Iván Lira-Torres
Mi línea de investigación se enfocan en:
• Ecología de vertebrados, principalmente comunidades de mamíferos (grandes ungulados y carnívoros) y cocodrilianos en zonas tropicales.
• Conflictos entre el hombre y depredadores de ganado.
• Ecología y comportamiento de grandes ungulados y carnívoros, entre cuyos aspectos he trabajado sobre ecología de poblaciones, dinámica poblacional, dietas, uso y preferencias de hábitat, uso del espacio, segregación sexual, patrones de actividad, así como el desarrollo de estrategias de manejo sobre diagnóstico poblacional de mamíferos en áreas protegidas, áreas prioritarias y UMAS.
Phone: +52 (55) 59 44 6262 (WhatsApp)
Address: Instituto de Ecología Aplicada (IEA)
Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas
Av. División del Golfo No. 356. Col. Libertad C.P. 87019
Tel. y Fax (834) 3162721, 3181800
Cd. Victoria, Tamaulipas, México.
• Ecología de vertebrados, principalmente comunidades de mamíferos (grandes ungulados y carnívoros) y cocodrilianos en zonas tropicales.
• Conflictos entre el hombre y depredadores de ganado.
• Ecología y comportamiento de grandes ungulados y carnívoros, entre cuyos aspectos he trabajado sobre ecología de poblaciones, dinámica poblacional, dietas, uso y preferencias de hábitat, uso del espacio, segregación sexual, patrones de actividad, así como el desarrollo de estrategias de manejo sobre diagnóstico poblacional de mamíferos en áreas protegidas, áreas prioritarias y UMAS.
Phone: +52 (55) 59 44 6262 (WhatsApp)
Address: Instituto de Ecología Aplicada (IEA)
Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas
Av. División del Golfo No. 356. Col. Libertad C.P. 87019
Tel. y Fax (834) 3162721, 3181800
Cd. Victoria, Tamaulipas, México.
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Papers by Iván Lira-Torres
constitute the first evidence of a resident population of jaguars in this protected area and the northernmost population of the species along the Gulf of Mexico. Strenthenging of conservation measures such as environmental services compensation, livestock compensation programs, conflict management and law enforcement are needed to protect this jaguar population.
Methodology: From 2009 to 2013 we collected field data of wild felids to assess their conservation status that included presence, relative abundance, activity patterns, and population structure. We collected data during five different sampling periods using 30 camera traps per sampling period.
Results: We had a sampling effort of 9 000 trap days and estimated an index of relative abundance (IRA) of 0.44 for Herpailurus yagouaroundi, 0.55 for Leopardus wiedii, 0.66 for Puma concolor, 1.55 for Panthera onca, and 3.22 for Leopardus pardalis. L. pardalis was the species with the highest number of independent records (n = 29) while P. concolor and P. onca were absent during the first two years of sampling. Most felid individuals were identified to gender and age class. Three types of activity patterns were recorded, with L. pardalis being active during all day (24 hrs), H. yagouaroundi was diurnal, while L. wiedii and P. onca were mostly nocturnal and P. concolor was crepuscular.
Discussion: We conclude that environmental education, regulation of subsistence hunting, establishment of a source-sink system, a livestock losses compensation program and payments for environmental services are essential for the conservation of wild felids in this priority region.
Key words: Chimalapas; felines; Oaxaca; Panthera onca; Mexico.
the zone of the isthmus, Cordillera de Veinte Cerros and adjacent zone of the northern range of Oaxaca (Iván Lira-Torres pers. comm.). In Costa Rica is present in the three mountain ranges and main protected areas in lowlands, with substantially higher densities at higher elevations (J. Gonzalez-Maya pers.
comm.). Recent range extensions of 377 km bring the Baird’s tapir to a new northern limit; Tuza de Monroy, near the municipality of Santiago Jamiltepec in Oaxaca State, Mexico.
to estimate an index of relative abundance (IRA) of 6.77 tapir photographs/1 000 trap-days (n=61). IRA varied significantly between sampling stations (Mann-Whitney, p<0.01). The frequency of Baird´s tapir photos was higher in the dry season in tropical rain forest without hunting (x², p<0.5). In the rainy season, the tropical rain forest and secondary vegetation habitats showed higher photo frequency than expected from random (x², p<0.5). Considering population structure, a 95.08% of adult animals was obtained in photographic records (n=58). Three types of activity pattern were observed, with more nocturnal records (88.33%; Kruskal-Wallis, p<0.05). The Chimalapas forest appears to be the second most important terrestrial priority ecoregion, just after the Mayan Forest (Campeche, Chiapas, Quintana Roo), for the conservation of tapir populations, not only for Mexico but
also for Central America.
A total of 42 fieldtrips, that followed conventional techniques, were conducted from 2003 through 2010, and some questionnaires to local hunters were applied. The mammalian fauna found in the area was composed of 149 species belonging to 99 genera and 30 families; these results support that the Zoque Forest is the richest in the number of mammalian species in Mexico. A total of 35 species were considered at risk by the Mexican National Law NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010, and 21 species were found to be registered in the IUCN Red List or in CITES. Of the 40 species included in any of the lists, only the Baird’s tapir, jaguar and white-lipped peccary were included in all three lists and 14 species were shared by the two of them. The main uses of mammals in order of importance are: 1) bushmeat, 2) pets, 3) skins, and 4) traditional medicine. Subsistence hunting and trade are unofficially allowed for farmers in this area. As for now, the region has healthy populations of a large number of mammals even though they have been used by local residents. However, since a considerable number of these species are listed under some criterion of threat, local authorities are called for more control. Rev. Biol. Trop. 60 (2): 781-797. Epub 2012 June 01.
region of Oaxaca, Mexico 768 guajolote growers were visited. Eleven different phenotypes of guajolote, previously described as turkey varieties, have been identified. The phenotypes identified and
their frequency are: Bronze (30.1%), Black (29.0%), Royal Palm (13.4%), Auburn (5.3%), Bourbon Red (5.2%), Narragancet (2.6%), Spotted (2.4%), Brown (2.2%), Slate (1.7%), White (1.5%) and
Imperfect Albino (0.2%). The remainder (6.4%) were not identified as a phenotype previously described. This is the first report about the phenotypic differentiation of guajolote in Mexico.
Amblyomma ovale, Anocentor nitens and Ixodes bicornis. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54(2): 445-450. Epub 2006 Jun 01.
Rodentia and Carnivora and 21 species were classified according to some kind of legal protection. These data represent a solid and actualized database useful for designing management and conservation plans for this Biosphere Reserve.
región para conocer y listar la riqueza de especies y usos que los habitantes hacen de ella, describir los métodos de caza más utilizados, las especies preferidas y su frecuencia y/o aprovechamiento. En total
se cazaron 202 animales por 13 cazadores participantes, el grupo biológico más utilizado es el de los mamíferos, N = 13 especies; las aves el segundo grupo, N = 4 especies y los reptiles el menos aprovechado, N = 1 especies. El aprovechamiento de esta última clase está orientado al uso alimenticio, y en menor grado, al artesanal, a diferencia de los otros dos grupos, que en su mayoría tienen uso alimentario, control, ornamental y medicinal. El total de biomasa obtenida durante el estudio fue de 1900 kg. La biomasa aprovechada varió significativamente entre especies (p > 0.001). La mayor producción de carne se obtuvo a partir de: Pecari tajacu, Cuniculus paca, Dasypus novemcinctus, Tapirus bairdii, Mazama temama y Tayassu pecari. La batida fue la técnica más usada, también se identificaron las técnicas de espía o acecho en sitios de alimentación, parcelas de trabajo y lampareo en áreas conservadas. Los tipos
de armas más empleadas fueron las escopetas calibre 0.12, 0.16, 0.20 y rifle 0.22. La cacería de subsistencia es una actividad complementaria a las actividades agrícolas y ganaderas que las poblaciones campesinas realizan en la Selva Zoque; sin embargo, es necesario continuar realizando monitoreos para planear la sustentabilidad de ese recurso.
cinereoargenteus. Se registraron tres tipos de patrones de actividad: Nocturno-Crepuscular; con 13 especies, Diurnos-Nocturno-Crepuscular (24 hr); tres especies, y Diurnos con cinco especies. Con esta información se pretende contribuir a la planeación del manejo y conservación de los mamíferos en esta importante región de México.
abundant species in the region were Bos taurus / Bos indicus, Tayassu pecari, Cuniculus paca, Pecari tajacu, Dasyprocta mexicana, Tapirus bairdii and Dasypus novemcinctus, while the least abundant were the carnivores in that region. The secondary vegetation was used with greater intensity for domestic livestock and the Pecari tajacu, Urocyon
cinereoargenteus and Ortalis vetula (P < 0.05), while the majority of medium and large mammals and wild birds used the well-preserved jungle fragments with greater intensity. These jungle fragments were of varying sizes and were associated with fruit trees and hunting zones in the region (P < 0.05). Mammals were mainly utililized for the following
reasons in order of importance: 1) as bushmeat, 2) as pets, 3) for their skins, and, 4) for traditional medicine. Finally the extensive livestock practices and subsistence hunting are the main human activities that have a negative effect on wildlife in the Zoque forest.
densidad de las especies abundantes de la localidad fueron: Odocoileus virginianus, 1.29 rastros/km y 4.33 ind/km2; Tayassu tajacu, 0.55 rastros/km y 1.98 ind/km2; Nasua narica, 0.19
rastros/km y 16.93 ind/km2; Leopardus pardalis, 0.06 rastros/km y Ctenosaura pectinata, 0.20 rastros/km y 6.87 ind/km2. La vegetación secundaria fue el hábitat más utilizado por las cinco especies (P < 0.01). La cacería en la zona es persistente debido a que su carne es utilizada como alimento o para la venta, y a veces se utiliza para controlar el daño a sus cultivos. Se sugiere que la permanencia de estas especies dependerá de la disponibilidad de alternativas económicas en la localidad, entre las que se destaca la implementación de Unidades de Conservación, Manejo y Aprovechamiento Sustentable de la Vida Silvestre (UMA), entre otras.
Quintana Roo, Veracruz and probably Tabasco). Nonetheless, the presence of these mammals has not been verified in most of the potential distribution areas, especially those without protection. This
project aims to: (1) obtain field data to create a real tapir distribution map for the first time in Oaxaca, Mexico; (2) identify non-protected areas where tapir populations survive in the state; and (3) to assess
the isolation of forest fragments large enough to shelter viable tapir populations. The fieldwork consisted of visits to potential tapir distribution areas identified by Mexico’s Committee for Tapir
Conservation and Recovery. Within twelve months, tapir presence was recorded by searching for verifiable evidence (skulls, feces and footprints), as well as through interviews with residents of communi-
ties near to potential distribution areas. The results obtained suggest the presence of three populations: Chimalapas Forest, Sierra Juarez and Oaxaca Coast. The presence of the species in La Tuza de Monroy,
Municipio de Santiago Jamiltepec, Oaxaca, extends the actual registered distribution to 377.4 km NW of its known range. A current distribution map was generated. Connectivity among forest patches with tapir presence was assessed.
unexplored areas. We collected a specimen of the skunk Conepatus semistriatus outside of its known distribution range, located at La Fortaleza, Municipio de Santa Maria, Chimalapa. This new record pinpoints the need for continuing conducting biological inventories in regions holding a high biodiversity.
constitute the first evidence of a resident population of jaguars in this protected area and the northernmost population of the species along the Gulf of Mexico. Strenthenging of conservation measures such as environmental services compensation, livestock compensation programs, conflict management and law enforcement are needed to protect this jaguar population.
Methodology: From 2009 to 2013 we collected field data of wild felids to assess their conservation status that included presence, relative abundance, activity patterns, and population structure. We collected data during five different sampling periods using 30 camera traps per sampling period.
Results: We had a sampling effort of 9 000 trap days and estimated an index of relative abundance (IRA) of 0.44 for Herpailurus yagouaroundi, 0.55 for Leopardus wiedii, 0.66 for Puma concolor, 1.55 for Panthera onca, and 3.22 for Leopardus pardalis. L. pardalis was the species with the highest number of independent records (n = 29) while P. concolor and P. onca were absent during the first two years of sampling. Most felid individuals were identified to gender and age class. Three types of activity patterns were recorded, with L. pardalis being active during all day (24 hrs), H. yagouaroundi was diurnal, while L. wiedii and P. onca were mostly nocturnal and P. concolor was crepuscular.
Discussion: We conclude that environmental education, regulation of subsistence hunting, establishment of a source-sink system, a livestock losses compensation program and payments for environmental services are essential for the conservation of wild felids in this priority region.
Key words: Chimalapas; felines; Oaxaca; Panthera onca; Mexico.
the zone of the isthmus, Cordillera de Veinte Cerros and adjacent zone of the northern range of Oaxaca (Iván Lira-Torres pers. comm.). In Costa Rica is present in the three mountain ranges and main protected areas in lowlands, with substantially higher densities at higher elevations (J. Gonzalez-Maya pers.
comm.). Recent range extensions of 377 km bring the Baird’s tapir to a new northern limit; Tuza de Monroy, near the municipality of Santiago Jamiltepec in Oaxaca State, Mexico.
to estimate an index of relative abundance (IRA) of 6.77 tapir photographs/1 000 trap-days (n=61). IRA varied significantly between sampling stations (Mann-Whitney, p<0.01). The frequency of Baird´s tapir photos was higher in the dry season in tropical rain forest without hunting (x², p<0.5). In the rainy season, the tropical rain forest and secondary vegetation habitats showed higher photo frequency than expected from random (x², p<0.5). Considering population structure, a 95.08% of adult animals was obtained in photographic records (n=58). Three types of activity pattern were observed, with more nocturnal records (88.33%; Kruskal-Wallis, p<0.05). The Chimalapas forest appears to be the second most important terrestrial priority ecoregion, just after the Mayan Forest (Campeche, Chiapas, Quintana Roo), for the conservation of tapir populations, not only for Mexico but
also for Central America.
A total of 42 fieldtrips, that followed conventional techniques, were conducted from 2003 through 2010, and some questionnaires to local hunters were applied. The mammalian fauna found in the area was composed of 149 species belonging to 99 genera and 30 families; these results support that the Zoque Forest is the richest in the number of mammalian species in Mexico. A total of 35 species were considered at risk by the Mexican National Law NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010, and 21 species were found to be registered in the IUCN Red List or in CITES. Of the 40 species included in any of the lists, only the Baird’s tapir, jaguar and white-lipped peccary were included in all three lists and 14 species were shared by the two of them. The main uses of mammals in order of importance are: 1) bushmeat, 2) pets, 3) skins, and 4) traditional medicine. Subsistence hunting and trade are unofficially allowed for farmers in this area. As for now, the region has healthy populations of a large number of mammals even though they have been used by local residents. However, since a considerable number of these species are listed under some criterion of threat, local authorities are called for more control. Rev. Biol. Trop. 60 (2): 781-797. Epub 2012 June 01.
region of Oaxaca, Mexico 768 guajolote growers were visited. Eleven different phenotypes of guajolote, previously described as turkey varieties, have been identified. The phenotypes identified and
their frequency are: Bronze (30.1%), Black (29.0%), Royal Palm (13.4%), Auburn (5.3%), Bourbon Red (5.2%), Narragancet (2.6%), Spotted (2.4%), Brown (2.2%), Slate (1.7%), White (1.5%) and
Imperfect Albino (0.2%). The remainder (6.4%) were not identified as a phenotype previously described. This is the first report about the phenotypic differentiation of guajolote in Mexico.
Amblyomma ovale, Anocentor nitens and Ixodes bicornis. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54(2): 445-450. Epub 2006 Jun 01.
Rodentia and Carnivora and 21 species were classified according to some kind of legal protection. These data represent a solid and actualized database useful for designing management and conservation plans for this Biosphere Reserve.
región para conocer y listar la riqueza de especies y usos que los habitantes hacen de ella, describir los métodos de caza más utilizados, las especies preferidas y su frecuencia y/o aprovechamiento. En total
se cazaron 202 animales por 13 cazadores participantes, el grupo biológico más utilizado es el de los mamíferos, N = 13 especies; las aves el segundo grupo, N = 4 especies y los reptiles el menos aprovechado, N = 1 especies. El aprovechamiento de esta última clase está orientado al uso alimenticio, y en menor grado, al artesanal, a diferencia de los otros dos grupos, que en su mayoría tienen uso alimentario, control, ornamental y medicinal. El total de biomasa obtenida durante el estudio fue de 1900 kg. La biomasa aprovechada varió significativamente entre especies (p > 0.001). La mayor producción de carne se obtuvo a partir de: Pecari tajacu, Cuniculus paca, Dasypus novemcinctus, Tapirus bairdii, Mazama temama y Tayassu pecari. La batida fue la técnica más usada, también se identificaron las técnicas de espía o acecho en sitios de alimentación, parcelas de trabajo y lampareo en áreas conservadas. Los tipos
de armas más empleadas fueron las escopetas calibre 0.12, 0.16, 0.20 y rifle 0.22. La cacería de subsistencia es una actividad complementaria a las actividades agrícolas y ganaderas que las poblaciones campesinas realizan en la Selva Zoque; sin embargo, es necesario continuar realizando monitoreos para planear la sustentabilidad de ese recurso.
cinereoargenteus. Se registraron tres tipos de patrones de actividad: Nocturno-Crepuscular; con 13 especies, Diurnos-Nocturno-Crepuscular (24 hr); tres especies, y Diurnos con cinco especies. Con esta información se pretende contribuir a la planeación del manejo y conservación de los mamíferos en esta importante región de México.
abundant species in the region were Bos taurus / Bos indicus, Tayassu pecari, Cuniculus paca, Pecari tajacu, Dasyprocta mexicana, Tapirus bairdii and Dasypus novemcinctus, while the least abundant were the carnivores in that region. The secondary vegetation was used with greater intensity for domestic livestock and the Pecari tajacu, Urocyon
cinereoargenteus and Ortalis vetula (P < 0.05), while the majority of medium and large mammals and wild birds used the well-preserved jungle fragments with greater intensity. These jungle fragments were of varying sizes and were associated with fruit trees and hunting zones in the region (P < 0.05). Mammals were mainly utililized for the following
reasons in order of importance: 1) as bushmeat, 2) as pets, 3) for their skins, and, 4) for traditional medicine. Finally the extensive livestock practices and subsistence hunting are the main human activities that have a negative effect on wildlife in the Zoque forest.
densidad de las especies abundantes de la localidad fueron: Odocoileus virginianus, 1.29 rastros/km y 4.33 ind/km2; Tayassu tajacu, 0.55 rastros/km y 1.98 ind/km2; Nasua narica, 0.19
rastros/km y 16.93 ind/km2; Leopardus pardalis, 0.06 rastros/km y Ctenosaura pectinata, 0.20 rastros/km y 6.87 ind/km2. La vegetación secundaria fue el hábitat más utilizado por las cinco especies (P < 0.01). La cacería en la zona es persistente debido a que su carne es utilizada como alimento o para la venta, y a veces se utiliza para controlar el daño a sus cultivos. Se sugiere que la permanencia de estas especies dependerá de la disponibilidad de alternativas económicas en la localidad, entre las que se destaca la implementación de Unidades de Conservación, Manejo y Aprovechamiento Sustentable de la Vida Silvestre (UMA), entre otras.
Quintana Roo, Veracruz and probably Tabasco). Nonetheless, the presence of these mammals has not been verified in most of the potential distribution areas, especially those without protection. This
project aims to: (1) obtain field data to create a real tapir distribution map for the first time in Oaxaca, Mexico; (2) identify non-protected areas where tapir populations survive in the state; and (3) to assess
the isolation of forest fragments large enough to shelter viable tapir populations. The fieldwork consisted of visits to potential tapir distribution areas identified by Mexico’s Committee for Tapir
Conservation and Recovery. Within twelve months, tapir presence was recorded by searching for verifiable evidence (skulls, feces and footprints), as well as through interviews with residents of communi-
ties near to potential distribution areas. The results obtained suggest the presence of three populations: Chimalapas Forest, Sierra Juarez and Oaxaca Coast. The presence of the species in La Tuza de Monroy,
Municipio de Santiago Jamiltepec, Oaxaca, extends the actual registered distribution to 377.4 km NW of its known range. A current distribution map was generated. Connectivity among forest patches with tapir presence was assessed.
unexplored areas. We collected a specimen of the skunk Conepatus semistriatus outside of its known distribution range, located at La Fortaleza, Municipio de Santa Maria, Chimalapa. This new record pinpoints the need for continuing conducting biological inventories in regions holding a high biodiversity.
husbandry for the management of captive jaguars. Present some aspects to the operation, maintenance, safety, health and clinical care of these animals, with the aim of providing a dignified, respectful and humane. The jaguar is an endangered species in Mexico, as such, is not recommended acquisition of this species, because of its ecological status as the danger of his care implies.
debido a la complejidad de la tenencia de la tierra, problemas agrarios y colonización, las propuestas que han sugerido el establecimiento de grandes Reservas de la Biósfera en esta región han fracasado, siendo a su vez ignorada por la Legislación Mexicana. El presente capitulo documenta una lista actualizada de los mamíferos de la Selva Zoque; población de vertebrados más afectadas, analizando el estado de riesgo que presentan algunas especies de acuerdo a las leyes Mexicanas e internacionales, y evaluando el uso que las comunidades
indígenas les dan.
The 13 Chapters and several appendices in this manual offer valuable information on many important topics for veterinarians working with tapirs, including: handling tapirs in the wild and in captivity, anesthesia protocols, treatment protocols and guidelines for medical and nutritional
care.
Our hope is that this text will be helpful to all professionals working with
tapir species around the world, and will contribute to the conservation of
tapirs and their remaining habitats.