Bahasa Hungary

Bahasa Hungary, Bahasa Majar atau Bahasa Magyar (magyar nyelv ) merupakan bahasa dalam rumpun bahasa Finni-Yugra, lagi khususnya cabang Yugra yang tiada pertalian darah dengan bahasa-bahasa Eropah Tengah lain. Sebagai salah satu daripada sebilangan kecil bahasa Eropah moden yang tidak tergolong dalam rumpun bahasa Indo-Eropah, bahasa Hungary/Majar banyak meraih minat para pakar bahasa. Bahasa ini ditutur di negara Hungary serta kaum minoriti Hungary di tujuh buah negara yang berjiran dengan Hungary. Nama tempatan bahasa ini disebut magyar [ˈmɒɟɒr̪].

Bahasa Hungari Bahasa Majar
magyar, magyar nyelv
Sebutan	[ˈmɒɟɒr]
Asli kepada	Hungary dan kawasan Austria timur, Croatia, Poland, Romania, utara Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, barat Ukraine.
Etnik	Orang Hungary
Penutur bahasa	13 juta (2002–2012)e18
Keluarga bahasa	Ural Finni-Yugra (pengelompokan tradisional) Bahasa Hungari Bahasa Majar
Sistem penulisan	Rumi (Abjad Hungary) Braille Hungary Abjad Hungary Lama
Status rasmi
Bahasa rasmi di	Hungary Kesatuan Eropah
Bahasa minoriti dikenali di	Romania Serbia (di Vojvodina) Croatia Slovakia Slovenia (di Prekmurje) Austria (di Burgenland) Ukraine (di Beregove, Mukachevo, Vinogradovo dan daerah-daerah Uzhgorod Kawasan Transkarpation (Oblast Zakarpatska)
Dikawal selia oleh	Institut Penyelidikan untuk Linguistik Akademi Hungary Sains
Kod bahasa
ISO 639-1	hu
ISO 639-2	hun
ISO 639-3	Salah satu: hun – Hungary Moden ohu – Hungary Lama
Linguist List	ohu Hungary Lama
Glottolog	hung1274
Linguasphere	41-BAA-a
Sampel Sampel teks Logo Wikipedia dalam bahasa Hungari Bahasa Majar yang berisi transkripsi "Wikipedia" (atas) ke dalam ortografi masing-masing dan slogan "Ensiklopedia Bebas" (bawah) yang diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa tersebut. Sampel teks lainnya Wilayah Eropah Tengah yang bahasa ibundanya bahasa Hungary mewakili majoriti (biru tua) dan minoriti (biru muda). Berdasarkan banci terkini dan Buku Fakta Dunia CIA 2014

Terdapat kira-kira 13 juta orang yang menutur bahasa Hungary sebagai bahasa ibunda, termasuk 9.5-10 juta orang yang tinggal di Hungary zaman sekarang. Terdapat dua juta orang penutur yang tinggal di kawasan yang dahulunya merupakan sebahagian Kerajaan Hungary sebelum Perang Dunia Pertama, termasuklah kumpulan terbesar yang tinggal Romania, di mana terdapat kira-kira 1.4 juta orang berbangsa Hungary. Penutur bahasa Hungary juga didapati di Slovakia, Serbia, Ukraine, Croatia, Austria, dan Slovenia, serta kira-kira sejuta orang yang tinggal merata tempat di seluruh dunia.

Ortografi

Bahasa ini mempunyai abjad tersendiri yang digunakan untuk menulis dan mewakilkan bunyi-bunyi khas ia:

Letter	Name	Phoneme (IPA)	Complementary allophones (IPA)	Padanan sebutan terhampir (baik dalam bahasa Melayu, Inggeris dsb)	Notes
A	a	/ɒ/[[:Media:Open back rounded vowel.ogg|]]		similar to British English cot	[ɑ̝̹] might describe it better (raised, more rounded; sign rendered probably incorrectly, containing two diacritical marks below). Still definitely not [ɔ], but more like [ɒ] (the o in traditional Received Pronunciation hot)
Á	á	/aː/[[:Media:Open front unrounded vowel.ogg|]]		segar	Not nearly as open as the a in American English hat, but closer to it than Hungarian a (without the accent mark)
B	bé	/b/[[:Media:voiced bilabial plosive.ogg|]]		bayi
C	cé	/ts/[[:Media:Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant_affricate.oga|]]		like pots
Cs	csé	/tʃ/		cacing
D	dé	/d/[[:Media:Voiced alveolar plosive.ogg|]]		dadu
Dz	dzé	/dz/[[:Media:voiced alveolar affricate.ogg|]]		kids	rare. does not occur at the beginning of words. When neither post- nor preconsonantic, always realised as a geminate.
Dzs	dzsé	/dʒ/		jari, jaja, George, bridge	rare, mostly in loanwords. when final or intervocalic, usually realised as a geminate: maharadzsa /mɑhɑrɑdʒɑ/ [mɑhɑrɑd͡ʒːɑ] 'maharajah', bridzs /bridʒ/ [brid͡ʒː] 'bridge (card game)', but dzsungel /dʒuŋɡɛl/ [d͡ʒuŋɡɛl] 'jungle', fridzsider /fridʒidɛr/ [frid͡ʒidɛr] coll. 'refrigerator'
E	e	/ɛ/[[:Media:Open-mid front unrounded vowel.ogg|]]		lewat (é); edge atau bed	about 40-50% of speakers also have a phoneme /e/ (see below at Ë). /e/ is not considered part of standard Hungarian, wherein /ɛ/ takes the place of /e/.
É	é	/eː/[[:Media:Close-mid front unrounded vowel.ogg|]]		é [lewat] panjang
F	ef	/f/[[:Media:voiceless labiodental fricative.ogg|]]		fikir, euforia
G	gé	/ɡ/[[:Media:Voiced velar plosive.ogg|]]		gigi
Gy	gyé	/ɟ/[[:Media:Voiced palatal plosive.ogg|]]		(not used in English; soft form of /d/. Mostly similar to during, as pronounced in Received Pronunciation)	denoting /ɟ/ by <gy> is a remnant of (probably) Italian scribes who tried to render the Hungarian sound. <dy> would be a more consistent notation in scope of <ty>, <ny>, <ly> (see there), as the <y> part of digraphs show palatalisation in the Hungarian writing system.
H	há	/h/	1. [ɦ][[:Media:Voiced glottal fricative.ogg|]] 2. ∅ 3. [x][[:Media:voiceless velar fricative.ogg|]]  4. [ç][[:Media:voiceless palatal fricative.ogg|]]	Pada mula: hairan, human Antara dua vokal: berahi Pada hujung: khamis - juga huruf kha (خ) dalam abjad Arab tiada bunyi
I	i	/i/		diri - lebih pendek daripada í
Í	í	/iː/[[:Media:Close front unrounded vowel.ogg|]]		I panjang	Vowel length is phonemically distinctive in Hungarian: irt = 'to exterminate' and írt = 'to write (past tense)'
J	jé	/j/[[:Media:Palatal approximant.ogg|]]	[ç], [ʝ]	iya, yoyo	allophones occur when /j/ occurs after a consonant; (voiceless after voiceless, voiced after voiced consonants). e.g. férj 'husband', kapj 'get! (imperative)'
K	ká	/k/[[:Media:Voiceless velar plosive.ogg|]]		kaki
L	el	/l/[[:Media:alveolar lateral approximant.ogg|]]		laluan
Ly	elly, el-ipszilon	/j/[[:Media:Palatal approximant.ogg|]]  / /ʎ/[[:Media:Palatal approximant.ogg|]]		play, pray
M	em	/m/[[:Media:bilabial nasal.ogg|]]		mind, assume, might,
N	en	/n/	[ŋ][[:Media:velar nasal.ogg|]] [n][[:Media:alveolar nasal.ogg|]]	nasib, bahan (kecuali sebelum huruf 'k' dan 'g' di mana - nganga, barang)	allophone before /k/, /ɡ/
Ny	eny	/ɲ/[[:Media:palatal nasal.ogg|]]		nyanyi
O	o	/o/		bohong	A shorter, more open variant of Ó. Unlike with short e, which is opened to /ɛ/ in standard speech, short o remains /o/, rather than opening to /ɔ/ where it would come close to clashing with short a.
Ó	ó	/oː/[[:Media:Close-mid back rounded vowel.ogg|]]		'O' panjang	Same as /o/ except longer. It is important to pay attention to. (eg.: kor = 'age' and kór = 'disease')
Ö	ö	/ø/[[:Media:Close-mid front rounded vowel.ogg|]]		Sebutan "E pepet" (ĕ / berat) dengan bibir lebih membundar	A shorter, more open variant of Ő
Ő	ő	/øː/		'Ö' panjang	Minimal pair to /ø/: öt = 'five' and őt = 'him/her (Hungarian pronouns do not specify gender)'
P	pé	/p/[[:Media:Voiceless bilabial plosive.ogg|]]		pisau, aprikot, tutup
(Q)	kú				Q occurs only as part of the digraph qu in foreign words, realised as /kv/: Aquincum [ɑkviŋkum] (name of an old Roman settlement on the area of present-day Óbuda). Words originally spelled with qu are today usually spelled with kv, as in akvarell 'watercolor painting'.
R	er	/r/[[:Media:alveolar trill.ogg|]]		rambut	also called apical trill as pronounced by trilling the tip of your tongue (the apex) and not the uvula.
S	es	/ʃ/[[:Media:Voiceless_palato-alveolar_sibilant.ogg|]]		syahwat, syor	This notation is unusual for European writing systems where <s> stands for /s/ virtually everywhere. In Hungarian, /s/ is represented by <sz>.
Sz	esz	/s/[[:Media:Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant.ogg|]]		susu
T	té	/t/[[:Media:voiceless alveolar plosive.ogg|]]		tarik, lewat, bintik
Ty	tyé	/c/[[:Media:Voiceless palatal plosive.ogg|]]		tube
U	u	/u/		dahulu
Ú	ú	/uː/[[:Media:Close back rounded vowel.ogg|]]		'u' panjang	minimal pair to /u/: hurok 'loop' ∼ húrok 'cords'
Ü	ü	/y/		(not used in English, corresponds to German Ü)	A shorter, more open variant of ű
Ű	ű	/yː/[[:Media:Close front rounded vowel.ogg|]]		'Ü' panjang
V	vé	/v/[[:Media:voiced labiodental fricative.ogg|]]		video, revolusi, vakum
(W)	dupla vé	/v/[[:Media:voiced labiodental fricative.ogg|]]			only occurs in foreign words and in Hungarian aristocratic surnames
(X)	iksz				occurs only in loanwords, and there only when denoting /ks/; [ɡz] is transcribed: extra, Alexandra, but egzakt 'exact'.
(Y)	ipszilon	/i/		happy	Usually combined with another letter to form a new sound (see ly, ny, gy, ty). In loanwords, usually rendered as /i/ or /j/. Occurs very often in old Hungarian aristocratic surnames where it stands for /i/ or /ʲi/: 'Báthory' [baːtori], 'Batthyány' [bɑcːaːɲi] or [bɑcːaːni] (<n>+<y> ∼ /ɲi/)
Z	zé	/z/[[:Media:Voiced_alveolar_sibilant.ogg|]]		desert, roses
Zs	zsé	/ʒ/[[:Media:Voiced_palato-alveolar_sibilant.ogg|]]		pleasure, leisure

Perbandingan perkataan Uralik

Wiktionary: Senarai Swadesh bagi bahasa-bahasa Uralik

Hungary	Finland	Estonia	Erzya	Komi-Permyak	Makna Melayu	# mengikut senarai Swadesh
én	minä	mina	мон mon	ме me	saya	1
te	sinä	sina	тон ton	тэ te	kamu	2
ő	hän (dia) se (ia)	tema	сон son	сійö	dia, ia	3
mi	me	meie, me	минь miń	ми mi	kami/kita	4
ti	te	teie, te	тынь tyń	ти ti	kalian	5
ez/itt	tämä/täällä	see	те te	тайö tajö	ini/sini	7
az/ott	tuo/tuolla	too	што što	сійö sijö	itu/situ	8
ki?	kuka?	kes?	кие? kije?	коді? kodi?	siapa?	11
mi?	mitä? mikä?	mis?	мезе? meze?	мый? myj?	apa?	12
egy	yksi	üks	вейке vejke	öтік ötik	satu	22
kettő	kaksi	kaks	кавто kavto	кык kyk	dua	23
három	kolme	kolm	колмо kolmo	куим kuim	tiga	24
négy	neljä	neli	ниле nile	нёль ńol	empat	25
öt	viisi	viis	вете vete	вит vit	lima	26
nej	nainen 'woman'	naine	ни ni	гöтыр götyr	isteri	40
anya	äiti	ema	(тиринь) ава (tiriń) ava	мам mam	ibu	42
fa	puu	puu	чувто čuvto	пу pu	pokok	51
vér	veri	veri	верь veŕ	вир vir	darah	64
haj	hius, hiukset	juuksed	черь čeŕ	юрси jursi	rambut	71
fej	pää	pea	пря pŕa	юр jur	kepala	72
fül	korva	kõrv	пиле pile	пель peĺ	telinga	73
szem	silmä	silm	сельме seĺme	син sin	mata	74
orr	nenä	nina	судо sudo	ныр nyr	hidung	75
száj	suu	suu	курго kurgo	вом vom	mulut	76
fog	hammas	hammas	пей pej	пинь piń	gigi	77
láb	jalka	jalg	пильге piĺge	кок kok	kaki	80
kéz	käsi	käsi	кедь ked́	ки ki	tangan	83
szív/szűny	sydän	süda	седей sedej	сьöлöм śölöm	jantung	90
inni	juoda	jooma	симемс simems	юны juny	minum	92
tudni	tietää	teadma	содамс sodams	тöдны tödny	tahu	103
élni	elää	elama	эрямс eŕams	овны ovny	hidup	108
víz	vesi	vesi	ведь ved́	ва va	air	150
kő	kivi	kivi	кев kev	из iz	batu	156
ég/menny	taivas	taevas	менель meneĺ	енэж jenezh	langit	162
szél	tuuli	tuul	варма varma	тöв töv	angin	163
tűz	tuli	tuli	тол tol	би bi	api	167
éj	yö	öö	ве ve	вой voj	malam	177

Bibliografi

Kursus

• MagyarOK – Text book and exercise book for beginners. Szita, Szilvia; Pelcz, Katalin (2013). Pécs; Pécsi Tudományegyetem. MagyarOK website ISBN 978-963-7178-68-9.
• Colloquial Hungarian – The complete course for beginners. Rounds, Carol H.; Sólyom, Erika (2002). London; New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-24258-4.

This book gives an introduction to the Hungarian language in 15 chapters. The dialogues are available on CDs.

• Teach Yourself Hungarian – A complete course for beginners. Pontifex, Zsuzsa (1993). London: Hodder & Stoughton. Chicago: NTC/Contemporary Publishing. ISBN 0-340-56286-2.

This is a complete course in spoken and written Hungarian. The course consists of 21 chapters with dialogues, culture notes, grammar and exercises. The dialogues are available on cassette.

• Hungarolingua 1 – Magyar nyelvkönyv. Hoffmann, István; et al. (1996). Debreceni Nyári Egyetem. ISBN 963-472-083-8
• Hungarolingua 2 – Magyar nyelvkönyv. Hlavacska, Edit; et al. (2001). Debreceni Nyári Egyetem. ISBN 963-03-6698-3
• Hungarolingua 3 – Magyar nyelvkönyv. Hlavacska, Edit; et al. (1999). Debreceni Nyári Egyetem. ISBN 963-472-083-8

These course books were developed by the University of Debrecen Summer School program for teaching Hungarian to foreigners. The books are written completely in Hungarian and therefore unsuitable for self study. There is an accompanying 'dictionary' with translations of the Hungarian vocabulary into English, German, and French for the words used in the first two books.

• "NTC's Hungarian and English Dictionary" by Magay and Kiss. ISBN 0-8442-4968-8 (You may be able to find a newer edition also. This one is 1996.)

Tatabahasa

• Gyakorló magyar nyelvtan / A Practical Hungarian grammar (2009, 2010). Szita Szilvia, Görbe Tamás. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. 978 963 05 8703 7.
• A practical Hungarian grammar (3rd, rev. ed.). Keresztes, László (1999). Debrecen: Debreceni Nyári Egyetem. ISBN 963-472-300-4.
• Simplified Grammar of the Hungarian Language (1882). Ignatius Singer. London: Trübner & Co.
• Practical Hungarian grammar: [a compact guide to the basics of Hungarian grammar]. Törkenczy, Miklós (2002). Budapest: Corvina. ISBN 963-13-5131-9.
• Hungarian verbs and essentials of grammar: a practical guide to the mastery of Hungarian (2nd ed.). Törkenczy, Miklós (1999). Budapest: Corvina; Lincolnwood, [Ill.]: Passport Books. ISBN 963-13-4778-8.
• Hungarian: an essential grammar (2nd ed.). Rounds, Carol (2009). London; New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-77737-2.
• Hungarian: Descriptive grammar. Kenesei, István, Robert M. Vago, and Anna Fenyvesi (1998). London; New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-02139-1.
• Hungarian Language Learning References (including the short reviews of three of the above books)
• Noun Declension Tables – HUNGARIAN. Budapest: Pons. Klett. ISBN 978-963-9641-04-4
• Verb Conjugation Tables – HUNGARIAN. Budapest: Pons. Klett. ISBN 978-963-9641-03-7

Lain-lain

• Abondolo, Daniel Mario: Hungarian Inflectional Morphology. Akadémiai publishing. Budapest, 1988. ISBN 9630546302
• Balázs, Géza: The Story of Hungarian. A Guide to the Language. Translated by Thomas J. DeKornfeld. Corvina publishing. Budapest, 1997. ISBN 9631343626
• Stephanides, Éva H. (ed.): Contrasting English with Hungarian. Akadémiai publishing. Budapest, 1986. ISBN 9630539500

Pautan luar

• Free downloadable Hungarian teaching and learning material
• Introduction to Hungarian
• Hungarian Profile Diarkibkan 2011-06-05 di Wayback Machine
• List of formative suffixes in Hungarian
• The relationship between the Finnish and the Hungarian languages
• Hungarian Language Review at How-to-learn-any-language.com
• "The Hungarian Language: A Short Descriptive Grammar" by Beáta Megyesi (PDF document)
• The old site of the Indiana University Institute of Hungarian Studies (various resources)
• Hungarian Language Learning References on the Hungarian Language Page (short reviews of useful books)
• One of the oldest Hungarian texts – A Halotti Beszéd (The Funeral Oration)
• WikiLang – Hungarian Page (Hungarian grammar / lessons, in English)
• Hungarian Swadesh list of basic vocabulary words (from Wiktionary's Swadesh-list appendix)
• Basic Hungarian language course (book + audio files) USA Foreign Service Institute (FSI)

Encyclopaedia Humana Hungarica

• Introduction to the History of the Language; The Pre-Hungarian Period; The Early Hungarian Period; The Old Hungarian Period
• The Linguistic Records of the Early Old Hungarian Period; The Linguistic System of the Age
• The Old Hungarian Period; The System of the Language of the Old Hungarian Period
• The Late Old Hungarian Period; The System of the Language
• The First Half of the Middle Hungarian Period; Turkish Loan Words

Kamus

• Hungarian ↔ English created by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences – Computer and Automation Research Institute MTA SZTAKI (also includes dictionaries for the following languages to and from Hungarian : German, French, Italian, Dutch, and Polish)
• bab.la - Online Hungarian-English dictionary and language learning portal
• English-Hungarian-Finnish – three-language freely editable online dictionary
• Collection of Hungarian Technical Dictionaries
• Hungarian bilingual dictionaries
• Hungarian-English dictionary
• English-Hungarian dictionary
• Hungarian Verb Conjugation