DALY FELICITUS

Your Nose is the First Indicator if You are Approaching Death

Your nose can be an early warning sign if you’re nearing the end of life. Changes in the nose’s appearance or function can reflect significant health issues and may indicate a serious decline in overall health. For example:

▪️Altered Smell: A loss or change in your sense of smell might signal underlying health problems, such as severe illness or organ failure.

▪️Nasal Discharge: Unusual nasal discharge, especially if it’s persistent and accompanied by other symptoms, can be a sign of systemic health issues.

▪️Nasal Color Changes: Changes in the color or texture of the skin around the nose can indicate poor circulation or other severe health conditions.

▪️Breathing Difficulties: Difficulty breathing through the nose or nasal congestion that doesn’t improve might be a sign of deteriorating health.

Monitoring these signs can help in seeking timely medical intervention and potentially addressing the underlying issues before they become more severe.

6 Warning Signs of a Heart Attack That Can Appear a Month in Advance

Heart attacks often come with warning signs that may appear weeks before the event. Recognizing these early symptoms can give you crucial time to seek medical attention and potentially prevent a heart attack.

1.Unusual Fatigue

A sudden and unexplained increase in fatigue, especially with minimal physical activity, can be an early warning sign. If you feel persistently exhausted without a clear reason, consult your doctor.

2.Shortness of Breath

If you experience shortness of breath, particularly during activities that previously didn’t cause issues, this may signal heart trouble. If this symptom occurs frequently, seek medical evaluation.

3.Chest Discomfort or Pain

While chest pain is a well-known heart attack symptom, recurring discomfort—such as pressure, squeezing, or a dull ache—over weeks or months should not be ignored.

4.Persistent Indigestion or Nausea

Unexplained indigestion, nausea, or stomach discomfort—especially when combined with fatigue or chest discomfort—could indicate heart problems. If these symptoms persist, consult a healthcare provider.

5.Pain or Discomfort in Other Areas

Pain that radiates to the shoulders, neck, arms, or jaw, particularly if intermittent or subtle, may be a sign of heart issues. Don’t overlook this symptom, especially if it appears alongside others.

6.Swelling in the Legs or Feet

Sudden or unexplained swelling in the legs, ankles, or feet may indicate heart-related fluid retention. If this occurs along with other symptoms, seek medical attention.

If you notice any of these signs persisting over time, consult a healthcare professional promptly. Early intervention and lifestyle changes can significantly reduce your risk of a heart attack and improve overall heart health.

WORLD GLAUCOMA DAY: March 12, 2025

WHAT IS GLAUCOMA?

Glaucoma is a group of eye diseases that can lead to vision impairment and blindness, primarily due to damage to the optic nerve. The optic nerve plays a vital role in transmitting visual information from the eyes to the brain. This damage is usually caused by increased intraocular pressure (IOP), but glaucoma can also develop with normal IOP levels, making early diagnosis and treatment challenging.

Often referred to as the "silent thief of sight," glaucoma progresses gradually, often without noticeable symptoms, until significant vision loss has occurred.

PURPOSE OF OBSERVING WORLD GLAUCOMA DAY

World Glaucoma Day, observed on March 12, 2025, aims to:

▪️Raise awareness about glaucoma and its impact on vision.

▪️Educate the public on early detection and available treatment options.

▪️Encourage regular eye check-ups to prevent blindness caused by undiagnosed glaucoma.

THE IMPORTANCE OF EARLY DIAGNOSIS

One of the biggest challenges of glaucoma is that it remains asymptomatic in its early stages. The disease often starts by damaging peripheral vision while central vision remains unaffected for a longer time. By the time symptoms become noticeable, significant and irreversible vision loss may have occurred.

WHY EARLY DETECTION MATTERS?

▪️Regular eye check-ups, especially for high-risk individuals, can help diagnose glaucoma at an early stage.

▪️Timely intervention can slow disease progression and help preserve remaining vision.

EARLY WARNING SIGNS OF GLAUCOMA

Glaucoma symptoms may not be evident initially, but some signs that could indicate its onset include:

▪️Gradual loss of peripheral vision

▪️Eye pain and headaches

▪️Seeing halos around lights

▪️Blurred or double vision

▪️Red eyes

▪️Frequent changes in prescription glasses

RISK FACTORS AND PREVENTION

Although anyone can develop glaucoma, certain factors increase the risk:

▪️Age over 40

▪️Family history of glaucoma

▪️High blood pressure

▪️Eye injuries or long-term steroid use (oral, nasal, or eye drops)

▪️Chronic conditions such as diabetes and hypertension

PREVENTIVE MEASURES:

▪️Routine eye examinations, especially for high-risk individuals

▪️Managing underlying health conditions like diabetes and hypertension

▪️Avoiding unnecessary or prolonged steroid use

▪️Protecting eyes from injury and excessive strain

TREATMENT AND CARE

While there is no cure for glaucoma, treatment can help manage the condition and prevent further vision loss. Depending on severity, treatment options may include:

▪️Prescription eye drops to reduce intraocular pressure

▪️Oral medications

▪️Laser therapy to improve fluid drainage

▪️Surgery in advanced cases

WORLD GLAUCOMA WEEK: March 9-15, 2025

World Glaucoma Week is an annual global initiative to raise awareness about glaucoma and encourage preventive measures. The theme focuses on educating communities, promoting early eye screenings, and supporting individuals with glaucoma.

PROTECT YOUR VISION!

Glaucoma is a serious but manageable condition when detected early. Spreading awareness, getting regular eye check-ups, and recognizing risk factors can prevent irreversible blindness. Your eyes are a precious gift—take care of them!

CHOLECYSTECTOMY

Gallbladder removal (cholecystectomy) is a common surgery, usually performed due to gallstones or inflammation. While many people recover without major complications, the absence of the gallbladder can lead to long-term digestive changes and potential health issues.

What Happens to the Body After Gallbladder Removal?

The gallbladder stores and releases bile, which helps digest fats. After removal:

★Continuous bile flow: Bile drips directly from the liver into the intestine instead of being stored, which can cause digestive issues.

★Fat digestion issues: Some people struggle to digest fatty foods and may experience diarrhea or bloating.

★Increased risk of bile reflux: Without the gallbladder regulating bile flow, some bile may back up into the stomach, leading to irritation and discomfort.

3 Diseases That May Follow Gallbladder Removal

1. Postcholecystectomy Syndrome (PCS)

Symptoms: Abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, diarrhea, and acid reflux.

Cause: Bile imbalance, small gallstone remnants, or digestive tract changes.

2. Sphincter of Oddi Dysfunction (SOD)

Symptoms: Severe abdominal pain, nausea, and digestive distress.

Cause: The sphincter controlling bile and pancreatic juice flow may spasm or fail to function properly.

3. Fatty Liver Disease (Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease – NAFLD)

Symptoms: Fatigue, mild pain in the upper right abdomen, and metabolic issues.

Cause: Poor fat metabolism and changes in bile secretion can lead to fat accumulation in the liver.

How to Avoid Surgery (If Possible)

If your gallbladder is not severely damaged, you may be able to manage symptoms naturally:

★Dietary Changes: Reduce processed foods, fried foods, and high-fat meals. Eat more fiber, fruits, and vegetables.

★Gallstone Dissolution: Some gallstones may be managed with medications like ursodeoxycholic acid.

★Liver and Bile Support: Lemon water, apple cider vinegar, and bile-supporting herbs (like milk thistle) can aid digestion.

★Regular Exercise: Helps maintain a healthy weight and supports liver function.

If gallbladder removal is unavoidable, focusing on a low-fat diet, digestive enzymes, and bile salts can help reduce post-surgery complications.

ANEMIA

Anemia occurs when the hemoglobin (HB) level in the blood is lower than normal, reducing the oxygen-carrying capacity of red blood cells. Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that binds oxygen and delivers it to tissues throughout the body.

CAUSES of Anemia:

★Iron Deficiency Anemia – Caused by insufficient iron, often due to poor diet, blood loss (e.g., heavy periods, ulcers), or poor absorption.

★Vitamin Deficiency Anemia – Caused by a lack of vitamin B12 or folic acid, which are essential for red blood cell production.

★Aplastic Anemia – A rare condition where the bone marrow fails to produce enough blood cells.

★Hemolytic Anemia – Caused by the destruction of red blood cells faster than the body can replace them. It can be genetic (e.g., sickle cell anemia) or acquired.

★Chronic Disease Anemia – Linked to long-term conditions like kidney disease, cancer, or autoimmune disorders.

★Thalassemia – A genetic disorder affecting hemoglobin production.

SYMPTOMS of Anemia:

★Fatigue and weakness

★Pale or yellowish skin

★Shortness of breath

★Dizziness or lightheadedness

★Cold hands and feet

★Irregular heartbeat

★Headaches

DIAGNOSIS:

Doctors diagnose anemia through:

★Complete Blood Count (CBC) – Measures hemoglobin, hematocrit, and red blood cell count.

★Iron and Vitamin Levels – Tests for iron, B12, and folate deficiencies.

★Bone Marrow Tests (in severe cases) – To check for bone marrow disorders.

TREATMENT & Management:

★Iron Supplements & Diet – Leafy greens, red meat, beans, and fortified cereals help.

★Vitamin B12 & Folate Supplements – For vitamin-deficiency anemia.

MEDICATIONS – For conditions like autoimmune anemia.

★Blood Transfusions – In severe cases.

★Bone Marrow Transplant – For disorders like aplastic anemia.

The National UN Volunteers-India

OSCE Pilot Program at Tirunelveli Medical College

OSCE, which stands for Objective Structured Clinical Examination, is a performance-based exam designed to evaluate a student's clinical competencies in a controlled and consistent environment.

Under the able leadership of Mr. R. Parthipan, Principal of the School of Nursing at Tirunelveli Medical College, the program was meticulously organized. The guidance of Mr. Sattanathan and Mrs. Subbulakshmi, along with the coordination of program media coordinator Mr. Selvan, ensured that the faculty and students received a comprehensive understanding of the OSCE process.

The session began with an in-depth explanation of OSCE, highlighting its importance and benefits in medical and nursing education. This was followed by a model OSCE exam, providing participants with a practical demonstration of how the exam is conducted, what to expect, and how to excel in it.

The event was spearheaded by V. Selvan, B.Sc (N), a UN Medical Volunteer and Tutor in Nursing at the School of Nursing, Tirunelveli Medical College. His leadership and expertise played a crucial role in the successful execution of the program, leaving a lasting impact on all attendees.

_________

Thread: V. SELVAN B.Sc (N), UN Medical Volunteer, Tutor in Nursing, School of Nursing

Tirunelveli Medical College, Tirunelveli

𝗣𝗥𝗢𝗧𝗘𝗖𝗧𝗜𝗡𝗚 𝗣𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗘𝗡𝗧𝗦' 𝗥𝗜𝗚𝗛𝗧𝗦 𝗜𝗡 𝗛𝗘𝗔𝗟𝗧𝗛𝗖𝗔𝗥𝗘

In the realm of healthcare, the protection of patients' rights is not just a legal mandate but also a fundamental ethical obligation. Ensuring the dignity, safety, and autonomy of patients are central tenets of quality medical care. Patients must take an active role in understanding and safeguarding their rights, particularly when undergoing surgical treatments, invasive investigations, or therapeutic interventions. This essay explores the essential rights that patients possess and provides actionable steps they can take to protect themselves while navigating the healthcare system.

Firstly, patients must prioritize understanding the nature of any treatment or procedure they are about to undergo. This begins with obtaining all relevant details about the surgery, such as the complexity of the operation, the expected recovery period, potential risks, alternatives to surgery (if available), and the estimated costs involved. Crucially, a consent form, drafted in a language the patient understands, should be read and comprehended thoroughly before signing. Consent is not merely a formality; it is an informed decision that serves as the cornerstone of patient autonomy.

Equally important is ensuring proper documentation at every stage of medical care. Upon discharge from a hospital, patients must collect copies of all relevant medical records. As ruled by the Bombay High Court in Raghunath Raheja v/s Maharashtra Medical Council, a patient or their legal representative has the right to access these records upon payment of the necessary charges. Additionally, patients should insist on receiving detailed bills for every payment made, including clear breakdowns of drug administration, investigations conducted, and all other services rendered. Keeping organized records of bills and medical documentation can prove invaluable in case of disputes or further consultations.

Patients also hold the right to seek a second opinion about their diagnosis or treatment plan. However, this must be done responsibly, and ideally, with the consent of the treating physician. In circumstances where a second opinion is necessary, it is advised to approach it judiciously, avoiding the pitfalls of "doctor shopping," which can disrupt continuity of care and result in inconsistent treatment outcomes.

Communication is a linchpin of effective healthcare – if a patient has doubts or apprehensions about their treatment, they must feel empowered to ask their doctor for clarification. This open dialogue ensures mutual understanding and enhances the likelihood of successful medical outcomes.

Another vital aspect of patient rights involves information on prescribed medications. Patients should be informed not only about the names of the prescribed drugs but also their intended effects, any potential side effects, and specific instructions for usage. In the case of invasive or costly investigations, patients have the right to know whether these tests are necessary or if viable alternatives exist.

Exercising this right promotes informed decision-making, helping patients take control of their treatment journey.

Participation in clinical trials requires heightened vigilance. Patients must ensure they are fully informed about the purpose of the trial, its duration, risks, potential benefits, and foreseeable complications. Consent for participation in any experimental treatment must be given voluntarily, and all details must be included in a signed agreement. Furthermore, patients should insist that the hospital or doctor conducting the trial agrees to treat any arising complications free of cost.

Confidentiality is another cornerstone of patient rights – any information about the clinical trial or the patient's health condition must not be disclosed without prior consent, particularly in cases involving sensitive diagnoses like HIV, where privacy holds paramount importance.

Healthcare providers must also honor the patient's right to physical and emotional security. For instance, female patients being examined by a male doctor have the right to request the presence of a female nurse or acquaintance during the examination. If such arrangements are not made, the patient reserves the right to defer the examination until an appropriate arrangement is provided. This also extends to personal privacy during medical treatments and hygiene-related tasks, further emphasizing that patient dignity should never be compromised.

Discrimination in healthcare settings has no place in a just society. Patients have the right to receive treatment without prejudice based on race, religion, age, gender, sexual orientation, disability, financial status, or diagnosis. Furthermore, patients must be provided access to interpreters or translators if language barriers exist, ensuring effective communication between them and healthcare professionals.

The right to refuse medication or treatment, as long as patients understand the consequences of their decisions, remains another cornerstone of patient autonomy. Patients can only be treated against their will in life-threatening emergencies or situations where treatment is mandated by law. Additionally, before undergoing major medical interventions, they have a right to sufficient time for planning post-discharge care or transferring to another facility if necessary. Transfers are permissible only if the current hospital is ill-equipped to provide required care or if the patient or their family formally requests it.

Lastly, patients must remember that grievances regarding medical treatment, drugs, or investigations should be addressed promptly. Hospitals often have dedicated patient redressal cells to handle complaints and resolve issues locally. Misunderstandings or communication lapses can account for many grievances, which are best addressed at the source. However, in cases involving substandard drugs, patients are advised to preserve the medication packaging and approach the local Food and Drugs Administration for remedial action.

In conclusion, protecting patient rights is a shared responsibility between individuals and healthcare systems. By being informed, vigilant, and proactive, patients can ensure a safe, respectful, and empowering medical experience. At its core, this protection hinges on fostering trust, mutual understanding, and a commitment to uphold the ethical principles that underpin modern healthcare practices.

𝗣𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗘𝗡𝗧 𝗕𝗜𝗟𝗟 𝗢𝗙 𝗥𝗜𝗚𝗛𝗧𝗦 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗥𝗘𝗦𝗣𝗢𝗡𝗦𝗜𝗕𝗜𝗟𝗜𝗧𝗜𝗘𝗦

Health has long been relegated to a low-priority status in the political and social agenda of many nations. In India, this disparity is further exacerbated by the growing privatization of healthcare services. The state, though constitutionally bound to uphold the health and well-being of its citizens, is progressively abdicating its responsibility in favor of an increasingly commercialized health sector dominated by pharmaceutical industries, hospitals, blood banks, and other private players. Medical professionals themselves contribute to only 25-30% of health care inputs, while the remaining 70% is managed by these commercialized sectors. This fundamental shift underscores the need for a well-defined framework to protect the rights of patients as consumers of healthcare, as well as to highlight the responsibilities patients bear toward their own treatment process.

Patient rights are grounded in universal human rights, constitutional provisions, and established civil and consumer rights. They also stem from the ethical codes that govern the medical and nursing professions. In India, the right to life, as outlined in the Constitution, inherently includes the right to a healthy life. Hence, access to basic, optimal healthcare is a right for every citizen, and the government is responsible for ensuring this. Several legislative measures, such as the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, the Medical Council Act, and the Consumer Protection Act, have been enacted to safeguard the interests of patients. Moreover, ethical codes defined by medical and nursing councils further delineate the duties of healthcare professionals. These duties form the foundation of patient rights, aiming to balance the often unequal power dynamics between providers and patients and ensure dignified care for all.

𝗥𝗜𝗚𝗛𝗧𝗦 𝗢𝗙 𝗣𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗘𝗡𝗧𝗦

Patients as consumers of healthcare services are entitled to several fundamental rights that protect their dignity, autonomy, and well-being. These include:

𝟭.𝗥𝗶𝗴𝗵𝘆 𝘁𝗼 𝗰𝗼𝗻𝘀𝗶𝗱𝗲𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗲 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗿𝗲𝘀𝗽𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗳𝘂𝗹 𝗰𝗮𝗿𝗲

Patients deserve compassionate and respectful care, free from discrimination based on age, gender, socioeconomic status, or any other factor.

𝟮.𝗥𝗶𝗴𝗵𝘁 𝘁𝗼 𝗶𝗻𝗳𝗼𝗿𝗺𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗼𝗻 𝗱𝗶𝗮𝗴𝗻𝗼𝘀𝗶𝘀 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗿𝗲𝗮𝘁𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁

Patients have the right to clear, transparent information regarding their diagnosis, treatment plans, and prescribed medications to make informed decisions about their health.

𝟯.𝗥𝗶𝗴𝗵𝘁 𝘁𝗼 𝗼𝗯𝘁𝗮𝗶𝗻 𝗶𝗻𝗳𝗼𝗿𝗺𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗮𝗯𝗼𝘂𝘁 𝗰𝗮𝗿𝗲 𝗽𝗿𝗼𝘃𝗶𝗱𝗲𝗿𝘀

Patients are entitled to know the qualifications and roles of the professionals involved in their treatment to foster trust and accountability in their care.

𝟰.𝗥𝗶𝗴𝗵𝘁 𝘁𝗼 𝗰𝗼𝗻𝗳𝗶𝗱𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗮𝗹𝗶𝘁𝘆

All communications and medical records associated with a patient’s care must remain confidential unless consent for disclosure is provided.

𝟱.𝗥𝗶𝗴𝗵𝘁 𝘁𝗼 𝗽𝗿𝗶𝘃𝗮𝗰𝘆

A patient’s privacy must be respected during their medical care, including their interactions with healthcare teams and procedures undertaken.

𝟲.𝗥𝗶𝗴𝗵𝘁 𝘁𝗼 𝗲𝗺𝗲𝗿𝗴𝗲𝗻𝗰𝘆 𝘁𝗿𝗲𝗮𝘁𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁

Timely and prompt medical attention in emergency situations is a basic right that cannot be denied to any patient.

𝟳.𝗥𝗶𝗴𝗵𝘁 𝘁𝗼 𝗿𝗲𝗳𝘂𝘀𝗲 𝗽𝗮𝗿𝘁𝗶𝗰𝗶𝗽𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗶𝗻 𝗵𝘂𝗺𝗮𝗻 𝗲𝘅𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗶𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻

Consent is essential for research or experimental treatments, and patients have the right to refuse participation without affecting the quality of their ongoing care.

𝟴.𝗥𝗶𝗴𝗵𝘆 𝘁𝗼 𝗮𝗰𝗰𝗲𝘀𝘀 𝗺𝗲𝗱𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗿𝗲𝗰𝗼𝗿𝗱𝘀

Patients can request copies of their medical records to better understand their treatment history or seek alternative opinions.

𝟵.𝗥𝗶𝗴𝗵𝘁 𝘁𝗼 𝗸𝗻𝗼𝘄 𝗵𝗼𝘀𝗽𝗶𝘁𝗮𝗹 𝗿𝘂𝗹𝗲𝘀

Patients should be informed about the rules, regulations, and facilities available at the healthcare institution.

𝟭𝟬.𝗥𝗶𝗴𝗵𝘁 𝘁𝗼 𝘁𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘀𝗽𝗮𝗿𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝗯𝗶𝗹𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗴

Access to itemized bills explaining charges for treatments is a key component of financial transparency in healthcare.

𝟭𝟭.𝗥𝗶𝗴𝗵𝘁 𝘁𝗼 𝘀𝗲𝗲𝗸 𝗮 𝘀𝗲𝗰𝗼𝗻𝗱 𝗼𝗽𝗶𝗻𝗶𝗼𝗻

Patients can consult other qualified professionals to obtain a different perspective on their diagnosis or treatment course.

𝗥𝗘𝗦𝗣𝗢𝗡𝗦𝗜𝗕𝗜𝗟𝗜𝗧𝗜𝗘𝗦 𝗢𝗙 𝗣𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗘𝗡𝗧𝗦

While patients are entitled to comprehensive rights, healthcare is a shared partnership, and patients also have responsibilities to ensure effective care and optimal outcomes.

𝟭.𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗶𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗲 𝘄𝗶𝘁𝗵 𝗺𝗲𝗱𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗮𝗱𝘃𝗶𝗰𝗲

Patients should commit to the mutually agreed treatment plans and therapies to achieve the best health outcomes.

𝟮.𝗔𝗱𝗵𝗲𝗿𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗲 𝘁𝗼 𝗶𝗻𝘀𝘁𝗿𝘂𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀

Following doctors’ instructions diligently, including activities like taking prescribed medications or completing rehabilitation exercises, is essential for recovery.

𝟯.𝗣𝗿𝗲𝘃𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝘀𝗽𝗿𝗲𝗮𝗱 𝗼𝗳 𝗶𝗻𝗳𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝘂𝘀 𝗱𝗶𝘀𝗲𝗮𝘀𝗲𝘀

Patients must take preventive measures to control communicable diseases under the guidance of physicians, thereby protecting others in the community.

𝟰.𝗔𝗰𝗸𝗻𝗼𝘄𝗹𝗲𝗱𝗴𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗵𝘂𝗺𝗮𝗻 𝗹𝗶𝗺𝗶𝘁𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝗵𝗲𝗮𝗹𝘁𝗵𝗰𝗮𝗿𝗲 𝗽𝗿𝗼𝘃𝗼𝗱𝗲𝗿𝘀

It is crucial to recognize that doctors and nurses, while skilled, are human and not immune to errors or lapses. Patients should foster mutual respect and empathy.

𝟱.𝗧𝗶𝗺𝗲𝗹𝘆 𝗽𝗮𝘆𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝗳𝗼𝗿 𝘀𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗶𝗰𝗲𝘀

Patients should honor their financial obligations for treatment to maintain the sustainability of healthcare services.

𝟲.𝗥𝗲𝘀𝗽𝗲𝗰𝘁 𝗳𝗼𝗿 𝗵𝗲𝗮𝗹𝘁𝗵𝗰𝗮𝗿𝗲 𝗽𝗿𝗼𝗳𝗲𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗹𝘀

Doctors and nurses should be treated with due respect for their expertise, dedication, and hard work in providing care.

𝟳.𝗣𝘂𝗻𝗰𝘁𝘂𝗮𝗹𝗶𝘁𝘆 𝗳𝗼𝗿 𝗮𝗽𝗽𝗼𝗶𝗻𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁𝘀

Being prompt for scheduled medical visits reflects a patient’s commitment to their recovery and enables healthcare workers to manage time efficiently.

𝟴.𝗠𝗮𝗶𝗻𝘁𝗮𝗶𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗽𝗲𝗿𝘀𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗺𝗲𝗱𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗿𝗲𝗰𝗼𝗿𝗱𝘀

Keeping and organizing one’s records can help in effective treatment and create continuity of care when changing doctors or hospitals.

𝟵.𝗜𝗻𝗳𝗼𝗿𝗺𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗱𝗼𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗿𝘀 𝗮𝗯𝗼𝘂𝘁 𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝗽𝗿𝗼𝘃𝗶𝗱𝗲𝗿𝘀

Patients must inform their healthcare providers if they decide to switch doctors, healthcare institutions, or treatment plans to ensure seamless transitions.

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗜𝗠𝗣𝗢𝗥𝗧𝗔𝗡𝗖𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗕𝗔𝗟𝗔𝗡𝗖𝗘𝗗 𝗔𝗣𝗣𝗥𝗢𝗔𝗖𝗛

The concept of patient rights and responsibilities is rooted in fostering a balanced partnership between healthcare providers and patients. As healthcare is inherently a collaborative process, both parties must uphold their respective roles.

On one hand, patients must be empowered to make informed and autonomous decisions that safeguard their dignity and well-being.

On the other hand, recognizing responsibilities ensures the sustainability and efficiency of medical systems, fortifies trust, and promotes accountability.

In conclusion, patient rights and responsibilities are core to the functioning of any healthcare system. While the government and medical institutions must work to protect and promote these rights, patients must also acknowledge their duties as active collaborators in their health journey. As healthcare continues to evolve, the focus must remain on a patient-centered approach, wherein all individuals receive equitable care while upholding the principles of respect, dignity, and shared responsibility.

RIGHTS OF PATIENTS WITH HIV/AIDS

The rights of individuals living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) or Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) are integral to advancing their dignity and addressing the stigma and discrimination they often face. These rights aim to ensure fair treatment, equitable access to healthcare services, and protection of privacy.

In the HIV/AIDS context, three critical rights are foundational: the Right to Informed Consent, the Right to Confidentiality, and the Right against Discrimination. By safeguarding these rights, society can promote inclusivity while tackling the challenges associated with the condition.

𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗥𝗶𝗴𝗵𝘁 𝘁𝗼 𝗜𝗻𝗳𝗼𝗿𝗺𝗲𝗱 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘀𝗲𝗻𝘁

The Right to Informed Consent is a cornerstone in ensuring patient autonomy. HIV, unlike many other illnesses, carries social, psychological, and medical implications that demand specific attention.

Testing for HIV requires explicit and informed consent from the individual being tested. This means that the individual must fully understand the purpose, implications, and potential outcomes of the test before agreeing to it.

It is essential to recognize that any testing, diagnosis, or related research on individuals with HIV cannot ethically or legally proceed without their consent.

Research involving the medical data of HIV-positive individuals necessitates careful adherence to this right, ensuring their autonomy and protecting them from potential misuse of their personal information.

Enforcing this right empowers individuals to make informed decisions about their health without coercion or manipulation, thereby maintaining the trust necessary in healthcare systems.

𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗥𝗶𝗴𝗵𝘁 𝘁𝗼 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗳𝗶𝗱𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗮𝗹𝗶𝘁𝘆

Confidentiality is arguably one of the most critical rights for individuals living with HIV/AIDS. Many patients face the dual burden of battling their health condition while also confronting the societal stigma attached to it.

The Right to Confidentiality ensures that an individual’s HIV status is kept private and is disclosed only with their permission. Without this right, people may be discouraged from seeking care or testing, fearing the ramifications of their status becoming public.Importantly, the law provides People Living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) a mechanism to pursue justice while protecting their identity.

For example, through the use of pseudonyms or the Suppression of Identity mechanisms, individuals can file legal claims or seek redress in courts without fear of ostracism or discrimination.

Upholding this right is crucial not just for the individual but also for broader public health efforts, as it fosters trust in medical systems and removes barriers that prevent people from knowing their status or seeking treatment.

𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗥𝗶𝗴𝗵𝘁 𝗮𝗴𝗮𝗶𝗻𝘀𝘁 𝗗𝗶𝘀𝗰𝗿𝗶𝗺𝗶𝗻𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻

Discrimination against people living with HIV/AIDS is an ongoing and deeply entrenched problem. The Right against Discrimination ensures that individuals diagnosed with HIV are treated equally in all aspects of their lives, including access to healthcare, employment, housing, and public services. Whether it involves something as seemingly minor as sharing community resources, such as public wells, or more severe violations, like denial of housing or job opportunities, discrimination against those with HIV/AIDS directly violates their rights and dignity.

This right is anchored in fundamental human rights principles. Legislation in many countries has specifically addressed discrimination against PLWHA, ensuring that they are shielded from unequal treatment solely due to their health condition. Promoting anti-discrimination policies is not just about upholding a legal framework but also about fostering awareness and empathy to eliminate the stigma that perpetuates exclusion and inequality for those living with HIV.

𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗰𝗹𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗼𝗻

The rights of people with HIV/AIDS—Informed Consent, Confidentiality, and Protection against Discrimination—serve as indispensable pillars in combating the stigma, psychological burden, and societal challenges associated with the condition.

These rights reaffirm the value of every individual, ensuring that they are empowered to lead dignified lives while receiving fair treatment and protection under the law.

HIV/AIDS is not just a medical condition; it is a societal issue. Upholding these rights is essential in creating a more equitable and inclusive world, where individuals living with HIV are no longer marginalized but are instead provided the respect, care, and justice they deserve. Through robust legal frameworks, advocacy efforts, and community education, we can collectively work towards a future where these rights are universally protected and celebrated, fostering an environment of compassion and understanding.

𝗠𝗘𝗗𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗠𝗔𝗟𝗣𝗥𝗔𝗖𝗧𝗜𝗖𝗘 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗟𝗘𝗚𝗔𝗟 𝗥𝗘𝗖𝗢𝗨𝗥𝗦𝗘 𝗜𝗡 𝗜𝗡𝗗𝗜𝗔

Medical malpractice remains a topic of significant concern in any healthcare system, and India is no exception. It is generally defined as an act of negligence committed by a healthcare provider, such as a doctor or nurse, who fails to provide the standard of care expected of them. This negligence may entail performing an act that a skilled medical provider would not commit or failing to do something a competent medical provider would have done. The legal framework in India has attempted to address medical malpractice, offering various avenues of recourse for patients while holding medical professionals accountable to an acceptable standard of care.

𝗨𝗡𝗗𝗘𝗥𝗦𝗧𝗔𝗡𝗗𝗜𝗡𝗚 𝗠𝗘𝗗𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗠𝗔𝗟𝗣𝗥𝗔𝗖𝗧𝗜𝗖𝗘 𝗜𝗡 𝗜𝗡𝗗𝗜𝗔

Medical malpractice revolves around the critical concept of negligence, which is evaluated based on three fundamental components.

Firstly, there must exist a duty of care owed by the doctor or healthcare provider to the patient, obligating the professional to act in the patient's best interest.

Secondly, the professional must have breached this duty by failing to meet the standard of care prescribed by the law.

Lastly, the breach of duty must have resulted in damage that is both legally recognizable and causally connected to the negligent act. If any of these three elements are absent, there can be no valid cause of action for medical malpractice in a court of law.

Malpractice can range from relatively minor lapses such as failing to raise the rails of a hospital bed to far more serious issues, like performing a complex surgery incorrectly. Additionally, problems can arise concerning informed consent, which requires healthcare providers to fully inform patients about the treatment, risks, and alternatives before proceeding with any medical procedure. In the absence of such informed consent, medical professionals may face legal claims even if no negligence is established during the procedure.

𝗟𝗘𝗚𝗔𝗟 𝗙𝗥𝗔𝗠𝗘𝗪𝗢𝗥𝗞 𝗙𝗢𝗥 𝗠𝗘𝗗𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗠𝗔𝗟𝗣𝗥𝗔𝗖𝗧𝗜𝗖𝗘 𝗜𝗡 𝗜𝗡𝗗𝗜𝗔

India offers several legal avenues for patients seeking redress in cases of medical malpractice. These include proceedings before consumer courts, medical councils, civil courts, and, in rare situations, criminal courts. Each of these mechanisms serves distinct purposes, and patients can choose the most appropriate recourse depending on their circumstances and grievances.

1..Medical Councils: Statutory medical councils were created to govern and enforce ethical standards in the medical profession. Patients can file complaints against medical professionals with these councils if they believe ethical violations have occurred. However, the jurisdiction of medical councils is limited to ethical matters, and they lack the authority to grant compensation or impose criminal penalties. The councils may impose disciplinary actions against healthcare providers, such as temporarily or permanently canceling their medical registrations. Yet, the process of filing complaints in medical councils comes with challenges. For instance, hearings are conducted with limited participation from both parties, and the lack of legal representation tilts the preliminary assessment in favor of the medical professional. Furthermore, the councils meet infrequently, leading to delays and inefficiency.

2..Consumer Courts: The Consumer Protection Act of India provides an accessible route for patients to file complaints against medical professionals for negligence. It defines services rendered by medical practitioners, except those offered free of charge or under a contract of personal service, as falling within the scope of "services" under the Act. Patients can file claims in consumer courts under the Act, seeking monetary compensation for malpractice.

The jurisdiction of consumer courts is tiered according to the monetary value of claims: District Consumer Forums handle cases up to ₹20 lakhs, State Commissions deal with cases between ₹20 lakhs and ₹1 crore, and the National Commission takes up claims exceeding ₹1 crore.

Filing complaints in these courts is relatively straightforward, as they require no complicated legal filing procedures, and decisions in consumer courts tend to be faster than in traditional civil or criminal courts. However, these courts are limited to awarding monetary compensation and do not have the jurisdiction to impose any disciplinary or ethical penalties on medical providers.

3..Civil Courts: Patients may also seek redress for malpractice in civil courts by filing tort claims against medical professionals. However, this avenue is considered less practical due to India's overburdened judicial system. Civil cases often drag on for several years, sometimes taking 10 to 15 years to reach a resolution. As such, the long duration and the high litigation costs associated with civil courts deter many patients from pursuing their complaints through this mechanism.

4..Criminal Courts: Criminal negligence cases against healthcare providers are rare in India and require a higher burden of proof compared to civil cases or consumer courts. Medical professionals are typically protected under Indian law, provided they perform their duties in good faith and without gross negligence. Only in exceptional cases where gross negligence is evident—such as intentionally harming a patient—do criminal courts intervene. While this form of legal action can serve as a measure of accountability, it is advised that patients resort to criminal courts only in extraordinary circumstances.

𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗟𝗟𝗘𝗡𝗚𝗘𝗦 𝗜𝗡 𝗔𝗗𝗗𝗥𝗘𝗦𝗦𝗜𝗡𝗚 𝗠𝗘𝗗𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗠𝗔𝗟𝗣𝗥𝗔𝗖𝗧𝗜𝗖𝗘 𝗜𝗡 𝗜𝗡𝗗𝗜𝗔

Despite the various mechanisms for patients to seek legal recourse, addressing medical malpractice in India is far from straightforward. One of the primary challenges is the lack of awareness among patients about their rights and available remedies. Many patients are unaware of the mechanisms for lodging complaints and the potential outcomes of legal action.

Additionally, the inefficiency of the redressal systems, particularly medical councils and civil courts, further undermines the ability of patients to seek timely and effective justice.

Another significant issue is the imbalance of power between medical professionals and patients in malpractice proceedings. Patients, who are often laypersons with limited knowledge of medical procedures, must provide evidence of negligence in technical and scientific terms.

This imbalance is especially pronounced in medical council hearings, where legal representatives are prohibited, leaving patients at a disadvantage.

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗜𝗠𝗣𝗢𝗥𝗧𝗔𝗡𝗖𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗣𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗘𝗡𝗧𝗦' 𝗥𝗜𝗚𝗛𝗧𝗦 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗥𝗘𝗦𝗣𝗢𝗡𝗦𝗜𝗕𝗜𝗟𝗜𝗧𝗜𝗘𝗦

To mitigate grievances related to medical malpractice, it is essential for patients in India to be informed about their rights and responsibilities. By understanding the standards of care they can reasonably expect, patients can advocate for themselves more effectively. Healthcare providers, in turn, should uphold the principles of transparency, informed consent, and diligent care to maintain the trust and safety of their patients.ConclusionMedical malpractice is a serious issue in India, and the legal system provides multiple avenues for patients to seek justice.

While consumer courts offer a more accessible route for compensation, medical councils have jurisdiction over ethical violations, and civil and criminal courts handle more severe or complex cases. However, challenges such as inefficiency, lengthy proceedings, and a lack of patient awareness often hinder effective resolution of complaints.

To address these limitations, efforts must be made to raise public awareness, improve judicial efficiency, and foster a culture of accountability in the healthcare system. Only then can a balance between patient rights and medical professionalism be achieved, ensuring ethical and competent medical care for all.

Daly Felicitus - dalycher@gmail.com

Vol 1, PP6-7, F20E25B - UNBN 422903

How Your Sleeping Position Affects Your Health

On average, we spend about 25 years of our lives asleep, highlighting the vital role of quality rest in our overall health. Sleep not only rejuvenates the body but also enhances brain function.

Given how precious time is, maximizing the benefits of our sleep is essential. This article explores various sleeping positions to help you find the most suitable one for you. Here’s an overview:

1. Soldier Position

In this position, you lie flat on your back with your arms by your sides, similar to the Savasana pose in yoga. This position offers several health benefits.

Pros:

▪️Provides solid support for the spine, neck, and arms.

▪️Improves overall posture.

▪️Reduces acid reflux.

▪️Maintains breast firmness.

▪️Aids in combating insomnia.

▪️Lowers headache frequency.

▪️Helps prevent facial wrinkles.

Cons:

▪️Might exacerbate snoring for individuals with sleep apnea.

▪️May not be ideal during pregnancy.

▪️Could lead to lower back discomfort.

Solutions:

▪️Consider sleeping without a pillow to maintain a neutral body alignment and potentially lessen snoring.

▪️Use a large pillow under your knees to support your lower back’s natural curve.

2. Starfish position

In this position, you lie on your back with your arms extended beside your head.

Pros:

▪️Offers excellent support for the spine and neck.

▪️Helps alleviate insomnia.

▪️Reduces headache frequency.

▪️Lessens acid reflux by keeping the head elevated.

▪️Prevents facial wrinkles and skin breakouts.

Cons:

▪️May worsen snoring for those with sleep apnea.

▪️The arm position might cause shoulder nerve pain.

▪️Can lead to lower back pain.

Solutions:

▪️Avoid using a pillow to allow natural alignment of your head, neck, and spine.

3. Log position

Here, you sleep on your side with your arms straight down. Left-side sleeping is particularly beneficial.

Pros:

▪️Supports the natural curve of the spine.

▪️Prevents back and neck pain.

▪️Reduces snoring and sleep apnea.

▪️Ideal for pregnant women.

Cons:

▪️May cause back or hip pain due to inadequate leg support.

▪️Side sleeping might contribute to skin aging and sagging breasts.

▪️Can result in neck discomfort.

Solutions:

▪️Use a large pillow to support your neck.

▪️Place a pillow between your thighs to support the top leg.

4. Yearner position

In this position, you lie on your left side with arms extended forward, which helps rest vital organs.

Pros:

▪️Prevents neck and back pain.

▪️Reduces acid reflux.

▪️Lessens sleep apnea and snoring.

▪️Eases heartburn.

▪️Enhances brain waste clearance, lowering the risk of neurodegenerative disorders.

Cons:

▪️Can restrict blood flow and put pressure on nerves, causing shoulder and arm pain.

▪️May strain internal organs.

▪️Potential for saggy breasts and skin aging.

Solutions:

▪️Use a satin pillowcase to minimize facial wrinkles.

▪️Place a pillow between your knees to support the upper leg.

5. Fetal position

This common position involves curling up with knees drawn towards the chest and chin tucked in. Sleeping on the left side is especially recommended for its benefits.

Pros:

▪️Significantly reduces snoring.

▪️Preferred for pregnant women.

▪️Helps with acid reflux.

Cons:

▪️Excessive curling can strain the neck and back.

▪️Similar to other side-sleeping positions, it may contribute to skin wrinkles and saggy breasts.

Solutions:

▪️Use a firm pillow for head support.

▪️Alternate sides during the night to balance body stress.

6. Freefall position

Sleeping on your stomach is generally not advised.

Pros:

▪️Sometimes reduces snoring.

Cons:

▪️Can strain the spine, leading to neck and lower back pain.

▪️Limits blood flow to the face, resulting in wrinkles.

▪️Puts unnatural stress on internal organs.

▪️Selecting the right sleeping position can greatly influence your health and well-being. ▪️Explore these options to find the one that works best for you.

MAGNESIUM CHEAT SHEET

MAGNESIUM MALATE

(Brain & Nervous System)

MAGNESIUM GLYCINATE

(Sleep, Anxiety & Brain Health)

MAGNESIUM ASPARTATE

(Moad, Anxiety & Depression)

MAGNESIUM CITRATE

(Cardiovascular & Intestinal Health)

MAGNESIUM TAURATE

(High Blood Pressure, Relaxation & "Calming The Nerver")

MAGNESIUM OROTATE

(Heart & Exercice Performance)

MAGNESIUM CHELATE

(Muscle Recovery)

VITAMIN B6

(Pyridoxine Hydrochloride, Combined With Magnesium Improved Strength Reduction 24%)

MANGANESE CITRATE (Bone Strength)

VITAMIN CHEAT SHEET

• Vitamin A: Vision & Immunity | Carrots, Spinach

• Vitamin B1: Energy & Nerves | Whole Grains, Pork

• Vitamin B2: Metabolism | Milk, Eggs

• Vitamin B3: Skin Health | Poultry, Fish

• Vitamin B5: Hormone Synthesis | Avocado, Eggs

• Vitamin B6: Brain Health | Bananas, Chicken

• Vitamin B7: Hair & Nails | Eggs, Almonds

• Vitamin B9: Fetal Development | Leafy Greens, Legumes

• Vitamin B12: Blood & Brain | Meat, Dairy

• Vitamin C: Antioxidant | Citrus, Broccoli

• Vitamin D: Bone Health | Sunlight, Salmon

• Vitamin E: Cell Protection | Nuts, Seeds

• Vitamin K: Blood Clotting | Kale, Broccoli

KEY NUTRIENTS BEYOND VITAMINS:

• Omega-3: Heart & Brain | Salmon, Walnuts

• Magnesium: Over 300 Reactions | Spinach, Nuts

• Probiotics: Gut Health | Yogurt, Sauerkraut

• Zinc: Immune Function | Meat, Seeds

• Fiber: Digestion & Heart | Beans, Whole Grains

• Iron: Oxygen Transport | Red Meat, Lentils

• Calcium: Bone Strength | Milk, Kale

FINAL TIP: Combine nutrients wisely and maintain a balanced lifestyle with exercise and hydration for optimal health.

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗙𝗨𝗡𝗖𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡𝗦 𝗢𝗙 𝗩𝗜𝗧𝗔𝗠𝗜𝗡𝗦 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗠𝗜𝗡𝗘𝗥𝗔𝗟𝗦

Daly Ministry

𝗩𝗶𝘁𝗮𝗺𝗶𝗻 𝗔

GOOD FOR EYES, TEETH AND SKIN

𝗩𝗶𝘁𝗮𝗺𝗶𝗻 𝗕

GOOD FOR IMMUNE FUNCTION, IRON ABSORPTION AND ENERGY PRODUCTION

𝗩𝗶𝘁𝗮𝗺𝗶𝗻 𝗖

GOOD FOR STRENGTHENING BLOOD VESSELS, SKIN ELASTICITY, ANTI-OXIDANT FUNCTION AND IRON ABSORPTION

𝗩𝗶𝘁𝗮𝗺𝗶𝗻 𝗗

GOOD FOR STRONG, HEALTHY BONES

𝗩𝗶𝘁𝗮𝗺𝗶𝗻 𝗘

GOOD PROTECTION FROM FREE RADICALS AND IMPROVES BLOOD CIRCULATION

𝗩𝗶𝘁𝗮𝗺𝗶𝗻 𝗞

GOOD FOR BLOOD COAGULATION

𝗙𝗼𝗹𝗶𝗰 𝗔𝗰𝗶𝗱

GOOD FOR CELL RENEWAL AND PREVENT- ING BIRTH DEFECTS IN PREGNANCY

𝗖𝗮𝗹𝗰𝗶𝘂𝗺

GOOD FOR HEALTHY TEETH AND BONES

𝗜𝗿𝗼𝗻

BUILDS MUSCLE NATURALLY AND MAINTIANS HEALTHY BLOOD

𝗭𝗶𝗻𝗰

GOOD FOR FERTILITY, IMMUNITY AND GROWTH

𝗖𝗵𝗿𝗼𝗺𝗶𝘂𝗺

GOOD FOR GLUCOSE FUNCTION AND SUSTAINED ENERGY

𝗢𝗿𝗴𝗮𝗻 //// 𝗚𝗹𝗮𝗻𝗱

The terms “organ” and “gland” refer to different structures in the body, each with distinct functions:

𝗢𝗿𝗴𝗮𝗻

▪️Definition: An organ is a collection of tissues that work together to perform specific functions.

▪️Composition: Made up of various types of tissues, including muscle, nerve, and connective tissues.

▪️Function: Performs a wide range of bodily functions such as digestion (stomach), respiration (lungs), and circulation (heart).

Examples: Heart, liver, lungs.

𝗚𝗹𝗮𝗻𝗱

▪️Definition: A gland is a specialized group of cells that produce and secrete substances like hormones, enzymes, or sweat.

▪️Composition: Primarily composed of secretory cells.

▪️Function: Secretes substances either into the bloodstream (endocrine glands) or onto a surface or cavity (exocrine glands).

Examples: Thyroid gland, sweat gland, salivary gland.

In summary, while glands are specialized for secretion, organs have broader functions and are composed of multiple tissue types.

𝗟𝗶𝗳𝗲 𝘀𝗽𝗮𝗻 𝗼𝗳 𝗥𝗕𝗖

The lifespan of RBCs in circulation is approximately 120 days.

Erythrocytes originate in red bone marrow before entering the bloodstream and undergo multiple developmental stages.

Erythropoiesis is the process of RBC development from stem cells that takes around seven days.

The life cycle of erythrocytes comprises:

Production

Maturation and

Destruction

1.𝗣𝗿𝗼𝗱𝘂𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻

Erythropoiesis primarily occurs in the bone marrow. It begins with hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), giving rise to multipotent progenitors, which then develop into erythroid-committed precursors and mature RBCs.

Erythropoietin is the primary regulator of erythropoiesis, driving RBC precursor proliferation and differentiation and preventing erythroblast apoptosis.

2.𝗠𝗮𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻

The maturation process involves several morphological changes to produce highly functional specialized cells. This process includes the expulsion of the nucleus and the loss of organelles, such as the smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and ribosomes, leading to the formation of mature biconcave RBCs.

3.𝗗𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗿𝘂𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻

Mature RBCs have a lifespan of about 120 days. At the end of their lifespan, they are removed from circulation and destroyed, primarily by macrophages in the spleen and liver.

146 REASONS TO FLEE FROM SUGAR

1. Sugar can suppress the immune system. No wonder you always have to treat malaria and typhoid.

2. Sugar upsets the mineral relationships in the body.

3. Sugar can cause hyperactivity, anxiety, difficulty concentrating, and crankiness in children.

4. Sugar can produce a significant rise in triglycerides. Making you at risk of a heart failure.

5. Sugar contributes to the reduction in defense against bacterial infection (infectious diseases). No wonder you always have to use antibiotics.

6. Sugar causes a loss of tissue elasticity and function, the more sugar you eat the more elasticity and function you lose. Making your skin wrinkle fast.

7. Sugar reduces high-density lipoproteins.

8. Sugar leads to chromium deficiency. Putting you at risk of diabetes.

9. Sugar leads to cancer of the ovaries.

10. Sugar can increase fasting levels of glucose. Leading to diabetes.

11. Sugar causes copper deficiency. This may lead to thyroid issues, osteoporosis or anaemia.

12. Sugar interferes with absorption of calcium and magnesium. This can lead to neurological problems.

13. Sugar may make eyes more vulnerable to age-related macular degeneration, such as glaucoma.

14. Sugar raises the level of a neurotransmitters: dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine. That's why it's so addictive.

15. Sugar can cause hypoglycemia.

16. Sugar can produce an acidic digestive tract. Which may cause gastric ulcers.

17. Sugar can cause a rapid rise of adrenaline levels in children. And that's why some children are so restless.

18. Sugar malabsorption is frequent in patients with functional bowel disease.

19. Sugar can cause premature aging.

20. Sugar can lead to alcoholism.

21. Sugar can cause tooth decay.

22. Sugar contributes to obesity.

23. High intake of sugar increases the risk of Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.

24. Sugar can cause changes frequently found in person with gastric or duodenal ulcers.

25. Sugar can cause arthritis.

26. Sugar can cause asthma.

27. Sugar greatly assists the uncontrolled growth of Candida Albicans (yeast infections). Some have been treating toilet infection for years. Do you see the culprit?

28. Sugar can cause gallstones.

29. Sugar can cause heart disease.

30. Sugar can cause appendicitis.

31. Sugar can cause hemorrhoids.

32. Sugar can cause varicose veins.

33. Sugar can elevate glucose and insulin responses in oral contraceptive users.

34. Sugar can lead to periodontal disease. No wonder your gums bleed or swells all the time.

35. Sugar can contribute to osteoporosis.

36. Sugar contributes to saliva acidity.

37. Sugar can cause a decrease in insulin sensitivity.

38. Sugar can lower the amount of Vitamin E (alpha-Tocopherol) in the blood.

39. Sugar can decrease growth hormone.

40. Sugar can increase cholesterol.

41. Sugar can increase the systolic blood pressure.

42. High sugar intake increases advanced glycation end products (AGEs)(Sugar bound non-enzymatically to protein)

43. Sugar can interfere with the absorption of protein.

44. Sugar causes food allergies.

45. Sugar can contribute to diabetes.

46. Sugar can cause toxemia during pregnancy.

47. Sugar can contribute to eczema in children.

48. Sugar can cause cardiovascular disease.

49. Sugar can impair the structure of DNA

50. Sugar can change the structure of protein.

51. Sugar can make our skin age by changing the structure of collagen.

52. Sugar can cause cataracts.

53. Sugar can cause emphysema.

54. Sugar can cause atherosclerosis.

55. Sugar can promote an elevation of low-density lipoproteins (LDL).

56. High sugar intake can impair the physiological homeostasis of many systems in the body.

57. Sugar lowers the enzymes ability to function.

58. Sugar intake is higher in people with Parkinson's disease.

59. Sugar can increase the size of the liver by making the liver cells divide.

60. Sugar can increase the amount of liver fat.

61. Sugar can increase kidney size and produce pathological changes in the kidney.

62. Sugar can damage the pancreas.

63. Sugar can increase the body's fluid retention.

64. Sugar is enemy #1 of the bowel movement.

65. Sugar can cause myopia (nearsightedness).

66. Sugar can compromise the lining of the capillaries.

67. Sugar can make the tendons more brittle.

68. Sugar can cause headaches, including migraine.

69. Sugar plays a role in pancreatic cancer in women.

70. Sugar can adversely affect school children's grades and cause learning disorders.

71. Sugar can cause depression.

72. Sugar increases the risk of gastric cancer.

73. Sugar and cause dyspepsia (indigestion).

74. Sugar can increase your risk of getting gout.

75. Sugar can increase the levels of glucose in an oral glucose tolerance test over the ingestion of complex carbohydrates.

76. Sugar can increase the insulin responses in humans consuming high-sugar diets compared to low-sugar diets.

77. A diet high in refined sugar reduces learning capacity.

78. Sugar can cause less effective functioning of two blood proteins, albumin, and lipoproteins, which may reduce the body's ability to handle fat and cholesterol.

79. Sugar can contribute to Alzheimer's disease.

80. Sugar can cause platelet adhesiveness.

81. Sugar can cause hormonal imbalance; some hormones become under active and others become overactive.

82. Sugar can lead to the formation of kidney stones.

83. Diets high in sugar can cause free radicals and oxidative stress.

84. High sugar diet can lead to biliary tract cancer.

85. High sugar consumption of pregnant adolescents is associated with a twofold-increased risk for delivering a small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infant.

86. High sugar consumption can lead to substantial decrease in gestation duration among adolescents.

87. Sugar slows food's travel time through the gastrointestinal tract.

88. Sugar increases the concentration of bile acids in stools and bacterial enzymes in the colon. This can modify bile to produce cancer-causing compounds and colon cancer.

89. Sugar increases estradiol (the most potent form of naturally occurring estrogen) in men.

90. Sugar combines with and destroys phosphatase, an enzyme, which makes the process of digestion more difficult.

91. Sugar can be a risk factor of gallbladder cancer.

92. Sugar is an addictive substance.

93. Sugar can be intoxicating, similar to alcohol.

94. Sugar can worsen Premenstrual syndrome in women.

95. Sugar given to premature babies can affect the amount of carbon dioxide they produce.

96. Decrease in sugar intake can increase emotional stability.

97. The rapid absorption of sugar promotes excessive food intake in obese subjects.

98. Sugar can worsen the symptoms of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

99. Sugar adversely affects urinary electrolyte composition.

100. Sugar can slow down the ability of the adrenal glands to function.

101. I.Vs (intravenous feedings) of sugar water can cut off oxygen to the brain.

102. High sucrose intake could be an important risk factor in lung cancer.

103. Sugar increases the risk of polio.

104. High sugar intake can cause epileptic seizures.

105. Sugar causes high blood pressure in obese people.

106. In Intensive Care Units, limiting sugar saves lives.

107. Sugar may induce cell death.

108. Sugar can increase the amount of food that you eat.

109. In juvenile rehabilitation camps, when children were put on a low sugar diet, there was a 44% drop in antisocial behavior.

110. Sugar can lead to prostrate cancer.

111. Sugar dehydrates newborns.

112. Sugar can cause low birth weight babies.

113. Greater consumption of refined sugar is associated with a worse outcome of schizophrenia

114. Sugar can raise homocysteine levels in the blood stream.

115. Sweet food items increase the risk of breast cancer.

116. Sugar is a risk factor in cancer of the small intestine.

117. Sugar may cause laryngeal cancer.

118. Sugar induces salt and water retention.

119. Sugar may contribute to mild memory loss.

120. The more sodas a 10 year old child consumes, the less milk.

121. Sugar can increase the total amount of food consumed.

122. Exposing a newborn to sugar results in a heightened preference for sucrose relative to water at 6 months and 2 years of age.

123. Sugar causes constipation.

124. Sugar causes varicose veins.

125. Sugar can cause brain decay in prediabetic and diabetic women.

126. Sugar can increase the risk of stomach cancer.

127. Sugar can cause metabolic syndrome.

128. Sugar ingestion by pregnant women increases neural tube defects in embryos.

129. Sugar can be a factor in asthma.

130. The higher the sugar consumption the more chances of getting irritable bowel syndrome.

131. Sugar can affect the brain's ability to deal with rewards and consequences.

132. Sugar can cause cancer of the rectum.

133. Sugar can cause endometrial cancer.

134. Sugar can cause renal (kidney) cell carcinoma.

135. Sugar can cause liver tumors.

136. Sugar can increase inflammatory markers in the blood stream of overweight people.

137. Sugar can lower Vitamin E levels in the blood stream.

138. Sugar can increase your appetite for all food.

139. Sugar plays a role in the etiology and the continuation of acne.

140. Too much sugar can kill your sex life.

141. Sugar saps school performance in children.

142. Sugar can cause fatigue, moodiness, nervousness and depression.

143. Sugar is common choice of obese individuals.

144. A linear decrease in the intake of many essential nutrients is associated with increasing total sugar intake.

145. High fructose consumption has been linked to liver disease.

146. Sugar adds to the risk of bladder cancer.