Zawiya (institution)

A zaouia or zawiya (Arabic زاوية "Assembly" or "Group"; also spelled zawiyah, zawiyya, zaouiya, zaouïa, zwaya, etc.) is an Islamic religious school or monastery. The term is Maghrebi and West African, roughly corresponding to the Eastern term Madrasa. A zawiya often contains a pool, and sometimes a fountain.

Schools in the Maghreb

A zaouia next to the city wall of Kairouan in Tunisia in the early 20th century

In precolonial times, these were the primary sources for education in the area, and taught basic literacy to a large proportion of children even in quite remote mountainous areas - leading to the generally accepted speculation that literacy rates in Algeria at the time of the French conquest in 1830 were higher than those of European France. Their curriculum began with memorization of the Arabic alphabet and the later, shorter suras of the Qur'an; if a student was sufficiently interested or apt, it progressed to law (fiqh), theology, Arabic grammar (usually taught with al-Ajurrumi's famous summary), mathematics (mainly as it pertained to the complex legal system of inheritance distribution), and sometimes astronomy. These are still operational throughout the Maghreb, and continue to be a major educational resource in the Sahel of West Africa, from Mauritania to Nigeria.

Sufi lodges

Zawiya at the entrance of Taghit, Algeria

In the Arab world, the term zawiya can also refer to a Sufi lodge, akin to the term Tekke/Tekyeh in Iran, Turkey and the former Ottoman areas, as well as khanqah or dargah used in various parts of Asia. An example is the Hilaliyya Zawiya in Syria. One of the best known living or contemporary Zawiya's today is located in Lefka, Cyprus and is part of the Naqshbandi Sufi Order. There are several extensions or sub-zawiyas affiliated with this Zawiya located in places around the world.

Hassane tribal usage

Main article: Zawāyā

Among the Hassaniya Arabic-speaking populations of Mauritania, Western Sahara, Morocco, Mali and Algeria (often referred to as Moors/Maure and Sahrawis), the term is also used to signify a certain type of tribe. Sahrawi-Moorish society was traditionally (and still is, to some extent) stratified into several tribal castes, with the Hassane warrior tribes ruling and extracting tribute - horma - from the subservient znaga tribes. A middle caste was formed by the Zawāyā, or scholarly tribes, who provided religious teaching and services. This did not necessarily mean that they maintained a monastery or school as described above, since all these tribes were more or less nomadic. However, important shaykhs would sometimes create schools, or, after their deaths, their graves would turn into holy places of significance to the tribe.

Often, the Zawāyā were be descended from Sanhadja Berbers, while the Hassane claimed lineage from the Beni Hassan Arabs. Even if intermarriage and tribal alliances made the distinction difficult to maintain from a scientific perspective, it was culturally important; however, from about the 19th century, most or all Sahrawi-Moorish tribes had adopted the Hassaniyya Arabic dialect and come to regard themselves as Arabs. Sometimes, the Zawāyā and Hassane roles changed with this: military and economic strength would often lead to a gradual redefinition of the tribe's role, and, simultaneously, to its self-perception of religious and ethnic background. Especially in the northern Hassane areas, i.e. today's Western Sahara, the Zawāyāa tribes were more or less synonymous with the Chorfa, tribes who claimed descent from the Prophet Muhammad. In the areas corresponding broadly to today's Mauritania, this was not necessarily so; there, the name "Marabout" is also used synonymously with "Zawāyā" in its tribal meaning.

In the West

Inide Zawiya Perspective Santa Ana, California

For the first time a Zawiya was established in the City of Santa Ana, California, which provides a third space for an open, healthy and sustainable actualization of Islam in the West. The Zawiya hopes to make Islam a meaningful part of the American narrative.

See also

• Dargah
• Khanqah
• Ziyarat

External links

• Zawiya Perspective, Aspire | Commit | Acknowledge
• Zaouias and Marabouts in Morocco (bad translation of a French original)
• Strategies for Strengthening Local Capacity, with some remarkable statistics on the role of zaouias ("Koranic schooling") in West African literacy.
• architecture of zaouias zaouias in Tunisia
• Entry in LookLex Encyclopædia
• French Colonial Algerian Schools: System