Berkshire

For other uses, see Berkshire (disambiguation).

Berkshire Royal County of Berkshire
County
Berkshire shown within England
Coordinates:
Sovereign state	United Kingdom
Country	England
Region	South East
Established	Ancient
Ceremonial county
Lord Lieutenant	James Puxley
High Sheriff	Suzanna Rose
Area	1,262 km2 (487 sq mi)
– Ranked	40th of 48
Population (mid-2014 est.)	863,800
– Ranked	24th of 48
Density	684/km2 (1,770/sq mi)
Ethnicity	88.7% White 6.8% S.Asian 2.0% Black
Non-metropolitan county
Joint committees	Berkshire Local Transport Body Royal Berkshire Fire Authority
NUTS	UKJ11
Districts of Berkshire   Unitary
Districts	West Berkshire Reading Wokingham Bracknell Forest Windsor and Maidenhead Slough
Members of Parliament	List of MPs
Police	Thames Valley Police
Time zone	GMT (UTC)
– Summer (DST)	BST (UTC+1)

Berkshire (/ˈbɑːrkʃər/ or /ˈbɑːrkʃɪər/, abbreviated Berks) is a county of south east England, located to the west of London. It has also been known as the Royal County of Berkshire since at least the 19th century because of the presence of Windsor Castle and was recognised as such by the Queen in 1957 and letters patent issued in 1974. Berkshire is a county of historic origin and is both a ceremonial county and a non-metropolitan county without a county council. Berkshire County Council was the main county governance from 1889 to 1998 except for the separately administered County Borough of Reading.

In 1974, significant alterations were made to the county's administrative boundaries although the traditional boundaries of Berkshire were not changed. The towns of Abingdon, Didcot and Wantage were transferred to Oxfordshire, Slough was gained from Buckinghamshire and the separate administration of Reading was ended. Since 1998, Berkshire has been governed by the six unitary authorities of Bracknell Forest, Reading, Slough, West Berkshire, Windsor and Maidenhead and Wokingham. It borders the counties of Oxfordshire (to the north), Buckinghamshire (to the north-east), Greater London (to the east), Surrey (to the south-east), Wiltshire (to the west) and Hampshire (to the south).

History

Main article: History of Berkshire

Windsor Castle, viewed from the Long Walk

The county is first mentioned by name in 860. According to Asser, it takes its name from a large forest of box trees that was called Bearroc (believed to be a Celtic word meaning "hilly").

Berkshire has been the scene of battles. Alfred the Great's campaign against the Danes included the Battles of Englefield, Ashdown and Reading. Newbury was the site of two English Civil War battles: the First Battle of Newbury (at Wash Common) in 1643 and the Second Battle of Newbury (at Speen) in 1644. The nearby Donnington Castle was reduced to a ruin in the aftermath of the second battle. Another Battle of Reading took place on 9 December 1688. It was the only substantial military action in England during the Glorious Revolution and ended in a decisive victory for forces loyal to William of Orange.

Reading became the new county town in 1867, taking over from Abingdon, which remained in the county. Under the Local Government Act 1888, Berkshire County Council took over functions of the Berkshire Quarter Sessions, covering the administrative county of Berkshire, which excluded the county borough of Reading. Boundary alterations in the early part of the 20th century were minor, with Caversham from Oxfordshire becoming part of the Reading county borough, and cessions in the Oxford area.

On 1 April 1974 Berkshire's boundaries changed under the Local Government Act 1972. Berkshire took over administration of Slough and Eton and part of the former Eton Rural District from Buckinghamshire. The northern part of the county became part of Oxfordshire, with Faringdon, Wantage and Abingdon and their hinterland becoming the Vale of White Horse district, and Didcot and Wallingford added to South Oxfordshire district. 94 (Berkshire Yeomanry) Signal Squadron still keep the Uffington White Horse in their insignia, even though the White Horse is now in Oxfordshire. The original Local Government White Paper would have transferred Henley-on-Thames from Oxfordshire to Berkshire: this proposal did not make it into the Bill as introduced.

On 1 April 1998 Berkshire County Council was abolished under a recommendation of the Banham Commission, and the districts became unitary authorities. Unlike similar reforms elsewhere at the same time, the non-metropolitan county was not abolished. Signs saying "Welcome to the Royal County of Berkshire" have all but disappeared but may still be seen on the borders of West Berkshire District, on the east side of Virginia Water and on the M4 motorway. There are also county signs on the south side of Sonning Bridge on the B478, on the A404 southbound carriageway crossing the river Thames, and heading north on the A33 at the start of the dual carriageway just past Stratfield Saye.

Geography

Aerial view of Virginia Water Lake on the southern edge of Windsor Great Park

Berkshire divides into two clearly distinct sections with the boundary lying roughly on a north-south line through the centre of Reading.

Physical map of Berkshire. From a book called Berkshire, by H. W. Monckton, published by Cambridge University Press, 1911. Map is credited to George Philip & Son, Ltd.

The eastern section of Berkshire lies largely to the south of the River Thames, with that river forming the northern boundary of the county. In two places (Slough and Reading) the county now includes land to the north of the river. Tributaries of the Thames, including the Loddon and Blackwater, increase the amount of low lying riverine land in the area. Beyond the flood plains, the land rises gently to the county boundaries with Surrey and Hampshire. Much of this area is still well wooded, especially around Bracknell and Windsor Great Park.

In the west of the county and heading upstream, the Thames veers away to the north of the county boundary, leaving the county behind at the Goring Gap. This is a narrow part of the otherwise quite broad river valley where, at the end of the last Ice Age, the Thames forced its way between the Chiltern Hills (to the north of the river in Oxfordshire) and the Berkshire Downs.

View from Combe Gibbet, looking north over the Kennet Valley

As a consequence, the western portion of the county is situated around the valley of the River Kennet, which joins the Thames in Reading. Fairly steep slopes on each side delineate the river's flat floodplain. To the south, the land rises steeply to the nearby county boundary with Hampshire, and the highest parts of the county lie here. The highest of these is Walbury Hill at 297 m (974 ft), which is also the highest point in South East England region and between London and South Wales.

To the north of the Kennet, the land rises again to the Berkshire Downs. This is a hilly area, with smaller and well-wooded valleys draining into the River Lambourn, River Pang and their tributaries, and open upland areas famous for their involvement in horse racing and the consequent ever-present training gallops.

Demographics

According to 2003 estimates there were 803,657 people in Berkshire, or 636 people/km². The population is mostly based in the urban areas to the east and centre of the county: the largest towns here are Reading, Slough, Bracknell, Maidenhead, Wokingham, Windsor, Sandhurst, and the villages Crowthorne and Twyford. West Berkshire is much more rural and sparsely populated, with far fewer towns: the largest are Newbury, Thatcham, Hungerford and Lambourn. In 1831, there were 146,234 people living in Berkshire; by 1901 the population had risen to 252,571 (of whom 122,807 were male and 129,764 were female).

Population of Berkshire:

• 1831: 146,234
• 1841: 161,759
• 1851: 170,065
• 1861: 176,256
• 1871: 196,475
• 1881: 218,363
• 1891: 238,709
• 1901: 252,571
• 1951: 198,000
• 1983: 400,000

Ceremonial County

Main articles: Lord Lieutenant of Berkshire, High Sheriff of Berkshire, and Ceremonial counties of England

The ceremonial county of Berkshire consists of the area controlled by the six unitary authorities, each of which is independent of the rest. Berkshire has no county council. The ceremonial county has a Lord Lieutenant and a High Sheriff. The Lord Lieutenant of Berkshire is Mary Selina Bayliss, appointed in May 2008 and the High Sheriff of Berkshire for the year 2011 is Robert Barclay Woods CBE.

Berkshire districts

District	Main towns	Population (2007 estimate)	Area	Population density (2007)
Bracknell Forest	Bracknell, Sandhurst	113,696	109.38 km²	1038/km²
Reading	Reading	155,300	40.40 km²	3557/km²
Slough	Slough	140,200	32.54 km²	3691/km²
West Berkshire	Newbury, Thatcham	150,700	704.17 km²	214/km²
Windsor and Maidenhead	Windsor, Maidenhead	104,000	198.43 km²	711/km²
Wokingham	Wokingham, Twyford	88,600	178.98 km²	875/km²
TOTAL Ceremonial	N/A	752,436	1264 km²	643/km²

Population figures for 2007 estimates. See List of English districts by population for a full list of every English district.

Politics

See also: List of Parliamentary constituencies in Berkshire

Berkshire is a ceremonial county and non-metropolitan county and it is unique in England in that it has no county council, or district council covering its entire area; rather it is divided into several unitary authorities, which do not have county status. It is the only non-metropolitan county to function in such a manner.

The Conservative Party controls the unitary authorities of West Berkshire, Windsor and Maidenhead, Wokingham and Bracknell Forest. The Labour Party controls Reading and Slough.

In the 2010 general election, Conservative Party candidates were elected in seven of the eight parliamentary constituencies. Slough is the exception; it is represented by a Labour MP.

General Election 2010 : Berkshire
Conservative	Liberal Democrats	Labour	UKIP	Green	Others	BNP	Christian Party	Monster Raving Loony Party	Turnout
209,400 +50,604	104,133 +4,304	74,613 −13,015	12,402 +3,582	5,181 +879	4,237 +2,862	3,028 N/A	495 N/A	329 −240	413,818 +52,499

Overall Number of seats as of 2010
Conservative	Labour	Liberal Democrats	UKIP	Green	Others	BNP	Christian Party	Monster Raving Loony Party
7	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0

Economy

This is a chart of trend of regional gross value added of Berkshire at current basic prices published (pp. 240–253) by Office for National Statistics with figures in millions of British pounds sterling.

Year	Regional Gross Value Added1	Agriculture2	Industry3	Services4
1995	10,997	53	2,689	8,255
2000	18,412	40	3,511	14,861
2003	21,119	48	3,666	17,406

Notes

1. Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
2. Includes hunting and forestry
3. Includes energy and construction
4. Includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Industry

The Oracle Corporation campus

Reading has a historical involvement in the information technology industry, largely as a result of the early presence in the town of sites of International Computers Limited and Digital. These companies have been swallowed by other groups, but their descendants, Fujitsu and Hewlett-Packard respectively, still have local operations. More recently Microsoft and Oracle have established multi-building campuses in the borough. Other technology companies with a presence in the town include Agilent Technologies, Assuria, Audio & Design (Recording) Ltd, Bang & Olufsen, Cisco, Comptel, DediPower Managed Hosting, Ericsson, Harris Corporation, Intel, Nvidia, Rockwell Collins, Sage, Sagem Orga, SGI, Symantec, Symbol Technologies, Verizon Business, Virgin Media, Websense, Xansa (now Steria), and Xerox. The financial company ING Direct has its headquarters in Reading, as does the directories company Yell Group and the natural gas major BG Group. The insurance company Prudential has an administration centre in the town. PepsiCo and Holiday Inn have offices. As with most major cities, Reading also has offices of the Big Four accounting firms Deloitte, KPMG, Ernst and Young, and PricewaterhouseCoopers.

Slough Trading Estate plays a major part in making Slough an important business centre in South East England

Slough is home to the UK's biggest Business Park. The global headquarters of Reckitt Benckiser and the UK headquarters of Mars, Incorporated are based in Slough. The European head offices of major IT companies BlackBerry, Network Associates, Computer Associates, PictureTel and Compusys are in the town. O₂ has headquarters in four buildings. The town is home to the National Foundation for Educational Research, which is housed in The Mere. Other major brands with offices in the town include Nintendo, Black and Decker, Amazon.co.uk, Honda, HTC, Scottish and Southern Energy and Abbey Business Centres. Dulux paints are still manufactured in Slough by AkzoNobel, which bought Imperial Chemical Industries in 2008. The Slough Trading Estate attracts world-wide organisations due to its proximity to London Heathrow Airport.

Bracknell is a base for high-tech industries, with the presence of companies such as Panasonic, Fujitsu (formerly ICL) and Fujitsu-Siemens Computers, Dell, Hewlett-Packard, Siemens (originally Nixdorf), Honeywell, Cable and Wireless, Avnet Technology Solutions and Novell. Firms subsequently spread into the surrounding Thames Valley or M4 corridor, attracting IT firms such as Cable and Wireless, DEC (subsequently Hewlett-Packard), Microsoft, Sharp Telecommunications, Oracle Corporation, Sun Microsystems and Cognos. Bracknell is also home to the central Waitrose distribution centre and head office, which is on a 70-acre (280,000 m²) site on the Southern Industrial Estate. Waitrose has operated from the town since the 1970s. The town is also home to the UK headquarters of BMW Group.

Newbury is home to the world headquarters of the mobile network operator Vodafone, which is the town's largest employer with over 6,000 people. Before moving to their £129 million headquarters in the outskirts of the town in 2002, Vodafone used 64 buildings spread across the town centre. As well as Vodafone, Newbury is also home to the UK headquarters of the pharmaceutical company Bayer AG, National Instruments, Micro Focus, NTS Express Road Haulage, Jokers' Masquerade, Newbury Parcels and Quantel. It also is home to the Newbury Building Society, which operates in the region.

Agricultural produce

Abingdon Abbey once had dairy-based granges in the south-east of the county, Red Windsor Cheese was developed with red marbling. Some Berkshire cheeses are Wigmore, Waterloo and Spenwood (named after Spencers Wood) in Riseley; and Barkham Blue, Barkham Chase and Loddon Blewe at Barkham.

Sport

Horse racing

The new grandstand at Royal Ascot

Berkshire hosts more Group 1 flat horse races than any other county. Ascot Racecourse is used for thoroughbred horse racing. It is one of the leading racecourses in the United Kingdom, hosting 13 of the UK's 35 annual Group 1 races. The course is closely associated with the British Royal Family, being approximately 6 miles (10 km) from Windsor Castle, and owned by the Crown Estate.

Ascot today stages twenty-five days of racing over the course of the year, comprising sixteen Flat meetings held between May and October. The Royal Meeting, held in June, remains a major draw; the highlight is the Ascot Gold Cup. The most prestigious race is the King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes run in July.

Newbury Racecourse is in the civil parish of Greenham, adjoining the town of Newbury. It has courses for flat races and over jumps. It hosts one of Great Britain's 32 Group 1 races, the Lockinge Stakes. It also hosts the Hennessy Gold Cup, which is said to be the biggest handicap race of the season apart from the Grand National.

Windsor Racecourse, also known as Royal Windsor Racecourse is a thoroughbred horse racing venue located in Windsor. It is one of only two figure-of-eight courses in the United Kingdom. (The other is at Fontwell Park). It abandoned National Hunt jump racing in December 1998, switching entirely to Flat racing.

Lambourn also has a rich history in horse racing, the well drained, spongy grass, open downs and long flats make the Lambourn Downs ideal for training racehorses. This area of West Berkshire is the largest centre of racehorse training in the UK after Newmarket, and is known as the 'Valley of the Racecourse'.

Football

The Madejski Stadium in Reading

Reading F.C. is the only Berkshire football club to play professional football. Formed in 1871, the club is one of the oldest teams in England, but did not join the Football League until 1920, and first played in the top tier of English football in the 2006–07 season.

Newbury was home to A.F.C. Newbury, which was for a period one of only two football clubs to be sponsored by Vodafone (the other being Manchester United). In May 2006 Vodafone ended its sponsorship of the club, following which the club collapsed. A local pub team from the Old London Apprentice took over the ground temporarily and now compete in the Hellenic Football League as Newbury F.C..

There are several amateur and semi-professional football clubs in the county. These include Maidenhead United, Slough Town, Thatcham Town, Ascot United, A.F.C. Aldermaston, Sandhurst Town, Windsor F.C. and Bracknell Town F.C.

Rugby

Reading is a centre for rugby union football, with the Aviva Premiership team London Irish as tenants at the Madejski Stadium.

Newbury's rugby union club, Newbury R.F.C. (the Newbury 'Blues'), is based in the town. In the 2004–05 season, the club finished second in the National Two division earning promotion to National One. Newbury had previously won National Four South (now renamed as National Three South) in 1996–97 with a 100% win record. In 2010–11 the club finished bottom of National League 2S, with a single win and twenty-nine defeats. The club was founded in 1928 and in 1996 moved to a new purpose-built ground at Monks Lane, which has since hosted England U21 fixtures.

Slough Rugby Club play in the Berks, Bucks & Oxon Southern Premier League (5 leagues away from the Aviva Premiership)

Ice hockey

The Bracknell Bees Ice Hockey Club are former national champions, who play in the English Premier League.

Slough Jets also play in the English Premier League winning the title in 2007. Slough Jets also won the play-offs in 2005–06, 2007–08, 2009–10 & 2011–12. they have finished in the top 4 in the last 9 seasons. They also won the EPIH Cup in 2010–11. Slough Jets have been in the EPIHL since 1999.

Hockey

Slough Hockey Club is home to the Slough Ladies 1XI who play in the Women's Premier League. Slough Hockey club have 5 adult teams; the Ladies 1XI play in the top tier of English Hockey, the Ladies 2XI play in the TrySports League, the Men's 1XI play in MBBO Regional 1, the Men's 2XI play in MBBO Division 3 & the Men's 3XI in the Thames Valley Conference. There are other hockey teams in the county: Reading Hockey Club, Sonning Hockey Club, Maidenhead Hockey Club, Bracknell Hockey Club, Windsor Hockey Club, Newbury & Thatcham Hockey Club and Reading University Hockey Club.

Education

Berkshire is home to the following universities: the University of Reading (which includes the Henley Business School), Imperial College (Silwood Park Campus), and University of West London.

Towns and villages

See the List of places in Berkshire and the List of civil parishes in Berkshire

Notable people

See also: List of people from Reading, Berkshire and List of people from Slough, Berkshire

King Edward III of England

David Cameron

Ricky Gervais

Berkshire has many notable people associated with it.

• King Henry I of England (1068/1069–1135; founded and buried at Reading Abbey)
• King Edward III of England (b. 1312–1377; one of the most successful English monarchs of the Middle Ages)
• King Henry VI of England (1421–1471; King of England, born at Windsor)
• Prince Albert Victor (1864–1892; eldest son of Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, later King Edward VII)
• Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge (b. 1982; spouse of Prince William, Duke of Cambridge)
• Henry Addington, Viscount Sidmouth (1757–1844; former Prime Minister; donor of land for Royal Berkshire Hospital)
• George Alexander (1858–1918; actor and theatre manager)
• Jane Austen (1775–1817; author)
• Francis Baily (1774–1844; astronomer)
• Lucy Benjamin (1970; actress)
• Michael Bond (b. 1926; author, creator of Paddington Bear)
• Kenneth Branagh (b. 1960; actor & film director)
• Charlie Brooker (b. 1971; journalist)
• Richard Burns (1971–2005; rally driver)
• David Cameron (b. 1966; Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Leader of the Conservative Party since December 2005)
• Jimmy Carr (b. 1972; comedian)
• Emilia Clarke (b. 1986; actress)
• Emma Crosby (1977; television presenter)
• Uri Geller (b. 1946; mentalist)
• Ricky Gervais (b. 1961; comedian)
• Dani Harmer (b. 1989; actress)
• Chesney Hawkes (b. 1971; pop singer)
• Lenny Henry (b. 1958; comedian)
• Daniel Howell (b. 1991; professional vlogger and BBC Radio 1 presenter
• Nicholas Hoult (b. 1989; actor)
• Kate Humble (b. 1968; television presenter)
• Joseph Huntley (b. 1775; innovative biscuit maker; founder of Huntley & Palmers)
• Elton John (b. 1947; lives in Old Windsor)
• Peter Jones (b. 1966; entrepreneur)
• John Kendrick (1573–1624; merchant and mayor)
• William Laud (1573–1645; former Archbishop of Canterbury)
• Suzanna Leigh (b. 1945; actress)
• Jeremy Kyle (b. 1965; British radio and television presenter, best known for hosting his own daytime show The Jeremy Kyle Show)
• Camilla Luddington (1983; actress)
• John Madejski (b. 1941; entrepreneur and philanthropist)
• Sam Mendes (b. 1965; director)
• A. P. McCoy (b. 1974; jockey and winner of the 2010 Grand National and the 2010 BBC Sports Personality of the Year)
• William Penn (1644–1718; founder of Pennsylvania)
• Alexander Pope (1688–1744; poet)
• Alexander Prior (b. 1992; composer and conductor)
• Lawrie Sanchez (b. 1959; former footballer and manager)
• Ayrton Senna (1960–1994; racing driver, Formula One champion)
• Mark Stephens (b. Old Windsor 1957), solicitor and broadcaster, mediator, writer, educator and patron of the arts
• Jethro Tull (1674–1741; agriculturist)
• Chris Tarrant (b. 1946; radio broadcaster and host of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?)
• Theo Walcott (b. 1989; footballer, originally for A.F.C. Newbury)
• Neil Webb (b. 1963; professional footballer)
• Oscar Wilde (1854–1900; poet and playwright, author of The Ballad of Reading Gaol, and prisoner in Reading Gaol)
• Kate Winslet (b. 1975; actress)
• Will Young (b. 1979; singer-songwriter)

Places of interest

• Basildon Park
• Beale Park
• Berkshire Downs
• Bisham Abbey
• Blake's Lock
• California Country Park
• Calleva Atrebatum
• Combe Gibbet
• Donnington Castle
• Eton College
• Frogmore House
• Greenham Common
• Highclere Castle
• Lardon Chase, the Holies and Lough Down
• The Living Rainforest
• Legoland Windsor
• Museum of English Rural Life
• Museum of Reading
• North Wessex Downs Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty
• Reading Abbey
• Reading School Grade II listed building designed by Alfred Waterhouse
• River Thames
• Shaw House
• REME Museum of Technology
• Slough Museum
• Stanlake Park Wine Estate
• The Ridgeway
• Walbury Hill
• Watermill Theatre
• Welford Park
• Wellington Country Park
• West Berkshire Museum
• Windsor Castle
• Windsor Great Park

See also

• Lord Lieutenant of Berkshire
• High Sheriff of Berkshire
• Custos Rotulorum of Berkshire
• Berkshire (UK Parliament constituency)
• Berkshire Record Office
• Berkshire (pig)

External links

• Berkshire at DMOZ
• BBC Berkshire website
• Photographs of Berkshire
• Berkshire Enclosure Maps Digital copies of Berkshire enclosure maps and awards 1738–1883
• Images of Berkshire at the English Heritage Archive