcin, Podolany).

During the German occupation of 1939–1945, Poznań was incorporated into the Third Reich as the capital of Reichsgau Wartheland. Many Polish inhabitants were executed, arrested, expelled to the General Government or used as forced labour; at the same time many Germans and Volksdeutsche were settled in the city. The German population increased from around 5,000 in 1939 (some 2% of the inhabitants) to around 95,000 in 1944. The pre-war Jewish population of about 2,000 were mostly murdered in the Holocaust. A concentration camp was set up in Fort VII, one of the 19th-century perimeter forts. The camp was later moved to Żabikowo south of Poznań. The Nazi authorities significantly expanded Poznań's boundaries to include most of the present-day area of the city; these boundaries were retained after the war. Poznań fell to the Red Army, assisted by Polish volunteers, on 23 February 1945 following the Battle of Poznań, in which the German army conducted a last-ditch defence in line with Hitler's designation of the city as a Festung. The Citadel was the last point to fall, and the fighting left much of the city, particularly the Old Town, in ruins.

"We demand bread" – a march during the 1956 protests

Due to the expulsion and flight of German population Poznań's post-war population was almost uniformly Polish. The city again became a voivodeship capital; in 1950 the size of Poznań Voivodeship was reduced, and the city itself was given separate voivodeship status. This status was lost in the 1975 reforms, which also significantly reduced the size of Poznań Voivodeship.

The Poznań 1956 protests are seen as an early expression of resistance to communist rule. In June 1956, a protest by workers at the city's Cegielski locomotive factory developed into a series of strikes and popular protests against the policies of the government. After a protest march on June 28 was fired on, crowds attacked the communist party and secret police headquarters, where they were repulsed by gunfire. Riots continued for two days until being quelled by the army; 67 people were killed according to official figures. A monument to the victims was erected in 1981 at Plac Mickiewicza.

The post-war years had seen much reconstruction work on buildings damaged in the fighting. From the 1960s onwards intensive housing development took place, consisting mainly of pre-fabricated concrete blocks of flats, especially in Rataje and Winogrady, and later (following its incorporation into the city in 1974) Piątkowo. Another infrastructural change (completed in 1968) was the rerouting of the river Warta to follow two straight branches either side of Ostrów Tumski.

The most recent expansion of the city's boundaries took place in 1987, with the addition of new areas mainly to the north, including Morasko, Radojewo and Kiekrz. The first free local elections following the fall of communism took place in 1990. With the Polish local government reforms of 1999, Poznań again became the capital of a larger province (Greater Poland Voivodeship). It also became the seat of a powiat ("Poznań County"), with the city itself gaining separate powiat status.

Recent infrastructural developments include the opening of the fast tram route (Poznański Szybki Tramwaj, popularly Pestka) in 1997, and Poznań's first motorway connection (part of the A2 autostrada) in 2003. In 2006 Poland's first F-16 Fighting Falcons came to be stationed at the 31st Air Base in Krzesiny in the south-east of the city.

Poznań continues to host regular trade fairs and international events, including the United Nations Climate Change Conference. It was one of the host cities for UEFA Euro 2012.

Geography

A panoramic view of Poznań, taken from the city's north-eastern suburbs in Nowe Miasto

Poznań covers an area of 261.3 km² (100.9 sq mi), and has coordinates in the range 52°17'34''–52°30'27''N, 16°44'08''–17°04'28''E. Its highest point, with an altitude of 157 m (515 ft), is the summit of Góra Moraska (Morasko Hill) within the Morasko meteorite nature reserve in the north of the city. The lowest altitude is 60 m (197 ft), in the Warta valley.

Lake Malta

File:Poznan.Polwiejska.jpg

Półwiejska Street is one of the city's many pedestrianised central streets.

Poznań's main river is the Warta, which flows through the city from south to north. As it approaches the city centre it divides into two branches, flowing west and east of Ostrów Tumski (the cathedral island) and meeting again further north. The smaller Cybina river flows through eastern Poznań to meet the east branch of the Warta (that branch is also called Cybina – its northern section was originally a continuation of that river, while its southern section has been artificially widened to form a main stream of the Warta). Other tributaries of the Warta within Poznań are the Junikowo Stream (Strumień Junikowski), which flows through southern Poznań from the west, meeting the Warta just outside the city boundary in Luboń; the Bogdanka and Wierzbak, formerly two separate tributaries flowing from the north-west and along the north side of the city centre, now with their lower sections diverted underground; the Główna, flowing through the neighbourhood of the same name in north-east Poznań; and the Rose Stream (Strumień Różany) flowing east from Morasko in the north of the city. The course of the Warta in central Poznań was formerly quite different from today: the main stream ran between Grobla and Chwaliszewo, which were originally both islands. The branch west of Grobla (the Zgniła Warta – "rotten Warta") was filled in late in the 19th century, and the former main stream west of Chwaliszewo was diverted and filled in during the 1960s. This was done partly to prevent floods, which did serious damage to Poznań frequently throughout history.

The Center view of Poznań's Old Town

Poznań's largest lake is Jezioro Kierskie (Kiekrz Lake) in the extreme north-west of the city (within the city boundaries since 1987). Other large lakes include Malta (an artificial lake on the lower Cybina, formed in 1952), Jezioro Strzeszyńskie (Strzeszyn Lake) on the Bogdanka, and Rusałka, an artificial lake further down the Bogdanka, formed in 1943. The latter two are popular bathing places. Kiekrz Lake is much used for sailing, while Malta is a competitive rowing and canoeing venue.

The city centre (including the Old Town, the former islands of Grobla and Chwaliszewo, the main street Święty Marcin and many other important buildings and districts) lies on the west side of the Warta. Opposite it between the two branches of the Warta is Ostrów Tumski, containing Poznań Cathedral and other ecclesiastical buildings, as well as housing and industrial facilities. Facing the cathedral on the east bank of the river is the historic district of Śródka. Large areas of apartment blocks, built from the 1960s onwards, include Rataje in the east, and Winogrady and Piątkowo north of the centre. Older residential and commercial districts include those of Wilda, Łazarz and Górczyn to the south, and Jeżyce to the west. There are also significant areas of forest within the city boundaries, particularly in the east adjoining Swarzędz, and around the lakes in the north-west.

For more details on Poznań's geography, see the articles on the five districts: Stare Miasto, Nowe Miasto, Jeżyce, Grunwald and Wilda.

Climate

The climate of Poznań is within the transition zone between a humid continental and oceanic climate and with relatively cold winters and warm summers. Snow is common in winter, when night-time temperatures are typically below zero. In summer temperatures may often reach 30 °C (86 °F). Annual rainfall is more than 500 mm (20 in), among the lowest in Poland. The rainiest month is July, mainly due to short but intense cloudbursts and thunderstorms. The number of hours of sunshine are among the highest in the country. Climate in this area has mild differences between highs and lows, and there is adequate rainfall year round. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Cfb" (Marine West Coast Climate/Oceanic climate).

Climate data for Poznań
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	13.5 (56.3)	17.6 (63.7)	21.5 (70.7)	29.3 (84.7)	31.6 (88.9)	36.5 (97.7)	38.7 (101.7)	37.0 (98.6)	30.4 (86.7)	25.6 (78.1)	17.1 (62.8)	13.9 (57)	38.7 (101.7)
Average high °C (°F)	2.3 (36.1)	2.9 (37.2)	8.3 (46.9)	13.6 (56.5)	19.4 (66.9)	22.1 (71.8)	24.6 (76.3)	24.5 (76.1)	19.3 (66.7)	13.9 (57)	6.7 (44.1)	3.2 (37.8)	13.4 (56.1)
Daily mean °C (°F)	−1.2 (29.8)	−0.7 (30.7)	4.0 (39.2)	9.8 (49.6)	14.9 (58.8)	18.2 (64.8)	20.1 (68.2)	19.8 (67.6)	15.3 (59.5)	9.9 (49.8)	4.4 (39.9)	0.2 (32.4)	9.6 (49.3)
Average low °C (°F)	−4.6 (23.7)	−4.3 (24.3)	−0.3 (31.5)	6.0 (42.8)	10.3 (50.5)	14.3 (57.7)	15.5 (59.9)	15.1 (59.2)	11.3 (52.3)	5.9 (42.6)	2.1 (35.8)	−2.8 (27)	5.7 (42.3)
Record low °C (°F)	−28.5 (−19.3)	−24.0 (−11.2)	−16.1 (3)	−8.6 (16.5)	−1.5 (29.3)	1.5 (34.7)	4.7 (40.5)	3.9 (39)	−3.8 (25.2)	−8.3 (17.1)	−13.6 (7.5)	−19.2 (−2.6)	−28.5 (−19.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	33 (1.3)	27 (1.06)	38 (1.5)	31 (1.22)	50 (1.97)	57 (2.24)	76 (2.99)	61 (2.4)	42 (1.65)	34 (1.34)	35 (1.38)	40 (1.57)	524 (20.63)
Average precipitation days	14	12	11	9	11	12	13	13	9	12	14	12	142
Average relative humidity (%)	81	82	75	68	63	68	70	72	74	77	80	82	74
Mean monthly sunshine hours	56	67	118	179	230	237	236	229	171	122	55	40	1,740
Source: Polish Central Statistical Office

Administrative division

File:Poznań - jednostki pomocnicze od 2011.png

Administrative division of Poznań since 2011

Main article: Administrative division of Poznań

Poznań is divided into 42 neighbourhoods (osiedles), each of which has its own elected council with certain decision-making and spending powers. The first uniform elections for these councils covering the whole area of the city were held on 20 March 2011.

For certain administrative purposes, the old division into five districts (dzielnicas) is used - although these ceased to be governmental units in 1990. These were:

• Stare Miasto ("Old Town"), population 161,200, area 47.1 km² (18.2 sq mi), covering the central and northern parts of the city
• Nowe Miasto ("New Town"), population 141,424, area 105.1 km² (40.6 sq mi), including all parts of the city on the right (east) bank of the Warta
• Grunwald, population 125,500, area 36.2 km² (14.0 sq mi), covering the south-western parts of the city
• Jeżyce, population 81,300, area 57.9 km² (22.4 sq mi), covering the north-western parts of the city
• Wilda, population 62,290, area 15.0 km² (5.8 sq mi), in the southern part of the city

Citizens of Poznań thanks to the strong economy of the city and high salaries started moving to suburbs (Powiat Poznanski) in the 90's. Although the number of inhabitants in Poznań itself was decreasing for the past two decades, the suburbs gained almost twice as much inhabitants. Thus, Poznań urban area has been growing steadily over past years and has already reached 1.0 million inhabitants when student population is included, whereas the entire metropolitan zone may have reached 1.5-1.7 million inhabitants when satellite cities and towns (so-called second Poznań ring counties such as Wrzesnia, Gniezno and Koscian) are included. The complex infrastructure, population density, number of companies and gross product per capita of Poznań suburbs may be only compared to Warsaw suburbs. It is interesting to note that many parts of closer suburbs (for example Tarnowo Podgorne, Komorniki, Suchy Las, Dopiewo) produce more in terms of GDP per capita than the city itself.

Economy

See also: List of corporations in Poznań

File:Stary Browar Wnętrze RB1.JPG

Stary Browar (Old Brewery) in Poznań

File:Poznań Centrum.jpg

City Center

File:Pixel building, Poznan.jpg

Pixel building - headquarters of Allegro company

File:Lech Brewery Poznan.JPG

Lech Browary Wielkopolskie

Poznań has been an important trade centre since the Middle Ages. Starting in the 19th century, local heavy industry began to grow. Several major factories were built, including the Hipolit Cegielski steel mill and railway factory (see H. Cegielski - Poznań S.A.).

Nowadays Poznań is one of the major trade centers in Poland. Poznań is regarded as the second most prosperous city in Poland after Warsaw. The city of Poznań produced PLN 31.8 billion of Poland's gross domestic product in 2006. It boasts a GDP per capita of 200,4% (2008) of Poland's average. Furthermore, Poznań had very low unemployment rate of 2.3% as of May 2009. For comparison, Poland's national unemployment rate was over 10%.

File:Andersia.JPG

Andersia Tower (left) and Poznań Financial Centre (right)

Many Western European companies have established their Polish headquarters in Poznań or in the nearby towns of Tarnowo Podgórne and Swarzędz. Most foreign investors are German and Dutch companies (see List of corporations in Poznań), with a few others. Investors are mostly from the food processing, furniture, automotive and transport and logistics industries. Foreign companies are primarily attracted by low labour costs and by the relatively good road and railway network, good vocational skills of workers and relatively liberal employment laws.

The recently built Stary Browar shopping center contains many high-end shops and is considered one of the best in Europe. It has won an award for the best shopping center in the world in the medium-sized commercial buildings category. Other notable shopping centers in the city include Galeria Malta, one of the largest in Central Europe, and the shops at the Hotel Bazar, a historical hotel and commercial center in the Old Town.

Selected major corporations based in Poznań and the city's vicinity include QXL Poland Sp. z o.o. (Allegro), Poznań, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals SA, Poznań, Grupa Raben, near Kórnik, Poznań metro, Kuehne & Nagel sp. z o.o., Gądki near Poznań, H. Cegielski-Poznań SA, Poznań, and Solaris Bus & Coach sp. z. o.o., Bolechowo, Poznań metro. The abbreviation "Sp. z o.o." stands for "Spółka z ograniczoną odpowiedzialnością", or Limited Liability Company, the equivalent of British Ltd. or German GmbH. The abbreviation for Public Limited Company (a stock company or PLC) is "Spółka Akcyjna" or S.A.

Transport

Poznań has an extensive public transport system, consisting of trams (see Tramways in Poznań, especially Poznański Szybki Tramwaj) and urban and suburban buses. The main railway station is Poznań Central Station to the southwest of the city centre; there is also the smaller Poznań Wschód and Poznań Garbary station northeast of the centre and a number of other stations on the outskirts of the city. The main east-west A2 motorway runs south of the city connecting it with Berlin in the west and Łódż and Warsaw in the east; other main roads run in the direction of Warsaw, Bydgoszcz, Wągrowiec, Oborniki, Katowice, Wrocław, Buk and Berlin. An intensive programme of road building and improvement in and around the city is underway in preparation for the hosting of matches in the Euro 2012 football championships.

Poznań has one of the biggest airports in the west of Poland called Poznań-Ławica Airport. In 2010 it handled approximately 1.5 million passengers.

Motorway A2 in Poznań  Solaris Tramino Tram Solaris Tramino Tram  Solaris Urbino Bus Solaris Urbino Bus  SA108-001 Train SA108-001 Train

Culture and sights

File:POZnan-city-logo.jpg

Poznań's new city logo

Poznań has many historic buildings and sights, mostly concentrated around the Old Town and other parts of the city centre. Many of these lie on the Royal-Imperial Route in Poznań – a tourist walk leading through the most important parts of the city showing its history, culture and identity. Portions of the city center are listed as one of Poland's official national Historic Monuments (Pomnik historii), as designated November 28, 2008, along with other portions of the city's historic core. Its listing is maintained by the National Heritage Board of Poland.

The former Imperial Castle is now one of Poznań's premier cultural-theatrical institutions.

Results of new extensive archaeological research performed on Poznan's Ostrow Tumski by Prof. dr hab. Hanna Kocka-Krec from Instytut Prahistorii UAM indicate that Poznań indeed was a central site of the early Polish State (recent discovery of first Polish ruler, Mieszko I's Palatium). Thus, the Ostrow Tumski Island is more important that it was thought previously and may have been as important as "Gniezno" in the Poland of first "Piasts". Though it is currently under construction, "Ostrow Tumski of Poznan" should soon have a very rich historical exposition and be a very interesting place for visitors. It promises to include many attractions, such as the above-mentioned Cathedral, Church of St. Mary the Virgin, "Lubranski Academy" and the opened in 2012 "Genius Loci Archeological Park" as well as planned to be opened in 2013 Interactive Center of Ostrow Tumski History ("ICHOT") that presents a multimedia museum of the Polish State through many different periods. The "Palatium in Poznan" will be also transformed into a museum, although more funds are needed. When all the expositions are ready, in a couple of years, Ostrow Tumski may be as worth visiting as "Wawel" in Cracow. There is a very famous sentence illustrating the importance of Ostrow Tumski in Poznań by the Pope John Paul II: "Poland began here".

One of the most interesting places in Poznań is Malta with an artificial lake in its center. On one bank of the lake there are ski and sleigh slopes (Malta Ski), on the opposite bank a huge complex of swimming pools including an Olympic-size one (Termy Maltanskie). This whole recreational city "district" is unique in all of Poland or even Europe.

Perhaps the most important cultural event in Poznań is the annual Malta theatre festival, which takes place at many city venues, usually in late June and early July. It hosts mainly modern experimental off-theatre performances, often taking place on squares and other public spaces. It also includes cinema, visual, music and dancing events. Malta Theatre Festival gave birth to many off-theater groups, expressing new ideas in an already rich theatrical background of the city. Thus, Poznań with a great deal of off-theaters and their performances has recently become a new Polish off-theater performance center.

File:Poznań, Park Mickiewicza 03.jpg

Adam Mickiewicz Park

Classical music events include the Henryk Wieniawski Violin Competition (held every 5 years), and classical music concerts by the city's Philharmonic Orchestra held each month in the University Aula. Especially popular are concerts by the Poznań Nightingales.

Poznan is also home to new forms of music such as rap and hip-hop made by a great deal of bands and performers ("Peja", "Mezo" and others). Poznań is also known for its rock music performers (Muchy, Malgorzata Ostrowska).

Poznań City Hall illuminated at night

Poznan apart from many traditional theaters with a long history ("Teatr Nowy", "Teatr Wielki", "Teatr Polski", "Teatr Muzyczny" and several others) is also home to a growing number of alternative theater groups, some of them stemming from International Malta Festival: "Teatr Strefa Ciszy", "Teatr Porywcze Cial", "Teatr Usta Usta", "Teatr u Przyjaciol", "Teatr Biuro Podrozy", "Teatr Osmego Dnia" and many others – it is believed that even up to 30 more or less known groups may work in the city.

Every year on the 11th of November, Poznanians celebrate The Day of St. Marcin Street. A procession of horses, with St. Marcin at the head, parades along St Marcin Street, in front of The Imperial Castle. Everybody can eat delicious croissants, the regional product of Poznań.

Poznań hosted the 2009 European Young Adults Meeting of the ecumenical Christian Taizé Community.

Poznań also stages the "Ale Kino!" International Young Audience Film Festival in December and "Off Cinema" festival of independent films. Other festival: "Transatlantyk" (film music festival by Jan A.P. Kaczmarek started in 2011), Maski Theater Festival, Dance International Workshops by Polish Dance Theater, Made in Chicago (Jazz Festival), Ethno Port, Festival of Ice Sculpture, Animator, Science and Art Festival, Tzadik (Jewish music festival), Meditations Biennale (Modern Art). The full list of cultural annual events is even longer.

Poznań has several cinemas, including multiplexes and smaller cinemas, an opera house, several other theatres, and museums.

The "Rozbrat" squat serves as a home for squatters and as a centre of independent and open-minded culture. It hosts frequent gigs, an anarchistic library, vernissages, exhibitions, annual birthday festival (each October), poetry evenings and graffiti festivals. The city centre has many clubs, pubs and coffee houses, mainly in the area of the Old Town.

Grażyna Kulczyk's effort to build the Museum of Contemporary and Performance Arts in Poznan was rejected.

Education

File:Biblioteca Raczynski, Poznan, Polonia, 2014-09-18, DD 45.jpg

The Raczyński Library, 1822–1828.

File:Poznan 10-2013 img06 University.jpg

The Collegium Minus - Adam Mickiewicz University.

File:Museo Nacional, Poznan, Polonia, 2014-09-18, DD 46.jpg

National Museum.

File:Teatr Wielki, Poznan, Polonia, 2014-09-18, DD 53.jpg

Teatr Wielki.

File:Teatro Polaco, Poznan, Polonia, 2014-09-18, DD 56.jpg

Polish theater.

Main article: Education in Poznań

Poznań is one of the four largest academic centers in Poland. The number of students in the city of Poznań is about 140 000 (fourth/third after Warsaw, Cracow and close to Wrocław student population). Every one of four inhabitants in Poznań is a student. Since Poznań is smaller than Warsaw or Cracow still having a very large number of students it makes the city even more vibrant and dense "academic hub" than both former and current capitals of Poland. The city has many state-owned universities. Adam Mickiewicz University (abbreviated UAM in Polish, AMU in English) is one of the most influential and biggest universities in Poland:

• Adam Mickiewicz University
• University of Fine Arts in Poznań
• Academy of Music in Poznań
• Poznań University of Economics
• Poznań University of Medical Sciences
• Poznań University of Technology
• Poznań University School of Physical Education
• University of Life Sciences in Poznań

"Adam Mickiewicz University" is one of the three best universities in Poland after University of Warsaw and Jagiellonian University of Cracow. They all have a very high number of international student and scientist exchange, research grants and top publications. In northern suburbs of Poznań a very large "Morasko Campus" has been built (Faculty of Biology, Physics, Mathematics, Chemistry, Political Sciences, Geography). The majority of faculties are already open, although a few more facilities will be constructed. The campus infrastructure belongs to the most impressive among Polish universities. Also, there are plans for "Uniwersytecki Park Historii Ziemii" (Earth History Park), one of the reason for the park construction is a "Morasko meteorite nature reserve" situated close by, it is one of the rare sites of Europe where a number of meteorites fell and some traces may be still seen.

There is also a great number of smaller, mostly private-run colleges and institutions of higher education ("Uczelnie w Poznaniu"):

• Arcybiskupie Seminarium Duchowne w Poznaniu
• School of Form
• Warsaw School of Social Sciences and Humanities campus in Poznań
• Wielkopolska Wyższa Szkoła Turystyki i Zarządzania w Poznaniu
• Wyższa Szkoła Biznesu
• Wyższa Szkoła Bankowa w Poznaniu
• Wyższa Szkoła Bezpieczeństwa w Poznaniu
• Wyższa Szkoła Edukacji i Terapii w Poznaniu
• Wyższa Szkoła Edukacji Integracyjnej i Interkulturowej w Poznaniu
• Wyższa Szkoła Handlu i Rachunkowości
• Wyższa Szkoła Handlu i Usług w Poznaniu
• Wyższa Szkoła Hotelarstwa i Gastronomii
• Wyższa Szkoła Języków Obcych im. Samuela Bogumiła Lindego
• Wyższa Szkoła Komunikacji i Zarządzania w Poznaniu
• Wyższa Szkoła Logistyki
• Wyższa Szkoła Nauk Humanistycznych i Dziennikarstwa
• Wyższa Szkoła Pedagogiki i Administracji im. Mieszka I w Poznaniu
• Wyższa Szkoła Umiejętności Społecznych w Poznaniu
• Wyższa Szkoła Zarządzania i Bankowości w Poznaniu
• Wyższa Szkoła Zawodowa "Kadry dla Europy" w Poznaniu
• Wyższa Szkoła Zawodowa Pielęgnacji Zdrowia i Urody
• Wyższe Seminarium Duchowne Towarzystwa Chrystusowego

Poznan with its almost 30 colleges and universities has a second richest educational offer in Poland after Warsaw.

Scientific and regional organizations

• Poznań Society of Friends of Arts and Sciences
• Poznań Supercomputing and Networking Center
• Western Institute

Sports

File:Stadion Lecha Poznan. 2010-11-03 (4).JPG

Stadion Miejski interior

The city's new municipal stadium

Poznań is most famous for its football teams, Warta Poznań which are one the most successful clubs in pre-war history and Lech Poznań, who are currently one of the biggest clubs in the country, frequently playing in European cups and have many fans from all over the region. Lech plays at the Municipal Stadium, which hosted the 2012 European Championship group stages as well as the opening game and the final of the U-19 Euro Championship in June 2006.

The city's third professional football team Olimpia Poznań ceased activity in 2004, focusing on other sports, and remains one of the best judo and tennis clubs in the country, the latter hosting the Poznań Open tournament at the Tennis Park. The club is a large sports complex surrounded by Lake Rusałka, and apart from the tennis facilities boasts a large city recreation area: mountain biking facilities including a four-cross track; an athletics stadium (capacity 3000); and an football-speedway stadium (capacity 20 000), which fell into vast disrepair until it was acquired by the city council from the police in 2013 and was renovated. The football-speedway stadium hosts speedway club PSŻ Poznań, rugby union side NKR Chaos, American football team the Poznań Patriots, and football team Poznaniak Poznań.

The city has the largest circuit in Poland, Tor Poznań, located in the suburbs in Przeźmierowo. Lake Malta hosted the World Rowing Championships in 2009 and has previously hosted some regattas in the Rowing World Cup. It also hosted the ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships (sprint canoe) in 1990 and 2001, and again in 2010. Also near the lake the "Malta Ski" year-long skiing complex hosts minor sport competitions, and is also equipped with a toboggan run and a minigolf course. The is also a roller rink with a roller skating club nearby.

The city is also considered to be the hotbed of Polish field hockey, with several top teams: Warta Poznań; Grunwald Poznań; which also has shooting, wrestling, handball and tennis sections; Pocztowiec Poznań; and AZS AWF Poznań, the student club which also fields professional teams in women's volleyball and basketball (AZS Poznań).

Other clubs include: Posnania Poznań, one of the best rugby union clubs in the country; Polonia Poznań, formerly a multi-sports club with many successes in rugby, however today only a football section remains; KKS Wiara Lecha, football club formed by the supporters of Lech Poznań; and Odlew Poznań, arguably the most famous amateur club in the country due to their extensive media coverage and humorous exploits. There are also numerous rhythmic gymnastics and synchronized swimming clubs, as well as numerous less notable amateur football teams.

Poznań bidded for the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics but lost to Nanjing, with the Chinese city getting 47 votes over Poznań's 42.

Politics

Municipal politics

File:Poznań, Stary Rynek (domki budnicze i ratusz).jpg

Old marketplace and city hall

Since the end of the communist era in 1989, Poznań municipality and suburban area have invested heavily in infrastructure, especially public transport and administration. That results in a massive investment from foreign companies in Poznań as well as in communities west and south of Poznań (namely, Kórnik and Tarnowo Podgórne). One of the most important values of Poznań is the positive attitude of public administration towards investments, and less bureaucracy than elsewhere in Poland.

City investments into transportation were mostly into public transport. While the number of cars since 1989 has at least doubled, the policy of improving public transport gave good effects. Limiting car access to the city center, building new tram lines (including Poznański Szybki Tramwaj) and investing in new rolling stock (such as modern Combino trams by Siemens and Solaris low-floor buses) actually increased the level of ridership. This is a notable success, even considering the fact that Polish society only possesses about half of the "old EU"'s purchasing power, hence not everybody can afford to own a car.

Future investments into transportation include the construction of a third bypass of Poznań, and the completion of A2 (E30) motorway towards Berlin. New cycle lanes are being built, linking to existing ones, and an attempt is currently being made to develop a Karlsruhe-style light rail system for commuters. All this is made more complicated (and more expensive) by the heavy neglect of transport infrastructure throughout the Communist era.

See also: Tramways in Poznań

Constituency

Members of Sejm elected in 2005 from Poznań constituency:

• Arkady Radosław Fiedler, PO
• Waldy Dzikowski, PO
• Maria Pasło-Wiśniewska, PO
• Dariusz Lipiński, PO
• Michał Stuligrosz, PO
• Tomasz Górski, PiS
• Jan Filip Libicki, PiS
• Małgorzata Stryjska, PiS
• Jacek Tomczak, PiS
• Krystyna Łybacka, SLD

Members of European Parliament elected from Poznań constituency:

• Filip Kaczmarek, PO
• Jan Kułakowski, UW
• Marcin Libicki, PiS
• Jan Masiel, Samoobrona
• Marek Siwiec, SLD
• Witold Tomczak, LPR

International relations

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland

Twin towns – Sister cities

Poznań is twinned with:

Assen, Netherlands, since 1992 Brno, Czech Republic, since 1966 Kharkiv, Ukraine, since 1998 Győr, Hungary, since 2008 Hannover, Germany, since 1979 Nottinghamshire, United Kingdom, since 1994 Jyväskylä, Finland, since 1979

Kutaisi, Georgia Nablus, Palestinian Authority, since 1997 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain, since 1992 Ra'anana, Israel, since 2010 Rennes, France, since 1998 Shenzhen, China, since 1993 Toledo, United States, since 1991 Bay City, United States, since 1977

Gallery

• Poznan 10-2013 img10 Town hall.jpg

  Town hall

• Poznan 10-2013 img13 Old Market.jpg

  Houses on the Old Market Square

• Stary Rynek w Poznaniu, houses at evening.JPG

  Old Market Square houses at evening

• Stary Rynek w Poznaniu evening.JPG

  Old Market Square by night

• 2008-09 UAM Park.JPG

  U.A.M Park

• Bamberka blisko.jpg

  Bamberka fountain on the Old Market Square

• Poznan Radojewo 115-22.jpg

  View of Owińska

• Aquanet Poznań RB1.JPG

  Aquanet water supply company

• Stary Browar Nowy Poznań RB3.JPG

  Stary Browar in Poznań

• 

  Poznań Collegium Minus by night

• Poznań Collegium Iuridicum 23.09.2011 p2.jpg

  Poznań Collegium Iuridicum

• 

  Guard house

• Poznań, (2) Katedra pw. śś. Apostołów Piotra i Pawła, Ostrów Tumski.jpg

  View of Basilica of St.Peter and St.Paul (Ostrów Tumski, Poznań)

• 

  Remnants of grave of Mieszko I, underground of Poznań Archcathedral Basilica of St. Peter and St. Paul

• Poznań Katedra Podziemia Grobowiec Bolesława Chrobrego RB2.JPG

  Remnants of grave of Bolesław Chrobry, underground of Poznań Archcathedral Basilica of St. Peter and St. Paul

• Absyda Floriana Poznań.JPG

  Absyda Floriana

• AMuz Poznań RB.JPG

  Academy of Music

• Fara Poznan Fasada.jpg

  Baroque Collegiate Church, built 1651–1701

• Iglesia colegial de Poznan, Poznan, Polonia, 2014-09-18, DD 28-30 HDR.jpg

  Ceiling of Collegiate Church

• Kompleks Jezuicki Poznań RB1.JPG

  Jesuit College established by King Sigismund III Vasa in 1611

• Instytut Zachodni Poznań RB1.JPG

  Western Institute

• Termy Maltańskie - rekreacja.JPG

  Termy Maltańskie - Leisure pools

• Termy Maltańskie - basen sportowy.JPG

  Termy Maltańskie - Sport pools

Notable residents

See also: Category:People from Poznań

• Anna Anderson (c. 1900–1984), pretender of Grand Duchess Anastasia of Russia
• Ryszard "Peja" Andrzejewski (born 1976), rapper
• Lothar von Arnauld de la Perière (1886–1941), German U-boat commander
• Isidor Ascheim (1891–1968), painter and printmaker
• Stanisław Barańczak (1946-2014), poet
• Hanna Banaszak (born 1957), singer, poet
• Herbert Baum (1912–1942) resistance fighter
• Zygmunt Bauman (born 1925), sociologist
• Heinrich Caro (1834–1910), chemist
• Hipolit Cegielski (1815–1868), businessman
• Dezydery Chłapowski (1788–1848), general
• August Cieszkowski (1814–1894), philosopher
• Antoni Czubiński (1928–2003), historian
• Leopold Damrosch (1832–1885), conductor
• Ludwig Dessoir, (1810–1874), actor
• Franciszek Dobrowolski (1830–1896), theater director
• Tytus Działyński (1796–1861), political activist
• Małgorzata Dydek (1974–2011), basketball player
• Akiva Eiger (1761–1837), Rabbi of Poznań (1815–1837)
• Ewaryst Estkowski (1820–1856), teacher
• Krystyna Feldman (1916-2007), actress
• Fredrak Fraske (1872–1973), the last surviving United States veteran of the Indian Wars
• Johannes Gad (1842–1926), neurophysiologist
• Jean Gebser (1905–1973), human consciousness scientist
• Eduard Gerhard (1795–1867), archaeologist
• Arkadiusz Głowacki (born 1979), footballer
• Friedrich Goltz (1834–1902), physiologist
• Konstanty Gorski (1859–1924), composer and violinist
• Paul von Hindenburg (1847–1934), Field Marshal and President of the Weimar Republic
• Maksymilian Jackowski (1815–1905), activist
• Anna Jantar (1950-1980), a popular Polish singer, who perished in a plane crash.
• Alfred Jodl (1890-1946), German WW2 military commander
• John Jonston (1603–1675), naturalist and physician
• Jan A.P. Kaczmarek (born 1954), composer
• Richard Kandt (1867–1918), doctor and explorer
• Ernst Hartwig Kantorowicz (1895–1963), historian
• Marek Karpinski, computer scientist
• Günther von Kluge (1882–1944), Field Marshal
• Krzysztof Komeda (1931–1969), jazz musician
• Leo Königsberger (1837–1921), mathematician
• Antoni Kraszewski (1797–1870), politician
• Germaine Krull (1897–1985), photographer
• Gerard Labuda (born 1916), historian
• Arthur Liebehenschel (1901–1948), commandant of Auschwitz and Majdanek
• Jarosław Leitgeber (1848-1933), purveyor of Polish books under partitions
• Paul Leonhardt (1877–1934), chess master
• Karol Libelt (1807–1875), philosopher
• Karol Marcinkowski (1800–1848), physician and social activist
• Władysław Markiewicz (born 1920), sociologist
• Teofil Matecki (1810–1886), philosopher
• Heinrich Mendelssohn (1881–1959), building tycoon
• Karl-Friedrich Merten (1905–1993), U-boat commander
• Małgorzata Musierowicz (born 1945), novelist
• Andrzej Niegolewski (1787–1857), colonel
• Władysław Niegolewski (1814–1880), politician
• Władysław Oleszczyński (1809–1866), sculptor
• Lilli Palmer (1914–1986), actress
• Janusz Pałubicki (born 1948), politician
• Kazimierz Piwarski, (1903–1968), historian
• Gustaw Potworowski, (1800–1860), activist
• Edward Raczyński (1786–1845), politician
• Cyryl Ratajski (1875–1942), mayor of Poznań
• Antoni Radziwiłł (1775–1833), aristocrat
• Marian Rejewski (1905–1980), cryptoanalist, Enigma codemachine codebreaker
• Richard Rothe (1799–1867), Lutheran theologian
• Jerzy Różycki (1909–1942), cryptoanalist, Enigma codemachine codebreaker
• Klaudia Rynkowska (born 1986), gymnast
• Dame Elisabeth Schwarzkopf (1915–2006), operatic and concert lyric soprano, born in Jarocin
• Michał Sczaniecki (1910–1977), historian
• Urszula Sipinska (born 1947), singer-songwriter, pianist and architect
• Bohdan Smoleń (born 9 June 1947), comedian and actor
• Józef Struś (1510–1568), scientist and mayor of Poznań
• Sir Paweł Edmund Strzelecki (July 20, 1797 – October 6, 1873), Polish explorer and geologist
• Rafał Szukała (born 1971), butterfly swimmer
• Roman Szymański (1840–1908), political activist
• Mirosław Szymkowiak (born 1976) football player
• Jerzy Topolski (1928–1998), historian
• Lech Trzeciakowski (born 1931), historian
• Jan Węglarz (born 1947), computer scientist
• Zygmunt Wojciechowski, (1900–1955), historian and founder of the Western Institute
• Leon Wegner (1824–1873), economist
• Roman Wilhelmi, actor
• Anna Wolff-Powęska, historian
• Henryk Zygalski (1906–1978), cryptoanalist, Enigma codemachine codebreaker

See also

• Tourism in Poland
• History of Poland
• Royal coronations in Poland including in Poznań cathedral
• Poznań Fortress

Bibliography

• Frieder Monzer: Posen, Thorn, Bromberg (mit Großpolen, Kujawien und Südostpommern), Trescher Reiseführer, Berlin 2011
• Gotthold Rhode: Geschichte der Stadt Posen, Neuendettelsau 1953
• Collective work, Poznań. Dzieje, ludzie kultura, Poznań 1953
• Robert Alvis, Religion and the Rise of Nationalism: A Profile of an East-Central European City, Syracuse University Press, Syracuse 2005
• K. Malinowski (red.), Dziesięć wieków Poznania (in three volumes), Poznań 1956
• Collective work, Poznań, Poznań 1958
• Collective work, Poznań. Zarys historii, Poznań 1963
• Cz. Łuczak, Życie społeczno-gospodarcze w Poznaniu 1815–1918, Poznań 1965
• J. Topolski (red.), Poznań. Zarys dziejów, Poznań 1973
• Zygmunt Boras, Książęta Piastowscy Wielkopolski, Wydawnictwo Poznańskie, Poznań 1983
• Jerzy Topolski (red.), Dzieje Poznania, Wydawnictwo PWN, Warszawa, Poznań 1988
• Alfred Kaniecki, Dzieje miasta wodą pisane, Wydawnictwo Aquarius, Poznań 1993
• Witold Maisel (red.), Przywileje miasta Poznania XIII-XVIII wieku. Privilegia civitatis Posnaniensis saeculorum XIII-XVIII. Władze Miasta Poznania, Poznańskie Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Nauk, Wydawnictwa Żródłowe Komisji Historycznej, Tom XXIV, Wydawnictwo PTPN, Poznań 1994
• Wojciech Stankowski, Wielkopolska, Wydawnictwo WSiP, Warszawa 1999

External links

• Official website of the City
• MPK - Public Transport Official Site
• Poznań at DMOZ
• Poznań Multimedia City Guide - Official Municipality Site
• A Photo Gallery of Poznań by a tourist
• Interaktywny Poznań - city guide
• You are in Poznań - online bulletin for Foreigners
• Guide for Foreign tourists.
• English guide to Poznań