Ocupação soviética da Romênia

A ocupação soviética da Romênia ^[1] se refere ao período de 1944 a agosto de 1958, durante o qual a União Soviética manteve uma presença militar significativa na Romênia. O destino dos territórios ocupados no leste da Romênia e eventualmente incorporados à União Soviética é tratado separadamente, no artigo Ocupação soviética da Bessarábia e Bucovina do Norte .

A população de Bucareste cumprimenta o Exército Vermelho entrando na cidade em 31 de agosto de 1944.
Portrait by A. Novikov of the Soviet State Archive.

Durante a sua ofensiva pela Frente Oriental em 1944, as tropas soviéticas ocuparam a Romênia. A parte noroeste da Moldávia foi ocupada através de combates de maio a agosto, enquanto a Romênia ainda era uma aliada da Alemanha nazista. O restante foi ocupado após a Romênia mudar de lado na guerra, como resultado do golpe real lançado pelo Rei Miguel em 23 de agosto de 1944. Nessa data, o Rei anunciou que a Romênia tinha cessado unilateralmente todas as ações militares contra as forças Aliadas, aceitando a oferta de armistício dos Aliados, ^[2] e que tinha entrado em guerra contra as potências do Eixo. Como não ofereceu tréguas formais, o Exército Vermelho ocupou a maior parte da Romênia como território inimigo antes da assinatura do Armistício de Moscou de 12 de setembro de 1944.

A convenção de armistício e depois os Tratados de Paz de Paris de 1947 deu uma base jurídica à presença militar soviética na Romênia, que durou até 1958 ^[3] , atingindo um pico de cerca de 615.000 soldados em 1946.^[4]

Autores soviéticos e a Constituição de 1952 da Romênia refere-se aos acontecimentos de 1944 como a "libertação da Romênia pelo glorioso Exército soviético." ^[5] Por outro lado, a maioria das fontes ocidentais e romenas usam o termo "ocupação soviética da Romênia", alguns aplicando-a todo o período de 1944 a 1958.

Ver também

Crimes de guerra soviéticos

Referências

↑
The term "occupation" is widely used by Western and post-Revolutionary Romanian historians. Examples include:
- "Soviet forces occupied Romania in 1944 and stayed for more than a decade." Roger E. Kirk, Mircea Răceanu, Romania Versus the United States: Diplomacy of the Absurd, 1985-1989, p. 2. Palgrave Macmillan, 1994, ISBN 0312120591.
- "Soviet occupation troops had been withdrawn in 1958." Gordon L. Rottman, Ron Volstad, Warsaw Pact Ground Forces, p. 45. Osprey, 1987, ISBN 0850457300.
- "The country had to endure a long Soviet occupation (until 1958), and to pay the Soviets massive reparations." Lucian Boia, Romania: Borderland of Europe, p. 106. Reaktion Books, 2001, ISBN 1861891032.
- "Soviet occupation forces in Romania [allowed for] unlimited interference in Romanian political life." Verona (Military Occupation and Diplomacy: Soviet Troops in Romania, 1944-1958), p. 31.
- "In June 1958, based on complex arrangements between the Romanians, the Russians, and the Yugoslavs, the occupying Soviet Army units left Romania." Tismăneanu, p. 25. "Romanian communists remained an unappealing marginal group until the occupation of the country by the Red Army in 1944." ibid., p. 59. "The Soviet Army occupied Romanian territory and ... the Soviet-controlled political formation called the RCP was exploiting this state of affairs to establish a Stalinist regime as soon as possible, whatever the human cost." ibid., p. 91.
- "The primary focus is the occupation of the rest of Romania from 1944 to 1958...There is little doubt that the Soviet occupation had a devastating economic, political, and social impact on Romania." Aurel Braun, review of The Red Army in Romania, in Slavic Review, Vol. 61, No. 1, 146-147, Spring 2002.
- "The withdrawal of Soviet troops signified the end of the country's direct military occupation, which lasted 14 years." Istoria României în date, p. 553. Editura Enciclopedică, Bucharest, 2003, ISBN 973-45-0432-0
- "Wisner (who had, as an OSS officer, witnessed the brutal Soviet occupation of Romania)", David F. Rudgers, "The origins of covert action", Journal of Contemporary History, vol. 35 , no. 2 (2000), 249–262
- Flori Stănescu, Dragoş Zamfirescu, Ocupaţia sovietică în România - Documente 1944-1946 (The Soviet Occupation in Romania - Documents 1944-1946). Vremea, 1998, ISBN 9739423175.
- "The first period of the communist regime in Romania, 1944-1958 is defined by Stefan Fisher Galati as the loss of national identity by the destruction of the "bourgeois nationalist" legacy and the diminution of Romania's national sovereignty under a virtual Soviet occupation." Constantin Iordachi, "The Anatomy of a Historical Conflict: Romanian-Hungarian Diplomatic Conflict in the 1980's", MA Thesis, Central European University, 1995-1996.
↑ (romeno ) Valeriu Rapeanu, "The Dictatorship Has Ended and along with It All Opression" Arquivado em 16 de julho de 2011, no Wayback Machine. (from the Proclamation to The Nation of King Michael I on the night of August 23, 1944), Curierul Naţional, August 7, 2004
↑ "Background Note: Romania", United States Department of State, Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs, October 2007. The text says: "The treaty also required massive war reparations by Romania to the Soviet Union, whose occupying forces left in 1958."
↑ Verona, pp. 49–51
↑ (romeno ) Constitutia Republicii Populare Romane 1952 Arquivado em 15 de junho de 2008, no Wayback Machine.

[1] The term "occupation" is widely used by Western and post-Revolutionary Romanian historians. Examples include:
"Soviet forces occupied Romania in 1944 and stayed for more than a decade." Roger E. Kirk, Mircea Răceanu, Romania Versus the United States: Diplomacy of the Absurd, 1985-1989, p. 2. Palgrave Macmillan, 1994, ISBN 0312120591.

"Soviet occupation troops had been withdrawn in 1958." Gordon L. Rottman, Ron Volstad, Warsaw Pact Ground Forces, p. 45. Osprey, 1987, ISBN 0850457300.

"The country had to endure a long Soviet occupation (until 1958), and to pay the Soviets massive reparations." Lucian Boia, Romania: Borderland of Europe, p. 106. Reaktion Books, 2001, ISBN 1861891032.

"Soviet occupation forces in Romania [allowed for] unlimited interference in Romanian political life." Verona (Military Occupation and Diplomacy: Soviet Troops in Romania, 1944-1958), p. 31.

"In June 1958, based on complex arrangements between the Romanians, the Russians, and the Yugoslavs, the occupying Soviet Army units left Romania." Tismăneanu, p. 25. "Romanian communists remained an unappealing marginal group until the occupation of the country by the Red Army in 1944." ibid., p. 59. "The Soviet Army occupied Romanian territory and ... the Soviet-controlled political formation called the RCP was exploiting this state of affairs to establish a Stalinist regime as soon as possible, whatever the human cost." ibid., p. 91.

"The primary focus is the occupation of the rest of Romania from 1944 to 1958...There is little doubt that the Soviet occupation had a devastating economic, political, and social impact on Romania." Aurel Braun, review of The Red Army in Romania, in Slavic Review, Vol. 61, No. 1, 146-147, Spring 2002.

"The withdrawal of Soviet troops signified the end of the country's direct military occupation, which lasted 14 years." Istoria României în date, p. 553. Editura Enciclopedică, Bucharest, 2003, ISBN 973-45-0432-0

"Wisner (who had, as an OSS officer, witnessed the brutal Soviet occupation of Romania)", David F. Rudgers, "The origins of covert action", Journal of Contemporary History, vol. 35 , no. 2 (2000), 249–262

Flori Stănescu, Dragoş Zamfirescu, Ocupaţia sovietică în România - Documente 1944-1946 (The Soviet Occupation in Romania - Documents 1944-1946). Vremea, 1998, ISBN 9739423175.

"The first period of the communist regime in Romania, 1944-1958 is defined by Stefan Fisher Galati as the loss of national identity by the destruction of the "bourgeois nationalist" legacy and the diminution of Romania's national sovereignty under a virtual Soviet occupation." Constantin Iordachi, "The Anatomy of a Historical Conflict: Romanian-Hungarian Diplomatic Conflict in the 1980's", MA Thesis, Central European University, 1995-1996.

[2] "Soviet forces occupied Romania in 1944 and stayed for more than a decade." Roger E. Kirk, Mircea Răceanu, Romania Versus the United States: Diplomacy of the Absurd, 1985-1989, p. 2. Palgrave Macmillan, 1994, ISBN 0312120591.

[3] "Soviet occupation troops had been withdrawn in 1958." Gordon L. Rottman, Ron Volstad, Warsaw Pact Ground Forces, p. 45. Osprey, 1987, ISBN 0850457300.

[4] "The country had to endure a long Soviet occupation (until 1958), and to pay the Soviets massive reparations." Lucian Boia, Romania: Borderland of Europe, p. 106. Reaktion Books, 2001, ISBN 1861891032.

[5] "Soviet occupation forces in Romania [allowed for] unlimited interference in Romanian political life." Verona (Military Occupation and Diplomacy: Soviet Troops in Romania, 1944-1958), p. 31.

[6] "In June 1958, based on complex arrangements between the Romanians, the Russians, and the Yugoslavs, the occupying Soviet Army units left Romania." Tismăneanu, p. 25. "Romanian communists remained an unappealing marginal group until the occupation of the country by the Red Army in 1944." ibid., p. 59. "The Soviet Army occupied Romanian territory and ... the Soviet-controlled political formation called the RCP was exploiting this state of affairs to establish a Stalinist regime as soon as possible, whatever the human cost." ibid., p. 91.

[7] "The primary focus is the occupation of the rest of Romania from 1944 to 1958...There is little doubt that the Soviet occupation had a devastating economic, political, and social impact on Romania." Aurel Braun, review of The Red Army in Romania, in Slavic Review, Vol. 61, No. 1, 146-147, Spring 2002.

[8] "The withdrawal of Soviet troops signified the end of the country's direct military occupation, which lasted 14 years." Istoria României în date, p. 553. Editura Enciclopedică, Bucharest, 2003, ISBN 973-45-0432-0

[9] "Wisner (who had, as an OSS officer, witnessed the brutal Soviet occupation of Romania)", David F. Rudgers, "The origins of covert action", Journal of Contemporary History, vol. 35 , no. 2 (2000), 249–262

[10] Flori Stănescu, Dragoş Zamfirescu, Ocupaţia sovietică în România - Documente 1944-1946 (The Soviet Occupation in Romania - Documents 1944-1946). Vremea, 1998, ISBN 9739423175.

[11] "The first period of the communist regime in Romania, 1944-1958 is defined by Stefan Fisher Galati as the loss of national identity by the destruction of the "bourgeois nationalist" legacy and the diminution of Romania's national sovereignty under a virtual Soviet occupation." Constantin Iordachi, "The Anatomy of a Historical Conflict: Romanian-Hungarian Diplomatic Conflict in the 1980's", MA Thesis, Central European University, 1995-1996.

[2] (romeno ) Valeriu Rapeanu, "The Dictatorship Has Ended and along with It All Opression" Arquivado em 16 de julho de 2011, no Wayback Machine. (from the Proclamation to The Nation of King Michael I on the night of August 23, 1944), Curierul Naţional, August 7, 2004

[3] "Background Note: Romania", United States Department of State, Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs, October 2007. The text says: "The treaty also required massive war reparations by Romania to the Soviet Union, whose occupying forces left in 1958."

[4] Verona, pp. 49–51

[5] (romeno ) Constitutia Republicii Populare Romane 1952 Arquivado em 15 de junho de 2008, no Wayback Machine.

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