Papers by Pratima Acharya Adhikari
Due to the threat and emergence of bacterial resistance against antibiotics, the use of infeed an... more Due to the threat and emergence of bacterial resistance against antibiotics, the use of infeed antibiotics in therapeutic and sub-therapeutic level has been limited. Complete withdrawal of antibiotics as growth promoter (AGP) has led to poor gut health signs in chickens that include conditions like wet litter, intestinal bacteria overgrowth, poor growth performance, malabsorption and various diseases. Two of the most common alternatives to AGP are prebiotics and probiotics. Both prebiotics and probiotics have become the potential feed additives that improve the gut health, immune system and microbiota by various mechanisms of action, and enhance growth performance of chickens. The review discusses the modes of action like antibacterial, competitive exclusion (CE), and immunomodulatory properties of prebiotics and probiotics, particularly in poultry. In ovo feeding of prebiotics and probiotics with promising effect on growth performance and reduction of pathogens like Salmonella is also discussed in this review. However, it is necessary to conduct more research with prebiotics and probiotics as well as other feed additives to understand the detailed mechanisms of action and identify better alternatives for poultry production and health.
Primary Audience: Poultry Researchers SUMMARY Evidence of Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) in internal... more Primary Audience: Poultry Researchers SUMMARY Evidence of Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) in internal organs of White Leghorns once they are inoculated via the oral (OR) or intracloacal (IC) route has not been consistently demonstrated. The aim of the current study was to evaluate OR or IC inoculation route of a nalidixic acid (Nal) resistant SE (SE NAR) on the SE colonization of ceca and the invasion of internal organs in mature White Leghorns. Five experiments were conducted, and hens were inoculated with 10 8 colony-forming units (cfu) of SE NAR. Hens were euthanized at 7 and 14 d post inoculation (dpi), and the ceca, spleen, liver with gall bladder (L/GB), and ovaries were collected for bacteriological analyses. The recovery of SE NAR in ceca was 100% at 7 dpi. Recovery from the ovaries was lower than the other organs for both routes of inoculation. The SE recovery of L/GB, spleen, and ovaries at 7 dpi was not different between the two routes. By 14 dpi, all organs approached negative, and the recovery rate was similar between OR and IC. Fecal shedding was 100% positive at 3 dpi and reduced to almost 0% by 14 dpi. Mature hens were colonized by SE NAR with either OR or IC inoculation when using a larger volume and a higher cfu/mL (0.1 mL OR in experiment 1 vs. 1.0 mL OR and IC in the rest). SE NAR showed some translocation into other organs, to a greater extent with IC. The colonization did not persist either in ceca or the internal organs at 14 dpi.
Please cite this article as: Adhikari, P.A., Heo, J.M., Nyachoti, C.M., Standardized total tract ... more Please cite this article as: Adhikari, P.A., Heo, J.M., Nyachoti, C.M., Standardized total tract digestibility of phosphorus in camelina (Camelina sativa) meal fed to growing pigs without or phytase supplementation.Animal Feed Science and Technology http://dx.
High dose of phytase on apparent and standardized total tract digestibility of phosphorus and app... more High dose of phytase on apparent and standardized total tract digestibility of phosphorus and apparent total tract digestibility of calcium in canola meals from Brassica napus black and Brassica juncea yellow fed to growing pigs Abstract: A total of 42 barrows weighing 19.8 ± 1.22 kg were fed seven diets to give six replicates per treatment. The experiment was conducted in a factorial arrangement with factors being (1) two canola meals (CM) types and (2) three phytase levels (0, 500, and 2500 FTU kg −1). The basal endogenous phosphorus (P) losses and standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) was calculated using the P-free method. There was no effect of CM types on feed intake and fecal P output, but an interaction effect was observed for P intake (CM × phytase; P < 0.05). Supplementation of phytase (2500 FTU kg −1) reduced (P < 0.001) fecal P output (g d −1), and the output was reduced by 58% in Brassica napus black (BNB) and 64% in Brassica juncea yellow (BJY) diets. Supplementation of phytase improved (P < 0.001) both apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and STTD of P in both BNB and BJY, regardless of dose. The basal endogenous P loss (EPL) was determined to be 111.28 ± 35.09 mg kg −1 of dry matter intake (DMI). There was no further improvement in STTD of P when phytase was increased from 500 to 2500 FTU kg −1 in both CM types. The ATTD of calcium (Ca) was increased (P < 0.001) in BNB and BJY when phytase was supplemented at 500 and 2500 FTU kg −1. The results, therefore, indicate that supplementation of phytase at 500 FTU kg −1 improved both ATTD and STTD of P in two CM types, but a super dose of 2500 FTU kg −1 had no additional benefit. Similarly, ATTD of Ca was increased when phy-tase was supplemented at 500 FTU kg −1 without further improvement at 2500 FTU kg −1. Résumé : Quarante-deux castrats pesants 19,8 ± 1,22 kg ont reçu 7 diètes pour donner 6 réplicats par traitement. L'expérience a été effectuée par arrangement factoriel, les facteurs étant les suivants: (1) deux types de tourteau de canola (CM) et (2) trois niveaux de phytase (0, 500 et 2500 FTU kg −1). Les pertes endogènes de base en P et la digestibilité normalisée du tractus complet (STTD) ont été calculées selon la méthode sans P. Il n'y avait pas d'effet des types de CM sur la prise alimentaire et la sortie de P fécal, mais un effet d'interaction a été observé pour la prise de P (CM × phytase; P < 0,05). Les suppléments de phytase (2500 FTU kg −1) ont réduit (P < 0,001) la sortie de P fécal (g jour −1) et la sortie a été réduite de 58 % dans la diète BNB et de 64 % dans la diète BJY. Les suppléments de phytase ont amélioré (P < 0,001) la digestibilité apparente du tractus complet (ATTD) et la STTD du P dans les deux types de diètes (BNB et BJY), peu importe la dose. Les niveaux de base de pertes de P endogène (EPL) se situent à 111,28 ± 35,09 mg kg −1 de consommation de matières sèches (DMI). Il n'y avait pas davantage d'amélioration de la STTD du P lorsque la phytase a été augmentée de 500 à 2500 FTU kg −1 dans les deux types de CM. L'ATTD du calcium était augmentée (P < 0,001) dans les diètes BNB et BJY lorsque la phytase a été ajoutée à raison de 500 et 2500 FTU kg −1. Les résultats indiquent que l'ajout de la phytase à raison de 500 FTU kg −1 améliore l'ATTD et la STTD du P dans les 2 types de CM mais qu'une super dose de 2500 FTU kg −1 n'apportait pas d'avantages supplémentaires. De façon similaire, l'ATTD du Ca a été augmentée lorsque la phytase
Mature laying hens are more difficult to colonize than young chicks. The objective of this study
Mature laying hens are more difficult to colonize than young chicks. The objective of this study
Total sulphur amino acids (TSAA) requirements have been estimated in corn-soybean based diets for... more Total sulphur amino acids (TSAA) requirements have been estimated in corn-soybean based diets for broiler chicks. However, growth performance and carcass yield of broiler chicks either with or without antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) in reference to TSAA have not been documented. An experiment was conducted to evaluate effects of different levels of TSAA on performance and carcass yield in broiler chicks fed diets with or without AGP (Bacitracin). A total of 900 one-d-old Cobb 500 broiler chicks were randomly distributed to six dietary treatments in a 2×3 factorial arrangement, with 2 levels of AGP (0 and 0.05%) and 3 levels of TSAA either for starter (0.7, 0.8 and 0.9%) or finisher chicks (0.52, 0.62 and 0.72%). For the starter period (0 to 21d), body weight gain (BWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were improved (P<0.001) as dietary TSAA levels increased. However, there were no differences between AGP supplemented or unsupplemented dietary treatments. For the finisher period (22 to 42d), feed intake (FI), BWG, and FCR were significantly improved by dietary TSAA levels, and chicks fed diets with AGP showed better FI and BWG compared to those fed diets without AGP (P<0.001). Moreover, there were interactions between TSAA and AGP in FI and BWG (P<0.001). Chilled carcass and Pectoralis major were affected by both levels of TSAA (P<0.001) and AGP (P=0.015), with the highest values at 0.72% TSAA with AGP. Lowest yield in all the carcass parts were observed for lowest level of TSAA with or without AGP. There were no differences in thigh and wing yield for both 0.62 and 0.72% TSAA either with or without AGP. In conclusion, broilers fed diets supplemented with TSAA at recommended levels (0.9% for starter and 0.7% for finisher) gave the best growth performance. TSAA levels in finisher diets without AGP need to be increased to achieve the optimal growth performance in broilers.
Canadian Journal of Animal Science
Forty two barrows weighing 19.8 ± 1.22 kg were fed 7 diets to give 6 replicates per treatment. Th... more Forty two barrows weighing 19.8 ± 1.22 kg were fed 7 diets to give 6 replicates per treatment. The experiment was conducted in a factorial arrangement with factors being 1) two CM types and 2) three phytase levels (0, 500 and 2,500 FTU kg-1). The basal endogenous P losses and coefficient of standardized P digestibility was calculated using P-free method. There were no effect (P > 0.05) of CM types on feed intake and fecal P output but an interaction effect was observed for P intake (P < 0.05). Supplementation of phytase reduced (P < 0.001) fecal P output (g d-1) and the output was reduced by 58% in BNB and 64% in BJY diets. Supplementation of phytase improved (P < 0.001) both ATTD and STTD values of P in both BNB and BJY. The basal EPL was determined to be 111.28 ± 35.09 mg kg-1 of DMI. The ATTD of Ca increased (P < 0.001) in BNB and BJY when phytase was supplemented. The results, therefore, indicate that supplementation of phytase at 500 FTU kg-1 and beyond (i.e., 2,...
A study was conducted to investigate the effects of plant extracts and essential oil complex (Ant... more A study was conducted to investigate the effects of plant extracts and essential oil complex (AntaphytMO and CaPlus ME) and feeding acids and prebiotic substance mixture (PreAcid BA Forte) on body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) in broiler chicks. A total of 528 male Cobb chicks were distributed into 11 treatments with 6 replicates/treatment (8 birds/cage) in battery brooder cages. Eleven treatment diets were fed from d 0 to 21: T1 (positive control with antibiotics), T2 (negative control without antibiotics), diet T3, T4, and T5 (negative control supplemented with 0.01, 0.03 and 0.06% AntaphytMO), diet T6, T7, and T8 (negative control supplemented with 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6% Caplus ME) and diet T9, T10, and T11 (negative control supplemented with 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6% PreAcid BA Forte). Weekly BWG, FI and FCR were evaluated at 7, 14 and 21 d. FI per bird did not differ among the treatments during any trial periods. Lowest BWG in chicks fed T9 and highest...
Journal of animal science, 2015
The aim was to determine the true total tract digestibility (TTTD) and standardized total tract d... more The aim was to determine the true total tract digestibility (TTTD) and standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of P in canola meals from Brassica napus black (BNB) and Brassica juncea yellow (BJY) fed to growing pigs. Fifty-four barrows with an initial BW of 19.9 ± 0.22 kg (mean ± SEM) were allocated in 3 consecutive blocks to 1 of 9 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design to give 6 replicate pigs per diet. Dietary treatments were cornstarch based with increasing concentrations of P, that is, 0.8, 1.6, 2.4, and 3.3 g/kg (as-fed basis) from either BNB or BJY as the sole source of P and a gelatin-based P-free diet. Limestone was added to maintain a Ca:total P ratio of 1.2:1 in all diets. All diets contained titanium dioxide (3 g/kg) as an indigestible marker. Daily feed allowance was calculated to supply 2.6 times the maintenance energy requirement based on the BW at the beginning of each period and offered in 2 equal portions at 0800 and 1600 h as a dry mash. P...
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Papers by Pratima Acharya Adhikari