The acceleration of the technological progress forces corporations to review their innovation str... more The acceleration of the technological progress forces corporations to review their innovation strategies, looking for a greater flexibility and faster knowledge acquisition to sustain their competitive advantages. In this context, collaboration with startups seems a plausible and effective way to pursuing open innovation strategies. Results show that collaborations between large firms and startups are a very recent though growing phenomenon but with a clear spatial concentration around the largest economies of the region. Its main motive refers to agile and flexible innovation, assuming multiple forms and activities. Interestingly, this phenomenon is neither restricted to certain technological industries nor to foreign-owned corporations. In addition, in-depth insights from case * Este artículo reconoce como antecedente otros estudios realizados por Prodem sobre el tema cuyos resultados se han actualizado, integrado y estilizado para la presente versión.
Documents published in the IDB working paper series are of the highest academic and editorial qua... more Documents published in the IDB working paper series are of the highest academic and editorial quality. All have been peer reviewed by recognized experts in their field and professionally edited. The information and opinions presented in these publications are entirely those of the author(s), and no endorsement by the Inter-American Development Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the countries they represent is expressed or implied. This paper may be reproduced with prior written consent of the author.
Journal of evolutionary studies in business, Jan 30, 2020
Recent contributions on Entrepreneurial Ecosystems (EE) literature tend to highlight the need for... more Recent contributions on Entrepreneurial Ecosystems (EE) literature tend to highlight the need for a deeper theory-based discussion of the concept and a dynamic approach on the EE evolution. The objective of this article is to contribute to this ongoing discussion by proposing a novel theoretical model to understand the origin and evolution of EE, paying special attention to the drivers that are relevant to explain the successive developments in the EE trajectory and the differences between developed and developing EE. We draw our model from the study of four different empirical settings: two well-known and developed EE (Silicon Valley and Israel), and two less developed and less studied EE (Santiago de Chile and Buenos Aires). Our model is composed by two ontologically different levels of dimensions: (i) framework conditions (culture, STI platform, business structure, social conditions and social capital) and (ii) five dynamics or drivers (the entrepreneurial dynamic, the business dynamic, the investment dynamic, the institutional dynamic, and the government and policy dynamic). Evolution, in our model, is conceptualized as a self-reinforcing process by which EE are constructed and developed over time, resulting from the co-evolution and interactions of the five dynamics and the framework conditions. Consequently, each EE would follow its own trajectory, moulded by its initial conditions, the relative importance of the different dynamics, and the interaction process between dynamics and framework conditions.
C. Organización productiva de los establecimientos. . 1. Aspectos técnicos del proceso productivo... more C. Organización productiva de los establecimientos. . 1. Aspectos técnicos del proceso productivo. .. 2. Equipamiento, inversiones y productividad. .
This document provides relevant findings of the emergence and development of some ecosystems. Fir... more This document provides relevant findings of the emergence and development of some ecosystems. Firstly, it looks into the long-term trajectory of two advanced ecosystems such as Silicon Valley (USA) and Tel Aviv/ Israel in an attempt to grasp their emergence and evolution. Secondly, it analyzes the similarities and differences between two Latin American cases-the cities of Buenos Aires (Argentina) and Santiago (Chile). Thirdly, it attempts to compare the cases presented, understand their roots from an evolutionary perspective and explore some implications for developing ecosystems. The cases were selected considering their salient features as both Silicon Valley and Tel-Aviv/ Israel are state-of-the-art ecosystems with interesting differences in their evolutionary process. The cities of Buenos Aires and Santiago are relevant developing ecosystems in the Latin American context.
Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo. Esta obra se encuentra sujeta a una licencia Creative Commons... more Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo. Esta obra se encuentra sujeta a una licencia Creative Commons IGO 3.0 Reconocimiento-NoComercial-SinObrasDerivadas (CC-IGO 3.0 BY-NC-ND) (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/igo/legalcode) y puede ser reproducida para cualquier uso nocomercial otorgando el reconocimiento respectivo al BID. No se permiten obras derivadas. Cualquier disputa relacionada con el uso de las obras del BID que no pueda resolverse amistosamente se someterá a arbitraje de conformidad con las reglas de la CNUDMI (UNCITRAL). El uso del nombre del BID para cualquier fin distinto al reconocimiento respectivo y el uso del logotipo del BID, no están autorizados por esta licencia CC-IGO y requieren de un acuerdo de licencia adicional. Note que el enlace URL incluye términos y condiciones adicionales de esta licencia. Las opiniones expresadas en esta publicación son de los autores y no necesariamente reflejan el punto de vista del Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, de su Directorio Ejecutivo ni de los países que representa.
Inter-American Development Bank eBooks, Aug 1, 2021
En tiempos de crisis sólo la imaginación es tan importante como el conocimiento. Nunca más vigent... more En tiempos de crisis sólo la imaginación es tan importante como el conocimiento. Nunca más vigente que hoy esta frase de Albert Einstein, cuando los emprendedores, los gobiernos y las demás organizaciones de los ecosistemas de emprendimiento e innovación enfrentan desafíos inéditos. Además de atender el presente, estos desafíos incluyen la necesidad de construir el futuro de la pospandemia. En este contexto, el presente estudio busca aportar elementos orientadores tanto para el pensamiento estratégico como para la acción. ¿Cómo serán los ecosistemas del mañana? ¿Qué tipo de oportunidades se abren? ¿Estará el talento necesario y los apoyos requeridos disponible para capitalizarlas? ¿Qué pasará con las políticas de emprendimiento? ¿Y con las organizaciones de soporte y los inversionistas? Para responder a estos interrogantes se realizó primero una consulta a una serie de grupos de expertos a nivel global que fue complementada a nivel de América Latina con una encuesta a 150 referentes de ecosistemas. Lejos de pretender una proyección de escenarios, los resultados que se presentan aportan un análisis de las expectativas compartidas por actores clave. Se trata sin duda de un material de interés para estimular el debate en torno a la construcción de escenarios, un ejercicio muy necesario tanto para los hacedores de políticas como para los inversionistas, las organizaciones de soporte, los centros de formación e investigación y los mismos emprendedores.
International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 2005
Most of the research of entrepreneurship is based in empirical evidence obtained in developed cou... more Most of the research of entrepreneurship is based in empirical evidence obtained in developed countries. In Latin America this field of research is less advanced and the available information is not comparable with other regions. In the last years GEM projects (GEM, 2002, 2003) have provided information about entrepreneurship in some Latin American countries. Despite the contribution made by GEM to understand entrepreneurship in general the emergence of dynamic ventures, particularly in less developed countries, is an important issue deserving further efforts.
CAPÍTULO 1: Enfoques, experiencias y propósitos del estudio CAPÍTULO 1: Enfoques, experiencias y ... more CAPÍTULO 1: Enfoques, experiencias y propósitos del estudio CAPÍTULO 1: Enfoques, experiencias y propósitos del estudio SUMARIO DEL CAPÍTULO 8 Esta valorización de la opción empresarial será mayor en aquellos mercados en los que la innovación sigue un patrón de "tipo emprendedor" (Audretsch, 1995). Estos casos se caracterizan por la existencia de condiciones de "baja apropiabilidad" de los beneficios asociados a las innovaciones, bajas barreras a la entrada y reducida acumulatividad del conocimiento en las empresas existentes (Burachik, 1999). 9 En el momento de su aprobación, dicho presupuesto equivalía a cerca de 4 mil millones de dólares.
El presente artículo realiza una revisión de las principales políticas de apoyo a la creación de ... more El presente artículo realiza una revisión de las principales políticas de apoyo a la creación de nuevas empresas, con foco en aquellas orientadas hacia el emprendimiento dinámico, es decir, aquellos emprendimientos con potencial de convertirse en pymes competitivas con potencial de seguir creciendo. En total se analizaron y clasificaron más de 40 políticas en 10 países de América Latina. Los principales resultados muestran que en general las políticas de emprendimiento dinámico son de reciente aparición en la región y tienden a concentrarse en las etapas del start-up y no tanto en las etapas previas y posteriores al arranque. El tipo de asistencia característico son subsidios de capital semilla junto con el acompañamiento (asistencia técnica) al equipo emprendedor y su proyecto. Entre los principales desafíos están consolidar este espacio de políticas, incluir el fortalecimiento de la plataforma institucional de apoyo (el ecosistema) dentro de los objetivos de políticas y ampliar el alcance de las mismas, incorporando tanto las etapas previas al arranque (aquellas donde se da la motivación y adquisición de competencias emprendedoras) y las posteriores al inicio de la empresa y que tienen que ver con su expansión.
Entrepreneurship policies are now widely spread among the general policy agenda in most of the co... more Entrepreneurship policies are now widely spread among the general policy agenda in most of the countries. In particular, emerging countries started to focus on startups and young firms as potential engines of economic growth and structural transformation. Therefore, several governments from these countries are devoting significant efforts to develop their entrepreneurial ecosystems and promote the emergence of new dynamic firms. However, data on entrepreneurship in these countries is scarce leaving policymakers without a clear evidencebased platform for designing their policies and programs. This paper tries to contribute to this task in two manners. First, it presents a systemic conceptual approach to guide the design of entrepreneurship policies that explicitly includes the structural factors acting act as barriers in less developed contexts. Secondly, Based on the information from the IDE (Index of Dynamic Entrepreneurship) this study advances into the characterization of six different configurations of systemic conditionsthree of which include emerging countriesanalyzing their main strengths and weaknesses. Hence, this article provides a new evidence-based platform to identify and discuss the heterogeneity among ecosystems in emerging countries and suggests several policy recommendations for those governments that want to implement new entrepreneurship policies. At the same time, they introduce to the literature new concepts such as 'systemic balance' and 'dual ecosystems', which serve to characterize most of the observed configurations of systemic conditions for entrepreneurship in less developed regions. All in all, the results of this study would serve to guide policymakers to formulate their policies in a more contextualized framework.
Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, Oct 26, 2012
PurposeThe aim of this study is to advance the understanding of firm growth determinants by compa... more PurposeThe aim of this study is to advance the understanding of firm growth determinants by comparing the factors influencing young firms' growth in 13 countries corresponding to three contrasting regions.Design/methodology/approachThe authors propose an integrated model of venture growth where entrepreneurs' profile, firm resources and market characteristics are combined. This model is tested using three OLS regressions, one corresponding to each region.FindingsThe results show that compared with the remainder two regions, the less favorable business conditions verified in Latin American countries emphasize the relevance of entrepreneurs' human capital endowments in determining business development and its further growth. On the contrary, market‐related issues and the availability of financial resources are more important in South‐East Asia and Mediterranean Europe. Team size and particularly its growth are positively associated with firm growth in all the studied regions.Practical implicationsThe results of this study confirm that a firm's growth determinants as well as their importance vary across regions. Consequently, policy interventions should take into account the specificity of each region when designing entrepreneurial policies, avoiding the adoption of “one size fits all” solutions.Originality/valueThe main contribution of this paper is twofold: first, it collects empirical evidence about young firm growth in less studied regions; second, by comparing the results for each region differential effects of several determinants of firm growth in quite contrasting contexts are discussed.
European Journal of International Management, 2009
Using data of young firms from Latin America and Mediterranean Europe, we analyse the influence o... more Using data of young firms from Latin America and Mediterranean Europe, we analyse the influence of human and relational capital on the likelihood of creating an early internationalising firm (EIF). Our results indicate that in the context of Latin American countries entrepreneurs' characteristics as well as their networks of relationships may influence decisively the likelihood of creating an EIF. Particularly, our findings indicate that young as well as senior, well-educated entrepreneurs who built entrepreneurial teams and, at the same time, had access to larger and more professional networks constitutes the typical profile of an EIF founder in Latin America. In contrast, the results for the Mediterranean Europe sample reveal that human and relational capital variables are less relevant. The results of this paper would contribute to the empirical literature analysing evidence from
The acceleration of the technological progress forces corporations to review their innovation str... more The acceleration of the technological progress forces corporations to review their innovation strategies, looking for a greater flexibility and faster knowledge acquisition to sustain their competitive advantages. In this context, collaboration with startups seems a plausible and effective way to pursuing open innovation strategies. Results show that collaborations between large firms and startups are a very recent though growing phenomenon but with a clear spatial concentration around the largest economies of the region. Its main motive refers to agile and flexible innovation, assuming multiple forms and activities. Interestingly, this phenomenon is neither restricted to certain technological industries nor to foreign-owned corporations. In addition, in-depth insights from case * Este artículo reconoce como antecedente otros estudios realizados por Prodem sobre el tema cuyos resultados se han actualizado, integrado y estilizado para la presente versión.
Documents published in the IDB working paper series are of the highest academic and editorial qua... more Documents published in the IDB working paper series are of the highest academic and editorial quality. All have been peer reviewed by recognized experts in their field and professionally edited. The information and opinions presented in these publications are entirely those of the author(s), and no endorsement by the Inter-American Development Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the countries they represent is expressed or implied. This paper may be reproduced with prior written consent of the author.
Journal of evolutionary studies in business, Jan 30, 2020
Recent contributions on Entrepreneurial Ecosystems (EE) literature tend to highlight the need for... more Recent contributions on Entrepreneurial Ecosystems (EE) literature tend to highlight the need for a deeper theory-based discussion of the concept and a dynamic approach on the EE evolution. The objective of this article is to contribute to this ongoing discussion by proposing a novel theoretical model to understand the origin and evolution of EE, paying special attention to the drivers that are relevant to explain the successive developments in the EE trajectory and the differences between developed and developing EE. We draw our model from the study of four different empirical settings: two well-known and developed EE (Silicon Valley and Israel), and two less developed and less studied EE (Santiago de Chile and Buenos Aires). Our model is composed by two ontologically different levels of dimensions: (i) framework conditions (culture, STI platform, business structure, social conditions and social capital) and (ii) five dynamics or drivers (the entrepreneurial dynamic, the business dynamic, the investment dynamic, the institutional dynamic, and the government and policy dynamic). Evolution, in our model, is conceptualized as a self-reinforcing process by which EE are constructed and developed over time, resulting from the co-evolution and interactions of the five dynamics and the framework conditions. Consequently, each EE would follow its own trajectory, moulded by its initial conditions, the relative importance of the different dynamics, and the interaction process between dynamics and framework conditions.
C. Organización productiva de los establecimientos. . 1. Aspectos técnicos del proceso productivo... more C. Organización productiva de los establecimientos. . 1. Aspectos técnicos del proceso productivo. .. 2. Equipamiento, inversiones y productividad. .
This document provides relevant findings of the emergence and development of some ecosystems. Fir... more This document provides relevant findings of the emergence and development of some ecosystems. Firstly, it looks into the long-term trajectory of two advanced ecosystems such as Silicon Valley (USA) and Tel Aviv/ Israel in an attempt to grasp their emergence and evolution. Secondly, it analyzes the similarities and differences between two Latin American cases-the cities of Buenos Aires (Argentina) and Santiago (Chile). Thirdly, it attempts to compare the cases presented, understand their roots from an evolutionary perspective and explore some implications for developing ecosystems. The cases were selected considering their salient features as both Silicon Valley and Tel-Aviv/ Israel are state-of-the-art ecosystems with interesting differences in their evolutionary process. The cities of Buenos Aires and Santiago are relevant developing ecosystems in the Latin American context.
Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo. Esta obra se encuentra sujeta a una licencia Creative Commons... more Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo. Esta obra se encuentra sujeta a una licencia Creative Commons IGO 3.0 Reconocimiento-NoComercial-SinObrasDerivadas (CC-IGO 3.0 BY-NC-ND) (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/igo/legalcode) y puede ser reproducida para cualquier uso nocomercial otorgando el reconocimiento respectivo al BID. No se permiten obras derivadas. Cualquier disputa relacionada con el uso de las obras del BID que no pueda resolverse amistosamente se someterá a arbitraje de conformidad con las reglas de la CNUDMI (UNCITRAL). El uso del nombre del BID para cualquier fin distinto al reconocimiento respectivo y el uso del logotipo del BID, no están autorizados por esta licencia CC-IGO y requieren de un acuerdo de licencia adicional. Note que el enlace URL incluye términos y condiciones adicionales de esta licencia. Las opiniones expresadas en esta publicación son de los autores y no necesariamente reflejan el punto de vista del Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, de su Directorio Ejecutivo ni de los países que representa.
Inter-American Development Bank eBooks, Aug 1, 2021
En tiempos de crisis sólo la imaginación es tan importante como el conocimiento. Nunca más vigent... more En tiempos de crisis sólo la imaginación es tan importante como el conocimiento. Nunca más vigente que hoy esta frase de Albert Einstein, cuando los emprendedores, los gobiernos y las demás organizaciones de los ecosistemas de emprendimiento e innovación enfrentan desafíos inéditos. Además de atender el presente, estos desafíos incluyen la necesidad de construir el futuro de la pospandemia. En este contexto, el presente estudio busca aportar elementos orientadores tanto para el pensamiento estratégico como para la acción. ¿Cómo serán los ecosistemas del mañana? ¿Qué tipo de oportunidades se abren? ¿Estará el talento necesario y los apoyos requeridos disponible para capitalizarlas? ¿Qué pasará con las políticas de emprendimiento? ¿Y con las organizaciones de soporte y los inversionistas? Para responder a estos interrogantes se realizó primero una consulta a una serie de grupos de expertos a nivel global que fue complementada a nivel de América Latina con una encuesta a 150 referentes de ecosistemas. Lejos de pretender una proyección de escenarios, los resultados que se presentan aportan un análisis de las expectativas compartidas por actores clave. Se trata sin duda de un material de interés para estimular el debate en torno a la construcción de escenarios, un ejercicio muy necesario tanto para los hacedores de políticas como para los inversionistas, las organizaciones de soporte, los centros de formación e investigación y los mismos emprendedores.
International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 2005
Most of the research of entrepreneurship is based in empirical evidence obtained in developed cou... more Most of the research of entrepreneurship is based in empirical evidence obtained in developed countries. In Latin America this field of research is less advanced and the available information is not comparable with other regions. In the last years GEM projects (GEM, 2002, 2003) have provided information about entrepreneurship in some Latin American countries. Despite the contribution made by GEM to understand entrepreneurship in general the emergence of dynamic ventures, particularly in less developed countries, is an important issue deserving further efforts.
CAPÍTULO 1: Enfoques, experiencias y propósitos del estudio CAPÍTULO 1: Enfoques, experiencias y ... more CAPÍTULO 1: Enfoques, experiencias y propósitos del estudio CAPÍTULO 1: Enfoques, experiencias y propósitos del estudio SUMARIO DEL CAPÍTULO 8 Esta valorización de la opción empresarial será mayor en aquellos mercados en los que la innovación sigue un patrón de "tipo emprendedor" (Audretsch, 1995). Estos casos se caracterizan por la existencia de condiciones de "baja apropiabilidad" de los beneficios asociados a las innovaciones, bajas barreras a la entrada y reducida acumulatividad del conocimiento en las empresas existentes (Burachik, 1999). 9 En el momento de su aprobación, dicho presupuesto equivalía a cerca de 4 mil millones de dólares.
El presente artículo realiza una revisión de las principales políticas de apoyo a la creación de ... more El presente artículo realiza una revisión de las principales políticas de apoyo a la creación de nuevas empresas, con foco en aquellas orientadas hacia el emprendimiento dinámico, es decir, aquellos emprendimientos con potencial de convertirse en pymes competitivas con potencial de seguir creciendo. En total se analizaron y clasificaron más de 40 políticas en 10 países de América Latina. Los principales resultados muestran que en general las políticas de emprendimiento dinámico son de reciente aparición en la región y tienden a concentrarse en las etapas del start-up y no tanto en las etapas previas y posteriores al arranque. El tipo de asistencia característico son subsidios de capital semilla junto con el acompañamiento (asistencia técnica) al equipo emprendedor y su proyecto. Entre los principales desafíos están consolidar este espacio de políticas, incluir el fortalecimiento de la plataforma institucional de apoyo (el ecosistema) dentro de los objetivos de políticas y ampliar el alcance de las mismas, incorporando tanto las etapas previas al arranque (aquellas donde se da la motivación y adquisición de competencias emprendedoras) y las posteriores al inicio de la empresa y que tienen que ver con su expansión.
Entrepreneurship policies are now widely spread among the general policy agenda in most of the co... more Entrepreneurship policies are now widely spread among the general policy agenda in most of the countries. In particular, emerging countries started to focus on startups and young firms as potential engines of economic growth and structural transformation. Therefore, several governments from these countries are devoting significant efforts to develop their entrepreneurial ecosystems and promote the emergence of new dynamic firms. However, data on entrepreneurship in these countries is scarce leaving policymakers without a clear evidencebased platform for designing their policies and programs. This paper tries to contribute to this task in two manners. First, it presents a systemic conceptual approach to guide the design of entrepreneurship policies that explicitly includes the structural factors acting act as barriers in less developed contexts. Secondly, Based on the information from the IDE (Index of Dynamic Entrepreneurship) this study advances into the characterization of six different configurations of systemic conditionsthree of which include emerging countriesanalyzing their main strengths and weaknesses. Hence, this article provides a new evidence-based platform to identify and discuss the heterogeneity among ecosystems in emerging countries and suggests several policy recommendations for those governments that want to implement new entrepreneurship policies. At the same time, they introduce to the literature new concepts such as 'systemic balance' and 'dual ecosystems', which serve to characterize most of the observed configurations of systemic conditions for entrepreneurship in less developed regions. All in all, the results of this study would serve to guide policymakers to formulate their policies in a more contextualized framework.
Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, Oct 26, 2012
PurposeThe aim of this study is to advance the understanding of firm growth determinants by compa... more PurposeThe aim of this study is to advance the understanding of firm growth determinants by comparing the factors influencing young firms' growth in 13 countries corresponding to three contrasting regions.Design/methodology/approachThe authors propose an integrated model of venture growth where entrepreneurs' profile, firm resources and market characteristics are combined. This model is tested using three OLS regressions, one corresponding to each region.FindingsThe results show that compared with the remainder two regions, the less favorable business conditions verified in Latin American countries emphasize the relevance of entrepreneurs' human capital endowments in determining business development and its further growth. On the contrary, market‐related issues and the availability of financial resources are more important in South‐East Asia and Mediterranean Europe. Team size and particularly its growth are positively associated with firm growth in all the studied regions.Practical implicationsThe results of this study confirm that a firm's growth determinants as well as their importance vary across regions. Consequently, policy interventions should take into account the specificity of each region when designing entrepreneurial policies, avoiding the adoption of “one size fits all” solutions.Originality/valueThe main contribution of this paper is twofold: first, it collects empirical evidence about young firm growth in less studied regions; second, by comparing the results for each region differential effects of several determinants of firm growth in quite contrasting contexts are discussed.
European Journal of International Management, 2009
Using data of young firms from Latin America and Mediterranean Europe, we analyse the influence o... more Using data of young firms from Latin America and Mediterranean Europe, we analyse the influence of human and relational capital on the likelihood of creating an early internationalising firm (EIF). Our results indicate that in the context of Latin American countries entrepreneurs' characteristics as well as their networks of relationships may influence decisively the likelihood of creating an EIF. Particularly, our findings indicate that young as well as senior, well-educated entrepreneurs who built entrepreneurial teams and, at the same time, had access to larger and more professional networks constitutes the typical profile of an EIF founder in Latin America. In contrast, the results for the Mediterranean Europe sample reveal that human and relational capital variables are less relevant. The results of this paper would contribute to the empirical literature analysing evidence from
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