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Pearson
Education
 NEW EDITION

Advanced
Vocabulary & Idiom
B j THOMAS
Introduction iv
Dictionary Practice 1
Topics
City Life 4, Issues in Education 4, Fashion in Clothes 5, The Environment 5,
Advertising 6, How Much Freedom Should Children Have? 6, Censorship 7, Love 7,
Attitudes to Work and Leisure 8, The Purpose of State Punishment 8

Related Word Groups

Body 9, Books 9, Dirt and Damage 11, Drinking 12, Driving 13, Food 14, Friends 16,
Light 17, Materials 18, Money 19, Numbers 20, People 20, Small Quantities 21, Social
Types 22, Sounds 23, Space Travel 25, Sport 26, Time 27, Tools and Equipment 27
Word Formation
Word Forms 29, Prefixes 34, Suffixes 36, Compound Adjectives 38, Noun Plurals 39
Problem Words
Confusing Word Pairs 40, Difficult Verb Pairs 44, Ambiguous Words 46, False Friends 46

Idiom
Alliterative Expressions 51, Animals 52, Body 53, Collocations 54, Colour 55, Fictional
Characters In Everyday Language 56, Food 57, 'Hand' 58, Names 59, Numbers 60,
Pairs 61, Phrasal Verbs 62, Rhyming Expressions 64, Status 65, Time 66

Identification
Objects 67, Newspaper Parts 68, The Arts 68, Occupations 69, Occasions 70
Description
People's Appearance 72, Diagrams 73, Plans 74, Maps 76

Style
Newspaper Headlines 78, Formal English 81, English in Advertising 83

Spoken English
Forms of Spoken Address 85, Colloquial Responses 86, Exclamations 87,
Spoken I'dumbers and Measurements 88, Well-known Spoken Phrases 89,
Colloquial English and Slang 90, Popular Language 92

Miscellaneous
Geo-political Names 94, Names and Tltles 95, Foreign Words and Phrases 97
Homophones 99, Abbreviations 100, Similes 101, Proverbs 102, Euphemism:
Britain 104
Word Games 107
Key 108
common colloquial forms and will be especially useful for students who do not study
in English-speaking countries and therefore do not have the advantage of hearing
this kind of language around them. The Miscellaneous section contains a variety of
exercises: Geo-political Names will help students to understand newspapers and
other mass media; Names and Titles and Abbreviations give practical information
about everyday English usage; Foreign Words and Phrases, Proverbs and Euphemisms
provide useful knowledge of commonly-used expressions. Word Games provide
entertaining puzzles.
Use a good dictionary t o d o t h e following exercises. If you like, you can try t o
d o t h e m w i t h o u t help first, b u t check your answers i n a dictionary
afterwards.

Pronunciation
1 In each three-word group below, circle t h e t w o words which have t h e
same-sounding underlined parts.
Examples: e.g. daser wan
a) w o r d swear w i t c h f) yacht c&t hot
b) q u a p l a see
~ g) r k a d v h practk
C) OuQht colonel t h i d h) theatre those think
d) bottle company flood i) &le &ISI date
e) timber number climber j) st= coat low

2 I n each o f t h e four-word groups below, two words rhyme. Circle t h e

rhyming pairs.
Examples: @ great @ sit face @ pass
a) phone done gone shone f) show how rough though
b) story lorry worry hurry g) bough tough stuff grow
C) bomb comb some dome h) hard word third lord
d) saw owe go how i) lose loose choose chose
e) hour four door throw j) piece prize nice rise

Stress
Mark t h e stressed syllable in each w o r d below.
Examples: 'advertise ad'vertisement inde'pendent 'many
advise guarantee necessary apostrophe
promise central necessitate economic
educate centralisation necessarily economist

Spelling
Finish t h e spelling o f t h e words below w i t h t h e correct endings f r o m those
above each group.
1 -acy -asy -isy
democr- idiosyncr- accur- fant- obstin-
ecst- conspir- priv- diplom- hypocr-
2 -able -eable -ible
port- chang- predict- unpronounc-
respons- sens- knowledg- uninhabit-
advis- peac- incorrupt- convert-

3 -ious -eous
court- erron- ted- grac- miscellan
glor- gor9- hid- infect- relig-

Meaning
1 Finish each phrase o n t h e l e f t w i t h t h e most suitable item o n t h e right.
1) She carved a) the ordeal.
2) He felled b) the garden.
3) She weeded C) a school.
4) He founded d) the tree.
5) S he survived e) the joint.

2 Arrange t h e words below i n t o groups o f equal number, each group

containing related words.
bowler brakes budge crawl limp
busby boot beret account bumpers
hull balance cap stroll dashboard
helmet statement porthole deposit windscreen
deck overdraft funnel stagger creep

3 In each five-word group below, four words are similar i n meaning and
one is completely different. Circle t h e 'odd one out' i n each group, and say
why i t does n o t belong.
Example: foe rival @ adversary opponent
Answer: The others all mean 'enemy, someone against you'.
a) pal mate buddy dimw~t chum
b) swift fleet sluggish nifty brisk
C)adore abhor detest loathe despise
d) peak zenith nadir apex summit
e) soaked saturated drenched sopping parched
f) plead appeal implore entreat grant
Word Parts
1 Give t h e irregular plurals o f these words.
goose salmon mouse O~SIS
ox alrc rdft half diagnosis

2 Put t h e correct f o r m o f t h e w o r d i n brackets i n each sentence below.

a) He's been very and bad-tempered recently. (quarrel)
b) The six finally reached the summit. (mountam)
c) The park is roughly in shape. (triangle)
d) Thanks for the book. It was very . (inform)
3 Make compound nouns or adjectives, using t h e w o r d o n t h e l e f t as t h e
first part, t o f i t t h e meanings given.
Example: finger (mark left by a finger) = fingerprint
fire (organrsation which puts out fires)
(that cannot burn, catch fire)
(gun, rifle, pistol, etc.)

light (tower with light to warn ships at sea)

(happy, without worries)
(liable to steal)

play (portable enclosure for a baby)

(rich man devoted to pleasure)
(person who wr~tesplays)

Word Use
1 Put t h e correct prepositions in these sentences.
a) He abstained voting. c) She's engrossed the book.
b) I div~dedit six parts. d) I'm disgusted his behaviour.

2 The verbs i n t h e sentences below are used w i t h o u t an object, i.e.

intransitively. Some o f t h e m can also be used w i t h an object, i.e. transitively.
Where possible, add t h e object in brackets.
Examples We ate i n silence. (the meal) He fell t o t h e ground. (the book).
We ate the meal in silence. No object possible. (We cannot say:
He fell t h e book t o the ground.)
a) I leant against the wall. (my bike)
b) She walked in the park. (the dog)
C) He drives very carefully. (his taxi)
d) She knelt in the church. (her children)
e) She sat on the chair. (the baby)
f) He lay on the floor. (the books)
g) He marched up the hill. (his men)
h) They arrived at seven. (the car)
is (i) , since it creates a division between people. Another important question
in education is the amount of freedom and choice children should be given at
school. The conservative view is that a (j) system of strict rules is best.
However, critics of this attitude say rt causes regimentat~on,as in the army, and
discourages children's natural imagination and (k) We must ask ourselves
what the purpose of education is: to (I) children's heads with facts or to
encourage them to develop their natural abilities in their own way?
produce a world which is safe for us and will provide a good quality of life for
future generations.
attitudes can encourage (h) (against parents, school, authority) in a child, or,
conversely, (i) a child's natural sense of adventure and curiosity. A strict
(i) -by over-caring pareots can make a ch~ldso timid and (k) that he
or she is unable to express freely h ~ sor her emotlons and form mature relationsh~ps.
To bring up ch~ldrento be normal, well-adjusted human beings requires great
wisdom, and perhaps a bit of luck.
described as (i) . Certainly, for any relationship to be (j) , the two
people ~nvolvedmust be (k) (they must get on well together). This does not
necessarily mean that they must have attitudes and interests In common, for
partnerships of opposites can work very well. The different characters of the two
people somehow (I) each other.
be used. Murderers should be subject to the principle 'an eye for an eye and a tooth
for a tooth' and automatically receive the (i) . On the other hand, it is said
that such views are unreasonable, cruel and (j) and that we should show a
more (k) attitude to punishment and try to understand why a person
commits a crime and how society has failed to enable him to live a respectable,
(1) -life.
I
(a) Why is an encyclopaedia usually more expensive than a dictionary?
(b) What is a murder mystery called, and why?
(c) What is an exciting adventure story called, and why?
(d) How can you get information about scientific, technical, statistical
and similar matters?
(e) How would you ask for a particular book in a bookshop7
(f) What must an author do when a publ~sher'sdeadline arr~ves?
(g) What must be done before a book is printed?
(h) What does every author hope?
(i) How can you save money when buying books?
(i) ... a picture of the author or the subject of the book?
(j) ... how the book is org;c$i~sed rn chapters?
(k) .. a convenient list of the dates and events of the period covered in the book?
Port Out, S t ijrboard I-lome: PO!SH.
 Drinking
1 Make sentences by connecting each person o n t h e left below w i t h t h e
correct phrase o n t h e right.
(a) A teetotaller serves people in a pub
ill) A secret drinker runs a pub.
(c) A social drinker has a drink from time to time.
(d) An occasional drinker only drinks with other people, e.g. at parties.
(e) An alcoholic doesn't want other people to know he dr~nks.
(f) A drunkard drinks a lot.
(g) A 'wino' is often drunk.
(h) A heavy drinker never drinks alcohol.
(i) A publrcan produces beer in large quantities.
(j) A barman is addicted to alcohol.
(k) A brewer is a poor person, often homeless, who dr~nksanything,
anywhere.

2 The dangers o f alcoholism are very real. Put t h e people i n t h e above

exercise (on t h e left) i n order o f t h e danger they are i n f r o m alcoholism, w i t h
those i n greatest danger at t h e top. Then draw a line between those you
think are safe from alcoholism and those w h o m i g h t become, or already are,
in danger f r o m this disease.
3 Match each drink o n t h e left below w i t h i t s description on t h e right.
(a) squash a last (alcoholic) drink before going to bed
(b) a cocktall a non-alcoholic fruit drink
(c) a nightcap a mixture of beer and lemonade (or a similar drink)
(d) one for the road a mixture of wine or spirits and hot water, sugar, lemon etc.
(e) a shandy a refreshing non-alcoholic drink, e.g. squash, Coca-Cola
(f) punch a single drink of spirits
(g) a soft drink a mixed alcoholic drink
(h) a short a last drink before driving

4 From t h e list o f drinks o n t h e left above, choose one or more which

w o u l d be a good drink f o r ...
. . . a children's party.
. . . an adults' party.
. . . a formal reception.
. . . someone who's going to drive.
. . . a last drink of the evening.
. . . a hot day.
. . . someone who is nervous before an important occasion.
. . . someone who is trying to give up alcohol.

5 Put each o f t h e following words i n t o i t s correct place i n t h e sentence!

sip pub crawl toast breathalyzer
drop stagger booze corkscrew
intoxicated vineyard cheers hangover
(a) Let's open another bottle of wine. Where's the ?
(b) We went on a last night. This morning I've got a tc--."I- .
(c) Wine is made from grapes, which are grown in a .
fq-
-
bonnet and (I) the engine. It appeared t o be OK. He got into the car again,
(m) -his seat-belt, (n) the mirror and (0) the engine
nervously. It purred sweetly. Good. He (p) the hand-brake. The car moved
forward. Another hundred mlles to go.
2 Describe h o w you failed your driving test disastrously.
(d) venison
The problem, however, in trying t o guess the meanings of these words is that
the rhyming part is often dropped and people simply say:
'What's that? Let's have a butcher's.'
'Come on! Use your loaf!'
'That's a nice whistle you're wearing.'
The writer Gec)rge Orwc41, in Animal Farm and 1984, warned of the dangers of
totalitarian governmenlt, and we still describe that form of dictatorship as
,
'Orwellian'. Otner
-
examples of names becoming adjectives are Shakespearean,
- - - -

Victorian, Christian, Shavian (from Shaw) and Dickensian. Do you know the
adjectives from these names? (They don't all end in '-an1.)
Churchill, Machiavelli, Napoleon, Mao, Elizabeth, Stalin, Hitler, Confucius,
Lenin, Kafka, Thatcher, Freud, Ritz, Marx, Plato
Adam'. Arriving in exile, Napoleon could have said, 'Able was Iere 1 saw Elba'.
To celebrate a great new waterway: A man, a plan, a canal - Panama. Others
are: Was it a cat I saw? And finally a long one:
Doc, note, I dissent. A fast never prevents a fatness. I diet on cod.
Once you are accustomed t o the American accent, there should be ncI difficult]/
.. . .
in understanding, and being understood by, speakers of American Engllsh. Here
are some common words from American vocabulary. What words would British
people use in their place?
store a~partment sidewalk +rrlqk (car)
fauce!t Clown-town freshman d (car)
mailrnan t humb tack garbage fie-theater
candy gas (car) elevator ---..d in line
 v
What is special about the following sentences?
The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.
Pack my box with five dozen liquor jugs.
Jackdaws love my big sphinx of quartz.
 He likes t o do things on his own.
She's a girl who likes to play rough, boys' games.

2 Instructions as above.
a tear-away a clock-watcher a layabout a miser
a wind-bag a litter-lout a slave-driver a slob
a name-dropper a road-hog a jay-walker a fare-dodger
(a) She talks on and on about her opinions and ideas.
(b) He keeps count of every penny he has and only spends money if he must.
(c) She likes t o mention all the famous and important people she's met.
dash item scrap
(a) 'Whisky?' 'Well, just a , please.'
(b) Don't ask me about the economic situation. I haven't a .
(c) I'm just going out for a of fresh air.
(d) I watched a rain- tr~cklingslowly down the window.
(e) I'd l ~ k emy coffee almost black please. Just a very small of milk.
(f) 'What a lovely smell. What is it?' 'Some spices and I think some seafood and
also just a of lemon.'
(g) I wrote the phone-number down on a of paper I tore from an envelope.
would be good to have at a party?
would you especially avoid'
might have a lot of romantic relationships7
makes friends easily,
would get on well together? (make pairs, e g Don Juan and femme fatal)
are you'
When demonstrators march through the streets, they often political
slogans.
He gave a of surprise when he found the shower was ice-cold.
The taxi-driver gave a of contempt at the small tip.
He used to on and on monotonously and some of h ~ slisteners went to
sleep listening to h ~ m .
The little baby began t o weakly.
I had to at the top of my voice to make him hear me above the noise.
The heavy old metal cart began to over the stony road.
I heard a loud as the cannon fired.
There is no more joyous sound than the of bird-song.
I can hear a . Something in your car needs oiling.
I heard the of rolling thunder in the distance.
There was a small as he closed the car-door.
The impatient motorist began to at the SIO\N car in front
From my house you can hear the gentle of a stream.
come t o watch the (e) and they were silent as the final (f) began:
10, 9,8, 7,6,5 , 4 , 3, 2, 1, zero-(g) ! The enormous object raised itself
into the sky and began its h~storicjourney, to (h) safely in the ocean four
hours later. Since then great progress has been made. Alan Shepherd simply went up
and came down agaln, but now (i) can go into (j) and circle the
earth for days or weeks, or two of them can (k) in space, enabling people
to pass between them. Each (I) extends man's knowledge of space.
cats: rniaow cockerels: cock-a-doodle-doo
ducks: quack-quack COWS: moo
birds: tweet-tweet sheep: baa
2 Instructions as above.
(a) violinist a scalpel
(b) window cleaner a truncheon
(c) fisherman a pneumatic dr~ll
(d) tailor a bucket
(e) surgeon a bow
(f) usherette a tape measure
(g) policeman a net
(h) br~cklayer a spade
jurisdiction t o entertain a purported appeal he may make a decision t o that
effect and such declaration shall dispose of the purported appeal.'
Word Forms
Fill each space i n t h e sentences b e l o w w i t h t h e correct f o r m o f t h e w o r d i n
b o l d p r i n t a b o u t it. .
E.g. decide
(a) We must come t o a very soon.
(b) We beat them . We won 7:0,
(c) He can never make up his mind. He's very .

Answers:
(a) dec~sion (b) dec~sively (c) indecisive
1 beauty
(a) She is very
(b) She's train~ngt o be a
(c) They're going t o the town w ~ t hmore trees and parks.

2 Pay
(a) To buy this car I made a monthly of f 280 for t w o years
(b) Please make your cheque to John Watson.
(c) The person a cheque IS made out to 1s called the .

3 receive
(a) She works as a at a hotel ~nScotland
(b) Ask for a when you buy someth~ng,in case you need t o return it.
(c) I made several suggest~onsto Improve production, but the management was
not very to my ~deas

4 hero
(a) He received a medal for his
(b) They fought in the war.
(c) She was described as a .

5 produce
(a) -of the new sports car has been halted by a strike.
(b) China is one of the world's leading of rice.
(c) I'm afraid the talks were totally . We didn't reach agreement on
anything.

6 explain
(a) An -leaflet IS given t o all purchasers of the machine
(b) His disappearance is very strange, in fact quite .
(c) I think you owe me an for your behaviour,

7 compare
(a) This is better than that. In fact, there is really n o .
(b) Scientists have made tests on the new drugs.
16 imitate
(a) The bag IS made of leather
(b) Small chlldrnr ~ i very
~ e ~nthelr behavlour They just copy what they see
(c) HISactlng style IS No one can copy hlm.

17 argue
(a) She had an with her husband last night.
(b) He's a very bad-tempered, chap. He's always quarrelling
(c) She IS the flnest pianist in the world.
He felt a strange, painful in his back.
Even the most person ought t o appreciate the beauty of this music.
What an idiotic, thing to do!

famous
The of the Beatles soon spread outside Britain.
The day of the massacre w ~ lgo
l down in history as a terr~ble, day.
It was a day of
defend
I just want to ask you a few ordinary questions, so why don't you relax?
Why are you so ?
The government's policy on arms is shocking. It is quite .
We must do all we can for the of this nation against possible attack

agree
What an unpleasant, old woman she is!
We finally reached on the matter at midnight.
I liked the place. I found the people, the weather and the food very

possess
In his will he left all his money and to his wife.
She was a very mother. She gave her son very little freedom.
The actor playing the main part should be the of a very good voice,
good looks and a very strong physique.

different
I'm afraid I have to . I don't agree with you at all.
Politeness is one thing. Real kindness is another. You must learn to
between the two.
We get along pretty well, although of course we have our from time
to time.

active
The strike was organised by a group of political .
The fire-prevention system IS by any small increase in temperature
It is quite safe to go near the volcano. It has been for years.

form
It is especially important for children to have love and affection in their
years.
The slight in his left hand was corrected by surgery.
The police are considering the of a new anti-drugs unit.

compel
Nlilltary service is no longer in South Africa.
Membership of the Students' Club is entirely voluntary. There is no
whatsoever.
All staff should attend the meeting. Only the most reasons for absence
will be accepted.

create
Ian Fleming, the of James Bond, died in 1964.
Although she is very able technically, she isn't enough for this
klnd of work.
The of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation took place in 1949:

enthusiasm
They threw themselves into the new project
He's a real golf . He loves the game
They dldn't really over my ldea In fact there was some opposit~on
 conscience at all. She was simply moral.
(h) The police claimed that she had some knowledge of the murder
attempt and could have prevented it.
(i) He was standlng in the middle, in the ground of the picture.
(j) Young chlldren can sometimes be actlve, which means that they can't
kee~ still.
e) monotonous j) cent O) unicorn
 creatures.
(b) John O'Groats in Scotland is the northern town in mainland Britain.
(c) We are pleased to present you with this award for your praise work
among the poor of this city.
(d) In the old days it was not considered lady for a woman to smoke ~n
public, ~fat all.
(e) Architecture during that period was very boring. Almost every building was a
box- structure, with no variation or decoration t o please the eye.
(f) We're looking for an honest, reliable, trust person to handle our legal affairs.
( g ) He betrayed the inner secrets of hrs country's government to the enemy
(h) A small accident lrke that won't appear in the papers. It isn't news
enough.

6 Explain t h e meanings o f t h e following phrases.

(a) a business-like manner (d) a noteworthy comment
(b) his foremost thought (e) a life-like statue
(c) a roadworthy car (f) outermost defences

7 -wards (in t h e direction of) -esque (like, i n t h e manner of)

-some (causing, making)
Put each o f t h e above suffixes i n its correct place i n t h e sentences below.
(a) I have a backache which is a bit trouble at tlmes.
(b) He cast his eyes heaven as if imploring God for help or pity.
(c) It's very pictur here, with the trees attractively framing the view of
the river.
(d) From Colombia we went south through Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia to
Argentina.
(e) Man's f~rstview of the earth from space was an awe sight.
(f) The back garden faces sea so you can always be sure of a
pleasant view.
(g) I'm afraid I find her constant chatter gets a bit weari after a while.
(h) The architecture here is rather Roman Look at the round arches and
thick walls.

8 Explain t h e meanings o f t h e following phrases.

(a) quarrelsome boys (d) a downward movement
(b) outwardly confident (e) a tiresome person
(c) a statuesque figure (f) a Kafkaesque novel

9 -scape (scenery) -scope (means o f observing) -let, -ette, -ling (small)

Put each of t h e above suffixes in i t s correct place i n t h e sentences below.
(a) Even the most powerful tele does not make the smallest stars visible
(b) 1 watched a drop of rain move slowly down the window.
(c) His most famous sea was painted in 1879 and hangs in the National
Gallery.
(dl A gas- is a young goose.
(e) The award takes the form of a silver statu of the Greek god, Adonis.
(f) The first television picture of the hitherto mysterious moon was the
most dramatic sight I have ever seen.
(9) His home is in the country and he's wondering if he can afford to buy a
flat in London too.
(h) The crew of a submarine just below the surface can see what is happening
above by looking through the peri .
(i) Travelling by car, you have the chance to stop In the countryside to admirt? the
land

10 Explain t h e meanings o f t h e following words and phrases.

a) a microscopic insect d) a kitchenette
b) a piglet e) a marvellous cloudscape
C) a duckling f) a booklet
(e) This machine I S operated by hand.
(f) The new director is an economist educated at Oxford.
(g) He has very b r o a d shoulders.
(h) She's always very satisfied with herself.
(i) My sister is very conscious of dress.
 mart~al,brlef-case, passer-by, commander-ln-chlef, pollce car)
if) The farmer's and some wild were sometimes alarmed by
low-flylng (deer, aircraft, sheep)

2 W r i t e these words i n t h e i r plural forms.

;,d) C ~ I S I S (f) stratum
(b) chateau (9) thesls
(c) memorandum (h) phenomenon
(d) analysis (i) criterion
(e) bureau (j) medlum
dissatisfied (discontented, displeased, not satisfied with quality)
unsatisfied (unfulfilled, not satisfied with quantity)
He ate a meal large enough for three normal people but his appetite was
still .
I'm very with thrs computer. It keeps breaking down.
If you are with the service, you should complain
Demand for the new car is still in spite of an lncrease ~nproductton

suit (be surtable for)

suite (swr:t) (group of things belongrng together, set)
Will seven o'clock you or shall I come later?
She took a of rooms at the Bristol Hotel.
For the Irving-room we can erther buy a complete of matchrng
furniture or get different items separately.
Do you thrnk a dark brown overcoat would me7

prophecy (prediction, noun)

prophesy (predict, verb)
1- that he will pass his exam and get a good job.
I will make a . There will be a new government in less than a year.

device (new invention, means of doing something, noun)

devise (invent, verb)
Anyone who can a means of recording television programmes w~thout
recording the advertisements will make a fortune.
He invented a for warning pilots ~fthere was bad weather ahead.
A- can be attached to a private telephone whrch keeps a record of all
calls made and their cost.
He managed to a system of bonus payments to encourage hard-
working staff.

enquirylenquiries (request for information)

inquirylinquiries (formal investigation)
You should make at the office.
Official are always held after plane crashes.
We have received a number of about our new product since putting
an advertisement in the newspaper.
It was never discovered where the missing money went, in spite of a searching
by the bank.

exhausting (very trring)

exhaustive (very thorough, complete)
tests were carrled out to discover the cause of the plane's engine
failure.
'The older members of the group found the long journey quite .
He never stops talking. He's an person to be with.
The police carried out an investigation, but the missing woman was
never found.
dairy (i: place where milk is kept, butter, cheese etc. made; shop selling milk
products ii: related to milk products)
diary (daily record of events)
He kept a from the age of 1 5 to 21
We're st111wait~ngfor milk del~veriesfrom the ,

No, we don't grow wheat or vegetables. It's a farm. We have about

200 cows.
She has a regular column in the Daily News describing the various activities of
the day. It's called 'Annabel's ,'
Difficult Verb Pairs
A small number o f verbs give problems because the past tense (and usually
also the past participle) o f one verb has t h e same spelling as t h e present
tense and infinitive o f another. In each sentence below use t h e right form o f
the correct verb.
1 fall, fell, fallen
fell, felled, felled (cut down)
(a) Prices have steeply since last August.
(b) Three old trees will have to be because they are diseased and dangerous.
(c) He lost his balance and heavily.

2 find, found, found

found, founded, founded (establish)
(a) My grandfather th~sfirm in 1924.
(b) While clearing out the bedroom, I these old letters
(c) The United Nat~onswas in 1945.

3 bind, bound, bound (tie up)

bound, bounded, bounded (i: jump ii: border)
(a) Switzerland is by France, Germany, Austria and Italy
(b) The lion forward and sprang at her.
(c) Hewas hand and foot by the robbers.

4 see, saw, seen

saw, sawed, sawedlsawn (cut with a saw)
(a) I suddenly a face at the window.
(b) He -the branch ~nhalf and put the pieces on the fire.
(c) Two prisoners through the bars of their cell window and escaped

5 grind, ground, ground (crush into powder)

ground, grounded, grounded (compel to remain on the ground)
(a) The ship went too near the coast and was on rocks.
(b) The beans are in this machine before they are put in the coffee pot.
(c) The airline has decided to all its planes until special safety checks have
been carried out.

6 wind, w o u n d [waund], w o u n d (twist)

w o u n d [wu:nd], wounded, wounded (injure)
(a) The train its way up the h~llsideand stopped just below the top.
(b) The police opened fire and six of the rioters.
(c) Keep still and I'll a bandage round your arm.

7 lie, lay, lain (be or put oneself in a horizontal position, intransitive)

lay, laid, laid (put, transitive)
(a) He the enormous box on the ground and looked for a taxi.
(b) He -there for an hour until someone finally heard his cries for help.
(c) In this school emphasis is on discipline and hard work.
(d) I'm tired. I think I'll down for a while.
(el They were ordered to down their weapons.
(f) The v~llages at the foot of the mountains.
 3 (afternoon) smoko (break for cigarette and r e f r e s ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ t ,
Other common slang expressions:
chunder (vomit), pom, pommy (British person), crook (no good, sick), beanie
(woollen skull cap), roo (kangeroo)
Ambiguous Words
The following sentences have t w o different meanings, due t o t h e ambiguity
of t h e words in italics. Explain t h e t w o meanings o f each sentence.
(a) She was d r ~ v ~ non
g the r i g h t side of the road.
(b) He's very f a i ~
(c) She was a very funny g ~ r l .
(d) Half the workers In the factory are idle.
(e) They did not recognise the new President.
(f) She's a very curious person.
(g) It's a very cheap newspaper.
(h) They are expected t o arrive at seven.
(i) My grandfather was a very p o w e r f u l man.
(j) I thought he was rather suspicious.
(k) She was very jealous of her husband's reputation.
(I) She l~kest o entertain people.
(m) John should know the answer.
(n) He didn't appeal to me.
(0) The Morning News is a popular newspaper.
(p) He m i g h t have phoned
(q) I'm afraid I'm not prepared t o leave yet.
(r) The teacher insisted that his pupils did their homework regularly.
(s) He took advantage of his friend's knowledge.

False Friends
Speakers o f other, mainly European, languages may come across certain
English words and because they look similar t o words i n their o w n language
wrongly assume t h a t the meaning is t h e same. The confusion m i g h t be
because o f a chance similarity i n spelling; because t h e original meaning, i n
one or other language, has changed over the years; or because t h e original
w o r d was borrowed f r o m one language and, f r o m t h e start, used differently
in t h e other. Such words are called 'false friends'.
In each pair o f words below, t h e first w o r d is t h e false friend and t h e second
is t h e w o r d it is o f t e n confused with. Put each w o r d i n i t s correct place i n t h e
sentences which f o l l o w each pair.
1 actual (real)
present (current, existing now)
(a) Carter and Bush are former American Presidents. Who 1s the one?
(b) I've known many rich men, but he is the only millionaire I've met.
(c) She used to work in advertis~ng,but her job is in journalism.

2 ignore (deliberately take no notice of, pay no attention to)

not know
(a) His speech was interrupted by loud shouts but he wisely decided to ,
them and carry on.
(b) How can you your teacher's name? You see her every day!
(c) Well, if you my warnings, I cannot be responsible for what nappens
to you.
(b) He and his wife had a heated about which car to buy
(c) The best against smoking is its effect on health.
(dl The of the essay we had to write was 'World Peace'.

9 eventually (finally, after a long time)

possibly (perhaps or maybe)
(a) The Soc~alistParty w ~ lwin,
l with a majority of over fifty.
(b) After travelling all day, they reached home at midnight.
(c) He's arriving on Tuesday, or Wednesday.
(d) At the moment he has only one shop, but he hopes to have a nationwide
chain .
(a) If I the exam, I'll celebrate by giving a party.
(b) I hope you're successful in the exam. When do you ~t?
(c) I - my dr~vingtest tomorrow. I hope I ~ t .

16 remark (say, make a comment)

notice (happen to see)
(a) He enjoyed his stay with us, but he d ~ d that he hadn't slept well.
(b) I thought I saw a strange-looking man outside the house. Did you him?
(c) I was in such a hurry that I didn't what the weather was like.
(a) I have often heard tourists favourably on the number of parks ~nthe city.
voyage (journey by sea)
journey (travelling from one place to another)
The liner Titanic struck an Iceberg and sank on her very flrst
My -to work every morning takes about 40 mlnutes
He went on a long across Asia
Before the opening of the Suez Canal, the from Europe to lndla round
Afrlca took several weeks
The writer George Be1rnard Shaw thought English spelling was ridiculous. He
demonstrated this by saying that the word 'fish' could be spelt 'ghoti', the -'!
pronounced as- In
. .enough1,the '-0' as in 'women' and the '-ti' as in 'station'.
3
(b) I'd love t o be a when the American and Russlan leaders meet for a
pr~vatetalk.
(c) From that mountain you'll get a of the town and lake.
(d) Down the middle of the road, reflecting the cars' headlights, are the ,

(e) l was once a in a medical experiment to test a new drug.

(f) Can I have a glass of water? I've got a .
(g) In offices and hotels, letters are often placed in little, open-ended compartments
called labelled with the letters of the alphabet.
English often uses the names of other countries in common phrases. If two or
more people at a restaurant or pub go dutch, they all pay for themselves. If
you can't make sense of written instructions, you say 'It's all Greek to me'. If
warm, dry weather continues into autumn, it's an Indian summer. Do you know
what Dutch courage is? And where would you see a Mexican wave? And what
is Russian roulette?
wide crystal Paper flat
She had a sharp mind.
She went to bed at seven and she was asleep by ten past.
The sea near those rocks is clear.
There's been no rain for months and the land is dry.
Sorry, I can't lend you anything. I'm broke.
He was drunk. He couldn't even walk properly.
The neighbours hear everything we say. The walls are thin.
It was 2 a.m but I was st111 awake.
2 Instructions as above.
red-carpet treatment t o see red rose-coloured spectacles
a red herring a white-collar j o b a green belt
blue-eyed b o y a w h i t e lie
(a) IVaturally the President's wife received on her visit.
(b) He said he dldn't want to have and sit in an office all day.
(c) All round the city there is of open country where building is restricted.
(d) She loves animals and tends when she sees one being badly treated.
a bit lhke , isn't ~ t ?
I t h ~ n kthe neighbours' kids should be allowed a bit of freedom t o wear what
they lhke and get dirty having fun, not made to look like
She's really explo~tedby her fam~ly.They make her do everyth~ngfor them,
cook, clean . . She's a sort of
He's a body-builder and weight-lifter. Have you seen him In a swimsu~t' He
looks like .
He sounds very impressive when he talks about h ~ sadventures and
achievements, but it's all fantasy. He's a character
Come on, , wake u p ! It's nearly lunch-t~me
The first par.t of each of the following words con! jingle let1:er. What
the words mean?
-L?A
A-bomb 1-sn1rt U-turn
E-IT V. T-junction
V-f c X, A-line
 by playing a little from time to time.
(c) He wants nothing more t o do with the idea. He just wants the whole
thing.
(d) The guerrillas are reported . The government forces are very much on
the defensive.
(e) My older brother always beat me easily at tennis. He always used
(f) He is thought a gold-smuggling operation now going on but the pol~ce
can't prove it.
swift (fast) peruse (read) slumber (sleep)
demise (death) scribe (writer) thoroughfare (street)
attire (clothes) hale (healthy) converse (talk)
The t?xhibition contlnuc?s througjh 30 Aplril.
He's rh..
31 ly aawund girls.
-."A,.

There was a large field in the back of the house.

I haven't seen Joe in yc3ars.
.-..,h n.
This work isn't good er~uuyrl. uo it over.
I was there from a quarter of nine to a quarter after ten.
Mary Perez made a speech in behalf of the whole class.
The school is named for its founder.
Pairs
1 Put each o f t h e following colloquial 'pair-phrases' i n its correct place i n
t h e sentences below.
cloak and dagger length and breadth hard and fast
chop and change song and dance by and large
pins and needles t o o t h and nail p r i m and proper
touch and g o
It was whether the police would get to the scene of the accident ~ntime.
She's very strict In moral matters and rather a snob. She's very
I agree that the shop treated you very badly. But just write a pol~teletter of
complaint. It's not worth making a about it.
Of course a few pupils were lazy, but the children were interested and
hard-working.
If you take a decision, you must stick to it. You can't all the time.
When the old man died, his greedy relatives fought over his will.
We don't regard our entry requirements as rules. We are prepared to
be flexible.
He knows Brazil very well. He's travelled the of the country.
I like exciting novels about spies and conspiracies. I love that stuff.
If you've been sitting in one position for a long time without moving, you
sometimes get .

2 Instructions as above.
safe and sound ups and downs odds and ends up and about
sick and tired t o and f r o ins and outs d o w n and o u t
pros and cons spick and span
I'm of his continual bad behaviour.
She's very house-proud. Her kitchen is always ,

I just keep various in that drawer, nothing special.

Like everyone else, she has her of course, but on the whole she's quite
satisfied with life.
He lost everything, family, job, money, home . . . Now he's and sleeping
in the park.
You should consider the carefully before you make a decision.
She's ill in bed, but she'll be in a couple of days.
The parents were beg~nningto worry but finally the children arrived home .
This ferry-boat operates between England and France. It just goes all
the time.
He's the right man for the job. He's experienced. He knows the of the
business.
(a) The authorities intend t o these old buildings and a modern
office block in their place.
(b) They'll never believe you're American. Your accent will you
lmmedlately.
(c) If you persist in refusing to pay the rent for this flat, we shall have no optlon
but to YOU
(d) When I was in New York, I was able to several old fr~endsI hadn't seen
for years.
(b) I waited nearly an hour for them, but they didn't
(c) After all the trouble you've taken, I hope your plans don't
(d) There is a very real fear that war may soon.
(e) We've had some hard times recently, but I think things are beginning to .
(f) The emergency services thought that the bomb might at any moment.
(9) The schools next week. It's almost holiday-time.
(h) Her new book is due to next month. I wonder what the critics will
think of it.
7 lnstructions as above
go down drop off break d o w n come u p
fall o u t drop i n fall o f f hold o n
The number of tourists visiting Spain is at its peak in July and August and
begins to in September.
The subject of higher salaries will probably at the meeting.
Don't get so nervous about your speech tonrght. I'm sure it'll very well.
She's not a very strong person. I'm afraid she might when she hears
the news.
They haven't spoken to each other since that argument about the taxi fare.
How silly to over such a trivial thing.
I think we're going in the wrong direction. , I'll look at the map.
I live at 32, Rutherford Street. if you're in the district.
The meeting was long and the room was hot. I was afraid I might .

Rhyming Expressions
1 A number o f common colloquial expressions consist o f rhyming parts.
Put each o f t h e following expressions in i t s correct place i n t h e sentences
below.
big-wigs pell-mell higgledy-piggledy brain-drain
nitty-gritty prime-time humdrum culture-vulture
(a) We've got some important visitors coming to see the factory tomorrow. They're
government inspectors, Members of Parliament, officials from the Ministry and
other .
(b) The programme is only of limited interest. I can't understand why it's shown on
television.
(c) The two world leaders met and after the usual greetings and formalities got
down to the of their talks.
(d) He goes t o all the new plays, reads the new novels, loves art and ballet. He's a
real
(e) After the robbery everything was in a mess, , all over the place.
(f) She'd like to find a more interesting, exciting job. She finds her present work
very P-

(g) It's been a terrible morning. I overslept, rushed out to the bus-stop,
missed the bus, had to get a taxi . . .
(h) The of doctors, scientists and academics leaving this country is having a
serious effect on our health service, industries and universities.

2 Instructions as above.
silly-billy hanky-panky space-race walkie-talkie
mumbo-jumbo willy-nilly fun-run roly-poly
(a) A policeman usually carrles a so that he can keep ~ntouch w ~ t hHis
pollce statron
(b) 5,000 people are taking part in a five-mile on Sunday to raise money
for char~ty
(c) You've put on we~ght You're getting qu~te .
(d) Oh, I am a I've bought salt and 1 meant to buy sugar.
(e) The competition between the United States and the Soviet Union in the field of
rockets and inter-planetary exploration is often called the .
(f) She d ~ dnot believe in having a religious wedding and considered the church
service t o be just a lot of .
(g) In the army you don't have much choice where to go. You're sent where you're
needed, .
(h) There have been accusations of illegalities, suspic~ousirregularities and other
during the elections. There's going t o be an inquiry.

3 Instructions above.
wine and dine moan and groan meals-on-wheels
wear and tear la-di-da make or break
(a) Old people who cannot cook for themselves easily are entitled to use the
service.
(b) This is Wayne Smith's last chance to show if he is good enough for the football
team. It's day for him.
(c) She was very affected in her accent and manner. Most people thought she was
very P-

(d) After twelve years it's only natural that your furniture is showing signs of

(e) Come t o the best restaurant in town, where you can in style.
(f) If you find so much to compla~nabout In your job, either do something about it
or resign. Don't just .

Status
Use t h e correct phrase f r o m t h e following l i s t t o replace each o f t h e phrases
i n italics i n t h e sentences below.
The headmaster-to be The so-called headmaster
The late headmaster The would-be headmaster
The present headmaster The ex-headmaster
The headmaster present The stop-gap headmaster
The actual headmaster The sacked headmaster
The headmaster in question
The m a n determined t o b e headmaster made a speech
The headmaster, w h o is n o w dead, made a speech.
The headmaster w h o was a t t h e occasion made a speech.
The m a n w h o h a d previously been headmaster made a speech
The m a n w h o is n o w headmaster made a speech.
The headmaster w h o was dismissed made a speech
The headmaster himself made a speech
The m a n w h o was temporarily acting as headmaster until someone was
appointed permanently made a speech
The headmaster w h o is the subject o f discussion made a speech
The m a n w h o was due t o take up his appointment as headmaster made a
speech
The headmaster, w h o Ithink is very b a d a t his job, made a speech.
(f) I've warned them about it but they never I~sten.
I should have been a cartographer.
six words which helped you t o decide.
(a) The first movement IS dominated by the strlngs with only occas~onalpercussion
participation. So many bows dancing in unison made this a visual as well as an
aural delight and I abandoned my score to watch. In the second movement the
wind section takes command, and with such vigour that the baton seems to
struggle to keep up rather than the reverse. For once I did not envy the man on
the rostrum, and was content with my seat in the stalls.
(b) HISfavourite medlum 1s now oil, and the canvas which dominates this show, a
still-life of bottles, is a masterpiece of representational skill (his early abstracts
(e) I picked up a fare at the station today. I was in the rank. Smartly-dressed chap.
Wanted St M~chael'sChurch. 'Gorng to a wedding?' I said. 'Yes, and I'm late.
Step on it,' he said. I did my best and as I dropped hrm off I sard, 'Doesn't look
as if they've started yet.' 'They can't,' he said, 'I'm the bridegroom.' And he
didn't give me a tip!
(f) We're fully-dressed in our helmets and protective clothrng by the time we arrive
Then we start unrolling the hoses and getting the ladders ready in case they're
needed. The worst things are hoax alarms. You can never be sure till you get
there whether a call is genuine or not. Some people think it's fun to dial 999 . . .
carrylng her shoes In her hand. They look like (j)

3 hips waist expression buckle strongly-built

upright closely-cropped bare-headed broad clean-shaven
He's a (a) man with (b) shoulders and a slim (c) . He has no
beard or moustache, he's (d) . He's not wearing a hat; he's (e) He
has (f) hatr and a serious (g) on his face His trousers are held up by
a belt with a large, round (h) . He's standing very (i) , with h ~ shands
on his (j) .
angles to the wall with the door In it. The head of the bed 1 8 against the door-
wall, so I can see the sky through the window when I wake up, and the bed is
just over half the length of the wall. There is just enough room between the
bed and the door for a small bed-side table. In the corner to the right of the
window is a wash-basin. Between this and the bed is a small wardrobe. My
armchair faces the centre of the room from the corner diametrically opposite
the wash-bas~n,i.e. on the left as you enter the room. A book-case stands
against the wall facing the wardrobe, and I have a hi-fi set next to ~t in the
corner left of the window.
the coast. On the coast, south-west of A, is the port of B,
whlch IS lhnked to the gold mines 20 miles inland to the north
by a straight road. The country's only railway goes east from A,
reaches the coast after about 50 miles and follows the coast as
far as the town of C, which is at the country's easternmost
extremity. The town of D is half-way along the railway
between A and C, and 30 miles off it is Green Island, more or
less circular in shape and linked with the mainland only by air
to a small airport just north-east of D.
Describe t h e places and features o f t h e maps on t h e left below, o f an island,
a city and a country, in the same way as in t h e previous exercises, assuming
the outlines are given, as o n t h e right.

*Town
=Road
30 Miles
u

National ;
' .d
Museurn,,-*' 4~'
;
, 4
'
---_...,

Town

500 Miles
I I I ! I I
raid, to raid
to look for, ask for, want
to s~lence,censor, censorship
exciting, dramatic event
election, voting, public opinion survey
to rearrange, rearrangement (of senior jobs)
to reslgn, leave
spelling?
gray pajamas center quarreling
labor airplane dialog check (bank]
ax favorite defense neighbor
plov pretense theater signaled
cot0 kidnaped catalog traveler
 simply means 'bridge on the River Cam'. Not all place names are so e-cillj
explained but a list of common endings will help:
bourne, burn (spring, stream) Eastbourne, Blackburn
burgh, bury (fortified town) Edinburgh, Canterbury
cester, chester (Roman fort, 'castra') Gloucester, Manchester
ham (home village) Petersham, Birmingham
mouth (river mouth) Bournemouth, Plymouth
ton (farm, village, town) Brighton, Bolton
wich, wick (dwelling, farm, village) Greenwich, Gatwick
minster (monastery, church) Axminster, Westminster
llr9
(a) Should there be any defect in this appltance, consult the supplier. (note wlth
wdshing machine)
(b) Follow the instructions on the reverse of the form. (official form)
(c) NO liability can be accepted for events beyond our control. (travel firm's rules)
(d) It should be noted that possession of the minimum entrance requirements does
not guarantee admission. (university entrance regulations)
(e) Should you wish to extend your rental beyond the agreed terminating date, ~tis
imperative that the renting stat~onis advised immediately (car hire conditions)
(h) Please keep this receipt. You may have to show it later on (official receipt)
(I) The firm can't promise to send the goods you order until you send them the
whole price.(business letter)
(J) If you want a Certificate of Attendance, you'll have to show your Admission
Slip It's not absolutely necessary for you to have a teacher's note saying you
come regularly, but it'll make things a lot easier (college rules)
English in Advertising
Trade Names
1 Many firms and shops choose a short name which attracts attention, is
easy t o remember and immediately identifies the service being offered.
This name is often spelt i n a kind of simple phonetic spelling t o make it even
more unique and memorable, e.g. EAZIWASH (easy wash) is a launderette
and FIZZEEK (physique) is a gymnasium and health club.
Below are the real names of fourteen firms or shops. Give the normal
spelling o f each and find on the right the kind o f business it is.
(a) LlTE BITE photo-processing shop
(b) SHUSELLA photo-copying firm
(c) KEEP-A-KREASE children's clothes shop
(d) SUPASNAPS snack bar
(e) KWlCK KOPY shoe-shop
(f) KWALITY FASHIONS dry-cleaners
(g) KUMFY KlDDY WEAR taxi firm
(h) HANDICARS garage and repair shop
(i) MR KLEEN women's clothes shop
(j) SIYAX dry cleaners
(k) MOTOR KARE hairdressers
(I) LOOKRITE snack bar
(m) FLlTE CENTRE car-hire firm
(n) U-DRIVE travel agency

2 Products are often named in the same way as the businesses above.
Give the normal spelling o f each real product below and write down the kind
o f product you think i t is.
(a) KLEENOFF (c) ANSAFONE (e) KARRIMOR
(b) KATTOMEAT (d) RESTRITE (f) ANSADOR

3 Some firms use normal spelling in their names but form them by combining
two words into one. What kind of bus~nessdo the following real firms do?
(a) TRANSLAGENCY (d) SECURICOR (g) SUNTOURS
(b) AUTOCHECK (e) QUICK-LETS (h) DATAFLOW
(c) AUTOPASS (f) FIGURETRIM ( i ) FINNAIR
 (Advertisement for a brand of glue)

(I) THE WEATHER-MEN CAN'T GUARANTEE YOU AN

INDIAN SUMMER, BUT WE CAN
(Travel agency advertisement)

(m) WE'LL GIVE YOU FOOD FOR THOUGHT

(Restaurant advertisement)
(p) Child t o his or her grandmother: Here are your glasses, ,

(q) Woman shopkeeper In a small, friendly shop to a customer: What would you
like, ?
(r) Soldier t o h ~ scommanding officer: Can I go, ?
(8) Commanding officer to his soldiers: 1 want more effort,
(t) Ch~ldto his or her father: Goodnight, .
(u) Someone t o a stranger in the street: Excuse me, .
6 lnstructions as above.
(a) I've got some news. OK. Thanks all the same.
(b) I hope the weather's good for our trip tomorrow. Well, It can't be helped.
(c) He's a very odd chap. I'm all ears.
(d) I've left our tickets at home! It takes all sorts.
(e) Sorry I can't help you. I'm keeping my fingers
crossed.
In the following exercises, the situations are very informal, e.g. between very
close friends, when we sometimes use very casual, ironic or even rude
responses.
7 lnstructions as above.
(a) Can you lend me f 1OO? Serves you right.
(b) I've eaten too much. l feel ill. OK. Suit yourself.
(c) Where were you last night? That'll be the day.
(d) I think I'd rather go to a pub. You must be joking.
(e) I'll pay you t u c k soon. Mind your own business

8 lnstructions as above.
(a) Why don't you do some work? Have it your own way
(b) I insist on doing it like this. How should I know?
(c) Where's Ann tonight? I like that!
(d) I've borrowed your coat. Rather you than me.
(e) It's very cold, but I'm going for a walk. I can't be bothered.

Exclamations
1 People often react t o certain situations by using sounds rather than real
words, and people from different countries often use different sounds, e.g.
British people often say 'ouch!' when they feel a sudden pain, whereas other
nationalities sometimes say 'aie!' Of course different British people will have
different responses, but the following are common.
Answer the questions below with sounds from the following list.
giddyup! mm! eh? (rhymes with 'say') w o w ! (rhymes with 'how')
whoah! sh! boo! (rhymes with 'too') there, there
whoops! well?
What do you say i f you . ..
(a) . . want someone to be quiet?
(b) . . . don't catch what a friend says?
(c) . . . want a horse to start or go faster?
(d) . . . comfort a child in pain and crying?
(e) ... jump out from behind a tree to surprise someone?
(f) . . . suddenly lose your balance, or drop something?
(y) . . . are waiting for someone to answer your quest~on?
(h) . . . are suddenly impressed by something?
(i) ... want a horse to slow down or stop?
(j) . . . express spontaneous delight!

2 Instructions as above.
hear, hear er (rhymes with 'sir') gosh!
now, now hi! (rhymes with 'lie') ta-ta
cheers oi! (rhymes with 'boy') ta
(p) Brazll and Italy drew three all. (football)
(y) The score stands at thirty love to Becker. (tennis)

2 Write out the following sentences exactly as they would be spoken, i.e.
as in t h e exercise above.
(a) 7 3 + 2 0 - 4 3 = 5 0
(b) 129 t 3 = 43
(c) 4 x 2 1 = 8 4
(d) Edward VII died in 1910.
(s) 'Say "Cheese" . '
(t) 'Allaboard!'
(u) 'Man overboard!'
 Mr Moore: Someone's pinched my brolly and it's coming d o w n in buckets.
Mr Stanton: Oh, tough luck.

7 Valer~e Saw a fllm the other n ~ g h tChap falls f o r a girl, then discovers she's
dy~ngBit of a tear-jerker I suppose ~twas pretty corny, but I lhked ~t Mary
Major had a part 1.1 ~t She must be pushing 70.

8 Bob: I think my o l d banger's clapped o u t . I'll have to get a new one.

Jim. Yes, ~tdoes look past it. What'll you get?
Bob: I rather fancy the new Rover.
Jim: Classy! It'li cost you a packet.
 person
a situation leftie person with radical or left-wing
drag (n) bore, nuisance: 'I've got to do vlews
my homework. What a dragl' like sort of, kind of, almost meaningless
eco- (prefix) ecological word lndicatlng lack of confidence in
f a b fabulous, wonderful vocabulary: 'I was, like, ~mpressed.'
f l a p (vln) panic: 'He's flapping.' 'He's in Mickey Mouse (adj) worthless, not
a flap.' serlous.'l don't want to work for a
 M~ckeyMouse operation lrke that ' sarnie sandwich
mind-blowing amazing, verb scene to my liking or taste: 'It's not
'It I1 blow your m ~ n d' my scene.'
mind-boggling amazlng schmuck fool, tdiot
neat good smashed drunk
no-no taboo, someth~ngone mustn't squeaky clean morally upright and
do or say 'When I was young, correct
public k~ssingwas a no-no ' sussed well-informed, streetwise:
not on out of the question, ~mpossible 'She's sussed.'
no way not at all, out of the questton, suss (out) work out, find out: 'I can't
no chance 'There's no way I'm suss her/this out.'
d o ~ n gthat aga~nl' switched on vuell-informed, efficient
o.d (v) to take an overdose of drugs, TLC tender loving care: 'What he needs
or to have too much of something I S some TLC.'
'He o d ed and was taken to hosp~tal' together (adj) well-balanced: 'She's a
oldie old person together person.'
on a roll hav~nga run of luck or upbeat lively, positive
success upside the positive points about a
one-off (nladl) unlque, unltke any situation
other a one-off person, th~ng, uptight tense, worried
sltuatlon veggie (nladj) vegetarian
out t o lunch crazy, out of touch wacky eccentric, odd
( w ~ t hreal~ty) wannabe one who wants t o be rich,
pig out eat a very b ~ gmeal famous etc. 'He's a wannabe
(in) pole position favourite to wln rock-star.'
'In next week's elect~onthe weirdo very strange person
Republ~cancand~dateis In pole w e t (adjln) bor~ng,weak (person)
p o s ~ t ~ o' n what it's all about what the main
prat fool, stup~dperson purpose is: 'We exist to have a good
puke (nlv) vomrt time. That's what life is all about.'
rave b ~ g all-night
, d~scoparty wrinklie old person
right? often used by young people at yob hool~gan
the end of a sentence to mean yonks a long time
'OK7' or 'You understand" yuck! (exclamation) (adj. yucky)
'I'm going, r ~ g h t ? ' Disgusting!
rip-off (vln) to cheatlrob, a d~shonest
act~on 'I've been r~ppedoff '
'The restaurant was a r~p-off'
roll-up self-made c~garette
Geo-political Names
1 Explain t h e difference between t h e t w o names i n each o f t h e following
pairs.
(a) England and (Great) Britain
(b) (Great) Britain and the United K~ngdom
(c) (Great) Britain and the British Isles
(d) Europe and Continental Europe
(e) The Middle East and the Far East
(f) India and the Indian Subcontinent
(9) Amerlca and IVorth America
(h) South America and Latin America
(i) The Arctic and the Antarctic
(j) Australia and Australasia
(k) .South Africa and Southern Africa
2 Explain t h e difference between t h e t w o adjectives i n each o f t h e
following pairs.
(a) Arab and Arabic
(b) Scottish and Scotch
(c) Oriental and Occ~dental

3 Match each country o n t h e left below w i t h t h e name o n t h e right by

which i t is also known.
(a) Holland Eire
(b) Iran The Netherlands
(c) Myanmar Ulster
(d) SriLanka Persia
(e) The Republic of Ireland Ceylon
(f) Northern Ireland Burma

4 Which countries are referred t o by t h e following expressions?

(a) The European Union countries
(b) The (Brltisi-i)Commonwealth
(c) The NATO countries
(d) The West lndies
(e) The Guli States
(f) The Third World

5 Which countries are sometimes referred t o by t h e following colloqui

expressions?
(a) The States
(b) Down Under
(c) The Land of the Rlslrrg Sun
(dl The Em~i<:ld Isle
mountain bike?S cosmetic surgery airmiles
wheel-clampir-'9- bottle-banks jacuzzis
microwave ov'ens cash-dispensers phonecards
lap-top compirters smart bombs modems
electronic tag!ging flexi-time CD roms
Yes, I've had some bad luck recently, but it's no use worrying about it.
I hadn't visited the country for a long time and I wasn't with the most
recent political developments.
He's a very artist. I have no idea what he's trying t o express Very few
people understand his paintings.
She made her as an actress in a film at the age of 14.
That building still has i t s old as you can see, but the rest of the building
behind it has been rebuilt and modernised.
At the moment there is a between the t w o countries. Relations are
much easier.
(j) No, our house hasn't got a proper garden, just a paved .
Homophones
A homophone is a word which has exactly the same pronunciation as another
word although the spelling and meaning are different.
E.g. One - won
nose - knows
write - right
piece - peace
1 Write a homophone for each o f the following words.
(a) two (i) here (q) hole
(b) eye (j) pair (r) sale
(c) guest (k) wait (s) meet
(d) waste (I) steel (t) past
(e) male (m)bored (u) blue
f way (n) seize (v) red
(g) wear (0) principal (w) stairs
(h) war (PIcaught (x) born

Instructions as above.
road (i) sort praise
SO (11 pause ce~ling
rain (k) main heard
sweet (1) pale sent
fair (m) berry sell
bold (n) higher course
miner (0) through find
died (p) mornlng idle
 Abbreviations
1 For each abbreviation o n t h e left below f i n d another o n t h e right which
has something i n common w i t h it.
(a) a.m. Cantab.
(b) PC BA
(c) Oxon. PM
(d) MP p.m,
(e) BR CID
(f) RIV BST
(9) GMT RAF
(h) BBC BC
(i) AD In/

2 For each abbreviation o n t h e l e f t below there is another i n t h e centre

and another o n t h e right which together make a group o f three
abbreviations which have something i n common. Make as many groups o f
three as you can.
(a) NHS ft WHO
(b) 0 2 Rd Ave
(c) in GP PhD
(d) Con. MA yd
(e) St Ib st
(f) BA mph Lib. Dem.
( g ) mPg Lab. cc
3 Put each o f t h e following abbreviations in i t s correct place in the
sentences below.
SO5 TUC Qc VIP UFO IQ
VC H IV CN D HQ MBE DIY
The United Nations is in New York.
Now then all you fans. Here's an all-purpose tool to help you in a
hundred ways t o do those home repairs.
Although he was defended by an eminent , he was found guilty and
sent to prison for eight years.
He's extremely bright. They say he has an of 160.
He was the only soldier in the regiment to win the in the Second World
War.
The represents the great majority of working men and women in
Britain.
Scientists doing research into Aids are looking for an antidote to the
virus.
Film-stars, prime ministers and other celebrities are entertained in the specii
lounge at the airport.
The Beatles each received an honour from the Queen. It was the .
Their was picked up on the radio by two other sh~psand a plane. They '

were rescued within hours.

Some people thought the object in the sky was a .
bringing-'b~>~~ul>
-,LA--
from
another planet but it turned out to be a small plane.
(I? will support any moves to abolish or reduce nuclear weapons.
pj
4 Some abbreviations, like t h e following, are pronounced as one word.
Put each one i n i t s correct place i n t h e sentences below.
UNESCO VAT NASA
AIDS NATO OPEC
(a) The price is £87 but it's subject to so that will be £95.70.
(b) -has been described as possibly the most deadly epidemic in the history
of the world.
(c) -has announced that the next space shuttle launch will take place in
August.
(d) The nations are to meet in Geneva t o decide whether to increase the
price of oil.
(el -military exercises involving American forces will be held in Britain and
Germany this winter.
(f) An expert from produced a report on primary education in
underdeveloped countries.

1 Put t h e following words into t h e correct spaces i n t h e sentences below.

kitten hills sheet new pin
feather knife dust flash
(a) I've heard that story a hundred times before. It's as old as the
(b) Her children are always beautifully dressed and as clean as a .
(c) I'm afraid I find ancient history as dry as
(d) What's wrong? Are you ill? You're as white as a .
(e) She went on a diet, lost several kilos and now she's as l ~ g h as
t a
(f) The schoolchildren were very bright. They answered my questions as quick as a

(g) After the operation I felt as weak as a .

(h) He's very intelligent and quick-thinking. He's as sharp as a

2 Put t h e correct adjectives f r o m t h e following list i n t o t h e sentences

below.
cool sober good poor
thin deaf drunk fit
(a) He was as as a lord.
(b) l was as as a judge.
(c) He's as as a church mouse.
(d) She remained as as a cucumber.
(e) The children were as as gold.
(f) He's as as a rake.
(g) I'm as as a fiddle.
(h) He's as as a post.
mouthful to say 'he or she', 'his or her' all the time,, so we us;e 'they', 'their':
., . . ,
'Every student must make sure they have t n e ~ stuaent
r
.,
card.'
The title, 'Ms', for both married and unmarried women means that they, like
men, need not advertise their marital status. Some people, in fact, are so
determined t o avoid male dominance in language that they use adapted words
like 'personkind', 'herstory' and 'wimmin'.
Actresses now call themselves 'actors'. Words like 'salesman' and 'chairman' are
disappearing, t o be replaced by 'salesperson', 'chairperson' or simply 'chair'.
(d) Your product 1s very badly-made.
(e) Our relations with your country are awful.
(f) It would be stupid t o g o o n strike now.
(9) You o w e us money.
(h) We were very angry w ~ t hyour letter.
London Glasgow
Dublin Edinburgh
Wales Liverpool
North Sea Birmingham
Belfast Manchester
England Irish Sea /-'-
Channel Atlantic Ocean
Cardiff Northern Ireland
Scotland Republic o f Ireland
which has a similar meaning t o the word in brackets.
e.g. (strange) launuus
Answer: unusual
a) (funny) gainsum cla~mco omushuro rashiliou
b) (child) houty greenate grenytous cotenadles
C) (think) sume endrop droncise lampettonce
complex i) divisive jj conventional k) spontaneity I) cram

Fashion in Clothes (p.5)

a) individualists b) slaves to fashion c) haute couture d) fashion houses e) trends f) trendy
g) d~ctateh) the latest fashion I) personal ornaments I) slav~shlyk) d~ctatesI) conform~sts

The Environment (p.5)

a) ecolog~calb) sewage c) extinction d) deforestation e) acid rain f) pesticides g) herbicides
h) organlc i) disposal j) animal rights k) sustainable I) enlightened
Drinking (p.12)
1 a) never drinks alcohol b) doesn't want other people to know he drinks c) only drinks with
other people, e.g. at parties d) has a drink from time to time e) is addicted t o alcohol
f) IS often drunk g) is a poor person, often homeless, who drinks anything, anywhere h) drinks
a lot i) runs a pub j) serves people in a pub k) produces beer in large quantities 3 a) a non-
alcoholic fruit drink b) a mixed alcoholic drink c) a last (alcoholic) drink before golng to bed
d) a last drink before driving e) a mixture of beer and lemonade (or a similar drink)
f) a mlxture of wine or spirits and hot water, sugar, lemon etc. g) a refreshing non-alcoholic
drink, e.g. squash, Coca-Cola h) a single drink of spirits 5 a) corkscrew b) pub crawl, hangover
C) vineyard d) toast e) sip f) cheers g) breathalyzer h) drop I) booze I) ~ntoxicatedk) stagger
fashioned light summer hat i) a wall j) cutlery 2 a) a wine-bottle stopper b) a woman's
expensive evening dress c) shoes, a casual jacket d) fine bed-sheets e) an ordinary soldier's
uniform f) packlng material g) a man's hard-\~edrngsports-jacket h) flne cups etc. i) old shlps
j) a lawn

American English 1 (p.18)

shop, tap, postman, s\lveets, flat, town centre, drawing pin, petrol, pavement, 1st year
university student, rubbish, lift, boot, bonnet, cinema, queue
('Get ready to start the race ') g) football etc. ('The score is three goals to zero.') h) archery, shootlng
('Rlght in the middle of the target!') i) show-jumping ('The rider has lost four penalty points.')
Time (p.27)
1 a) the small hours b) digital c) local time d) time zones e) chronological f) decade, century g) spell
h) era I) turn of the century 2 a) Dawn is the first light of day and dusk is the last b) a month can be
any perlod of 28 days, but a cdlendar month specifies that one of the 12 named months of the year,
e.g. April, is meant c) a leap year is one in whlch February has 29 days
Tools and Equipment (p.27)
1 a) a stethoscope b) a rake c) a whip d) a rolling pln e) a hose f) an axe g) a baton h) an anv~l
I: a plane j) an exposure meter k) a spanner I) an anchor 2 a) a bow b) a bucket c) a net d) a tape
measure e) a scalpel f) a torch g) a truncheon h) a trowel I) a dr~erI) a spade k) a pneumat~cdrill
I) a compass 3 a) a turntable b) flippers c) a br~efcased) a catalog~~e e) a vacuum cleaner O radar
g) scaffolding h) a park~ngmeter I) a heaise j) bluepr~ntsk) a palette I) a crane 4 a) a score b) a sn~ffer
oog C)a loom d) a w h ~ s t ee) a last f) headphones g) a plough h) a k ~ l nI) a f ~ l n gcab~net
j) a clapperboard k) a dl111I) a till

Word Formation
Word Forms (p.29)
1 a) beautiful b) beautician c) beautlfy 2 a) payment b) payable c) payee 3 a) recept~onist
h) rece~ptc) receptive 4 a) heroism b) hero~callyc) h ~ r o l n e5 a) product~onb) producers
C) unproduct~ve6 a) explanatory b) inexpl~cablec) explanat~on7 a) ~ncomparably,comparison
b) comparative 8 a) ~nadv~sable b) adv~soryc) adv~sab~l~ty 9 a) admirers b) admiration
C) admirable 10 a) stab~llseb) instabillty c) unstable 1 1 a) economlse b) uneconomical
C) economlc 12 a) residence b) residentla1 c) residents 13 a) comfort~ngb) uncomfortable
C) d~scomfort14 a) deaths b) deadly c) deaden 15 a) demonstrators b) undemonstrat~ve
C) demonstrably 16 a) lmltatlon b) rmltatlve c) ln~m~table 17 a) argument b) argumentative
C) arguably 18 a) unrepeatable b) repetltlve c) repetition 19 a) unfa~l~ngly b) failure c) failing
20 a) discourage b) courageously c) encouragement 21 a) unreal~st~c b) reality c) reallst
22 a) fals~fy~ng b) falsehood c) fals~ty23 a) prophet, prophecy b) prophet~c24 a) indescribable
b! descript~vec) description 25 a) friendsh~pb) befr~endedc) unfr~endly26 a) sensation
b) lnsensltlve c) senseless 27 a) fame b) ~nfarnous,infamy 28 a) defensive b) ~ndefens~ble
C) defence 29 a) disagreeable b) agreement c) agreeable 30 a) possessions b) possessive
C) possessor 31 a) dlffer b) differentlate c) differences 32 a) actlvlsts b) act~vatedc)inact~ve
33 a) format~veb) deform~tyc) formallon 34 a) compulsory b) compuls~onc) compelling
35 a) creator b) crealive c) creation 36 a) enthus~ast~cally b) enthuslast c) enthuse
37 a) necess~tateb) necessar~lyc) necess~ties38 a) ~ndestruct~ble b) destruction c) destructive
39 a) management b) unmanageable c) manager~al/management40 a) unbel~evableb) beliefs
C) disbelief

Portmanteau Words (p.33)

Swatch. SWISS + watch, hazchem hazardous + chemicals, Chunnel Channel + tunnel,
vegeburger vegetarian + (ham)Surger, fantabulous, fantast~c+ fabulous, brunch breakfast +
lilnch, Oxbridge: Oxford + Cambr~dge,camcorder: camera + v~deorecorder, shopahol~c
shopping + alcoholic, ginormous: gigantlc + enormous, motel motor + hotel. Interpol.
internat~onal+ pollce, guesstimate. guess + est~mate,ScotRa~l.Scotland + ra~lway,Amex
Amer~can+ express, Oxfam. Oxford + famlne, Eurovision Europe + telev~s~on, fanz~ne.fan-club
+ magazine, ecotastrophe ecolog~cal+ catastrophe, docudrama: documentary + drama
Prefixes (p.34)
1 a) pseudo b) out c) arch d) ma1 e) arch f) out g) ma1 h) pseudo I) ma1 j) out 2 a) name under
which an author wrltes Instead of h ~ sor her real name b) fiercest rivals c) bad, ineffluent
admln~stratlond) extra-large w e d clothes e) poor, insuff~cientnutrition f) falsely pretending to
be rel~g~ousg) a prlnc~pal,espec~allybad villain h) t o stay longer than your host w~shesyou to
stay 3 a) neo b) fore c) a d) hyper e) neo f) hyper g) a h) fore i) fore j) hyper 4 a) a modern form
of ~mper~al~srnb) a person w h o belleves there IS no God c) an lndicatlon of what 1s to happen In
the future d) an extremely large supermarket e) very high blood pressure f) a conclus~onwhich
was known or expected before g) not symmetric, Irregular h) someone who belleves in the old
Fasc~stIdeas 5 unlform, decade, century, quadrangle, monocle, tricycle, b~cycle,b~peds.
quadrupeds, binoculars, trlpod, octopus, monora~l,sextet, qu~ntet,quartet, tr~o,b~gamy,
b~l~ngual,pentdl'llon, septuagenarian, duologue, monologues, nonagenarlan, centenar~an,
octogenarian, tr~plets6 a) 200th anniversary or an event b) five-s~dedf~gurec) 100th
priced. h) The noise was ear-splitting! i) I need a four-door car.

Noun Plurals (p.39)

1 a) mice, geese, feet b) companies, stories, delays, keys c) chiefs, th~eves,roofs, knives, safes
d) photos, studios, Echoes, heroes e) passers-by, commanders-in-chief, br~ef-cases,pol~ce-cars,
courts-martiallcourt-martials f) sheep, deer, aircraft 2 a) crises b) chateaux c) memoranda
d) analyses e) bureaux f) strata g) theses h) phenomena i) criteria J) media
dinner-party etc./amuse with jokes etc. m) probably wrlllought to, has an obligation t o
n) ask me for help11 didn't like him o) well-likedlaimed at a wide circulation, non-intellectual
p) perhaps he phonedll'm annoyed he didn't phone q) readylwilling r) said they definitely did
iWmade them do and accepted no excuses s) exploited unfairlyltook benefit from, put into use
False Friends (p.46)
1 a) present b) actual c) present 2 a) ignore b) not know c) ignore 3 a) wonderful b) formidable
C)formidable d) wonderful 4 a) camping b) camp-s~te5 a) morale b) moral c) morale d) moral
6 a) attend b) frequent c) frequent d) attend 7 a) adequate b) suitable c) suitable d) adequate
8 a) subject b) argument c) argument d) subject 9 a) possibly b) eventually c) possibly
Fictional Characters in Everyday Language (p.56)
1 a) James Bond (daring intelligence agent in novels by Ian Fleming) b) Billy Bunter (fat
schoolboy, always eat~ng,in stories by Frank Richards) c) Peter Pan (boy who never grows up in
play by J M Barrie) d) Robinson Crusoe (man who finds himself alone on a remote desert Island
in novel by Dan~elDefoe) e) Scrooge (very mean character in Christmas Carol by Charles
Dickens) f) Man Friday (all-purpose servant of Robinson Crusoe) g ) Superman (character who
can achieve m~rdcles,from Arner~cancomic strip) h) Robin Hood (legendary outlaw who 'robbed
the r~chto feed the poor') 2 a) Jekyll and Hyde (man with t\~vocontrasting personal~t~es, one
gentle and one murderous, in novel by R L Stevenson) b) Sherlock Holmes (brilliant, shrewd.
private detective In novels by Conan Doyle) c) Big Brother (s~nisterdictator figure in
out 3 a) pull down, put up b) give away c) turn out d) look up e) turn away f) do up g) put off
4 a) stand For b) account for c) get over d) run into e) get round I ) take to g) come Into h) take
after 5 a) go back on b) be up to c) catch up with d) put up with e) make up for f) do away
with g) be up to h) look down on 6 a) turn in b) turn up c) fall through d) break out e) look up
f) go off g) break up h) come out 7 a) fall off b) come up c) go down d) break down e) fall out
f) Hold on g) Drop In h) drop off
Rhyming Expressions (p.64)
1 a) big-w~qsb) pr~me-timec) n~tty-grittyd) culture-?iulture e) h~ggledy-p~ggledy f) humdrum
g) pell-mell h) brain-drain 2 a) walkie-talkie b) fun-run c) roly-poly d) silly-billy e) space-race
f) mumbo-jumbo g) willy-nilly h) hanky-panky 3 a) meals-on-wheels b) make or break c) la-di-da
d) wear and tear e) wine and dine f) moan and groan
Status (p.65)
a) would-be b) late c) The headmaster present d) ex- e) The present headmaster f) sacked
g) actual h) stop-gap i) In question j) -to-be k) so-called

Time (p.67)
1 a) At one time b) At the time c) at times d) for the time being e) on time f) in time 2 a) in his
t ~ m eb) behind the times c) at the same time d) pressed for time e) before my time f ) In no time
3 a) in the nick of time b) All in good time c) for old time's sake d) About time too e) time on
his hands f) time after time 4 a) take his time b) keep up with the times c) kill time d) make
tlme e) blde his time

Identification
Objects (p.67)
a) bicycle b) briefcase c) television set d) book e) piano f) watch g) tree h) pistol, revolver I) map

Newspaper Parts (p.68)

a) gossip column b) captlon c) headline d) obituary e) horoscope f) editor~alg) reclpe h) auction
report i) football report j) travel and holidays k) parliamentary report I) gardening tips
m) television preview n) new car report

The Arts (p.68)

a) classical music concert b) exhibition of paintings c) novel d) dance, ballet e) play, theatrical
performance

Occupations (p.69)
a) men's tailor b) supermarket cashier c) airline pilot d) hospital nurse e) taxi-driver f) fireman
g) cinema usher

Occasions (p.70)
a) terrorist bomb explosion b) circus c) factory strike d) trial in court e) street demonstration

Description
People's Appearance (p.72)
1 a) lanky b) bowler hat c) double-breasted d) bow-tie e) cuff f) creases g) button-hole
h) tucked i) breast pocket 1) formally 2 a) skinny b) grin c) patched d) slanting e) lapels f) plaln
g) pigeon-toed h) casually i) bare-footed j) trainers 3 a) strongly-built b) broad c) waist d) clean-
shaven e) bare-headed f) closely-cropped g) expression h) buckle i) upright j) hips 4 a) teens
b) slender c) figure d) clasped e) wavy f) parted g) bow h) pleated i) polo-neck j) high-heeled
5 a) thirtyish b) folded c) bow-legged d) obese e) flat cap f) side-burns g ) checked h) rolled up
i) baggy j) braces

Diagrams (p.73)
Plans (p.74)

m
) Typewriter Diary

Statue
Entrance

=+?Chair Phone
Benches

Pond

d
Window
Hi-Fi
Table

Chair

Bed

Bed-side table

Letter Phrases (p.75)

a) street atlas of the town b) behaviour c) doesn't pronounce the -h at the beginning of words
d) reading, (w)ritlng and (a)rithmetic

Maps (p.76)

_Airport

Island
confirming your regular attendance is not obligatory but will greatly facilitate matters.

English in Advertising (p.83)

Trade Names 1 a) snack bar b) shoe-shop c) dry cleaners d) photo-processing shop e) photo-
copying f ~ r mf) women's clothes shop g) children's clothes shop h) tax1 firm i) dry cleaners
j) snack bar k) garage and repalr shop I) hairdressers m) travel agency n) car-hire firm
2 a) cleanlng fluids b) pet food c) telephone answering machines d) beds e) rucksacks f) vldeo
and audio home entry system 3 a) translating b) car repairs c) driving school d) securlty services
e) accommodation f ) health and slimming studio g) travel agency h) computer services I) airline
Puns a) 'Pounds' refers f~rstto money and second t o weight. b) They go up literally but also
raise their economlc and perhaps social level. c) 'Sound' refers to the quality of musical
fahrenheit, that is zero degrees centigrade. n) . . . two feet six and a half inches by five feet
eight and a quarter inches. o) . . three nil p) . . . two all. q) . fifteen love

Well-Known Spoken Phrases (p.89)

a) Underground station announcer to passengers, or lift attendant. b) Assistant in fast-food
shop to customers. c) Friends or relatives wishing someone happy birthday. d) Court official
asking accused person at beginning of trial whether he pleads guilty or not guilty, e) Customer
asking hairdresser not to cut too much off. f) Customs off~certo travellers passing through
customs. g) Owner to dog telhng it to keep close behind him h) Doctor to patient telling him
to get medicme from chemist's. i) Operator connecting caller. j) Customer ask~ngfor beer in a
pub. k) Auctioneer when the bidding seems to have stopped. I) Someone announcing a toast to
Jamaica etc. e) States round the ArabianIPersian Gulf. f) Underdeveloped countries of Africa,
Asia and 5. America 5 a) US b) Australia c) Japan d) Ireland 6 a) Pakistanila Pakistani
b) Peruvianla Peruvian c) Thaila Thai d) Scottish, Scotsla Scotsman, Scotswoman, Scot
e) Turkishla Turk f) Philippinela Filipino g) Swedish/a Swede h) New Zealand/a New Zealander
i) Lebanesela Lebanese j) Danishla Dane k) Dutchla Dutchman, Dutchwoman I) Englishlan
Englishman, Englishwoman m) Iraqilan Iraqi n) Spanish/a Spaniard o) Finnishla Finn p) Belgianla
Belgian q) Irishlan Irishman, Irishwoman r) BangladeshiIBangladeshis) Portuguese/a Portuguese
t) Frenchla Frenchman, Frenchwoman 7 a) Paris b) Chicago c) Venice d) Manchester e) Naples
f) Aberdeen g) Milan h) Glasgow i) Liverpool j) Vienna k) Moscow I) Rome
i) AD (Anno Domlni: In the year of Our Lord), BC (Before Christ) 2 a) NHS (Nat~onalHealth
Service), GP (General Practitioner), WHO (World Health Organisation) b) oz (ounce), Ib (pound),
st (stone) c) In (~nch),ft (foot), yd (yard) d) Con (Conservative party), Lab. (Labour Party), Lib
Dem (Liberal Democrats) e) St (Street), Rd (Road), Ave (Avenue) f) BA (Bachelor of Arts), MA
(Master of Arts), PhD (Doctor of Philosophy) g) mpg (m~lesper gallon), mph (~nllesper hour), cc
(cubic centimetres) 3 a) HQ (Headquarters) b) DIY (Do It Yourself) c) QC (Queen's Counsel) d) IQ
(Intelligence Quotient) e) VC (Victoria Cross) f) TUC (Trades Union Congress) g ) HIV (human
immunodeficiency virus) h) VIP (Very Important Person) I) MBE (Member of the Britlsh Emplre)
j) SOS (International distress signal) k) UFO (Unident~fiedFlylng Object) I) CND (Campaign for
Nuclear Disarmament) 4 a) VAT (Value Added Tax) b) AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency
Syndrome) c) NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) d) OPEC (Organisation of
suddenness, tattoo, keenness 5 (words in brackets give 'ough' sound) bough (now), enough
(stuff), ought (sort), cough (off),though (low), through (too), borough (mother), lough (rock),
hiccough (pick a)6 a) amusing, comical, humorous, hllarlous b) youth, teenager, youngster,
adolescent c) muse, ponder, consider, contemplate