Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, Jul 7, 2017
Physical blends (PB) of high oleic sunflower oil and tristearin with 20 and 30% stearic acid and ... more Physical blends (PB) of high oleic sunflower oil and tristearin with 20 and 30% stearic acid and 14 their interesterified (IE) products with 20 and 30% of the fatty acids being stearic acid at the sn-2 15 position were crystallized without and with application of high intensity ultrasound (HIU). IE 16 samples were crystallized at supercoolings (∆T) of 12, 9, 6, and 3 °C while PB were crystallized 17 at ∆T = 12 °C. HIU induced crystallization in PB samples but not in the IE ones. Induction in 18 crystallization with HIU was also observed at ∆T = 6 and 3 °C for IE C18:0 20% and 30% and at 19 ∆T = 9 °C only for the 30% samples. Smaller crystals were obtained in all sonicated samples. 20 Melting profiles showed that HIU induced crystallization of low melting triacylglycerols (TAGs) 21 and promoted co-crystallization of low and high melting TAGs. In general, HIU significantly 22 changed the viscosity, G', and G'' of the IE 20% samples except at ∆T = 12 °C. While G' and 23 G'' of IE 30% did not increase significantly, the viscosity increased significantly at ∆T = 9, 6, 24 and 3 °C from 1,526 ± 880 to 6,818 ± 901 Pa.s at ∆T = 3 °C. The improved physical properties 25 of the sonicated IE can make them good contenders for trans-fatty acids replacers.
Page 449. 21 Enzymatic Synthesis of Structured Lipids CASIMIR C. AKOH. SUBRAMANI SELLAPPAN. LYDIA... more Page 449. 21 Enzymatic Synthesis of Structured Lipids CASIMIR C. AKOH. SUBRAMANI SELLAPPAN. LYDIA B. FOMUSO. and VIVIENNE V. YANKAH The University of Georgia. Athens. Georgia 1 INTRODUCTION Natural fats ...
Abstract This chapter aims to describe the role of structured lipids (SLs) in food applications, ... more Abstract This chapter aims to describe the role of structured lipids (SLs) in food applications, ranging from examples of commercially available products containing SLs, to current research on the application of SLs in selected market segments. Methodology for the synthesis of SLs is presented, with a focus on enzymatic technology rather than chemical methods. Selected applications of SLs in confectionery (chocolate and non-chocolate), omega-3 enriched oils, human milk fat analogues for use in infant formula, and plastic fats (shortenings and margarines) are discussed. With the objective of exemplifying how SLs could meet evolving market and consumer demands, selected current challenges within the applications are also discussed.
Oleogels and emulgels were developed with winterized algal oil from Schizochytrium spp. rich in ω... more Oleogels and emulgels were developed with winterized algal oil from Schizochytrium spp. rich in ω-3 fatty acids (FAs) to overcome physical limitations of using a highly unsaturated lipid source in food applications. Both gel types were developed using monolaurin or a combination of mono- and diacylglycerols (MAG/DAG) as the gelator at concentrations of 8, 10, or 12%, w/w, in oil or emulsion. A 14-day accelerated oxidation study was conducted using peroxide value, p-Anisidine value, and change in FA composition to measure the level of oxidation. Oleogel and emulgel samples exhibited a higher oxidative stability than bulk algal oil and oil-in-water emulsion as control groups, respectively. The 12% monolaurin oleogel outperformed others in oxidative stability, preventing oxidation of approximately 17.96% and 20.43% of EPA and DHA, respectively, compared to algal oil. Physical characteristics including thermal behavior, solid fat content (SFC), rheology, morphology, and polymorphism wer...
A multi-functional galloylated structured lipid, 1,2-dioctanoylgalloylglycerol (DOGG), was synthe... more A multi-functional galloylated structured lipid, 1,2-dioctanoylgalloylglycerol (DOGG), was synthesized enzymatically via a regioselective transesterification of propyl gallate and trioctanoate using an immobilized food-grade Candida antarctica lipase B (Lipozyme® 435) as the biocatalyst under solvent-free condition. The variables that affect the reaction, including reaction temperature, substrate ratio, reaction time, and enzyme load, were evaluated and optimized using Taguchi method and response surface methodology. Both methods predicted the same optimal reaction condition, resulting in a 68.8 ± 1.3% DOGG yield with reaction selectivity of 82.9 ± 0.6% at 90 °C, 25/1 trioctanoate/PG (mol/mol), 72 h reaction, and 25% enzyme load relative to the total substrate weight. The structure of the reaction product was elucidated using NMR spectroscopy and ESI-HRMS, confirming the regioselectivity of the reaction. Enzyme retained 50% of its activity after 5 cycles of reuse. It is feasible to synthesize DOGG as a potential antioxidant and nutraceutical using Lipozyme® 435.
Metabolic engineering strategies are mandatory in order to alter the production of important seco... more Metabolic engineering strategies are mandatory in order to alter the production of important secondary metabolites or terpenoid indole alkaloids (TIAs), e.g., vinblastine and vincristine in the medicinal plant Catharanthus roseus. In the present study, we have detected high levels of these two bisindoles along with their precursors, vindoline, catharanthine and taberosinine in response to treatment with chemical elicitors. We also detected the expression levels of nine genes in the TIA biosynthetic pathway. There were slight positive effects of 6- Benzylaminopurine (BA) and kinetin on the percentages of catharanthine. Treatments with indole acetic acid (IAA) at low and moderate concentrations (128.51 and 123.57, respectively), and tryptophan as well as kinetin at moderate concentration (162.94 and 185.27, respectively) resulted in higher percentages of taberosinine. Similar results were found when vindoline was treated with different amounts of IAA. Percentages of vindoline increase...
Galloylglycerol (GG) was synthesized by the enzymatic glycerolysis of propyl gallate (PG) using a... more Galloylglycerol (GG) was synthesized by the enzymatic glycerolysis of propyl gallate (PG) using a food-grade lipase (Lipozyme® 435). The reaction conditions affecting the yield of GG were optimized and a yield of 76.9% ± 1.2% was obtained. GG was characterized by various techniques after being separated from the reaction mixture using liquid-liquid extraction. The water solubility and hydrophilicity of GG were significantly higher than those of gallic acid (GA) and PG. The antioxidant properties, measured by the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2) scavenging assays, showed that GG exhibited the highest scavenging capacity (GG > GA > PG). From the results of the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH •) and 2,2′azinobis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS •+) assays, GG and GA exhibited greater scavenging capacity than PG (GG = GA > PG). These results suggest that GG may be used as a water-soluble antioxidant alternative to GA for food and cosmetic applications.
Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 2018
The objective of this study was to fractionate a purified interesterified fat to eliminate triste... more The objective of this study was to fractionate a purified interesterified fat to eliminate tristearin (SSS) and to evaluate the crystallization behavior of the tristearin‐free fat. The fractionated sample was crystallized with and without the application of high‐intensity ultrasound (HIU) by supercooling the sample at 2 °C. In the absence of SSS, the crystallization process was driven by low‐melting‐point triacylglycerols (TAG) such as OSS and OOS (O, oleic; S, stearic acid). There were no differences observed in the crystallinity in the sample based on the solid fat content (P > 0.05) along with any microstructural differences. In addition, an increase in the enthalpy of melting was observed upon sonication, indicating higher crystallinity (P < 0.05). Stronger intramolecular forces were formed in the sonicated samples as evidenced by increased viscoelastic parameters such as the elastic modulus (G′) and storage modulus (G″) (P < 0.05). G′ values increased from 138.25 ± 41....
Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 2017
Human milk fat (HMF) is a perfect nutritional source that includes all the required ingredients w... more Human milk fat (HMF) is a perfect nutritional source that includes all the required ingredients which are necessary for the growth of infants up to 6 months. Although its composition may differ among mothers or during lactation stage, its unique triacylglycerol (TAG) structure remains constant which is characterized by the presence of palmitic acid (PA) at the sn‐2 position. Previous reports provided convincing information of higher PA and calcium absorption and efficient use of dietary energy when at this specific position in the TAG moiety than when PA is at the sn‐1,3 positions. During the design of structured lipids (SLs) intended for infant nutrition, this unique property is taken into consideration. Human milk fat substitutes (HMFS) enriched with important fatty acids such as omega‐3 and omega‐6 fatty acids are intended to better mimic the functions of HMF as well as provide associated health benefits. The use of microencapsulation technology and novel technologies such as ult...
Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 2016
High sn‐2 docosahexaenoic and arachidonic acid oils (DHAOm and ARAOm, respectively) were produced... more High sn‐2 docosahexaenoic and arachidonic acid oils (DHAOm and ARAOm, respectively) were produced independently via enzymatic interesterification of DHA‐rich and ARA‐rich single cell oils (DHASCO and ARASCO, respectively) using a mix of immobilized lipases, Lipozyme® TL IM and Novozym® 435 (weight ratio 1:1) as the biocatalyst system. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to model and optimize the reactions conditions. Three independent variables, namely reaction time, reaction temperature, and enzyme load, were investigated in DHAOm and ARAOm models. The prediction power of the model was further confirmed by solvent‐free scale‐up reactions of 100 g per batch. Final results showed that DHAOm contained 46.53 mol% of total DHA (49.70 % at the sn‐2 position), while ARAOm contained 47.25 mol% of total ARA (36.08 % at the sn‐2 position). This represents a significant increment in the amount of DHA and ARA at the sn‐2 position when compared to DHASCO (47.8 mol%; 30.30 % at the s...
Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 2015
A structured lipid (SL) with a high amount of sn‐2 palmitic acid was synthesized from anhydrous m... more A structured lipid (SL) with a high amount of sn‐2 palmitic acid was synthesized from anhydrous milkfat and was then enriched with docosahexaenoic (DHA) and arachidonic (ARA) acids using an immobilized lipase. Three different methods were compared including physical blending, enzymatic interesterification, and enzymatic acidolysis. Products were compared with respect to differences in fatty acid profiles, reaction times, antioxidant contents, oxidative stability, melting and crystallization profiles, and reaction yields. The acidolysis method was the least suitable for the synthesis of desired product because of a low reaction yield, low incorporation of DHA, low oxidative stability, and the extra processing steps required. The physical blending and interesterification methods were suitable, but the interesterification product (IE‐SL) had higher amounts of ARA at the sn‐2 position. The IE‐SL contained total ARA and DHA of 0.63 and 0.50 mol%, and 0.55 and 0.46 mol% at the sn‐2 positi...
Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 2017
conformance with the EU, Codex Alimentarius, and China national standards. Results showed that mo... more conformance with the EU, Codex Alimentarius, and China national standards. Results showed that more attention should be paid to the problem of high PAH4 contents in wood-pressed rapeseed oil. The inspection and monitoring of raw materials and processing equipment, as well as the establishment of quality standards for the production of high-quality wood-pressed rapeseed oil are necessary.
Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 2016
An infant formula fat analog with capric acid mostly esterified at the sn‐1,3 positions, and subs... more An infant formula fat analog with capric acid mostly esterified at the sn‐1,3 positions, and substantial amounts of palmitic, docosahexaenoic (DHA), and arachidonic (ARA) acids at the sn‐2 position, was prepared by physically blending enzymatically synthesized structured lipids (SL) with vegetable oils. The components of the blend included high sn‐2 palmitic acid SL enriched with capric acid (SLCA), canola oil (CAO), corn oil (CO), high sn‐2 DHA (DHAOm), and high sn‐2 ARA (ARAOm) enzymatically modified oils. Each component was proportionally blended to match the fatty acid profile of commercial fat blends used for infant formula. The infant formula fat analog (IFFA1) was characterized for total and positional fatty acids (FA), triacylglycerol (TAG) molecular species, thermal behavior, and tocopherol content. IFFA1 contained 17.37 mol% total palmitic acid of which nearly 35 % was located at the sn‐2 position. The total capric acid content was 13.93 mol%. The content of DHA and ARA we...
Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 2015
A structured lipid (SL) with a substantial amount of palmitic acid at the sn‐2 position and enric... more A structured lipid (SL) with a substantial amount of palmitic acid at the sn‐2 position and enriched with capric acid (C), was produced in two enzymatic interesterification stages by using immobilized lipase, Lipozyme® TL IM (Novozymes North America Inc., Franklinton, NC, USA). The substrates for the reactions were high melting point palm stearin, high oleic sunflower oil and tricaprin. The SL was characterized for total and positional fatty acid profiles, triacylglycerol (TAG) molecular species, free fatty acid content, melting and crystallization profiles. The final SL contained 20.13 mol% of total palmitic acid, of which nearly 40 % was located at the sn‐2 position. The total capric acid content was 21.22 mol%, mostly at the sn‐1 and sn‐3 positions. The predominant TAGs in the SL were oleic–palmitic–oleic, POP and CLC. The melting completion and crystallization onset temperatures of the SL were 27.7 and 6.1 °C, respectively. The yield for the overall reaction was 90 wt%. This SL ...
Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 2015
The objective of this study was to produce low saturated, zero‐trans, interesterified fats with 2... more The objective of this study was to produce low saturated, zero‐trans, interesterified fats with 20 or 30 % saturated fatty acids (SFA) such as C16:0 or C18:0. Tripalmitin (TP) or tristearin (TS) was blended with high oleic sunflower oil (HOSO) at different ratios (0.1:1, 0.3:1, and 0.5:1 [w/w]). Total C16:0 and C18:0 compositions of the resulting TP/HOSO and TS/HOSO blends, respectively, were plotted against blending ratios. Linear interpolation was used to estimate blending ratios that would yield physical blends (PB) with 20 or 30 % SFA. Interesterified blends (IB) were then synthesized from the customized PB using Lipozyme TL IM as the biocatalyst. Total and sn‐2 fatty acid compositions, triacylglycerol (TAG) molecular species, thermal behavior, and oxidative stability of PB and IB were compared. The total fatty acid compositions of PB and IB were similar but fatty acid positional distributions and TAG molecular species composition differed. IB contained 5–10 % more SFA at the sn...
Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, Jul 7, 2017
Physical blends (PB) of high oleic sunflower oil and tristearin with 20 and 30% stearic acid and ... more Physical blends (PB) of high oleic sunflower oil and tristearin with 20 and 30% stearic acid and 14 their interesterified (IE) products with 20 and 30% of the fatty acids being stearic acid at the sn-2 15 position were crystallized without and with application of high intensity ultrasound (HIU). IE 16 samples were crystallized at supercoolings (∆T) of 12, 9, 6, and 3 °C while PB were crystallized 17 at ∆T = 12 °C. HIU induced crystallization in PB samples but not in the IE ones. Induction in 18 crystallization with HIU was also observed at ∆T = 6 and 3 °C for IE C18:0 20% and 30% and at 19 ∆T = 9 °C only for the 30% samples. Smaller crystals were obtained in all sonicated samples. 20 Melting profiles showed that HIU induced crystallization of low melting triacylglycerols (TAGs) 21 and promoted co-crystallization of low and high melting TAGs. In general, HIU significantly 22 changed the viscosity, G', and G'' of the IE 20% samples except at ∆T = 12 °C. While G' and 23 G'' of IE 30% did not increase significantly, the viscosity increased significantly at ∆T = 9, 6, 24 and 3 °C from 1,526 ± 880 to 6,818 ± 901 Pa.s at ∆T = 3 °C. The improved physical properties 25 of the sonicated IE can make them good contenders for trans-fatty acids replacers.
Page 449. 21 Enzymatic Synthesis of Structured Lipids CASIMIR C. AKOH. SUBRAMANI SELLAPPAN. LYDIA... more Page 449. 21 Enzymatic Synthesis of Structured Lipids CASIMIR C. AKOH. SUBRAMANI SELLAPPAN. LYDIA B. FOMUSO. and VIVIENNE V. YANKAH The University of Georgia. Athens. Georgia 1 INTRODUCTION Natural fats ...
Abstract This chapter aims to describe the role of structured lipids (SLs) in food applications, ... more Abstract This chapter aims to describe the role of structured lipids (SLs) in food applications, ranging from examples of commercially available products containing SLs, to current research on the application of SLs in selected market segments. Methodology for the synthesis of SLs is presented, with a focus on enzymatic technology rather than chemical methods. Selected applications of SLs in confectionery (chocolate and non-chocolate), omega-3 enriched oils, human milk fat analogues for use in infant formula, and plastic fats (shortenings and margarines) are discussed. With the objective of exemplifying how SLs could meet evolving market and consumer demands, selected current challenges within the applications are also discussed.
Oleogels and emulgels were developed with winterized algal oil from Schizochytrium spp. rich in ω... more Oleogels and emulgels were developed with winterized algal oil from Schizochytrium spp. rich in ω-3 fatty acids (FAs) to overcome physical limitations of using a highly unsaturated lipid source in food applications. Both gel types were developed using monolaurin or a combination of mono- and diacylglycerols (MAG/DAG) as the gelator at concentrations of 8, 10, or 12%, w/w, in oil or emulsion. A 14-day accelerated oxidation study was conducted using peroxide value, p-Anisidine value, and change in FA composition to measure the level of oxidation. Oleogel and emulgel samples exhibited a higher oxidative stability than bulk algal oil and oil-in-water emulsion as control groups, respectively. The 12% monolaurin oleogel outperformed others in oxidative stability, preventing oxidation of approximately 17.96% and 20.43% of EPA and DHA, respectively, compared to algal oil. Physical characteristics including thermal behavior, solid fat content (SFC), rheology, morphology, and polymorphism wer...
A multi-functional galloylated structured lipid, 1,2-dioctanoylgalloylglycerol (DOGG), was synthe... more A multi-functional galloylated structured lipid, 1,2-dioctanoylgalloylglycerol (DOGG), was synthesized enzymatically via a regioselective transesterification of propyl gallate and trioctanoate using an immobilized food-grade Candida antarctica lipase B (Lipozyme® 435) as the biocatalyst under solvent-free condition. The variables that affect the reaction, including reaction temperature, substrate ratio, reaction time, and enzyme load, were evaluated and optimized using Taguchi method and response surface methodology. Both methods predicted the same optimal reaction condition, resulting in a 68.8 ± 1.3% DOGG yield with reaction selectivity of 82.9 ± 0.6% at 90 °C, 25/1 trioctanoate/PG (mol/mol), 72 h reaction, and 25% enzyme load relative to the total substrate weight. The structure of the reaction product was elucidated using NMR spectroscopy and ESI-HRMS, confirming the regioselectivity of the reaction. Enzyme retained 50% of its activity after 5 cycles of reuse. It is feasible to synthesize DOGG as a potential antioxidant and nutraceutical using Lipozyme® 435.
Metabolic engineering strategies are mandatory in order to alter the production of important seco... more Metabolic engineering strategies are mandatory in order to alter the production of important secondary metabolites or terpenoid indole alkaloids (TIAs), e.g., vinblastine and vincristine in the medicinal plant Catharanthus roseus. In the present study, we have detected high levels of these two bisindoles along with their precursors, vindoline, catharanthine and taberosinine in response to treatment with chemical elicitors. We also detected the expression levels of nine genes in the TIA biosynthetic pathway. There were slight positive effects of 6- Benzylaminopurine (BA) and kinetin on the percentages of catharanthine. Treatments with indole acetic acid (IAA) at low and moderate concentrations (128.51 and 123.57, respectively), and tryptophan as well as kinetin at moderate concentration (162.94 and 185.27, respectively) resulted in higher percentages of taberosinine. Similar results were found when vindoline was treated with different amounts of IAA. Percentages of vindoline increase...
Galloylglycerol (GG) was synthesized by the enzymatic glycerolysis of propyl gallate (PG) using a... more Galloylglycerol (GG) was synthesized by the enzymatic glycerolysis of propyl gallate (PG) using a food-grade lipase (Lipozyme® 435). The reaction conditions affecting the yield of GG were optimized and a yield of 76.9% ± 1.2% was obtained. GG was characterized by various techniques after being separated from the reaction mixture using liquid-liquid extraction. The water solubility and hydrophilicity of GG were significantly higher than those of gallic acid (GA) and PG. The antioxidant properties, measured by the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2) scavenging assays, showed that GG exhibited the highest scavenging capacity (GG > GA > PG). From the results of the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH •) and 2,2′azinobis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS •+) assays, GG and GA exhibited greater scavenging capacity than PG (GG = GA > PG). These results suggest that GG may be used as a water-soluble antioxidant alternative to GA for food and cosmetic applications.
Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 2018
The objective of this study was to fractionate a purified interesterified fat to eliminate triste... more The objective of this study was to fractionate a purified interesterified fat to eliminate tristearin (SSS) and to evaluate the crystallization behavior of the tristearin‐free fat. The fractionated sample was crystallized with and without the application of high‐intensity ultrasound (HIU) by supercooling the sample at 2 °C. In the absence of SSS, the crystallization process was driven by low‐melting‐point triacylglycerols (TAG) such as OSS and OOS (O, oleic; S, stearic acid). There were no differences observed in the crystallinity in the sample based on the solid fat content (P > 0.05) along with any microstructural differences. In addition, an increase in the enthalpy of melting was observed upon sonication, indicating higher crystallinity (P < 0.05). Stronger intramolecular forces were formed in the sonicated samples as evidenced by increased viscoelastic parameters such as the elastic modulus (G′) and storage modulus (G″) (P < 0.05). G′ values increased from 138.25 ± 41....
Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 2017
Human milk fat (HMF) is a perfect nutritional source that includes all the required ingredients w... more Human milk fat (HMF) is a perfect nutritional source that includes all the required ingredients which are necessary for the growth of infants up to 6 months. Although its composition may differ among mothers or during lactation stage, its unique triacylglycerol (TAG) structure remains constant which is characterized by the presence of palmitic acid (PA) at the sn‐2 position. Previous reports provided convincing information of higher PA and calcium absorption and efficient use of dietary energy when at this specific position in the TAG moiety than when PA is at the sn‐1,3 positions. During the design of structured lipids (SLs) intended for infant nutrition, this unique property is taken into consideration. Human milk fat substitutes (HMFS) enriched with important fatty acids such as omega‐3 and omega‐6 fatty acids are intended to better mimic the functions of HMF as well as provide associated health benefits. The use of microencapsulation technology and novel technologies such as ult...
Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 2016
High sn‐2 docosahexaenoic and arachidonic acid oils (DHAOm and ARAOm, respectively) were produced... more High sn‐2 docosahexaenoic and arachidonic acid oils (DHAOm and ARAOm, respectively) were produced independently via enzymatic interesterification of DHA‐rich and ARA‐rich single cell oils (DHASCO and ARASCO, respectively) using a mix of immobilized lipases, Lipozyme® TL IM and Novozym® 435 (weight ratio 1:1) as the biocatalyst system. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to model and optimize the reactions conditions. Three independent variables, namely reaction time, reaction temperature, and enzyme load, were investigated in DHAOm and ARAOm models. The prediction power of the model was further confirmed by solvent‐free scale‐up reactions of 100 g per batch. Final results showed that DHAOm contained 46.53 mol% of total DHA (49.70 % at the sn‐2 position), while ARAOm contained 47.25 mol% of total ARA (36.08 % at the sn‐2 position). This represents a significant increment in the amount of DHA and ARA at the sn‐2 position when compared to DHASCO (47.8 mol%; 30.30 % at the s...
Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 2015
A structured lipid (SL) with a high amount of sn‐2 palmitic acid was synthesized from anhydrous m... more A structured lipid (SL) with a high amount of sn‐2 palmitic acid was synthesized from anhydrous milkfat and was then enriched with docosahexaenoic (DHA) and arachidonic (ARA) acids using an immobilized lipase. Three different methods were compared including physical blending, enzymatic interesterification, and enzymatic acidolysis. Products were compared with respect to differences in fatty acid profiles, reaction times, antioxidant contents, oxidative stability, melting and crystallization profiles, and reaction yields. The acidolysis method was the least suitable for the synthesis of desired product because of a low reaction yield, low incorporation of DHA, low oxidative stability, and the extra processing steps required. The physical blending and interesterification methods were suitable, but the interesterification product (IE‐SL) had higher amounts of ARA at the sn‐2 position. The IE‐SL contained total ARA and DHA of 0.63 and 0.50 mol%, and 0.55 and 0.46 mol% at the sn‐2 positi...
Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 2017
conformance with the EU, Codex Alimentarius, and China national standards. Results showed that mo... more conformance with the EU, Codex Alimentarius, and China national standards. Results showed that more attention should be paid to the problem of high PAH4 contents in wood-pressed rapeseed oil. The inspection and monitoring of raw materials and processing equipment, as well as the establishment of quality standards for the production of high-quality wood-pressed rapeseed oil are necessary.
Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 2016
An infant formula fat analog with capric acid mostly esterified at the sn‐1,3 positions, and subs... more An infant formula fat analog with capric acid mostly esterified at the sn‐1,3 positions, and substantial amounts of palmitic, docosahexaenoic (DHA), and arachidonic (ARA) acids at the sn‐2 position, was prepared by physically blending enzymatically synthesized structured lipids (SL) with vegetable oils. The components of the blend included high sn‐2 palmitic acid SL enriched with capric acid (SLCA), canola oil (CAO), corn oil (CO), high sn‐2 DHA (DHAOm), and high sn‐2 ARA (ARAOm) enzymatically modified oils. Each component was proportionally blended to match the fatty acid profile of commercial fat blends used for infant formula. The infant formula fat analog (IFFA1) was characterized for total and positional fatty acids (FA), triacylglycerol (TAG) molecular species, thermal behavior, and tocopherol content. IFFA1 contained 17.37 mol% total palmitic acid of which nearly 35 % was located at the sn‐2 position. The total capric acid content was 13.93 mol%. The content of DHA and ARA we...
Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 2015
A structured lipid (SL) with a substantial amount of palmitic acid at the sn‐2 position and enric... more A structured lipid (SL) with a substantial amount of palmitic acid at the sn‐2 position and enriched with capric acid (C), was produced in two enzymatic interesterification stages by using immobilized lipase, Lipozyme® TL IM (Novozymes North America Inc., Franklinton, NC, USA). The substrates for the reactions were high melting point palm stearin, high oleic sunflower oil and tricaprin. The SL was characterized for total and positional fatty acid profiles, triacylglycerol (TAG) molecular species, free fatty acid content, melting and crystallization profiles. The final SL contained 20.13 mol% of total palmitic acid, of which nearly 40 % was located at the sn‐2 position. The total capric acid content was 21.22 mol%, mostly at the sn‐1 and sn‐3 positions. The predominant TAGs in the SL were oleic–palmitic–oleic, POP and CLC. The melting completion and crystallization onset temperatures of the SL were 27.7 and 6.1 °C, respectively. The yield for the overall reaction was 90 wt%. This SL ...
Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 2015
The objective of this study was to produce low saturated, zero‐trans, interesterified fats with 2... more The objective of this study was to produce low saturated, zero‐trans, interesterified fats with 20 or 30 % saturated fatty acids (SFA) such as C16:0 or C18:0. Tripalmitin (TP) or tristearin (TS) was blended with high oleic sunflower oil (HOSO) at different ratios (0.1:1, 0.3:1, and 0.5:1 [w/w]). Total C16:0 and C18:0 compositions of the resulting TP/HOSO and TS/HOSO blends, respectively, were plotted against blending ratios. Linear interpolation was used to estimate blending ratios that would yield physical blends (PB) with 20 or 30 % SFA. Interesterified blends (IB) were then synthesized from the customized PB using Lipozyme TL IM as the biocatalyst. Total and sn‐2 fatty acid compositions, triacylglycerol (TAG) molecular species, thermal behavior, and oxidative stability of PB and IB were compared. The total fatty acid compositions of PB and IB were similar but fatty acid positional distributions and TAG molecular species composition differed. IB contained 5–10 % more SFA at the sn...
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Papers by Casimir C Akoh