This paper demonstrates that radical regulatory changes can be tantamount to technological revolu... more This paper demonstrates that radical regulatory changes can be tantamount to technological revolutions by studying Indian pharmaceutical firms. It shows that radical regulatory changes such as the Indian Patent Act of 1970, the New Industrial Policy of 1991 and the signing of TRIPS (Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights System) in 1995 served to open up new economic opportunities and constraints in the wake of which the winners and losers were selected as a function of the dynamic firm capabilities most appropriate for the new market environment.
Please tick this box if you agree: If my contribution is shortlisted for consideration by the Hig... more Please tick this box if you agree: If my contribution is shortlisted for consideration by the High-Level panel, I understand and accept that I give permission for the contribution to be made public on the High-Level Panel's website.
Technological or institutional change has proven to be big cause for failure of established firms... more Technological or institutional change has proven to be big cause for failure of established firms and history is full of such examples. The stregnhthening of patent laws as a result of TRIPs (Trade Related intellectual property rights) agreement represents such a institutional change for knowledge based industries from developing countries. This represents a radical break with the past in which developing countries typically had only weak levels of patent protection. In this context this research examined the learning processes involved in development of innovative capabilities in the Indian pharmaceutical firms as a response to strengthening of patent law. This research shows that Indian pharmaceutical firms are responding to disruptive regularity change by developing competencies incrementally as well as radically. Indian firms are hiring the Indian scientists working overseas in multinational pharmaceutical R&D and collaborating with Indian and overseas research institutes and universities to build radical capabilities. This explorative and exploitative learning in Indian pharmaceutical firms have wider implications for firms from other developing countries facing TRIPS challenge.
This chapter discusses the significance of transnational corporations in international developmen... more This chapter discusses the significance of transnational corporations in international development. It raises questions regarding the ability of TNCs to help or hurt development efforts. It concludes with section on TNCs from emerging countries and role of national policy in shaping their rise.
This paper engages with the complex relationship between innovation and human health and the role... more This paper engages with the complex relationship between innovation and human health and the role of regulation in bringing the two together, and, in doing so, facilitating inclusive innovation in emerging economies. After outlining the contested role of regulation, we provide two case studies: regenerative medicine regulation in Argentina, and medical devices regulation in India. While these empirically-based case studies examine different scientific sectors in different jurisdictions and therefore have different contextual foundations, they demonstrate the important link between regulatory policies and the successful promotion of innovation. Through them we challenge the oft-repeated complaint that regulation stifles innovation, demonstrating that both a lack of regulation (Argentina) and poorly conceived regulation (India) are equally damaging to innovation, to actor wellbeing, and, ultimately, to human health. We argue that devising new forms of regulation can facilitate increased innovation and thus improved technological (and economic) competitiveness (ie: social/regulatory innovation can lead to improved technological/scientific innovation).
Despite greater certainty for biosimilar markets and regulation, the change that was seen in the ... more Despite greater certainty for biosimilar markets and regulation, the change that was seen in the small-molecule pharmaceuticals market with the rapid entrance of emerging-country generics suppliers will not be replicated exactly. The long game has yet to be played out, and recent changes in regulation, science, and production technology are likely to impact on future patterns of partnership and production.
Innovation in form of new products, processes or forms of productive organisation brings growth t... more Innovation in form of new products, processes or forms of productive organisation brings growth to firms and development to economies and therefore it is important to understand sources of innovation and technological capabilities. In this context this paper explores sources of innovation and technological capability in the Indian automobile industry. In last decade Indian auto industry emerged as one of the fastest growing industry with increasing levels of technological sophistication in auto industries amongst emerging countries. This paper shows that industrial policy set up challenges for firm in form of constraint to develop products with higher local suppliers and helped development of auto component supplier industry. It also points out important role played by factors such as nature of demand and firm ownership in innovative capability development. Paper reveals key attributes of firm ownership which include managerial vision and diversified nature of businesses. The diversified nature of businesses has helped Indian auto firms in innovative capabilities by facilitating inter-sector learning.
Technological or institutional change has proven to be a major cause for failure of established f... more Technological or institutional change has proven to be a major cause for failure of established firms and history is full of such examples. In a globalised world the capability of a firm to reconfigure existing competencies and create new knowledge for innovation has emerged as dynamic capability to succeed. This paper points out the learning processes involved in the development of innovative R&D capabilities in Indian pharmaceutical firms as a response to the strengthening of patent law. Over the last three decades Indian firms successfully grown in weak patent era and the strengthening of patent law represented a radical regulatory break. This paper shows that the development of new capabilities involved removal of capabilities which were redundant in this new era and acquisition of new knowledge. The analysis revealed that Indian firms are adopting strategies like hiring of Indian scientists educated or working overseas in multinational pharmaceutical R&D and collaborating with Indian and overseas research institutes and universities to acquire capabilities in innovative R&D. However, it also shows heterogeneity in learning processes, thus reinforcing the argument that firm level learning is neither automatic nor linear and requires a deliberate learning strategy. The Indian pharmaceutical firms' responses provide important insights for firms from other developing countries.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this p... more The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
Evidence suggests that 'Reverse brain drain' of engineers and scientists trained in the US or Eur... more Evidence suggests that 'Reverse brain drain' of engineers and scientists trained in the US or Europe can accelerate technological upgrading in knowledge based firms in emerging countries. There are important ways in which communities of returned scientists and engineers can provide the skill and know-how to help local firms shift to innovative activities. However the firm level issues associated with knowledge transfer and creation through returned migration is still poorly understood. Literature focused on knowledge flow shows that the transfer of knowledge through human mobility is not a straightforward process. This paper presents human resource management strategies adopted by firms from developing country in attracting and retaining scientific workforce. It also points out firm level issues involved in knowledge transfer and creation through migration of scientific labour using case studies of innovative Indian pharmaceutical firms.
This paper demonstrates that radical regulatory changes can be tantamount to technological revolu... more This paper demonstrates that radical regulatory changes can be tantamount to technological revolutions by studying Indian pharmaceutical firms. It shows that radical regulatory changes such as the Indian Patent Act of 1970, the New Industrial Policy of 1991 and the signing of TRIPS (Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights System) in 1995 served to open up new economic opportunities and constraints in the wake of which the winners and losers were selected as a function of the dynamic firm capabilities most appropriate for the new market environment.
About the book: Knowledge management continues to play an important role in management practice, ... more About the book: Knowledge management continues to play an important role in management practice, in private and public organisations, in community informatics and in other groups. Once thought of as a fad it is now clear that knowledge management is an important issue which all organisations face and will continue to face for the foreseeable future. As a result the teaching of knowledge management and the research into its development as a field of study is of considerable importance to business schools, professional organisations, public sector bodies as well as to educators. Case studies can provide a contextual perspective on real world experiences in KM. This book contains 11 case studies chosen by Professor Kenneth Grant and it illustrates many of the important issues of which both students and practitioners need to be aware. These case studies should also prove useful as teaching examples. The case studies provided in this book cover subjects such as KM effectiveness gap analysis, the elicitation of intellectual capital performance, the reconfiguration of knowledge management practices and international strategic alliances. Private sector cases include examples from the pharmaceutical industry, manufacturing and consulting, while the public sector cases include the creation of a judicial environment, patient centred treatment in a general hospital and KM in the French Air Force fighter squadrons.
About the book: In a knowledge-based economy, knowledge alone sustains competitive advantage, whe... more About the book: In a knowledge-based economy, knowledge alone sustains competitive advantage, whether at an organizational or at a national level. Four structural forces drive economic transformation globallyrevolutionary changes in Information and Communication ...
Integrating political, industrial and healthcare systems has been a major challenge for politics ... more Integrating political, industrial and healthcare systems has been a major challenge for politics of innovation and development in low and middle income countries. This challenge has so far been understood in terms of separate industrial and health related innovation policies without paying adequate attention to the institutional roles of biopharmaceutical and other umbrella associations. This paper seeks to examine such roles in the developmental contexts of South Africa and India. The argument put forward is that in both countries biopharmaceutical and umbrella associations have evolved from lobbying organisations to institutional partners who influence the politics of innovation and development, and therefore the degree of integration and fragmentation of political, industrial and health innovation systems.
This paper demonstrates that radical regulatory changes can be tantamount to technological revolu... more This paper demonstrates that radical regulatory changes can be tantamount to technological revolutions by studying Indian pharmaceutical firms. It shows that radical regulatory changes such as the Indian Patent Act of 1970, the New Industrial Policy of 1991 and the signing of TRIPS (Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights System) in 1995 served to open up new economic opportunities and constraints in the wake of which the winners and losers were selected as a function of the dynamic firm capabilities most appropriate for the new market environment.
Please tick this box if you agree: If my contribution is shortlisted for consideration by the Hig... more Please tick this box if you agree: If my contribution is shortlisted for consideration by the High-Level panel, I understand and accept that I give permission for the contribution to be made public on the High-Level Panel's website.
Technological or institutional change has proven to be big cause for failure of established firms... more Technological or institutional change has proven to be big cause for failure of established firms and history is full of such examples. The stregnhthening of patent laws as a result of TRIPs (Trade Related intellectual property rights) agreement represents such a institutional change for knowledge based industries from developing countries. This represents a radical break with the past in which developing countries typically had only weak levels of patent protection. In this context this research examined the learning processes involved in development of innovative capabilities in the Indian pharmaceutical firms as a response to strengthening of patent law. This research shows that Indian pharmaceutical firms are responding to disruptive regularity change by developing competencies incrementally as well as radically. Indian firms are hiring the Indian scientists working overseas in multinational pharmaceutical R&D and collaborating with Indian and overseas research institutes and universities to build radical capabilities. This explorative and exploitative learning in Indian pharmaceutical firms have wider implications for firms from other developing countries facing TRIPS challenge.
This chapter discusses the significance of transnational corporations in international developmen... more This chapter discusses the significance of transnational corporations in international development. It raises questions regarding the ability of TNCs to help or hurt development efforts. It concludes with section on TNCs from emerging countries and role of national policy in shaping their rise.
This paper engages with the complex relationship between innovation and human health and the role... more This paper engages with the complex relationship between innovation and human health and the role of regulation in bringing the two together, and, in doing so, facilitating inclusive innovation in emerging economies. After outlining the contested role of regulation, we provide two case studies: regenerative medicine regulation in Argentina, and medical devices regulation in India. While these empirically-based case studies examine different scientific sectors in different jurisdictions and therefore have different contextual foundations, they demonstrate the important link between regulatory policies and the successful promotion of innovation. Through them we challenge the oft-repeated complaint that regulation stifles innovation, demonstrating that both a lack of regulation (Argentina) and poorly conceived regulation (India) are equally damaging to innovation, to actor wellbeing, and, ultimately, to human health. We argue that devising new forms of regulation can facilitate increased innovation and thus improved technological (and economic) competitiveness (ie: social/regulatory innovation can lead to improved technological/scientific innovation).
Despite greater certainty for biosimilar markets and regulation, the change that was seen in the ... more Despite greater certainty for biosimilar markets and regulation, the change that was seen in the small-molecule pharmaceuticals market with the rapid entrance of emerging-country generics suppliers will not be replicated exactly. The long game has yet to be played out, and recent changes in regulation, science, and production technology are likely to impact on future patterns of partnership and production.
Innovation in form of new products, processes or forms of productive organisation brings growth t... more Innovation in form of new products, processes or forms of productive organisation brings growth to firms and development to economies and therefore it is important to understand sources of innovation and technological capabilities. In this context this paper explores sources of innovation and technological capability in the Indian automobile industry. In last decade Indian auto industry emerged as one of the fastest growing industry with increasing levels of technological sophistication in auto industries amongst emerging countries. This paper shows that industrial policy set up challenges for firm in form of constraint to develop products with higher local suppliers and helped development of auto component supplier industry. It also points out important role played by factors such as nature of demand and firm ownership in innovative capability development. Paper reveals key attributes of firm ownership which include managerial vision and diversified nature of businesses. The diversified nature of businesses has helped Indian auto firms in innovative capabilities by facilitating inter-sector learning.
Technological or institutional change has proven to be a major cause for failure of established f... more Technological or institutional change has proven to be a major cause for failure of established firms and history is full of such examples. In a globalised world the capability of a firm to reconfigure existing competencies and create new knowledge for innovation has emerged as dynamic capability to succeed. This paper points out the learning processes involved in the development of innovative R&D capabilities in Indian pharmaceutical firms as a response to the strengthening of patent law. Over the last three decades Indian firms successfully grown in weak patent era and the strengthening of patent law represented a radical regulatory break. This paper shows that the development of new capabilities involved removal of capabilities which were redundant in this new era and acquisition of new knowledge. The analysis revealed that Indian firms are adopting strategies like hiring of Indian scientists educated or working overseas in multinational pharmaceutical R&D and collaborating with Indian and overseas research institutes and universities to acquire capabilities in innovative R&D. However, it also shows heterogeneity in learning processes, thus reinforcing the argument that firm level learning is neither automatic nor linear and requires a deliberate learning strategy. The Indian pharmaceutical firms' responses provide important insights for firms from other developing countries.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this p... more The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
Evidence suggests that 'Reverse brain drain' of engineers and scientists trained in the US or Eur... more Evidence suggests that 'Reverse brain drain' of engineers and scientists trained in the US or Europe can accelerate technological upgrading in knowledge based firms in emerging countries. There are important ways in which communities of returned scientists and engineers can provide the skill and know-how to help local firms shift to innovative activities. However the firm level issues associated with knowledge transfer and creation through returned migration is still poorly understood. Literature focused on knowledge flow shows that the transfer of knowledge through human mobility is not a straightforward process. This paper presents human resource management strategies adopted by firms from developing country in attracting and retaining scientific workforce. It also points out firm level issues involved in knowledge transfer and creation through migration of scientific labour using case studies of innovative Indian pharmaceutical firms.
This paper demonstrates that radical regulatory changes can be tantamount to technological revolu... more This paper demonstrates that radical regulatory changes can be tantamount to technological revolutions by studying Indian pharmaceutical firms. It shows that radical regulatory changes such as the Indian Patent Act of 1970, the New Industrial Policy of 1991 and the signing of TRIPS (Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights System) in 1995 served to open up new economic opportunities and constraints in the wake of which the winners and losers were selected as a function of the dynamic firm capabilities most appropriate for the new market environment.
About the book: Knowledge management continues to play an important role in management practice, ... more About the book: Knowledge management continues to play an important role in management practice, in private and public organisations, in community informatics and in other groups. Once thought of as a fad it is now clear that knowledge management is an important issue which all organisations face and will continue to face for the foreseeable future. As a result the teaching of knowledge management and the research into its development as a field of study is of considerable importance to business schools, professional organisations, public sector bodies as well as to educators. Case studies can provide a contextual perspective on real world experiences in KM. This book contains 11 case studies chosen by Professor Kenneth Grant and it illustrates many of the important issues of which both students and practitioners need to be aware. These case studies should also prove useful as teaching examples. The case studies provided in this book cover subjects such as KM effectiveness gap analysis, the elicitation of intellectual capital performance, the reconfiguration of knowledge management practices and international strategic alliances. Private sector cases include examples from the pharmaceutical industry, manufacturing and consulting, while the public sector cases include the creation of a judicial environment, patient centred treatment in a general hospital and KM in the French Air Force fighter squadrons.
About the book: In a knowledge-based economy, knowledge alone sustains competitive advantage, whe... more About the book: In a knowledge-based economy, knowledge alone sustains competitive advantage, whether at an organizational or at a national level. Four structural forces drive economic transformation globallyrevolutionary changes in Information and Communication ...
Integrating political, industrial and healthcare systems has been a major challenge for politics ... more Integrating political, industrial and healthcare systems has been a major challenge for politics of innovation and development in low and middle income countries. This challenge has so far been understood in terms of separate industrial and health related innovation policies without paying adequate attention to the institutional roles of biopharmaceutical and other umbrella associations. This paper seeks to examine such roles in the developmental contexts of South Africa and India. The argument put forward is that in both countries biopharmaceutical and umbrella associations have evolved from lobbying organisations to institutional partners who influence the politics of innovation and development, and therefore the degree of integration and fragmentation of political, industrial and health innovation systems.
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