A field experiment was conducted during the rainy seasons of 2001 and 2002 at Jabalpur to study t... more A field experiment was conducted during the rainy seasons of 2001 and 2002 at Jabalpur to study the comparative bioefficacy of different herbicides for the control of the problem broad leaf weed spurge (Euphorbia geniculata Orteg.) in soybean (G&ci/le nluvL. Merr.). Among the test herbicides, chlorimuron ethyl 0.01 kgiha being at par with metribuzin 0.5 kdha significantly reduced the growth of spurge. Uncontrolled weeds caused 59 % seed yield loss compared with the metribuzin 0.5 kgiha. Lacto fell 0.15 kgiha showed slight phytotoxicity on the crop and reduced the plant population and podslplant. Metrihuzin 0.5 kg/lia being at par with chlorimuron-ethyl 0.01 kgha gave the maximum seed yield and additional return owing to higher yield attributing characters. But maximum benefit: cost ratio ( I 1.37) was recorded with chlorimuron 0.01 kg/ha due to its lower cost.
Glyphosate at 1.5–2.0 kg ha−1 at 3–4 leaf stage of the weed during fallow period with hot weather... more Glyphosate at 1.5–2.0 kg ha−1 at 3–4 leaf stage of the weed during fallow period with hot weather cultivation followed by Sesbania-wheat or soybean-wheat rotations provided effective control of tiger grass. Fluazifop-butyl as post-emergence spray in soybean did not show the long term control. However, glyphosate at 1.5–2.0 kg ha−1 sprayed 20 days before sowing at active foliage stage followed by fluazifop-butyl at 0.3 kg ha−1 at 20 days after sowing provided effective control and increased the grain yield of soybean by 120% over weedy check. Sequential application of glyphosate at 2.0 kg ha−1 followed by 1.0 kg ha−1 30 days after first spraying or glyphosate at 1.0 kg ha−1 after soil solarization for a period of five weeks during May-June was found effective for its long term management.
This study used a multiple regression analysis to examine socioeconomic characteristics, physical... more This study used a multiple regression analysis to examine socioeconomic characteristics, physical amenities and health care at a district level and attempted to identify factors that specifically influence infant mortality rates (IMR) and life expectancy (LE) in the Indian Thar Desert. Twelve explanatory variables were considered. The criteria for inclusion of the variables in the regression model, out of those considered, was to include those for which the desert to non-desert ratio of square of their correlation coefficient (r 2 %) with IMR and LE exceeded one. In addition, the human poverty index was included. The step down technique retained 6 variables in the regression model in the case of IMR and 4 in the case of LE. R 2 % was 84% with retained variables to explain variation in IMR and LE in desert and quite low in non-desert. The number of health institutions and percentage of households visited by a health worker in the last 3 months, ranked top in influencing IMR and LE. The attributable regression suggests that the little increase (5%) in health institutions (health sub centres at village level) and doubling the number of health workers visiting households can better account for IMR and LE in the desert.
Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Oct 5, 2016
In India, maize (Zea mays L.) is grown in a wide range of environments, extending from extreme se... more In India, maize (Zea mays L.) is grown in a wide range of environments, extending from extreme semi-arid to subhumid and humid regions and can be classified into two production environments: (i) traditional maize growing areas, including Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh, and (ii) non-traditional maize areas, including Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. In diverse situation, like most cereals, this crop also faces some biotic and abiotic constraints to achieve the target production. Appropriate crop management can only make the production to the desirable levels. It is reported that the weeds and insects are the major constraints in the corn production. Weeds if not managed properly, may cause huge yield losses in the range of 40-60%.
A field experiment was conducted during the rainy seasons of 2001 and 2002 at Jabalpur to study t... more A field experiment was conducted during the rainy seasons of 2001 and 2002 at Jabalpur to study the comparative bioefficacy of different herbicides for the control of the problem broad leaf weed spurge (Euphorbia geniculata Orteg.) in soybean (G&ci/le nluvL. Merr.). Among the test herbicides, chlorimuron ethyl 0.01 kgiha being at par with metribuzin 0.5 kdha significantly reduced the growth of spurge. Uncontrolled weeds caused 59 % seed yield loss compared with the metribuzin 0.5 kgiha. Lacto fell 0.15 kgiha showed slight phytotoxicity on the crop and reduced the plant population and podslplant. Metrihuzin 0.5 kg/lia being at par with chlorimuron-ethyl 0.01 kgha gave the maximum seed yield and additional return owing to higher yield attributing characters. But maximum benefit: cost ratio ( I 1.37) was recorded with chlorimuron 0.01 kg/ha due to its lower cost.
Agricultural extension is playing untiringly role in uplifting the quality of life of the farmers... more Agricultural extension is playing untiringly role in uplifting the quality of life of the farmers and farm women in hills. Different extension approaches are being used in different location and considered as appropriate in that location. This study was conducted on the beneficiary of the Farmer to farmer extension (FFE) and Farmer field school (FFS). Results shown that both the approaches had its own objective and implementation process and made impact on the hill farmers differently. FFE advice was concentrated on making farmers’ group, seed replacement and low external input use, whereas, FFS advised on seed treatment, scientific nursery raising, vermin-composting and judicious use of pesticides, etc. Both the approaches advocated for green agriculture in hills. Analysis showed that there were no significant differences between the two approaches in regard to gender, level of education, and leadership position. Regarding extension methods deployed, FFE used more mass approaches, ...
Agro processing assumed vital importance particularly in a state like Haryana where agriculture p... more Agro processing assumed vital importance particularly in a state like Haryana where agriculture production has reached on plateau. Its importance became more elevated when employment opportunities in rural areas are squeezed. This paper analysed the growth of village level agro industries for different periods and also prioritized the factors hindering agro industrialization in Haryana. It is evident from the results traditional processing of village oil ghani, and jaggery and khandsari not keeping pace with time whereas cereal and pulses processing industries and fruits preservation and processing gaining movement in recent period. Nonetheless, the period of twenties indicating that village level processing is coming back on track. The situation is owing to development and adoption of suitable post-harvest machinery particularly for pulse milling, oil extraction and jaggery recovery. The growth of village level processing is constrained by factors such as procedural complexity in land acquisition and higher prices, insufficient finance for small entrepreneurs, lack of skill and awareness, higher cost of machinery and poor support on marketing and policy front. Hence, a comprehensive strategy which include development of physical, functional and market infrastructure along with provision of single window system, tax rebate and export subsidy need to develop to boost agro processing in the state.
Rice bran oil is used as an edible oil in Japan, China, India and other rice producing countries.... more Rice bran oil is used as an edible oil in Japan, China, India and other rice producing countries. Physically refined Rice bran oil is similar to mustard oil in colour and density. Rice bran oil is price-wise cheaper to mustard oil so it is frequently used as an adulterant in mustard oil. Rape seed/mustard oil (Brassica sp.) is consumed by population groups in countries of Asia, Europe North America and India (1). The higher price gap of rape seed-mustard oil over rice bran oil results in the adulteration of the former. Quite often the mustard oil shortage in the market creates a stage of black-marketing which is followed by supply of artificially made synthetic mustard oil (2) in the market. The synthetic mustard oil is manufactured by colouring physically refined rice bran oil with an oil soluble yellow dye followed by the addition of a requisite amount of synthetic allyl isothiocyanate (CH 2 CH-CH 2-NCS). The finished oil looks and smells exactly like the natural mustard oil, but price-wise its manufacturing is quite cheaper and profitable to the unscrupulous manufacturers and retailers.
Dropsy is a dreaded disease caused by adulteration of Argemone mexicana seeds, which is obtained ... more Dropsy is a dreaded disease caused by adulteration of Argemone mexicana seeds, which is obtained from yellow poppy plant with seeds resembling the mustard seeds (Brassica nigra) (Fig. 1). The seed of Argemone mexicana is a common adulterant of mustard seed either by chance or for profit making. Argemone mexicana is an annual herb and naturalized throughout India. It is common weed in the agricultural and waste lands. The seeds are norcotic and emetic. They yield (~ 30%) yellowish brown oil, known as "Argemone oil" apparently looking like mustard oil with respect to colour odor and even specific gravity (1). The oil is non-edible and contains two alkaloids namely sanguinarine and dihydro-sanguinarine. Ingestion of argemone oil causes hypertension, glaucoma, dropsy, diarrhea, vomiting and anemia. The toxicity is attributed to the presence of the alkaloid sanguinarine, which is also carcinogenic. Recent trials have shown that the toxicity in the oil is due to the combined effect of sanguinarine and 11-oxotriacontanoic acids; the later 81
The residues of monocrotophcs on pea crop reached safe level and below the detectable level in ab... more The residues of monocrotophcs on pea crop reached safe level and below the detectable level in about 8 and 11 days when sprayed at 0.03 per cent, and about 15 days in case of 0.05 per cent spray. Endosulfan at 0.05 per cent took about 5 days to reach safety level and about 18 days for below detection level, while at 0.10 per cent spray it took about 10 days to reach safety level and about 33 days for below detection level.
Food security of our country is at risk due to heavy yield losses of agricultural crops caused by... more Food security of our country is at risk due to heavy yield losses of agricultural crops caused by pests and diseases known together as biotic stresses. Conventional management practices in vogue are not competent under the current situations obscured by the incitants of biotic stresses which have either enhanced their offensive capabilities due to adaptive mutations or regained their pathogenic/herbivory potential owing to climate change. Numerous causal agents of biotic stresses are also introduced in the country or new regions of the country either through natural dispersal as invasive species, or on account of quarantine irregularities at national or international levels. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to appraise the impact of these new biotic stresses burgeoned in the recent past and to develop novel technologies for their management. To devise an effective preventive and eradicative strategy for containing these biotic stresses, new research innovations need to be practiced such as deciphering basic/molecular mechanism of host-pathogen/insect interactions; endophytic mechanisms of plant protection; nanotechnology in pest management; host resistance strengthening by gene cloning, recombinant DNA technologies, RNA biology, utilizing gene editing technologies such as CRISPR/Cas9, etc. This article presents a comprehensive account of new biotic stresses of agricultural crops built up in the country and also reviews the novel scientific inventions made worldwide which can be further employed to devise more efficient methods for alleviating impact of these biotic stresses of food crops in the country.
A field experiment was carried out at Directorate of Weed Research, Jabalpur for the consecutive ... more A field experiment was carried out at Directorate of Weed Research, Jabalpur for the consecutive two years during kharif 2009 and 2010 to evaluate the weed control efficiency and crop productivity with K salt of glyphosate formulation in field conditions. Treatments consisted of two transgenic stacked hybrids named Hishell and 900M Gold applied with glyphosate as early post-emergence at 900, 1 800 and 3 600 g a.i./ha during kharif season of 2010 with two conventional hybrids namely Proagro-4640 and HQPM-1. Among the treatments, early post-emergence application of glyphosate at all doses registered lower weed density and higher weed control efficiency, i.e. 100% in all transgenic corn hybrids at 21 DAS and at harvest. Significantly higher numbers of cobs/plot were observed in transgenic hybrids as compared to conventional entries. While more cob length was observed with Hishell Transgenic hybrids at all doses as compared to 900 M Gold transgenic hybrids. Hishell transgenic hybrids at...
A field experiment was conducted during the rainy seasons of 2001 and 2002 at Jabalpur to study t... more A field experiment was conducted during the rainy seasons of 2001 and 2002 at Jabalpur to study the comparative bioefficacy of different herbicides for the control of the problem broad leaf weed spurge (Euphorbia geniculata Orteg.) in soybean (G&ci/le nluvL. Merr.). Among the test herbicides, chlorimuron ethyl 0.01 kgiha being at par with metribuzin 0.5 kdha significantly reduced the growth of spurge. Uncontrolled weeds caused 59 % seed yield loss compared with the metribuzin 0.5 kgiha. Lacto fell 0.15 kgiha showed slight phytotoxicity on the crop and reduced the plant population and podslplant. Metrihuzin 0.5 kg/lia being at par with chlorimuron-ethyl 0.01 kgha gave the maximum seed yield and additional return owing to higher yield attributing characters. But maximum benefit: cost ratio ( I 1.37) was recorded with chlorimuron 0.01 kg/ha due to its lower cost.
Glyphosate at 1.5–2.0 kg ha−1 at 3–4 leaf stage of the weed during fallow period with hot weather... more Glyphosate at 1.5–2.0 kg ha−1 at 3–4 leaf stage of the weed during fallow period with hot weather cultivation followed by Sesbania-wheat or soybean-wheat rotations provided effective control of tiger grass. Fluazifop-butyl as post-emergence spray in soybean did not show the long term control. However, glyphosate at 1.5–2.0 kg ha−1 sprayed 20 days before sowing at active foliage stage followed by fluazifop-butyl at 0.3 kg ha−1 at 20 days after sowing provided effective control and increased the grain yield of soybean by 120% over weedy check. Sequential application of glyphosate at 2.0 kg ha−1 followed by 1.0 kg ha−1 30 days after first spraying or glyphosate at 1.0 kg ha−1 after soil solarization for a period of five weeks during May-June was found effective for its long term management.
This study used a multiple regression analysis to examine socioeconomic characteristics, physical... more This study used a multiple regression analysis to examine socioeconomic characteristics, physical amenities and health care at a district level and attempted to identify factors that specifically influence infant mortality rates (IMR) and life expectancy (LE) in the Indian Thar Desert. Twelve explanatory variables were considered. The criteria for inclusion of the variables in the regression model, out of those considered, was to include those for which the desert to non-desert ratio of square of their correlation coefficient (r 2 %) with IMR and LE exceeded one. In addition, the human poverty index was included. The step down technique retained 6 variables in the regression model in the case of IMR and 4 in the case of LE. R 2 % was 84% with retained variables to explain variation in IMR and LE in desert and quite low in non-desert. The number of health institutions and percentage of households visited by a health worker in the last 3 months, ranked top in influencing IMR and LE. The attributable regression suggests that the little increase (5%) in health institutions (health sub centres at village level) and doubling the number of health workers visiting households can better account for IMR and LE in the desert.
Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Oct 5, 2016
In India, maize (Zea mays L.) is grown in a wide range of environments, extending from extreme se... more In India, maize (Zea mays L.) is grown in a wide range of environments, extending from extreme semi-arid to subhumid and humid regions and can be classified into two production environments: (i) traditional maize growing areas, including Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh, and (ii) non-traditional maize areas, including Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. In diverse situation, like most cereals, this crop also faces some biotic and abiotic constraints to achieve the target production. Appropriate crop management can only make the production to the desirable levels. It is reported that the weeds and insects are the major constraints in the corn production. Weeds if not managed properly, may cause huge yield losses in the range of 40-60%.
A field experiment was conducted during the rainy seasons of 2001 and 2002 at Jabalpur to study t... more A field experiment was conducted during the rainy seasons of 2001 and 2002 at Jabalpur to study the comparative bioefficacy of different herbicides for the control of the problem broad leaf weed spurge (Euphorbia geniculata Orteg.) in soybean (G&ci/le nluvL. Merr.). Among the test herbicides, chlorimuron ethyl 0.01 kgiha being at par with metribuzin 0.5 kdha significantly reduced the growth of spurge. Uncontrolled weeds caused 59 % seed yield loss compared with the metribuzin 0.5 kgiha. Lacto fell 0.15 kgiha showed slight phytotoxicity on the crop and reduced the plant population and podslplant. Metrihuzin 0.5 kg/lia being at par with chlorimuron-ethyl 0.01 kgha gave the maximum seed yield and additional return owing to higher yield attributing characters. But maximum benefit: cost ratio ( I 1.37) was recorded with chlorimuron 0.01 kg/ha due to its lower cost.
Agricultural extension is playing untiringly role in uplifting the quality of life of the farmers... more Agricultural extension is playing untiringly role in uplifting the quality of life of the farmers and farm women in hills. Different extension approaches are being used in different location and considered as appropriate in that location. This study was conducted on the beneficiary of the Farmer to farmer extension (FFE) and Farmer field school (FFS). Results shown that both the approaches had its own objective and implementation process and made impact on the hill farmers differently. FFE advice was concentrated on making farmers’ group, seed replacement and low external input use, whereas, FFS advised on seed treatment, scientific nursery raising, vermin-composting and judicious use of pesticides, etc. Both the approaches advocated for green agriculture in hills. Analysis showed that there were no significant differences between the two approaches in regard to gender, level of education, and leadership position. Regarding extension methods deployed, FFE used more mass approaches, ...
Agro processing assumed vital importance particularly in a state like Haryana where agriculture p... more Agro processing assumed vital importance particularly in a state like Haryana where agriculture production has reached on plateau. Its importance became more elevated when employment opportunities in rural areas are squeezed. This paper analysed the growth of village level agro industries for different periods and also prioritized the factors hindering agro industrialization in Haryana. It is evident from the results traditional processing of village oil ghani, and jaggery and khandsari not keeping pace with time whereas cereal and pulses processing industries and fruits preservation and processing gaining movement in recent period. Nonetheless, the period of twenties indicating that village level processing is coming back on track. The situation is owing to development and adoption of suitable post-harvest machinery particularly for pulse milling, oil extraction and jaggery recovery. The growth of village level processing is constrained by factors such as procedural complexity in land acquisition and higher prices, insufficient finance for small entrepreneurs, lack of skill and awareness, higher cost of machinery and poor support on marketing and policy front. Hence, a comprehensive strategy which include development of physical, functional and market infrastructure along with provision of single window system, tax rebate and export subsidy need to develop to boost agro processing in the state.
Rice bran oil is used as an edible oil in Japan, China, India and other rice producing countries.... more Rice bran oil is used as an edible oil in Japan, China, India and other rice producing countries. Physically refined Rice bran oil is similar to mustard oil in colour and density. Rice bran oil is price-wise cheaper to mustard oil so it is frequently used as an adulterant in mustard oil. Rape seed/mustard oil (Brassica sp.) is consumed by population groups in countries of Asia, Europe North America and India (1). The higher price gap of rape seed-mustard oil over rice bran oil results in the adulteration of the former. Quite often the mustard oil shortage in the market creates a stage of black-marketing which is followed by supply of artificially made synthetic mustard oil (2) in the market. The synthetic mustard oil is manufactured by colouring physically refined rice bran oil with an oil soluble yellow dye followed by the addition of a requisite amount of synthetic allyl isothiocyanate (CH 2 CH-CH 2-NCS). The finished oil looks and smells exactly like the natural mustard oil, but price-wise its manufacturing is quite cheaper and profitable to the unscrupulous manufacturers and retailers.
Dropsy is a dreaded disease caused by adulteration of Argemone mexicana seeds, which is obtained ... more Dropsy is a dreaded disease caused by adulteration of Argemone mexicana seeds, which is obtained from yellow poppy plant with seeds resembling the mustard seeds (Brassica nigra) (Fig. 1). The seed of Argemone mexicana is a common adulterant of mustard seed either by chance or for profit making. Argemone mexicana is an annual herb and naturalized throughout India. It is common weed in the agricultural and waste lands. The seeds are norcotic and emetic. They yield (~ 30%) yellowish brown oil, known as "Argemone oil" apparently looking like mustard oil with respect to colour odor and even specific gravity (1). The oil is non-edible and contains two alkaloids namely sanguinarine and dihydro-sanguinarine. Ingestion of argemone oil causes hypertension, glaucoma, dropsy, diarrhea, vomiting and anemia. The toxicity is attributed to the presence of the alkaloid sanguinarine, which is also carcinogenic. Recent trials have shown that the toxicity in the oil is due to the combined effect of sanguinarine and 11-oxotriacontanoic acids; the later 81
The residues of monocrotophcs on pea crop reached safe level and below the detectable level in ab... more The residues of monocrotophcs on pea crop reached safe level and below the detectable level in about 8 and 11 days when sprayed at 0.03 per cent, and about 15 days in case of 0.05 per cent spray. Endosulfan at 0.05 per cent took about 5 days to reach safety level and about 18 days for below detection level, while at 0.10 per cent spray it took about 10 days to reach safety level and about 33 days for below detection level.
Food security of our country is at risk due to heavy yield losses of agricultural crops caused by... more Food security of our country is at risk due to heavy yield losses of agricultural crops caused by pests and diseases known together as biotic stresses. Conventional management practices in vogue are not competent under the current situations obscured by the incitants of biotic stresses which have either enhanced their offensive capabilities due to adaptive mutations or regained their pathogenic/herbivory potential owing to climate change. Numerous causal agents of biotic stresses are also introduced in the country or new regions of the country either through natural dispersal as invasive species, or on account of quarantine irregularities at national or international levels. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to appraise the impact of these new biotic stresses burgeoned in the recent past and to develop novel technologies for their management. To devise an effective preventive and eradicative strategy for containing these biotic stresses, new research innovations need to be practiced such as deciphering basic/molecular mechanism of host-pathogen/insect interactions; endophytic mechanisms of plant protection; nanotechnology in pest management; host resistance strengthening by gene cloning, recombinant DNA technologies, RNA biology, utilizing gene editing technologies such as CRISPR/Cas9, etc. This article presents a comprehensive account of new biotic stresses of agricultural crops built up in the country and also reviews the novel scientific inventions made worldwide which can be further employed to devise more efficient methods for alleviating impact of these biotic stresses of food crops in the country.
A field experiment was carried out at Directorate of Weed Research, Jabalpur for the consecutive ... more A field experiment was carried out at Directorate of Weed Research, Jabalpur for the consecutive two years during kharif 2009 and 2010 to evaluate the weed control efficiency and crop productivity with K salt of glyphosate formulation in field conditions. Treatments consisted of two transgenic stacked hybrids named Hishell and 900M Gold applied with glyphosate as early post-emergence at 900, 1 800 and 3 600 g a.i./ha during kharif season of 2010 with two conventional hybrids namely Proagro-4640 and HQPM-1. Among the treatments, early post-emergence application of glyphosate at all doses registered lower weed density and higher weed control efficiency, i.e. 100% in all transgenic corn hybrids at 21 DAS and at harvest. Significantly higher numbers of cobs/plot were observed in transgenic hybrids as compared to conventional entries. While more cob length was observed with Hishell Transgenic hybrids at all doses as compared to 900 M Gold transgenic hybrids. Hishell transgenic hybrids at...
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