Word Formation
Word Formation
Word Formation
Ricardo Schütz
Atualizado em 2 de maio de 2006
AFFIXATION: Dos dois tipos de afixos em inglês - prefixos e sufixos, - sufixos são
aqueles que apresentam maior produtividade, isto é, a porcentagem de incidência é mais
alta. Sufixos têm a função de transformar a categoria gramatical das palavras a que se
aplicam. Isto é, um determinado sufixo será sempre aplicado a uma determinada categoria
de palavra e resultará sempre numa outra determinada categoria.
Prefixos, por sua vez, normalmente não alteram a categoria gramatical da palavra-base a
que se aplicam. Seu papel é predominantemente semântico, isto é, eles alteram o
significado da base.
Vejam as regras abaixo, cujas listas de exemplos, longe de serem exaustivas, servem apenas
para demonstrar o grau de produtividade de cada regra com exemplos relativamente
comuns:
SUFIXOS
PREFIXOS
NEGATIVE PREFIXES
Meaning: the opposite of, the absence of, not
UN_
Added to: adjectives and participles
Alta produtividade
Ex: unable
unabridged
unassuming
unattainable
unattended
unauthorized
unavailable
unbearable
unbelievable
unborn
unclear
unconstrained
unemployed
unexpected
unfair
unforgettable
unfortunate
unfriendly
unhappy
unintelligible
unkind
unpaid
unpleasant
unreplaceable
unspeakable
unstressed
unthinkable
untidy
unwilling
unwise
Meaning: not
NON_
Added to: nouns, adjectives, adverbs
Ex: non-smoker
non-conformist
non-politician
non-perishable
non-trivially
IN_ Meaning: the opposite of, not
(IL_, IM_, IR_) Added to: adjectives
Ex: illogical
immature
immovable
impatient
impolite
impossible
improper
incomplete
incorrect
inevitable
insane
irrelevant
irresponsible
Meaning: the opposite of, not
DIS_
Added to: adjectives, verbs, abstract nouns
Ex: disconnect
discourteous
dislike
disloyal
disobedience
disobedient
disobey
disorder
dissociate
Meaning: lacking in, lack of
A_
Added to: adjectives, nouns
Ex: amoral
anarchy
asexual
asymmetry
atheist
REVERSATIVE PREFIXES
Meaning: to reverse the action (1), to deprive of, to release from (2)
UN_
Added to: verbs (1), nouns (2)
Ex: (1)
uncover
undo
undress
unload
unlock
unpack
untie
unwrap
unzip
(2)
unhorse
unmask
Meaning: to reverse the action (1), to deprive of, to release from (2)
DE_
Added to: verbs, nouns
Ex: (1)
decentralize
defrost
desegregate
denationalization
(2)
decapitate
deforestation
Meaning: to reverse the action (1), lacking (2)
DIS_
Added to: verbs (1), adjectives (2)
Ex: (1)
disassemble
disconnect
discourage
disinfect
disown
(2)
discolored
discouraged
disinterested
PEJORATIVE PREFIXES
Meaning: wrongly, astray
MIS_
Added to: verbs, participles, abstract nouns
Ex: misbehave / misbehavior
miscalculate / miscalculation
misconduct
misfire
misfortune
mishap
mishear
misinform / misinformation
misleading
mistreat
misunderstanding
Meaning: badly, bad
MAL_
Added to: verbs, participles, adjectives, abstract nouns
Ex: malformation
malformed
malfunction
malnutrition
malpractice
maltreat
Meaning: false, imitation
PSEUDO_
Added to: nouns, adjectives
Ex: pseudo-Christianity
pseudo-classicism
pseudo-intellectual
pseudo-scientific
LOCATIVE PREFIXES
Meaning: above
SUPER_
Added to: nouns
Ex: superscript
superstructure
Meaning: under
SUB_
Added to: adjectives, verbs, nouns
Ex: subconscious
subcontract
subdivide
sublet
subnormal
subsection
subway
Meaning: between, among
INTER_
Added to: adjectives, verbs, nouns
Ex: inter-continental
interlinear
intermarry
international
interplay
inter-school
intertwine
interweave
Meaning: across, from one place to another
TRANS_
Added to: adjectives, verbs
Ex: transatlantic
transplant
trans-Siberian
Meaning: front part of, front
FORE_
Added to: nouns
Ex: forearm
foreground
forehead
foreleg
forename
NUMBER PREFIXES
Meaning: one
UNI_
Added to: nouns, adjectives
Ex: unicycle
unidirectional
unilateral
unisex
Meaning: one
MONO_
Added to: nouns, adjectives
Ex: monogamy
monolingual
monolith
monologue
monoplane
monorail
monosyllabic
Meaning: two
BI_
Added to: nouns, adjectives
Ex: bicycle
bifocal
bilateral
bilingual
bipartisan
biped
biplane
Meaning: two
DI_
Added to: nouns, adjectives
Ex: dichotomy
digraph
diode
dioxide
divalent
Meaning: three
TRI_
Added to: nouns, adjectives
Ex: triangle
tricycle
trident
trilingual
trimaran
trimester
trinomial
tripartite
tripod
Meaning: many
MULTI_
Added to: nouns, adjectives
Ex: multiform
multi-lateral
multilingual
multi-national
multi-purpose
multiracial
multi-storey
Meaning: many
POLY_
Added to: nouns, adjectives
Ex: polyandry
polyglot
polygamy
polygon
polysemy
polysyllabic
polytechnic
Meaning: half
SEMI_
Added to: nouns, adjectives
Ex: semi-automatic
semicircle
semiconductor
semi-conscious
semi-detached
semi-final
semi-finalist
semi-precious
semivowel
Meaning: half
(used mainly in words of French origin)
DEMI_
Added to: nouns, adjectives
Baixa produtividade
Ex: demigod
demijohn
demi-pension
demi-sec
demisemiquaver
demitasse
Meaning: half
HEMI_ Added to: nouns adjectives
Baixa produtividade
Ex: hemicylindrical
hemisphere
REFERENCES:
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Grammar of Contemporary
English. Essex, UK: Longman, 1972
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the
English Language. Longman 1985