Yusuke Kawamura

Kobe University, Graduate School of International Cooperation Studies, Faculty Member

Durham University, School of Government and International Affairs, Graduate Student

Kyoto University, Law, Undergraduate

Kyoto University, Graduate School of Law, Post-Doc

Ritsumeikan University, Kinugasa Research Organization, Post-Doc

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Tolga Sınmazdemir

SOAS University of London

Laura Ruiz de Elvira

Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD - France)

Sahar A Saeidnia

Ifpo (Institut français du Proche-Orient)

Irene Selwaness

Faculty of Economics and Political scs.

Hicham Ait Mansour

UNIVERSITE MOHAMED V RABAT

Markus Loewe

German Institute of Development and Sustainability

Jens Holst

University of Applied Sciences Fulda

Prof Dr Dr Jens Holst

Hania Sobhy

Max Planck Institute for the Study of Religious and Ethnic Diversity

Agnieszka Paczynska

George Mason University

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Public Administration Issues, 2021

This article focuses on two pension reforms in Egypt in order to understand the dynamics of socia... more This article focuses on two pension reforms in Egypt in order to understand the dynamics of social policy reform under authoritarian rule. One was supported by the World Bank and promulgated in 2010. It included drastic changes, such as the introduction of a defined benefit scheme, and ultimately failed. Another was successfully implemented in 2019. Compared to the 2010 reform, the 2019 reform involved only parametric change (such as increasing the retirement age and amalgamating social insurance funds), in order to mitigate the criticisms that had been made of the previous pension reform and to facilitate gradual, steady enhancement of the programme's sustainability. The findings suggest that perceptions of authoritarian leaders as having wide-ranging discretion in decision-making concerning public policy and being able to more decisively implement harsh social reform compared with democratic political leaders need to be reconsidered.

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Structural Adjustment and Social Protection in the Middle East and North Africa: Food Subsidies in Jordan

Jordan has been praised by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank (WB) as a suc... more Jordan has been praised by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank (WB) as a successful case of social protection reform. While implementing a structural adjustment programme (SAP), Jordan accepted the WB's policy assistance and successfully eliminated food subsidies, which the IMF/WB have repeatedly criticized for their inefficiency as a poverty alleviation programme. Nevertheless, even while officially suspending food subsidies, the Jordanian government still continued to fund them. Moreover, it officially reinstituted the subsidies in 2005. This fact demonstrates that the policy assistance is not powerful enough to change the food subsidy system, which is in-built in the social contract in Jordan.

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