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Chapter 12 - Nervous Tissue

The nervous system employs electrical and chemical means to send messages very quickly from cell to cell. This chapter breaks down the various branches of the nervous system. It then goes into the anatomy of neurons and glial cells and then explains the physiology of neuron communication.
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The Nervous System, Part 2 - Action! Potential!: Crash Course A&P #9
Ion Channels Regulate Electrochemistry to Create Part 2 of the Nervous System Crash Course! Hank Green goes in depth with physiology of action potentials. Action Potential 4:51 Resting State 3:22 Depolarization 6:09 Repolarization 7:35 Hyperpolarization 8:00
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The Nervous System, Part 1: Crash Course Anatomy & Physiology #8
Hank Green gives an engaging overview of the Nervous system in this 2 part youtube series. Sensory Input, Integration and Motor Output 1:36 Organization of Central and Peripheral Systems 2:16 Glial Cells 3:54 Role, Anatomy and Function of Neuron Types 5:23 Structure and Function of Neurons 6:20
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Neuron action potential description | Nervous system physiology | NCLEX-RN | Khan Academy
Khan academy gives a great overview of action potentials, showing both what is happening in the axon and the mV over time graph.
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Temporal summations occurs when a single synapses generate EPSPs so quickly that each is generated before the previous one fades. The EPSPs add up over time to a threshold voltage. Spacial summation occurs when EPSPs from several synapses add up to threshold at the axon hillock.
EPSP: any voltage change in the direction that makes a neuron more likely to fire IPSP:a neurotransmitter hyper polarizes the postsynaptic cell and makes it more negative than the RMP, and makes the postsynaptic cell less likely to fire Anatomy Physiology, Neurology, Neuroscience, Nervous System
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EPSP: any voltage change in the direction that makes a neuron more likely to fire IPSP:a neurotransmitter hyper polarizes the postsynaptic cell and makes it more negative than the RMP, and makes the postsynaptic cell less likely to fire
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transmission at a cholinergic synapse. Acetylcholine directly opens ion channels in the plasma membrane of the postsynaptic neuron.
the diagram shows an action potential in nematranc membranes, including axon and
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This image displays an action potential traveling down the axon. In the place of the action potential, the membrane potential is the opposite sign as the rest of the membrane, and it is followed my a refractory period, so the potential is one directional.
Actions of Sodium and Potassium pumps during an action potential. During resting membrane potential, these pumps are closed while the leaky changes allow some sodium to flow in and for some potassium to flow out. Then as the action potential begins the sodium channels open allowing a lot more sodium to flow in, depolarizing the membrane. Then to depolarize, the sodium channel closes and the potassium channel opens, flowing out and repolarizing the membrane. Teas Test Prep, Teas Test, Sistem Saraf
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Actions of Sodium and Potassium pumps during an action potential. During resting membrane potential, these pumps are closed while the leaky changes allow some sodium to flow in and for some potassium to flow out. Then as the action potential begins the sodium channels open allowing a lot more sodium to flow in, depolarizing the membrane. Then to depolarize, the sodium channel closes and the potassium channel opens, flowing out and repolarizing the membrane.
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This image presents the stages of an action potential. 1) is when the local current arrives at the anon hillock, starting to depolarize the membrane in a local potential. 2) is the local potential reaching the threshold of -55mV. 3) the neuron begins its action potential, with the voltage gated channels quickly opening the sodium channels and slowly opening the potassium channels. Na+ flows in depolarizing the membrane
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Types Of Neurons
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The Neuroglia of the Central Nervous System include: Oligodendrocytes, Ependymal, Microglia, and Astrocytes. Oligodendrocytes serve to create a myelin sheath on the nerves of the CNS. Ependymal produce CSF. Microglia are small macrophages that develop from white blood cells in the brain. Astrocytes are the most abundant of the glial cells and serves as a supportive framework for the nervous tissue. They also maintain the blood-brain barrier
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A Representative Neuron. The soma gives rise to a few thick processes that branch into a vast number of dendrites, the receiving sites for signals from other neurons. On one side of the soma is a mount called the axon hillock, which continues into the axon.
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Sensory (afferent) Neurons: specialized to detect stimuli such as light, heat, pressure, and chemicals, and transmit info about them to the CNS Interneurons (association neurons): lie entirely within the CNS. They receive signals and carry out the integrative function of the nervous system. 90% of our neurons are interneurons. Motor (efferent) neurons: send signals predominantly to muscle and gland cells, the effectors.
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The nervous system employs electrical and chemical means to send messages very quickly from cell to cell. 3 Steps: 1. receives info about changes in body and the external environment and transmits info to CNS 2. The CNS processes this info and determine what is the appropriate response. 3. the CNS issues commands primarily to muscle and gland cells to carry out such responses
the nervous system is shown in this diagram, with different areas labeled on each side
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the sensory (afferent) division carries signals from various receptors to the CNS. this pathway informs the CNS of stimuli within and around the body. -somatic: skin, muscles, bones, and joints -visceral:from the viscera and thoracic and abdominal cavities The motor (efferent) division carries signals from the CNS to the gland and muscles cells that carry out the body's responses. (also somatic and visceral) - sympathetic: fight or flight -parasympathetic: calming