United States Senate elections, 1830 and 1831

United States Senate elections, 1830 and 1831

Dates vary by state
16 of the 48 seats in the United States Senate (plus special elections) 25 seats needed for a majority
Majority party Minority party   Party Jacksonian Anti-Jacksonian Last election 26 (54.2%) 19 (42.6%) Seats before 25 (52.1%) 23 (47.9%) Seats won 26 (54.2%) 22 (55.8%) Seat change 1 3 Seats up 10 5   Third party   Party Nullifier Last election 0 (0.0%) Seats before 0 (0.0%) Seats won 1 (2.1%) Seat change 1 Seats up 0
Majority party before election Jacksonian Elected Majority party Jacksonian

The United States Senate elections of 1830 and 1831 were elections that had Jacksonians gain one seat in the United States Senate from the Anti-Jacksonian coalition, but lose one seat to the short-lived Nullifier Party. By the time Congress first met in December 1831, however, the Jacksonians had a net loss of one seat.

As these elections were prior to ratification of the seventeenth amendment, Senators were chosen by State legislatures.

Results

22nd Congress (1831–1833)

• Majority Party: Anti-Jackson (24)
• Minority Party: Jacksonian (22)
• Other Parties: Nullifier (2)
• Total Seats: 48

Change in Senate composition

Before the elections

After the January 7, 1830 special election in Delaware.

						AJ1	AJ2	AJ3	AJ4
AJ14	AJ13	AJ12	AJ11	AJ10	AJ9	AJ8	AJ7	AJ6	AJ5
AJ15	AJ16	AJ17	AJ18	AJ19	AJ20	AJ22	AJ21	AJ23	J25
Majority →									J24
J15	J16	J17	J18	J19	J20	J21	J22	J23
J14	J13	J12	J11	J10	J9	J8	J7	J6	J5
						J1	J2	J3	J4

As a result of the elections

						AJ1	AJ2	AJ3	AJ4
AJ14	AJ13	AJ12	AJ11	AJ10	AJ9	AJ8	AJ7	AJ6	AJ5
AJ15 Re-elected	AJ16 Re-elected	AJ17 Re-elected	AJ18 Hold	AJ19 Hold	AJ20 Hold	V1	N1 Gain	J26 Gain	J25 Gain
Majority →									J24 Gain
J15	J16	J17	J18	J19 Re-elected	J20 Re-elected	J21 Hold	J22 Hold	J23 Hold
J14	J13	J12	J11	J10	J9	J8	J7	J6	J5
						J1	J2	J3	J4

At the beginning of the first session, December 5, 1831

AJ1 AJ2 AJ3 AJ4 AJ14 AJ13 AJ12 AJ11 AJ10 AJ9 AJ8 AJ7 AJ6 AJ5 AJ15 AJ16 AJ17 AJ18 AJ19 AJ20 AJ21* Gain AJ22* Gain N1 N2* Gain Plurality* → J24 J15 J16 J17 J18 J19 J20 J21 J22 J23 J14 J13 J12 J11 J10 J9 J8 J7 J6 J5 J1 J2 J3 J4

Notes: AJ21 (Kentucky class 3 seat): Legislature elected Anti-Jacksonian late in the Congress, on November 10, 1831. AJ22 (Indiana class 1 seat): Jacksonian died February 26, 1831, in the previous Congress, and an Anti-Jacksonian Senator was appointed August 19, 1831. N2 (South Carolina class 2 seat): Jacksonian changed party to Nullifier. Plurality: The Jacksonians maintained Senate control as evidenced by their electing Jacksonians as Presidents pro tempore: Samuel Smith, Littleton W. Tazewell, and Hugh Lawson White.

Key:	AJ# = Anti-Jacksonian J# = Jacksonian N# = Nullfier V# = Vacant

Race summaries

Bold states link to specific election articles.

Special elections during the 21st Congress

In these special elections, the winners were seated during 1830 or before March 4, 1831; ordered by election date.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
	Senator	Party	Electoral history
Illinois (Class 2)	David J. Baker	Jacksonian	1830 (Appointed)	Incumbent appointee retired when elected successor qualified. Winner elected December 11, 1830. Jacksonian hold.	John M. Robinson (Jacksonian)
Mississippi (Class 2)	Thomas B. Reed	Jacksonian	1826 (Special) 1827 (Lost re-election) 1828 or 1829 (Election)	Incumbent died November 26, 1829. Winner elected January 6, 1830. Jacksonian hold.	Robert H. Adams (Jacksonian)
Delaware (Class 1)	Louis McLane	Jacksonian	1827 (Elected)	Incumbent resigned April 29, 1829 to become U.S. Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the United Kingdom. Winner elected January 7, 1830. Anti-Jacksonian gain.	Arnold Naudain (Anti-Jacksonian)
Indiana (Class 1)	James Noble	Anti-Jacksonian	1816 (Elected) 1821 (Re-elected) 1827 (Re-elected)	Incumbent died February 26, 1831. Seat filled next Congress.	None

Races leading to the 22nd Congress

In these general elections, the winner was seated on March 4, 1831 (except where noted due to late election); ordered by state.

All of the elections involved the Class 3 seats.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
	Senator	Party	Electoral history
Alabama	John McKinley	Jacksonian	1826 (Special)	Incumbent lost re-election. Winner elected in 1831. Jacksonian hold.	√ Gabriel Moore (Jacksonian) John McKinley (Jacksonian) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Connecticut	Calvin Willey	Anti-Jacksonian	1825 (Elected)	Unknown if incumbent ran for re-election. Winner elected in 1830 or 1831. Anti-Jacksonian hold.	√ Gideon Tomlinson (Anti-Jacksonian) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Georgia	John Forsyth	Jacksonian	1829 (Special)	Incumbent re-elected in 1830 or 1831.	√ John Forsyth (Jacksonian) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Illinois	Elias Kane	Jacksonian	1825 (Elected)	Incumbent re-elected in 1831.	√ Elias K. Kane (Jacksonian) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Indiana	William Hendricks	Anti-Jacksonian	1824 (Elected)	Incumbent re-elected in 1830.	√ William Hendricks (Anti-Jacksonian) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Kentucky	John Rowan	Jacksonian	1824 (Elected)	Legislature elected late. Seat vacant.	[Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Louisiana	Josiah S. Johnston	Anti-Jacksonian	1824 (Appointed) 1825 (Elected)	Incumbent re-elected in 1831.	√ Josiah S. Johnston (Anti-Jacksonian) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Maryland	Ezekiel F. Chambers	Anti-Jacksonian	1826 (Special)	Incumbent re-elected in 1831.	√ Ezekiel F. Chambers (Anti-Jacksonian) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Missouri	David Barton	Anti-Jacksonian	1821 (Elected) 1825 (Re-elected)	Incumbent lost re-election. Winner elected in 1830. Jacksonian gain.	√ Alexander Buckner (Jacksonian) David Barton (Anti-Jacksonian) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
New Hampshire	Levi Woodbury	Jacksonian	1825 (Elected)	Unknown if incumbent ran for re-election. Winner elected in 1831. Jacksonian hold.	√ Isaac Hill (Jacksonian) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
New York	Nathan Sanford	Anti-Jacksonian	1826 (Elected late)	Incumbent lost re-election. Winner elected February 1, 1831. Jacksonian gain.	√ William L. Marcy (Jacksonian) 20+86 Samuel Works (Anti-Masonic) 5+27 Nathan Sanford (Anti-Jacksonian) 0+1
North Carolina	James Iredell, Jr.	Jacksonian	1828 (Special)	Incumbent retired. Winner elected in 1830. Jacksonian hold.	√ Willie P. Mangum (Jacksonian) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Ohio	Jacob Burnet	Anti-Jacksonian	1828 (Special)	Incumbent retired. Winner elected in 1830. Anti-Jacksonian hold.	√ Thomas Ewing (Anti-Jacksonian) 54 Micajah T. Williams (Jacksonian) 51 Edward King (Anti-Jacksonian) 2
Pennsylvania	William Marks	Anti-Jacksonian	1825 (Elected)	Incumbent lost re-election. Winner elected in 1830 or 1831. Jacksonian gain.	√ William Wilkins (Jacksonian) William Marks (Anti-Jacksonian) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
South Carolina	William Smith	Jacksonian	1826 (Special)	Incumbent lost re-election. Winner elected in 1830 or 1831. Nullifier gain.	√ Stephen D. Miller (Nullifier) William Smith (Jacksonian) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Vermont	Dudley Chase	Anti-Jacksonian	1825 (Elected)	Unknown if incumbent ran for re-election. Winner elected in 1831. Anti-Jacksonian hold.	√ Samuel Prentiss (Anti-Jacksonian) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]

Elections during the 22nd Congress

In these special elections, the winners were seated in 1831 after March 4; ordered by election date.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
	Senator	Party	Electoral history
Kentucky (Class 3)	Vacant			Legislature had failed to elect or had elected late. Winner elected November 10, 1831. Anti-Jacksonian gain.	√ Henry Clay (Anti-Jacksonian) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Louisiana (Class 2)	Edward Livingston	Jacksonian	1828 or 1829 (Elected)	Incumbent resigned May 24, 1831 to become U.S. Secretary of State. Winner elected November 15, 1831. Anti-Jacksonian gain.	√ George A. Waggaman (Anti-Jacksonian) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Pennsylvania (Class 1)	Isaac D. Barnard	Jacksonian	1826 (Elected)	Incumbent resigned December 6, 1831 due to ill health. Winner elected December 13, 1831. Jacksonian hold.	√ George M. Dallas (Jacksonian) 67 Joseph Hemphill (Jacksonian) 34 Richard Rush (Anti-Masonic) 30 Samuel B. Davis (Jacksonian) 1 Not voting 1

Complete list of races

New York

Main article: United States Senate election in New York, 1831

The Senate election in New York was held on February 1, 1831, by the New York State Legislature. Nathan Sanford had been elected in 1826 to this seat, and his term would expire on March 3, 1831. At the state election in November 1830, the Jacksonians managed to defeat the combined Anti-Masons and Anti-Jacksonians. Enos T. Throop was narrowly re-elected Governor, a large Jacksonian majority was elected to the Assembly, and five of the nine State Senators elected were Jacksonian Democrats. The 54th New York State Legislature met from January 4 to April 26, 1831, at Albany, New York. The Jacksonian State legislators held a caucus before the election, and nominated New York Supreme Court Justice William L. Marcy. The vote was 77 for Marcy, 15 for Erastus Root, 6 for the incumbent Nathan Sanford and 6 scattering votes. William L. Marcy was the choice of both the Assembly and the Senate, and was declared elected.

House	Jacksonian		Anti-Mason		Anti-Jacksonian
State Senate (32 members)	William L. Marcy	20	Samuel Works	5
State Assembly (128 members)	William L. Marcy	86	Samuel Works	27	Nathan Sanford	1

Ohio

The two houses of the Ohio General Assembly met during the winter of 1830-1831 in joint assembly to elect a Senator (Class 3). After seven ballots, on various dates, Thomas Ewing was elected on a majority of the ballots. The balloting was as follows:

Ballot	Thomas Ewing (Anti-Jacksonian)	Micajah T. Williams (Jacksonian)	Edward King (Anti-Jacksonian)
1	33	49	21
2	37	50	21
3	42	49	16
4	46	52	9
5	51	51	5
6	54	53	2
7	√ 54	51	2

Pennsylvania (special)

Main article: United States Senate special election in Pennsylvania, 1831

Following the December 6, 1831 resignation of Senator Isaac Barnard due to ill health, the Pennsylvania General Assembly convened on December 13, 1831, to elect a new Senator to fill the vacancy. A total of eleven ballots were recorded. The results of the eleventh and final ballot of both houses combined are as follows:

State Legislature Results
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	George M. Dallas	67	50.38
	Democratic	Joseph Hemphill	34	25.56
	Anti-Masonic	Richard Rush	30	22.56
	Democratic	Samuel B. Davis	1	0.75
	N/A	Not voting	1	0.75
Totals			133	100.00%

See also

• United States House of Representatives elections, 1830
• 22nd United States Congress

References

• Party Division in the Senate, 1789-Present, via Senate.gov