Murrumbidgee River
Murrumbidgee River (/mʌrəmˈbɪdʒi/[4]), a major tributary of the Murray River within the Murray–Darling basin and the second longest river in Australia. It flows through the Australian state of New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory. It descends 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) as it flows 900 kilometres (559 mi) in a west-northwesterly direction from the foot of Peppercorn Hill in the Fiery Range of the Snowy Mountains towards its confluence with the Murray River near Boundary Bend.
The river is bordered by a narrow strip of land on each side, which are both managed as the ‘Murrumbidgee River Corridor’ (MRC).[5] This land includes nature reserves, eight recreation reserves, a European heritage conservation zone and rural leases. The word Murrumbidgee means "big water" in the Wiradjuri language, one of the local Aboriginal languages.[1][6] The river itself flows through several traditional Indigenous Australian lands, home to various Aboriginal tribes.
Contents
Flow
The reaches of the Murrumbidgee in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) are now[when?] affected by the complete elimination[citation needed] of large spring snow melt flows and a reduction of average annual flows of almost 50%, due to Tantangara Dam. Tantangara Dam was completed in 1960 on the headwaters of Murrumbidgee River and diverts approximately 99% of the river's flow at that point into Lake Eucumbene.[7] This had extremely serious effects on native fish populations and other native aquatic life and has led to serious habitat loss. It is said that the Murrumbidgee River through the ACT is only half the river it used to be.[weasel words][8]
The mainstream of the river system flows for 900 kilometres (560Â mi).[9] The river's headwaters arise from the wet heath and bog at the foot of Peppercorn Hill situated along Long Plain which is within the Fiery Range of the Snowy Mountains; and about 50 kilometres (31Â mi) north of Kiandra. From its headwaters it flows to its confluence with the Murray River. The river flows for 66 kilometres (41Â mi) through the Australian Capital Territory near Canberra,[10] picking up the important tributaries of the Gudgenby, Molonglo and Cotter Rivers. The Murrumbidgee drains much of southern New South Wales and all of the Australian Capital Territory, and is an important source of irrigation water for the Riverina farming area.
The river system's current channels are relatively new[when?] with the Upper Murrumbidgee being an anabranch of the Tumut River (that once continued north along Mutta Mutta Creek) when geological uplift near Adaminaby diverted its flow. The contemporary Murrumbidgee starts at Gundagai but generally the stream that now[when?] includes the Upper Murrumbidgee is described as being part of the full river.[11]
In June 2008 the Murray-Darling Basin Commission released a report on the condition of the Murray-Darling basin, with the Goulburn and Murrumbidgee Rivers rated in a very poor condition in the Murray-Darling basin with fish stocks in both rivers were also rated as extremely poor, with 13 of the 22 native fish species found in the Murrumbidgee River.[12]
History
The Murrumbidgee River runs through the traditional lands of the Ngunnawal, Wiradjuri, Nari Nari and Muthi Muthi Aboriginal tribes.
Exploration
The Murrumbidgee River was known to Europeans before it was actually discovered by them. In 1820 the explorer Charles Throsby informed the Governor of New South Wales that he anticipated finding "a considerable river of salt water (except at very wet seasons), called by the natives Mur-rum-big-gee". In the expedition journal, Throsby wrote as a marginal note: "This river or stream is called by the natives Yeal-am-bid-gie ...".[13] The river he had stumbled upon was in fact the Molonglo River, Throsby reached the actual river in April 1821.[14]
In 1823, Brigade-Major John Ovens and Captain Mark Currie reached the upper Murrumbidgee when exploring south of Lake George.[15] In 1829, Charles Sturt and his party rowed and sailed down the length of the river from Narrandera to the Murray, and then down the Murray to the sea. They also rowed, sailing when possible, back up against the current.[16] The Murrumbidgee basin was opened to settlement in the 1830s and soon became an important farming area.
Ernest Favenc, when writing on Australian exploration, commented on the relatively tardy European discovery of the river and that the river retained a name used by Indigenous Australians:
Here we may remark on the tenacity with which the Murrumbidgee River long eluded the eye of the white man. It is scarcely probable that Meehan and Hume, who on this occasion were within comparatively easy reach of the head waters, could have seen a new inland river at that time without mentioning the fact, but there is no record traceable anywhere as to the date of its discovery, or the name of its finder. When in 1823 Captain Currie and Major Ovens were led along its bank on to the beautiful Maneroo country by Joseph Wild, the stream was then familiar to the early settlers and called the Morumbidgee. Even in 1821, when Hume found the Yass Plains, almost on its bank, he makes no special mention of the river. From all this we may deduce the extremely probable fact that the position of the river was shown to some stockrider by a native, who also confided the aboriginal name, and so it gradually worked the knowledge of its identity into general belief. This theory is the more feasible as the river has retained its native name. If a white man of any known position had made the discovery, it would at once have received the name of some person holding official sway.[17]
Floods
The river has risen above 7 metres (23Â ft) at Gundagai nine times between 1852 and 2010, an average of just under once every eleven years. Since 1925, flooding has been minor with the exception of floods in 1974 and in December 2010, when the river rose to 10.2 metres (33Â ft) at Gundagai.[18] In the 1852 disaster, the river rose to just over 12.2Â m (40Â ft). The following year the river again rose to just over 12.5Â m (41Â ft). The construction of Burrinjuck Dam from 1907 has significantly reduced flooding but, despite the dam, there were major floods in 1925, 1950, 1974 and 2012.[19][20]
The most notable flood was in 1852 when the town of Gundagai was swept away and 89 people, a third of the town's population, were killed. The town was rebuilt on higher ground.[21]
In 1925, four people died and the flooding lasted for eight days.[22][23]
The reduction in floods has consequences for wildlife, birds and trees. There has been a decline in bird populations and black box flood plain eucalypt forest trees are starting to lose their crowns.[24]
Major flooding occurred during March 2012 along the Murrumbidgee River including Wagga Wagga, where the river peaked at 10.56 metres (34.6Â ft) on 6 March 2012.[25] This peak was 0.18 metres (0.59Â ft) below the 1974 flood level of 10.74 metres (35.2Â ft).[20]
Wetlands
Major wetlands along the Murrumbidgee or associated with the Murrumbidgee catchment include:[26]
- Lowbidgee Floodplain, 2,000 square kilometres (772 sq mi) between Maude and Balranald
- Mid-Murrumbidgee Wetlands along the river from Narrandera to Carathool
- Fivebough and Tuckerbil Swamps
- Tomneys Plain
- Micalong Swamp
- Lake George
- Yaouk Swamp
- Black Swamp & Coopers Swamp
- Big Badja Swamp
Tributaries
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The Murrumbidgee River has about 90 named tributaries in total; 24 rivers, and numerous creeks and gullies. The ordering of the basin, from source to mouth, of the major tributaries is:
Rivers of the Murrumbidgee River basin | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Catchment river | Elevation at confluence[27] |
River mouth | Coordinates[28][29] | River length[27] | ||||||
Tributary | ||||||||||
Tributary | ||||||||||
Tributary | ||||||||||
Murrumbidgee River | 55Â m (180Â ft) | Murray | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ~900Â km (559Â mi) | ||||||
Numeralla River | 706Â m (2,316Â ft) | Murrumbidgee | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | 94Â km (58Â mi) | ||||||
Kybeyan River | 745Â m (2,444Â ft) | Numeralla | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | 36Â km (22Â mi) | ||||||
Big Badja River | 735Â m (2,411Â ft) | Numeralla | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | 94Â km (58Â mi) | ||||||
Bredbo River | Murrumbidgee | |||||||||
Strike-a-Light River | Bredbo | |||||||||
Gudgenby River | Murrumbidgee | |||||||||
Naas River | Gudgenby | |||||||||
Orroral River | Gudgenby | |||||||||
Cotter River | Murrumbidgee | |||||||||
Paddys River | Cotter | |||||||||
Tidbinbilla River | Paddys | |||||||||
Gibraltar Creek | Paddys | |||||||||
Molonglo River | Murrumbidgee | |||||||||
Jerrabomberra Creek | Molonglo | |||||||||
Sullivans Creek | Molonglo | |||||||||
Queanbeyan River | Molonglo | |||||||||
Goodradigbee River | 345Â m (1,132Â ft) | Murrumbidgee | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | 105Â km (65Â mi) | ||||||
Yass River | 345Â m (1,132Â ft) | Murrumbidgee | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | 139Â km (86Â mi) | ||||||
Tumut River | 220Â m (722Â ft) | Murrumbidgee | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | 182Â km (113Â mi) | ||||||
Goobarragandra River | 272Â m (892Â ft) | Tumut | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | 56Â km (35Â mi) | ||||||
Doubtful Creek | 1,290Â m (4,232Â ft) | Tumut | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | 15Â km (9Â mi) | ||||||
Lachlan River | 68Â m (223Â ft) | Murrumbidgee | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | ~1,440Â km (895Â mi) | ||||||
Crookwell River | 430Â m (1,411Â ft) | Lachlan | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | 78Â km (48Â mi) | ||||||
Abercrombie River | 378Â m (1,240Â ft) | Lachlan | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | 130Â km (81Â mi) | ||||||
Bolong River | 569Â m (1,867Â ft) | Abercrombie | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | 60Â km (37Â mi) | ||||||
Isabella River | 479Â m (1,572Â ft) | Abercrombie | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | 51Â km (32Â mi) | ||||||
Boorowa River | 303Â m (994Â ft) | Lachlan | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | 134Â km (83Â mi) | ||||||
Belubula River | 263Â m (863Â ft) | Lachlan | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. | 165Â km (103Â mi) |
Population centres
River crossings
The list below notes past and present bridges that cross over the Murrumbidgee River. There were numerous other crossings before the bridges were constructed and many of these still exist today.
Downstream from Wagga Wagga
Crossing | Image | Coordinates | Built | Location | Description | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Balranald Bridge | 1973 | Balranald | Sturt Highway | |||
Matthews Bridge | 1957 | Maude | ||||
Hay Bridge | 1973 | Hay | Cobb Highway | |||
Carrathool Bridge | 1924 | Carrathool | ||||
Darlington Point Bridge | Darlington Point | Kidman Way | ||||
Euroley Bridge | 2003 | Yanco | ||||
Narrandera Rail Bridge | Narrandera | Tocumwal railway line | ||||
Narrandera Bridge | Newell Highway | |||||
Collingullie Bridge | Collingullie |
Wagga Wagga to Burrinjuck
Crossing | Image | Coordinates | Built | Location | Description | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gobbagombalin Bridge | 1997 | Wagga Wagga | Olympic Highway | [30] | ||
Wirajuri Bridge | 1995 | Hampden Avenue, replaced the Hampden Bridge | ||||
Hampden Bridge | 1895 | Demolished in 2014 | [31] | |||
Murrumbidgee River Rail Bridge |
2006 | Main Southern railway line. Replaced the previous bridge built in 1881 | ||||
Eunony Bridge | Eunony Bridge Road | |||||
Low Bridge | Mundarlo | |||||
Sheahan Bridge | 1977 | Gundagai | Hume Freeway; looking south from Gundagai, bridge in midground | |||
Gundagai Rail Bridge | 1902 | Tumut railway line, now disused | ||||
Prince Alfred Bridge | 1867 | Prince Alfred Road, former Hume Highway. | ||||
Gobarralong Bridge | Gobarralong | |||||
Jugiong Bridge | Jugiong |
Upstream from Burrinjuck
Crossing | Image | Coordinates | Location | Description | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Taemas Bridge | Wee Jasper | 1930 | |||
Uriarra Crossing | Uriarra | ||||
Cotter Road bridge | Australian Capital Territory | Cotter Road, near the confluence with the Cotter River | |||
Point Hut crossing | Gordon | ||||
Tharwa Bridge | Tharwa | 1895 | |||
Angle Crossing | Williamsdale | Angle Crossing Road, a ford | |||
Billilingra Bridge | Billilingra | ||||
Binjura Bridge | Binjura | ||||
Bolaro Bridge | Bolaro | ||||
Yaouk Bridge | Yaouk | ||||
Tantangara Bridge | Tantangara | Tantangara Road, immediately downstream from the Tantangara Reservoir wall | |||
Tantangara Dam | Tantangara | Tantangara Reservoir was constructed between 1958 and 1960. No public access to the dam to cross the river. | |||
Long Plain Bridge | Long Plain |
Images
-
Murrumbidgee River at Bolarao, NSW, Australia.jpg
Murrumbidgee at Bolaro
-
Tharwa Bridge looking south; Tharwa is to the right
-
The Murrumbidgee at Gundagai
-
Eunony Bridge viewed from Eunanoreenya looking towards Gumly Gumly
-
Former Wagga Wagga railway bridge
Distances along the river
- Gundagai to Wagga Wagga - 138Â km (86Â mi)
- Wagga Wagga to Yarragundy - 37Â km (23Â mi)
- Yarragundy to Yiorkibitto - 77Â km (48Â mi)
- Yiorkibitto to Grong Grong - 58Â km (36Â mi)
- Grong Grong to Narrandera - 21Â km (13Â mi)
- Narrandera to Yanco or Bedithera - 18Â km (11Â mi)
- Yanco to Yanco Station - 29Â km (18Â mi)
- Yanco to Gogeldrie - 21Â km (13Â mi)
- Gogeldrie to Tubbo - 24Â km (15Â mi)
- Tubbo to Cararburry - 55Â km (34Â mi)
- Cararbury to Carrathool - 66Â km (41Â mi)
- Carrathool to Burrabogie - 56Â km (35Â mi)
- Burrabogie to Illilliwa - 42Â km (26Â mi)
- Illilliwa to Hay - 22Â km (14Â mi)
- Hay to Toogambie - 63Â km (39Â mi)
- Toogambie to Maude - 40Â km (25Â mi)
- Maude to Lachlan Junction - 71Â km (44Â mi)
- Lachlan Junction to Balranald - 137Â km (85Â mi)
- Balranald to Canally - 42Â km (26Â mi)
- Canally to Weimby, Murray Junction - 61Â km (38Â mi)
- Total distance from Gundagai to Murrumbidgee Junction - 1,078Â km (670Â mi)[32]
See also
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References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Official Year Book of the Commonwealth of Australia, 1931 (ABS cat. no. 1301.0)
- ↑ Reed, A. W., Place-names of New South Wales: Their Origins and Meanings, (Reed: 1969).
- ↑ Discovery of the Monaro
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Australian Government Emergency Management database Archived 24 September 2006 at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ NSW Department of Natural Resources Murrumbidgee Region Archived 23 February 2006 at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ 27.0 27.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Heaton, J.H.,1984, The Bedside Book of Colonial Doings, Published in 1879 as 'Australian Dictionary of Dates' containing the History of Australasia from 1542 to May, 1879, Angus & Robertson Publishers Sydney, pp.215-216
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Murrumbidgee River. |
- Nomination of Lower Murrumbidgee Catchment for UNESCO's HELP Pilot Demonstration Status by CSIRO
- Murrumbidgee River Flows recorded by NSW Water
- River pilot maps 1880-1918 / Echuca Historical Society
- Snowy Flow Response Monitoring and Modelling
- Murrumbidgee Catchment Management Authority website
- Upper Murrumbidgee Demonstration Reach Map PDF 1.22MB
- Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.