For conservation and sustainable fisheries, it is important to characterize the Oxygen Minimum Zo... more For conservation and sustainable fisheries, it is important to characterize the Oxygen Minimum Zones or OMZ in and around the methane seeps of the Eastern Tropical Pacific (ETP), Costa Rica, through the analysis of temperature, salinity, density, and oxygen profiles. The data used in this work were collected during several oceanographic research campaigns in the Pacific continental margin and offshore of Costa Rica, between 2009 and 2019, using a CTDs, as the profiler of physical parameters of the water column. In general, it was observed that dissolved oxygen gradually decreases with depth to the thermocline, then its concentration decreases more rapidly and remains low, indicating the presence of the OMZ and tends to increase slightly at greater depths. Mean vertical extension of the OMZ near and around the seeps was 763 m and the mean depth for the minimum dissolved oxygen value was 393 m. Spatial differences of measurements taken at stations near the methane seeps were calculated with respect to the measurements at the station located above them. Overall, a greater variability of the oxygen anomalies was observed within the mixed layer, while under the thermocline their values remain stable and around zero.
We report the first record of the sea anemoneBunodosoma californicumon the Pacific coast of Costa... more We report the first record of the sea anemoneBunodosoma californicumon the Pacific coast of Costa Rica, extending its southern distribution. Four specimens were collected from an artificial breakwater in Mata de Limón, Puntarenas. We present images of the live specimens and analyses of their cnidae composition.
Aliena parva gen. et sp. nov. is described from Cocos Island, Costa Rica. The species was found a... more Aliena parva gen. et sp. nov. is described from Cocos Island, Costa Rica. The species was found at various islets and rocky outcrops north and northwest of the island, 20-30 m in depth. The genus is characterised by polyps, retracting into calyces, that form thin encrusting mats extending on dead or live substrates. Sclerites are mostly asymmetrical spindles. Anthocodial rods are arranged in points, not forming a collaret. Colonies and coenenchymal sclerites are red, and polyps are transparent. Using an integrative taxonomic approach, we found the new genus to morphologically and genetically differ from all other described taxa. The molecular phylogenetic analyses provide strong support for the placement of this new genus in the family Pterogorgiidae. Morphologically it is unlike any of the other members of this family, necessitating an amendment to the diagnosis of Pterogorgiidae. Like several other known taxa of octocorals with encrusting growth forms, Aliena gen. nov. appears to have evolved from a gorgonian ancestor by loss of an internal skeletal axis. It is the first member of Pterogorgiidae to be reported from the eastern Pacific, contributing further to the knowledge of marine biodiversity in the eastern tropical Pacific and to the octocoral biodiversity of Cocos Island in particular.
... Autor : Garzón-Ferreira, J; Cortés-Núñez, Jorge; Cróquer, A; Guzmán-Espinal, Héctor M; Leão, ... more ... Autor : Garzón-Ferreira, J; Cortés-Núñez, Jorge; Cróquer, A; Guzmán-Espinal, Héctor M; Leão, Z; Rodríguez-Ramírez, A. ... Resumen: The 5 countries continue collaborating to consolidate the Node of the GCRMN for Southern Tropical America (STA), covering coral reef areas of ...
Disclaimer on biological nomenclature and use of preprints The preprints are preliminary versions... more Disclaimer on biological nomenclature and use of preprints The preprints are preliminary versions of works accessible electronically in advance of publication of the final version. They are not issued for purposes of botanical, mycological or zoological nomenclature and are not effectively/validly published in the meaning of the Codes. Therefore, nomenclatural novelties (new names) or other nomenclatural acts (designations of type, choices of priority between names, choices between orthographic variants, or choices of gender of names) should NOT be posted in preprints. The following provisions in the Codes of Nomenclature define their status: International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICNafp) Article 30.2: "An electronic publication is not effectively published if there is evidence within or associated with the publication that its content is merely preliminary
Introducción: Enfrentar la acelerada degradación de arrecifes coralinos requiere una acción integ... more Introducción: Enfrentar la acelerada degradación de arrecifes coralinos requiere una acción integrada en múltiples niveles sociales y ecológicos. A escala local se debe incluir la participación activa de los usuarios de los recursos. Objetivo: evaluar el conocimiento y percepción local sobre los arrecifes coralinos en Golfo Dulce, y así generar bases para la integración social en la restauración coralina. Métodos: se realizaron 183 entrevistas en siete comunidades costeras del Golfo Dulce entre septiembre del 2016 y marzo del 2017. Los entrevistados se clasificaron en: (1) Pesca artesanal (PA) = 57 entrevistados, (2) Turismo (T) = 62, y (3) Otros (O) = 64. La primera parte de la entrevista fue de conocimiento y se asignó una nota basada en respuestas correctas. Según la nota se clasificó como informado, información media o desinformado. La segunda parte se basó en escalas de percepción sobre: (I) visitación, (II) factores que dañan los arrecifes coralinos, (III) medidas de manejo ...
The Laguna de Rio Cuarto, situated 360 m above sea level on the Caribbean side of the Cordillera ... more The Laguna de Rio Cuarto, situated 360 m above sea level on the Caribbean side of the Cordillera Volcanica Central in Costa Rica, is a meromictic Maar. The water surface has an area of 33.24 hectars, the maximum depth reaches 66 m and the mean depth 45.5 m. The lake volume is 15.12 x 10 6 m 3 . Season al variations of surface temperature have been observed between 26.4 and 29.9°C, whereas the temperature of the hypolimnion (at 60 m) fluctuates only between 24.2 and 24.4°C. The depth of the boundary layer between the oxic and the anoxic, H 2 S containing water body oscillates between 25 m (January/February) and 20 m (May/June). About 55 % of the water body (mean value) is permanently anoxic. The vertical distribution of the nutrients, low concentrations in surface water s and high ones in deep waters, is related to the permament stratification of the lake.
Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 2017
Gelatinous zooplankton are an abundant and diverse group of animals in the pelagic environment. H... more Gelatinous zooplankton are an abundant and diverse group of animals in the pelagic environment. However, knowledge of species diversity and spatial distributions, as well as their ecological role, is scarce. We present information of epi- and mesopelagic gelatinous zooplankton recorded by the ‘DeepSee’ submersible between 2006 and 2012 at Isla del Coco (Cocos Island), Costa Rica, an oceanic island in the Eastern Tropical Pacific. Two species of scyphomedusae, three species of hydromedusae, two genera of siphonophores, and two species of ctenophores were observed in the videos, at depths between 50 and 400 m. None of these species had been previously recorded in the waters around the island. Furthermore, except for the jellyfish Pelagia noctiluca and a siphonophore in the genus Praya, all are new records for Costa Rican waters. This study also includes the first record of the cnidarians Modeeria rotunda, Solmissus sp., Halitrephes maasi and Apolemia spp., and the ctenophore Thalassoc...
Caribbean reefs have been unevenly surveyed, with many areas lacking baseline data. In this study... more Caribbean reefs have been unevenly surveyed, with many areas lacking baseline data. In this study, the current status of Orbicella reefs, a structurally complex forereef habitat, was quantified in an understudied region, the Eastern Caribbean. During 2011 the same observers surveyed benthic assemblages, coral juvenile density, herbivorous fishes, and invertebrates at 30 Orbicella reefs in four Eastern Caribbean areas: Antigua, Barbados, St Lucia, and St Vincent and the Grenadines (hereafter St Vincent). Not all Orbicella forereefs were functionally the same in the Eastern Caribbean. Benthic communities and herbivorous fishes varied greatly among islands. Hard coral had the highest overall percent cover on most reefs in this study, with an average cover of 22%, and was greater than fleshy macroalgal cover at 83% of the sites. Overall, coral juvenile density was low but was positively associated with higher densities of Diadema antillarum, highlighting the importance of herbivory on the reefs. Nearshore coral reefs in Barbados were in a better state than other areas, exhibiting higher coral cover dominated by spawning corals, higher densities of coral juveniles exhibiting higher coral cover dominated by spawning corals, higher densities of coral juveniles and D. antillarum. Low biomass of herbivorous fishes at a majority of the coral reef sites is of major concern for the functioning of these reefs. Conservation of parrotfishes and other herbivores is necessary given the abundance of algae on most of these reefs and the beneficial effect of their presence on coral juveniles. This is the first comprehensive study that compares the state of Orbicella reefs in the Eastern Caribbean, providing valuable information that will be useful in creating realistic targets for future management and conservation.
Coral reefs world-wide have been impacted by direct and indirect human activity and natural distu... more Coral reefs world-wide have been impacted by direct and indirect human activity and natural disturbances. This has led to the degradation and disappearance of many reef structures. On a basin-wide scale, the natural impact of El Nino warming has been the main cause of reef decline in the eastern tropical Pacific (ETP). At local scales, human activity has also taken its toll although only limited observations are available on specific impacts to ETP coral reefs. The main direct causes of damage are the extraction of corals and other reef organisms, nonregulated tourist activity, ship groundings, anchor damage, and eutrophication. The main indirect sources of damage to coral reefs are coastal alteration, sedimentation, pollution (including eutrophication), oil pollution, agrochemicals, other pollutants, and plankton blooms. Climate change can impact coral reefs directly (sea warming, sea level rise, ocean acidification, increased storm activity, and possibly stronger and more frequent El Nino events), and indirectly (coastal erosion, increased fresh water runoff and elevated nutrients). Even though human impacts on ETP reefs are low compared to other regions, significant damage has been documented. Since ETP coral reefs are relatively small and few in number, a redoubled effort is necessary for their protection.
Biodiversity and density of subtidal benthos of an oceanic tropical island (a comparison within t... more Biodiversity and density of subtidal benthos of an oceanic tropical island (a comparison within the Pacific Ocean),
A nuestros revisores Agradecemos profundamente la dedicación de los revisores de manuscritos del ... more A nuestros revisores Agradecemos profundamente la dedicación de los revisores de manuscritos del Suplemento "Investigaciones científicas en el Pacífico Norte de Costa Rica". Gracias a su ayuda los trabajos son mucho mejores.
The coral reef at Parque Nacional Cahuita, Limón, Costa Rica, is a reef under stress due to silta... more The coral reef at Parque Nacional Cahuita, Limón, Costa Rica, is a reef under stress due to siltation. The amount of suspended sediments is high: 7.4 mg/l (0.1 to 212.7 mg/l), resuspension of bottom sediments is also high: 30 to 360 mg/cm²/day. As a ...
Caulerpa sertularioides, is a widespread chlorophyte, that can be confused with C. taxifolia, a h... more Caulerpa sertularioides, is a widespread chlorophyte, that can be confused with C. taxifolia, a highly invasive algae. C. sertularioides has erect, feather-like, occasionally branched fronds; its branchlets are opposite, cylindrical and needle-shaped, with a light green color (Top ...
When conservation can keep up with development´s pace: Health status of coral ecosystems in the N... more When conservation can keep up with development´s pace: Health status of coral ecosystems in the North Pacific of Costa Rica. Coral reefs are diverse and productive ecosystems, despite this, they are being threatened by human activities that enhance the detrimental impact of the natural phenomenon’s like Harmful Algal Blooms (HAB). The north Pacific of Costa Rica has been characterized as one of the best regions for the coral reefs development in the country. However, many of these ecosystems are being lost as a result of eutrophication, overfishing, invasive species and others impacts that affect the region. In the present study, live coral cover in the north Pacific was 5.0 ± 10.4(s.d.) %, with a domination in the ecosystems by turf algae. Twenty-six invertebrate taxa were registered in the region with the predominance of the sea urchin Diadema mexicanum. Ninety-four species of reef fish were identified. Snappers and some planktivores species were the groups with the highest freque...
Introduction: Salinas Bay is located in the warm pool of the Eastern Tropical Pacific (ETP), char... more Introduction: Salinas Bay is located in the warm pool of the Eastern Tropical Pacific (ETP), characterized by warm, shallow surface waters, a strong and shallow thermocline, and an important biological diversity. The primary productivity of the region is influenced by the coastal upwelling, which occurs during the boreal winter as a result of the strengthening of trade winds. Objective: To study the spatial and temporal dynamics of physical and chemical parameters at seven hydrographic stations in Salinas Bay, Costa Rica, through the analysis of CTD data, and relate the warm and cold events to the regional atmospheric conditions present when measuring the data. Methods: Seven hydrographic stations, sampled at Salinas Bay between August 2008 and December 2014, were selected. The variables processed for analysis are temperature, density, salinity, oxygen, chl-a and turbidity. Once the data was processed, 42 Hovmöller kind diagrams were plotted. Results: All variables, except turbidity...
For conservation and sustainable fisheries, it is important to characterize the Oxygen Minimum Zo... more For conservation and sustainable fisheries, it is important to characterize the Oxygen Minimum Zones or OMZ in and around the methane seeps of the Eastern Tropical Pacific (ETP), Costa Rica, through the analysis of temperature, salinity, density, and oxygen profiles. The data used in this work were collected during several oceanographic research campaigns in the Pacific continental margin and offshore of Costa Rica, between 2009 and 2019, using a CTDs, as the profiler of physical parameters of the water column. In general, it was observed that dissolved oxygen gradually decreases with depth to the thermocline, then its concentration decreases more rapidly and remains low, indicating the presence of the OMZ and tends to increase slightly at greater depths. Mean vertical extension of the OMZ near and around the seeps was 763 m and the mean depth for the minimum dissolved oxygen value was 393 m. Spatial differences of measurements taken at stations near the methane seeps were calculated with respect to the measurements at the station located above them. Overall, a greater variability of the oxygen anomalies was observed within the mixed layer, while under the thermocline their values remain stable and around zero.
We report the first record of the sea anemoneBunodosoma californicumon the Pacific coast of Costa... more We report the first record of the sea anemoneBunodosoma californicumon the Pacific coast of Costa Rica, extending its southern distribution. Four specimens were collected from an artificial breakwater in Mata de Limón, Puntarenas. We present images of the live specimens and analyses of their cnidae composition.
Aliena parva gen. et sp. nov. is described from Cocos Island, Costa Rica. The species was found a... more Aliena parva gen. et sp. nov. is described from Cocos Island, Costa Rica. The species was found at various islets and rocky outcrops north and northwest of the island, 20-30 m in depth. The genus is characterised by polyps, retracting into calyces, that form thin encrusting mats extending on dead or live substrates. Sclerites are mostly asymmetrical spindles. Anthocodial rods are arranged in points, not forming a collaret. Colonies and coenenchymal sclerites are red, and polyps are transparent. Using an integrative taxonomic approach, we found the new genus to morphologically and genetically differ from all other described taxa. The molecular phylogenetic analyses provide strong support for the placement of this new genus in the family Pterogorgiidae. Morphologically it is unlike any of the other members of this family, necessitating an amendment to the diagnosis of Pterogorgiidae. Like several other known taxa of octocorals with encrusting growth forms, Aliena gen. nov. appears to have evolved from a gorgonian ancestor by loss of an internal skeletal axis. It is the first member of Pterogorgiidae to be reported from the eastern Pacific, contributing further to the knowledge of marine biodiversity in the eastern tropical Pacific and to the octocoral biodiversity of Cocos Island in particular.
... Autor : Garzón-Ferreira, J; Cortés-Núñez, Jorge; Cróquer, A; Guzmán-Espinal, Héctor M; Leão, ... more ... Autor : Garzón-Ferreira, J; Cortés-Núñez, Jorge; Cróquer, A; Guzmán-Espinal, Héctor M; Leão, Z; Rodríguez-Ramírez, A. ... Resumen: The 5 countries continue collaborating to consolidate the Node of the GCRMN for Southern Tropical America (STA), covering coral reef areas of ...
Disclaimer on biological nomenclature and use of preprints The preprints are preliminary versions... more Disclaimer on biological nomenclature and use of preprints The preprints are preliminary versions of works accessible electronically in advance of publication of the final version. They are not issued for purposes of botanical, mycological or zoological nomenclature and are not effectively/validly published in the meaning of the Codes. Therefore, nomenclatural novelties (new names) or other nomenclatural acts (designations of type, choices of priority between names, choices between orthographic variants, or choices of gender of names) should NOT be posted in preprints. The following provisions in the Codes of Nomenclature define their status: International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICNafp) Article 30.2: "An electronic publication is not effectively published if there is evidence within or associated with the publication that its content is merely preliminary
Introducción: Enfrentar la acelerada degradación de arrecifes coralinos requiere una acción integ... more Introducción: Enfrentar la acelerada degradación de arrecifes coralinos requiere una acción integrada en múltiples niveles sociales y ecológicos. A escala local se debe incluir la participación activa de los usuarios de los recursos. Objetivo: evaluar el conocimiento y percepción local sobre los arrecifes coralinos en Golfo Dulce, y así generar bases para la integración social en la restauración coralina. Métodos: se realizaron 183 entrevistas en siete comunidades costeras del Golfo Dulce entre septiembre del 2016 y marzo del 2017. Los entrevistados se clasificaron en: (1) Pesca artesanal (PA) = 57 entrevistados, (2) Turismo (T) = 62, y (3) Otros (O) = 64. La primera parte de la entrevista fue de conocimiento y se asignó una nota basada en respuestas correctas. Según la nota se clasificó como informado, información media o desinformado. La segunda parte se basó en escalas de percepción sobre: (I) visitación, (II) factores que dañan los arrecifes coralinos, (III) medidas de manejo ...
The Laguna de Rio Cuarto, situated 360 m above sea level on the Caribbean side of the Cordillera ... more The Laguna de Rio Cuarto, situated 360 m above sea level on the Caribbean side of the Cordillera Volcanica Central in Costa Rica, is a meromictic Maar. The water surface has an area of 33.24 hectars, the maximum depth reaches 66 m and the mean depth 45.5 m. The lake volume is 15.12 x 10 6 m 3 . Season al variations of surface temperature have been observed between 26.4 and 29.9°C, whereas the temperature of the hypolimnion (at 60 m) fluctuates only between 24.2 and 24.4°C. The depth of the boundary layer between the oxic and the anoxic, H 2 S containing water body oscillates between 25 m (January/February) and 20 m (May/June). About 55 % of the water body (mean value) is permanently anoxic. The vertical distribution of the nutrients, low concentrations in surface water s and high ones in deep waters, is related to the permament stratification of the lake.
Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 2017
Gelatinous zooplankton are an abundant and diverse group of animals in the pelagic environment. H... more Gelatinous zooplankton are an abundant and diverse group of animals in the pelagic environment. However, knowledge of species diversity and spatial distributions, as well as their ecological role, is scarce. We present information of epi- and mesopelagic gelatinous zooplankton recorded by the ‘DeepSee’ submersible between 2006 and 2012 at Isla del Coco (Cocos Island), Costa Rica, an oceanic island in the Eastern Tropical Pacific. Two species of scyphomedusae, three species of hydromedusae, two genera of siphonophores, and two species of ctenophores were observed in the videos, at depths between 50 and 400 m. None of these species had been previously recorded in the waters around the island. Furthermore, except for the jellyfish Pelagia noctiluca and a siphonophore in the genus Praya, all are new records for Costa Rican waters. This study also includes the first record of the cnidarians Modeeria rotunda, Solmissus sp., Halitrephes maasi and Apolemia spp., and the ctenophore Thalassoc...
Caribbean reefs have been unevenly surveyed, with many areas lacking baseline data. In this study... more Caribbean reefs have been unevenly surveyed, with many areas lacking baseline data. In this study, the current status of Orbicella reefs, a structurally complex forereef habitat, was quantified in an understudied region, the Eastern Caribbean. During 2011 the same observers surveyed benthic assemblages, coral juvenile density, herbivorous fishes, and invertebrates at 30 Orbicella reefs in four Eastern Caribbean areas: Antigua, Barbados, St Lucia, and St Vincent and the Grenadines (hereafter St Vincent). Not all Orbicella forereefs were functionally the same in the Eastern Caribbean. Benthic communities and herbivorous fishes varied greatly among islands. Hard coral had the highest overall percent cover on most reefs in this study, with an average cover of 22%, and was greater than fleshy macroalgal cover at 83% of the sites. Overall, coral juvenile density was low but was positively associated with higher densities of Diadema antillarum, highlighting the importance of herbivory on the reefs. Nearshore coral reefs in Barbados were in a better state than other areas, exhibiting higher coral cover dominated by spawning corals, higher densities of coral juveniles exhibiting higher coral cover dominated by spawning corals, higher densities of coral juveniles and D. antillarum. Low biomass of herbivorous fishes at a majority of the coral reef sites is of major concern for the functioning of these reefs. Conservation of parrotfishes and other herbivores is necessary given the abundance of algae on most of these reefs and the beneficial effect of their presence on coral juveniles. This is the first comprehensive study that compares the state of Orbicella reefs in the Eastern Caribbean, providing valuable information that will be useful in creating realistic targets for future management and conservation.
Coral reefs world-wide have been impacted by direct and indirect human activity and natural distu... more Coral reefs world-wide have been impacted by direct and indirect human activity and natural disturbances. This has led to the degradation and disappearance of many reef structures. On a basin-wide scale, the natural impact of El Nino warming has been the main cause of reef decline in the eastern tropical Pacific (ETP). At local scales, human activity has also taken its toll although only limited observations are available on specific impacts to ETP coral reefs. The main direct causes of damage are the extraction of corals and other reef organisms, nonregulated tourist activity, ship groundings, anchor damage, and eutrophication. The main indirect sources of damage to coral reefs are coastal alteration, sedimentation, pollution (including eutrophication), oil pollution, agrochemicals, other pollutants, and plankton blooms. Climate change can impact coral reefs directly (sea warming, sea level rise, ocean acidification, increased storm activity, and possibly stronger and more frequent El Nino events), and indirectly (coastal erosion, increased fresh water runoff and elevated nutrients). Even though human impacts on ETP reefs are low compared to other regions, significant damage has been documented. Since ETP coral reefs are relatively small and few in number, a redoubled effort is necessary for their protection.
Biodiversity and density of subtidal benthos of an oceanic tropical island (a comparison within t... more Biodiversity and density of subtidal benthos of an oceanic tropical island (a comparison within the Pacific Ocean),
A nuestros revisores Agradecemos profundamente la dedicación de los revisores de manuscritos del ... more A nuestros revisores Agradecemos profundamente la dedicación de los revisores de manuscritos del Suplemento "Investigaciones científicas en el Pacífico Norte de Costa Rica". Gracias a su ayuda los trabajos son mucho mejores.
The coral reef at Parque Nacional Cahuita, Limón, Costa Rica, is a reef under stress due to silta... more The coral reef at Parque Nacional Cahuita, Limón, Costa Rica, is a reef under stress due to siltation. The amount of suspended sediments is high: 7.4 mg/l (0.1 to 212.7 mg/l), resuspension of bottom sediments is also high: 30 to 360 mg/cm²/day. As a ...
Caulerpa sertularioides, is a widespread chlorophyte, that can be confused with C. taxifolia, a h... more Caulerpa sertularioides, is a widespread chlorophyte, that can be confused with C. taxifolia, a highly invasive algae. C. sertularioides has erect, feather-like, occasionally branched fronds; its branchlets are opposite, cylindrical and needle-shaped, with a light green color (Top ...
When conservation can keep up with development´s pace: Health status of coral ecosystems in the N... more When conservation can keep up with development´s pace: Health status of coral ecosystems in the North Pacific of Costa Rica. Coral reefs are diverse and productive ecosystems, despite this, they are being threatened by human activities that enhance the detrimental impact of the natural phenomenon’s like Harmful Algal Blooms (HAB). The north Pacific of Costa Rica has been characterized as one of the best regions for the coral reefs development in the country. However, many of these ecosystems are being lost as a result of eutrophication, overfishing, invasive species and others impacts that affect the region. In the present study, live coral cover in the north Pacific was 5.0 ± 10.4(s.d.) %, with a domination in the ecosystems by turf algae. Twenty-six invertebrate taxa were registered in the region with the predominance of the sea urchin Diadema mexicanum. Ninety-four species of reef fish were identified. Snappers and some planktivores species were the groups with the highest freque...
Introduction: Salinas Bay is located in the warm pool of the Eastern Tropical Pacific (ETP), char... more Introduction: Salinas Bay is located in the warm pool of the Eastern Tropical Pacific (ETP), characterized by warm, shallow surface waters, a strong and shallow thermocline, and an important biological diversity. The primary productivity of the region is influenced by the coastal upwelling, which occurs during the boreal winter as a result of the strengthening of trade winds. Objective: To study the spatial and temporal dynamics of physical and chemical parameters at seven hydrographic stations in Salinas Bay, Costa Rica, through the analysis of CTD data, and relate the warm and cold events to the regional atmospheric conditions present when measuring the data. Methods: Seven hydrographic stations, sampled at Salinas Bay between August 2008 and December 2014, were selected. The variables processed for analysis are temperature, density, salinity, oxygen, chl-a and turbidity. Once the data was processed, 42 Hovmöller kind diagrams were plotted. Results: All variables, except turbidity...
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Papers by Jorge Cortés