Papers by Naresworo Nugroho
Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian Indonesia, 2013
Bamboo is a natural resource that can be used as a basic commodity to substitute wood. To determi... more Bamboo is a natural resource that can be used as a basic commodity to substitute wood. To determine the use of a basic commodity, it is needed to study the basic characteristic of bamboo, in terms of anatomy, physical, and mechanical properties. Some studies of this topic, especially for engineering purpose, have been done, but the most of them used sample experiment in the form of bamboo culm. Therefore, it is necessary to find out whether experiments using bamboo strip are equivalent with the value of bamboo culm. This study used tali and ampel bamboos. The anatomy observation followed the Manual of Anatomy Practical Work and Wood Identification by Pandit (1991) and Nuryatin (2000), tests were based on Nuryatin's study (2000). Sample tests for mechanical properties were based on ASTM D 143-94 and modification of ISO 22157-1:2004. The results showed that physical properties of internode of tali bamboo were inferior than that of the node, in contrary to ampel bamboo, which was b...
Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian Indonesia, 1991
Up to now the main problem wich always appears in timber construction design is that structural t... more Up to now the main problem wich always appears in timber construction design is that structural timber is not available readily in the market. A machine stress rating system called PANTER is practical and suitable to the social, economical and technological conditions f the Indonesian way of life, trying to reduce the gap between theory (design) and practice (implementation) of timber construction through structural timber procurement from sawn timber commercial as well as lesser known species in the market. The objective of the study of the role of engineering is to establish a supply system for structural timber in the frame os supporting the realization of a rational timber construction practice. The methodology approach is to identify and study problems related to the producer (sawmill industry) and the construction community (Perumnas or private enterprise) through stress grading activity in the field and to gather secondary data, followed with description and comparative analy...
The inner-part of coconut wood has low to medium density, which have not been utilized yet optima... more The inner-part of coconut wood has low to medium density, which have not been utilized yet optimally as construction material. The purpose of this study was to improve the properties of inner-part of coconut wood by densification, such as it can be considered as a substitute of wood. Pre-treatments were steaming (a 1 ) and boiling (a 2 ) at 120°C for 15 minutes, and pressing temperature were 150°C (b 1 ) and 175°C (b 2 ). Deformation targets were 10% (c 1 ), 20% (c 2 ) and 30% (c 3 ) from the initial thickness. The results indicated that the treatments did not affect to some of the densified wood properties. The appearance of panel surface was smooth and shine, but darker than that of solid. The increasing of density was 4.43 ~ 27.21% with strain recovery of 0.17 ~ 0.52 after soaking in water for 24 hours at room temperature.
To increase the role of bamboo and to get maximal benefit, a study concerning the properties of b... more To increase the role of bamboo and to get maximal benefit, a study concerning the properties of bamboo reinforced composite beam in full-scale size for construction material was conducted. 10 pieces of sugi wood (Cryptomeria japonica) with dimension of 300 x 4.5 x 10.5 cm were used, whereas 3-m long of round moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) were split into quarter and made bamboo zephyr with roller press crusher. Bamboo zephyr then hot-pressed at 160C with pressure of 50 kgf/cm for period of 15 minutes to produce bamboo mat. All bamboo-mat were passed through a planner to remove inner and outer (epidermal) layer until the thickness of 7.5 mm reached and used as a flange of the composite beam. Resorcinol-based adhesive was manually applied at 300 g/m in a single glue line. The bamboo reinforced composite beams were then loaded into the long-clamping system at 20 kgf/cm for 12 hours of minimum pressing time at room temperature. Three kinds of non-destructive test to obtain modulu...
Within a tree from base to top (longitudinal) and dermal to core (lateral), the chemical compound... more Within a tree from base to top (longitudinal) and dermal to core (lateral), the chemical compounds of wood such us celluloses, lignin, holocelluloses, ash content and extractives are different. The distribution should be known to process the wood, including coconut wood, easily and to utilize the wood optimally. The objective of this study was to determine the distribution of chemical compound of coconut wood within a tree. The analysis was conducted according to TAPPI Standard with three replications for each sample. Average values and graphs were use to analyze the results. The results indicated that coconut wood contains of wood extractives that soluble in hot water of 3.75 ~ 8.92%; alcohol benzene of1.88 ~ 8.78%; 1% NaOH of 18.76 ~ 33.61%; ash content of 0.75 ~ 4.08%; celluloses of 28.1 ~ 36.55%; holocelluloses of 69.51 ~ 80.07% and lignin of 26.58 ~ 36.35%. From base to top, wood extractives soluble in 1% NaOH increased but in other solutions did not have uniform distribution...
Abstrak Baut merupakan salah satu jenis alat sambung mekanis atau pengencang yang banyak digunaka... more Abstrak Baut merupakan salah satu jenis alat sambung mekanis atau pengencang yang banyak digunakan dalam sambungan kayu. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan kekuatan leleh lentur (F yb ) dari tiga ukuran diameter baut besi yang umum digunakan untuk sambungan kayu dan satu ukuran diameter baut baja sebagai pembanding. Spesifikasi baut yang digunakan dilihat dari dimensi dan komposisi penyusunnya. Nilai F yb baut diperoleh dari pengujian momen leleh lentur dengan mengacu pada standar ASTM F1575. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan baut besi yang digunakan berasal dari bahan baja karbon rendah sedangkan baut baja berasal dari bahan baja karbon sedang. Nilai F yb baut baja lebih tinggi dibandingkan baut besi. Nilai F yb baut besi diameter 1/2 inci berbeda nyata dengan nilai baut diameter 5/8 dan 3/4 inci. Nilai F yb ketiga diamater baut berada di atas nilai F yb baut yang tercantum dalam SNI 7973:2013 tentang Spesifikasi desain untuk konstruksi kayu. Abstract Bolt is one of the mecha...
Oil palm xylem composed of vascular bundles and parenchyma tissue and directly related to its pro... more Oil palm xylem composed of vascular bundles and parenchyma tissue and directly related to its properties. Utilization of oil palm xylem into the wood laminate products requires information on its bond ability to adhesive used. Isocyanate adhesive is a prospective adhesive due to its various advantages compared to other adhesives. This study aimed to obtain information about the bond ability of the oil palm xylem with isocyanate adhesive. The results showed that isocyanate adhesive has good wettability on oil palm xylem indicated by its contact angle of below 90°. Isocyanate adhesive also showed good performance by looking at the value of wood failure and delamination. However, the shear strength of laminated oil palm xylem was low. Wood failure occurred in the parenchymal tissues region. Key words: bond ability, isocyanates, laminated board, oil palm xylem
The purpose of this study was to determine the physical and mechanical properties of glue laminat... more The purpose of this study was to determine the physical and mechanical properties of glue laminated (glulam) of oil palm trunks lumber (OPTL) composed of different number of layers and trunk heights (2 m, 4 m, and 6 m). The number of layers was varied at 2, 3 and 4 layers with the thickness of lamina of 3 cm, 2 cm, and 1.5 cm, respectively. The results showed that the glulam of OPTL retained higher density and mechanical properties compared to those of its solid form. The properties of OPTL glulam decreased from the bottom to the top division of the trunk. The physical and mechanical properties of glulam increased with increasing layers. Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) of OPTL 4 layered glulam increased by more than 50% compared to that of its solid OPT. Isocyanate based adhesive used to produce the glulam resulted in a satisfied bonding indicated by 100% and 0% wood damage in shear and delamination test, respectively. The mechanical properties of OPTL glulam (MOE, MOR, and shear streng...
Pemadatan kayu dapat dilakukan dengan dua langkah utama, yaitu perlakuan perendaman, perebusan da... more Pemadatan kayu dapat dilakukan dengan dua langkah utama, yaitu perlakuan perendaman, perebusan dan pengukusan agar kayu bersifat plastis dan perlakuan pemadatan pada arah tegak lurus serat. Proses plastisasi dan pemadatan kayu yang sesuai dapat meningkatkan sifat fisik dan sifat mekanik kayu terpadatkan dan berkualitas tinggi. Kualitas yang dimaksud adalah kemudahan proses pemadatan, stabilitas dimensi, keseragaman dan peningkatan kekuatan papan kayu, kehalusan corak permukaan papan dan fiksasi permanen.
Jabon ( Anthocephalus cadamba ) is a fast growing wood species widely planted by community in In... more Jabon ( Anthocephalus cadamba ) is a fast growing wood species widely planted by community in Indonesia. Jabon has large percentage of juvenile wood which affect its veneer quality. This research objective were to determine the effects of wood juvenility and pretreatment on lathe checks, surface roughness and contact angle of the 3.00 mm rotary-cut jabon veneer and to analyze the impact of lathe checks frequency on the LVL glue bond and bending strength. Jabon logs were subjected to boiling in 75 °C water for4 h. Then they were peeled to produce 3.00 mm veneers in thickness. Frequency, length and depth of lathe checks were measured per 10 cm veneer length by using optical microscope. Laminated veneer lumber (20x20x500) mm3 were made from 7-ply of jabon veneers by using Poly Vinyl Acetate (PVAc) as adhesive. Glue bond strength and bending strength were measured by UTM Instron. The results showed lathe check (frequency, length and depth), surface roughness and contact angle...
Forests
Using bamboo particle board as a wall divider, a furniture component, or an automotive component ... more Using bamboo particle board as a wall divider, a furniture component, or an automotive component with a sound absorber function may be a viable option for architects and engineers seeking to achieve desired acoustical qualities, including noise reduction. However, there is still a dearth of research on the effect of particle board finishing and coatings on acoustical sound absorption and noise reduction qualities. This study, therefore, aims to determine the surface characteristics and acoustical properties of bamboo particle board, coated with polyurethane (PU). The single-layer homogeneous particle boards were constructed using particles classified as fine and coarse with two different board densities, and coated with a high-quality PU lacquer. This study found that the coating treatment of 0.3 mm 0.6 mm succeeded to significantly decrease surface roughness, as well as thickness, swelling, and water absorption, with the thickness coating as a dominant factor compared with board de...
Case Studies in Construction Materials
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, Feb 9, 2020
The royal palm (Roystonea regia (Kunth) F.Cook is one of the palm species that are many planted a... more The royal palm (Roystonea regia (Kunth) F.Cook is one of the palm species that are many planted along the streets as part of urban landscapes. As biologically products, in nature they can self-cleaning with drop off their big leaves. The study aims to examine the morphological characteristics of ultrastructure and elemental content, crystallinity, as well as fibers derivation characteristics from the royal palm. The samples were taken out from leaf sheaths that divided into three sections along the width of i.e. outside, middle, and inside; in two conditions of leaf sheaths namely green and brownish-dry. The morphology structure and elemental content were observed by the Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and the Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), while the crystallinity was analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), and fiber characteristics were measured to determine cell dimensions as well as to calculate Runkle ratio (RR), muhlsteph ratio (MR), coefficient of rigidity (CR), felting powder (FP), and flexibility ratio (FR). The diameter of palm fiber bundles was decreased from outside towards inside. The model of vascular tissue was rounded which located in the central region of the fiber bundles. The silicon content in the inside section was lower than those in the middle and outside sections. It was in line with the degree of crystallinity in the inside section which that higher than other sections. The highest degree of crystallinity was about 18 %. The fiber length of royal palm leaf sheath was in values around 6000 μm. However, the royal palm leaf sheath had thick fiber walls and thin lumen, as well as other fiber derivation characteristics of muhlsteph ratio, the coefficient of rigidity and the flexibility ratio, were in low-quality values. For that reason, the study provides information that the royal palm sheath was recommended as a composite reinforcing material.
Construction and Building Materials
Abstract This study develops the structural grading of Guadua bamboo culms subjected to axial com... more Abstract This study develops the structural grading of Guadua bamboo culms subjected to axial compression. Both strength and capacity grading methods are explored. Several candidates for Indicating Properties (IPs) were measured and calculated. The strongest coefficients of determinations for structural grading were related to densities [e.g., (conventional) density (ρ) and linear mass (q)]. Density (ρ) is best IP for strength grading if the culm section is taken as a hollow circle. Alternatively, linear density or linear mass (q) provides higher coefficients of determination when used for capacity grading. By using intervals of each indicating property (IP), several structural grades were developed. Each grade has its Grade Determining Properties (GDPs) include mean compressive strength (fc) or load carrying capacity (Fu), five percent exclusion limit (R0.05), and characteristic structural property (Rk). The latter could be used in structural design. As bamboo is a hygroscopic material, the IP should be adjusted into standardized moisture content (12% Mc). The moisture content effect on compressive strength and capacity should also be measured to increase the reliability of estimation if densities (ρ or q) are chosen as the IPs. Since external diameter can infer the linear mass (q) and is also significantly correlated with wall thickness (t), average external diameter (D) may also be used as the sole IP in capacity grading. Structural grading can reduce the variability of Guadua’s structural properties since it classifies the culm into several suitable grades.
Construction and Building Materials
Abstract Bamboo sheets, called pelupuh, made from thin-wall bamboo culm and isocyanate adhesive, ... more Abstract Bamboo sheets, called pelupuh, made from thin-wall bamboo culm and isocyanate adhesive, were used to produce laminated bamboo esterilla sheets (LBES) based on a low-tech method. The present work investigated the fabrication technique and the flexural properties of LBES. The study results support the idea of using a low-tech method for producing bamboo-based composites with flexural properties comparable to those of wood-based composites. From the perspective of flexural strength property, the LBES made of thin-wall bamboo culm has the potential to act as a substitute for timber and as an alternative to bamboo composites produced using high-tech processing technology.
Jurnal Teknik Sipil
Struktur cooling tower di PLTP (Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Panas Bumi) Unit II Kamojang dibangun p... more Struktur cooling tower di PLTP (Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Panas Bumi) Unit II Kamojang dibangun pada tahun 1988 dengan kayu sebagai komponen utamanya. Setelah 23 tahun umur pakainya, dirasa perlu dilakukan evaluasi sisa umur pakai sebagai salah satu bahan pertimbangan untuk memutuskan perobohan atau perpanjangan pemakaiannya. Evaluasi dilakukan melalui beberapa tahap yaitu: identifikasi jenis kayu dan keberadaan sisa bahan pengawet, pengukuran kedalaman kerusakan, pengujian sifat fisis mekanis, dan pemodelan matematis yang diturunkan dari uji creep dan pengurangan luas penampang kayu. Identifikasi memperlihatkan bahwa kayu yang dipergunakan untuk komponen utama cooling tower di PLTP Unit II Kamojang adalah redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) yang diawetkan dengan CCA (Chromated Copper Arsenat). Kerusakan telah terjadi sedalam 2,95 mm, namun secara umum masih memiliki tegangan ijin yang lebih tinggi daripada persyaratan NDS2005. Penelitian ini telah menghasilkan model terbaik yang dapat dipergunakan untuk menduga sisa masa pakai kayu komponen cooling tower di PLTP Unit II Kamojang dengan koefisien determinasi sebesar 86,84%.
International Wood Products Journal
ABSTRACT Bearing strength largely affects the performance of wood connections. This study, determ... more ABSTRACT Bearing strength largely affects the performance of wood connections. This study, determines the bearing strengths of six Indonesian tropical hardwoods with different specific gravities (ranging from 0.43 to 0.84) by half-hole testing. The results for three bolt diameters were compared to the bearing strengths in the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) and the National Design Specification (NDS) for Wood Construction. Next, the bolt-bearing strengths were related to the specific gravities and mechanical properties of the woods. With increasing specific gravity, the bearing strength increased from 26 to 70 MPa. The experimentally obtained bearing strengths of light and heavy red meranti, mersawa, kapur and bangkirai woods were 3–15% and 11–23% lower than the SNI and NDS values, respectively. In contrast, the experimental result for merbau was 23 and 11% higher than the SNI and NDS values, respectively. The bearing strength most closely approached the compression strength parallel to the grain.
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Papers by Naresworo Nugroho