ABUAD International Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences, Aug 30, 2023
INTRODUCTION E xtended Spectrum Beta Lactamases (ESBLs) are a group of Beta Lactamases which hydr... more INTRODUCTION E xtended Spectrum Beta Lactamases (ESBLs) are a group of Beta Lactamases which hydrolyse oxyimino-cephalosporins and have been found worldwide in many different genera of the family Enterobacteriaceae (Bradford, 2001):. ESBLs have become a serious health concern all over the world due to the indiscriminate use of antibiotics, poor sanitation in hospitals and unhealthy lifestyles. Carbepenemases are also a serious cause of concern as they hydrolyze 'carbapenems' which are from the last line of drugs in the fight against infections. Citrobacter freundii and Providencia stuartii are members of the family Enterobacteriaceae which are emerging as important ESBL and carbapenemase producing pathogens (Tumbarello et al., 2004; Liu et al., 2017). This study was carried out to determine the antibiotic susceptibility patterns and the ESBL and carbapenemase producing prevalence of C. freundii and P. stuartii in Festac Town, Lagos State. METHODS A total of 134 non-duplicatebacterial isolates obtained from urine, wound, high vaginal swab (HVS) and stool samples, were subject to Standard and Rapid methods such as the Gram Stain technique and the Microbact TM system for the identification of isolates obtained. Antibiotic sensitivity of the identified isolates was determined by the Kirby Bauer Disk Diffusion method on Muller-Hinton agar using commercially available paper disks (Kirby et al.,1966). The antibiotic disks used were in the following concentrations: Amoxillinclavulanate (10 μg), Cefotaxime (30 μg), Ceftazidime (30 μg), Ciprofloxacin (30 μg), Gentamicin (30 μg), and Meropenem (10 μg). The double disk synergy test (DDST) method was employed to phenotypically determine the production of
Worldwide, Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest prevalence of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection ... more Worldwide, Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest prevalence of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection with Nigeria having the highest prevalence in Sub-Saharan Africa. It is a leading cause of cancer deaths in Nigerian women. Infection of HPV leads to the development of cervical cancer, particularly the highrisk types. There is a need to combat cervical cancer through HPV testing using molecular methods such as the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (using type-specific primers) that permit exact typing of the HPV infections and are sensitive to detecting high-risk HPV genotypes including multiple infections rather than the conventional cytology. This method of HPV detection is lacking in this part of the world thus contributing to the unknown circulation of several high-risk HPV types in Nigeria. Hence, this study aims to determine the prevalence of cervical HPV infections using type-specific primers and its associated risk factors among women in Northcentral Nigeria. The prevalence of HPV infection was Abstract Objective: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of cervical HPV infections and its associated sociodemographic risk factors among women attending selected hospitals in some parts of Northcentral Nigeria. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 250 women attending the cervical screening units of three tertiary health facilities. The screening for some participants was based on referral following a risk assessment by healthcare staff. Information about the socio-demographic/risk factors was obtained through structured questionnaires, while HPV DNA was detected from the cervical swab samples collected using Nested PCR. Socioeconomic characteristics and factors were analyzed using frequency and percentages while categorical variables were analyzed using chi-square. P < 0.05 was statistically significant. Results: The prevalence of HPV infection in this study was 35.6%. Women who participated were between the ages of 20 and 70. The results obtained showed a high prevalence of HPV among women within the age range of 30-39 years (17.6%). Demographic data and risk factors such as age range 30-39 years (p=0.001; r=0.56), coital age of 15-19 years (p=0.004; r= 0.62), use of contraceptives (p=0.002; r=0.54), history of STI (p=0.035; r= 0.47), age at first pregnancy (p= 0.002; r= 0.53), pre-menopausal age (p=0.019, r= 0.51) and multiparity (p=0.033; r=0.49) were found to have a significant association with HPV infection. Conclusion: The HPV prevalence observed shows increased virus transmission in Northcentral Nigeria. Hence, a need to employ early diagnoses, treatment, and vaccination to avert an upsurge in cervical cancer cases in Northcentral Nigeria.
Antibiotics resistance is a rapidly emerging issue through the misuse of antibiotics to treat hum... more Antibiotics resistance is a rapidly emerging issue through the misuse of antibiotics to treat human and animalrelated infections. The use of beta-lactams has increased considerably since its discovery so also resistant genes leading to Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBL) mediated by the presence of bla , bla and bla CTX-M TEM, SHV genes present in most Gram-negative bacteria. This study aimed to detect the widespread distribution of ESBL genes from fomites, healthcare workers, and patients suffering from urinary tract infection in two hospitals in Lagos state, Nigeria. A total of 150 swab samples were collected from fomites, health care workers, and catheters of patients suffering from urinary tract infection (UTI). Antibiotics susceptibility test was performed by Kirby-Bauer technique according to CLSI guidelines. Organisms that tested positive phenotypically for ESBL were subjected to PCR for molecular analysis. ESBL prevalence rate of 21.8% and a carbapenemase-resistance rate of 16.7% were recorded. The ESBL producing isolates showed the highest resistance to ceftriaxone (82.4%) and the least resistance to tigecycline (5.9%). The existence of bla and bla was detected in 76.5% and 17.6% of CTX-M TEM the isolates respectively, while bla encoding gene was not detected in this study. The distribution of bla genes SHV detected in this study is of great concern which necessitates strict control measures in the usage of antibiotics especially the third-generation cephalosporin. In summary, the presence and distribution of ESBL encoding genes within two hospitals in Lagos were tested and the highest occurrence was recorded in bla gene CTX-M reducing and limiting the available treatment option for infections.
Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, G. Microbiology
Background: Antimicrobial resistance is a great scourge on human health, exacerbated by the acqui... more Background: Antimicrobial resistance is a great scourge on human health, exacerbated by the acquisition of resistance to carbapenems, the last resort treatment for infections caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria. Objectives: This cross-sectional study evaluated the prevalence of genes encoding ESBL and carbapenemase production in Gramnegative bacteria from clinical samples in Lagos state, Nigeria.Method: A total of 107 bacteria cultures were obtained from hospitals and clinical diagnostic laboratories. Isolate identification, antibiotics susceptibility testing, and phenotypic detection of ESBL production were done using standardized procedures. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed on ESBL-producing isolates to detect blaTEM, blaSHV, blaCTX-M, blaKPC, blaVIM, blaIMP and blaOXA.Result: Among the 107 cultures, 83 isolates were obtained with 55 being Gram-negative. Escherichia coli (22; 40%) was the most prevalent species followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (7; 13%). Multidrug resistance (MDR) was observed in 34 (62%) of the isolated bacteria with 14 (26%) not susceptible to meropenem. ESBL production was detected in 42 (76%) of the isolates of which 23 (55%) strains harboured one or more of the genes blaTEM, blaSHV, and blaCTX-M. The carbapenemase genes blaKPC and/or blaVIM were observed in 11 (26%) isolates. No isolated bacteria were found to harbour blaIMP and/or blaOXA.Conclusion: Genes encoding ESBL and carbapenemase production were detected in samples of human origin in Lagos state. Novel antibiotics and/or alternative therapy are necessary for infection therapy in the near future.
Chromobacterium violaceum has been implicated as an important cause of invasive diseases such as ... more Chromobacterium violaceum has been implicated as an important cause of invasive diseases such as septicaemia in neonates and immune-compromised adults with high risk of misdiagnosis, mistreatment, and poor outcomes. Here, we report three new cases of C. violaceum infections in three different hospitalised patients with empyema thoracis (one case) and urinary tract infections (two cases) in a tertiary Hospital in Lagos, Nigeria, and the diagnosis was confirmed with the MALDI-TOF MS instrument. e patients were admitted and treated with parenteral antibiotics (ciprofloxacin, cefotaxime, and ceftriaxone) and discharged after clinical cure. Clinical and Laboratory findings from this study revealed C. violaceum as an emerging and an "underdiagnosed" pathogen causing human infections in Nigeria with ciprofloxacin identified as an effective empirical treatment. Follow-up of cases treated with microbiologically efficacious antibiotics indicates a good treatment outcome.
Avicenna Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infection, Aug 22, 2016
Objectives: Staphylococcus aureus is a lethal opportunistic pathogen capable of causing a wide ra... more Objectives: Staphylococcus aureus is a lethal opportunistic pathogen capable of causing a wide range of infections, especially in debilitated hosts such as the elderly. Nasal carriers of this organism have an increased risk of becoming infected with the pathogen. The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of S. aureus nasal carriage, to determine the probable risk factors, and to examine the frequency of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) among elderly people in hospital and nursing home settings in Lagos, Nigeria. Methods: Two hundred thirty nasal samples were collected from the anterior nares of individuals aged 65 years and older. Possible risk factors were assessed using well-structured questionnaires, and the samples were subjected to standard bacteriological procedures. Antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates was determined with the disk diffusion method. Detection of methicillin resistance was done with the disk diffusion test using cefoxitin 30 µg, and confirmed with OXOID MRSA CHROMagar. Results: Fifty (21.7%) S. aureus strains were identified among the samples, and antibiotic susceptibility testing showed that multidrug resistance was common. Approximately 20% were resistant to gentamicin, ofloxacin, and mupirocin. Cloxacillin, amoxicillin/clavulanate, and ceftazidime showed the least anti-staphylococcal activity, and almost half of the isolates were resistant to ceftriaxone and cefuroxime. The MRSA nasal carriage rate was 10% and colonization was favored by previous antibiotic use, hypertension, and tuberculosis. Conclusions: The occurrence of multidrug-resistant S. aureus in the elderly cohort indicates their capacity to serve as reservoirs for these strains, which could facilitate the dissemination of MRSA into the community. Therefore, decolonization and the implementation of measures to prevent the spread of this organism are necessary.
Sheep and horse blood are the most commonly used blood for the isolation of microorganisms from h... more Sheep and horse blood are the most commonly used blood for the isolation of microorganisms from human tissue and fluids. However, in many developing countries such as Nigeria, expired human blood from blood banks is still used despite the risk of exposure to HIV and other blood-borne infections, because it is easy to obtain. Blood agar made from blood of rams (similar to sheep), cows, chickens and goats, which are very common in Nigeria, were therefore evaluated. The isolation rates, colony size and morphology as well as haemolytic characteristics of common hospital pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus spp, were tested on blood agar prepared from the different animal blood types. All reactions were observed at 24 hrs and 48 hrs respectively. Good growth was achieved by all isolates on rabbit, sheep and chicken blood agar though the best growth was achieved on ram blood agar but there was no significant variation in their morphology. There were differences in their abilities to distinguish haemolytic patterns. Beta Haemolytic Streptococci remained the same on all the blood agar, but the haemolysis of Staphylococci aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa varied on different media while haemolysis was least consistent on chicken and cow blood agar. Ram blood agar gave the best reactions in terms of good growth rates of organisms, good morphological characterization as well as good haemolytic reactions. Besides, it is easily available and large quantities of blood can be obtained. Despite the good qualities of ram blood agar observed in this study, however, there is a need for it to be tested further for its ability to support more fastidious organisms.
Background: Antimicrobial resistance is a great scourge on human health, exacerbated by the acqui... more Background: Antimicrobial resistance is a great scourge on human health, exacerbated by the acquisition of resistance to carbapenems, the last resort treatment for infections caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria. Objectives: This cross-sectional study evaluated the prevalence of genes encoding ESBL and carbapenemase production in Gramnegative bacteria from clinical samples in Lagos state, Nigeria.Method: A total of 107 bacteria cultures were obtained from hospitals and clinical diagnostic laboratories. Isolate identification, antibiotics susceptibility testing, and phenotypic detection of ESBL production were done using standardized procedures. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed on ESBL-producing isolates to detect blaTEM, blaSHV, blaCTX-M, blaKPC, blaVIM, blaIMP and blaOXA.Result: Among the 107 cultures, 83 isolates were obtained with 55 being Gram-negative. Escherichia coli (22; 40%) was the most prevalent species followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (7; 13%). Multidrug resistance (MDR) was observed in 34 (62%) of the isolated bacteria with 14 (26%) not susceptible to meropenem. ESBL production was detected in 42 (76%) of the isolates of which 23 (55%) strains harboured one or more of the genes blaTEM, blaSHV, and blaCTX-M. The carbapenemase genes blaKPC and/or blaVIM were observed in 11 (26%) isolates. No isolated bacteria were found to harbour blaIMP and/or blaOXA.Conclusion: Genes encoding ESBL and carbapenemase production were detected in samples of human origin in Lagos state. Novel antibiotics and/or alternative therapy are necessary for infection therapy in the near future.
African Journal of Infectious Diseases, May 1, 2016
Background: The daily use of Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) prophylaxis reduces morbidit... more Background: The daily use of Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) prophylaxis reduces morbidity and mortality among patients infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) but its impact on increasing antimicrobial resistance rates has been of public concern globally. This study investigated the effect of daily TMP-SMX prophylaxis on faecal carriage rates of resistant isolates of Escherichia coli in HIV-infected adult patients in Lagos. Methods: A total of 550 HIV-infected patients with CD4-cell count of less than 350 cell/mm 3 and were eligible for TMP-SMX prophylaxis attending Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria, were recruited. Stool/rectal swab samples were aseptically collected from the patients and processed using standard methods for culture and sensitivity. Results: There was a baseline Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole resistance rate of 54% which increased to 77.9% in first 3 months, rising to 96.1% by 6 months and all isolates were resistant by the 9th month. There was also evidence of crossresistance to other antibiotics with significant association with TMP-SMX resistance (p<0.0001). The Escherichia coli isolates showed a progressive increase in resistance to the tested antibiotics over the 12-month period. The resistance was in the following order: Ampicillin (74% to 82.6% in the first 3 months; 98.3% by the 6th month and 99.4% by the 9th month; all isolates were resistant by the 12th month). Augmentin (32.5% to 47.7% in first 3 months; 76.1% by the 6th month; 86.3% by the 9th month; all isolates were resistant by 12 months). Ceftriaxone (2.0% to 10.8% in first 3 months; 20.6% by the 6th month; 24.2% by the 9th month; 54.3% by the 12 months). Conclusion: The carriage rate of faecal E. coli resistant to TMP-SMX is common before TMP-SMX prophylaxis. Initiation of TMP-SMX leads to further increase in resistance to TMP-SMX and cross-resistance to other antimicrobials.
Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, G. Microbiology
Background: Antibiotic resistance Gram-negative bacteria are becoming responsible for the increas... more Background: Antibiotic resistance Gram-negative bacteria are becoming responsible for the increased morbidity and mortality, particularly in hospitalized patients. With the increasing use of electronic healthcare, shared use of medical equipment and imperfect hand hygiene, the role of frequently touched environmental surfaces for the potential dissemination of these resistant organisms is now of greater importance, posing a real challenge to conventional infection-control practices. We sought therefore to determine the prevalence and antibiotic resistance pattern of Gram-negative pathogens from inanimate hospital sources. Methods: Environment swab samples were collected from Lagos Island maternity hospital for the isolation of Gram-negative pathogens. Antibiotic susceptibility test, multiple antibiotic indexing, phenotypic and PCR genotypic confirmation of ESBL, carbapenemase gene and plasmid profiling were used to detect and determine the resistance pattern of these isolates. Result: A total prevalence of 35(40.2%) Gram-negative pathogens were recorded in this study. Among the isolates, 33(94.3%) were resistant to ceftriaxone and 23(65.7%) resistant to cefepime, 19(54.3%) were resistant to ciprofloxacin and 21(60%) were resistant to ofloxacin. Absolute resistance of 100% was observed among gentamicin, tigecycline and ampicillin. The carbapenems showed the least resistance where 15(42.9%) were resistant to imipenem, 11(31.4%) doripenem and 10(28.6%) to meropenem. A similar trend of a very high multiple antibiotics resistance (MAR) index was observed among the isolates from all sampling areas. Out of the 35 isolates, 20 (57.1%) were identified as ESBL producers while 4 (11.4%) phenotypically emerged as carbapenamase producers. Genotypically 4 (20%) carried the blaCTX-M gene and 1 (5%) carried blaTem gene while out of 6 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 2(33.3%) carried Integron 1 gene. All isolates showed no carbapenamase gene while 11(55%) showed the presence of plasmid with a high band size of 23130kbp.Conclusion: This study established the detection of the extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) gene indicating an increase in the rate of antibiotic resistance in Gramnegative bacteria and their occurrence in inanimate hospital environments.
Mycobacteriophage McGee is a myovirus isolated from a wet soil sample collected at Manassas, VA, ... more Mycobacteriophage McGee is a myovirus isolated from a wet soil sample collected at Manassas, VA, using Mycobacterium smegmatis mc 2 155. McGee has a genome 156,008 bp long, containing 237 protein-coding genes, 31 tRNA genes, and 1 transfer-messenger RNA (tmRNA) gene. McGee shares high gene content similarity to phages in actinobacteriophage cluster C1.
Samples of Shea butter were randomly collected from five local markets from four different states... more Samples of Shea butter were randomly collected from five local markets from four different states in Nigeria. Isolation and identification of microbial contaminants (Bacteria and Fungi) were carried out as well as the analysis of some physical and chemical parameters. Results from this study reveal the presence of five fungal and three bacterial species as contaminants. The isolated fungi include: Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium species , Mucor species and Trichoderma species. Citrobacter freundii , Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were the bacteria established in the study. Differences were also noted in the colour, refractive index and the viscosity of the shea butters sampled. A great significant differences was also observed in the peroxide (2.0 – 8.60 meq/kg), saponification (29.21 – 47.48 mgKOH/g), iodine (4.31 – 13.20 I g/100g) and the fatty acid (27.50 – 2 88.83 mgKOH/kg) values respectively. It was deduced from this study that hawked Vitelleria pa...
Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, frequently associated with a wide range of community and nosocomial infec... more Pseudomonas aeruginosa, frequently associated with a wide range of community and nosocomial infections, is notorious for being resistant to several classes of antibiotics with only a handful of antibiotics still effective. This study determined the human body burden of P. aeruginosa as well as antibiotics susceptibility pattern and presence of extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and carbapenemase encoding genes in Lagos state, Nigeria using standard methods. Out of 103 bacterial cultures collected, 31 P. aeruginosa isolates were obtained, mostly originating from wound and urine samples. High rates of antibiotics resistance were observed to fluoroquinolone and cephalosporins with 24 (77.4%) resistant to ciprofloxacin, 19 (61.3) to cefotaxime, and 18 (58.1%) to ceftriaxone as well as amoxicillin clavulanic acid. However, resistance to ceftazidime and meropenem were low with only 6 (19.4%) and 5 (16.1%) resistant isolates respectively. ESBL production was detected in 10 (32.3%) of ...
Secondary peritonitis is a common and serious form of intra-abdominal infection, often associated... more Secondary peritonitis is a common and serious form of intra-abdominal infection, often associated with high morbidity and mortality. The overall patient outcome has not markedly improved in spite of advances in patient management. There is therefore need to study the pattern of bacterial pathogens associated with secondary peritonitis in Lagos University Teaching Hospital (LUTH) and the antibiotic susceptibility pattern as that would help in formulation of empiric antibiotic policy on peritonitis and improve the outcome/prognosis of the patients. A prospective study of 35 patients with suspected peritonitis at LUTH between February, 2002 and June 2003 was done. Peritoneal fluids of these patients were collected intra-operatively under aseptic conditions. The specimens were subjected to aerobic and anaerobic studies. Twenty-seven isolates were identified aerobically with Escherichia coli being the most predominant organism 11 (31.4%) followed by Staphylococcus aureus 6 (17.1%) then K...
BackgroundFollowing the declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic and the report of index case... more BackgroundFollowing the declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic and the report of index case in Africa, the number of countries in Africa with confirmed cases of the infection has grown tremendously with disease now being reported in almost all countries on the continent, with the exemption of Lesotho after 75 days. It is therefore necessary to evaluate the disease outcomes among the African countries as the situation unfolds for early identification of best practices for adoption.MethodsIn this study, COVID-19 disease outcomes (confirmed cases, deaths and recoveries), testing capacities and disease management approaches among African countries were evaluated. The relationship between COVID-19 infections in African countries and their performance on global resilient indices including the Human Development Index (HDI), performance on Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the Global Risk Index (GRI) were also examined. Data acquired from various standard databases were evaluat...
Chromobacterium violaceum has been implicated as an important cause of invasive diseases such as ... more Chromobacterium violaceum has been implicated as an important cause of invasive diseases such as septicaemia in neonates and immune-compromised adults with high risk of misdiagnosis, mistreatment, and poor outcomes. Here, we report three new cases of C. violaceum infections in three different hospitalised patients with empyema thoracis (one case) and urinary tract infections (two cases) in a tertiary Hospital in Lagos, Nigeria, and the diagnosis was confirmed with the MALDI-TOF MS instrument. The patients were admitted and treated with parenteral antibiotics (ciprofloxacin, cefotaxime, and ceftriaxone) and discharged after clinical cure. Clinical and Laboratory findings from this study revealed C. violaceum as an emerging and an “underdiagnosed” pathogen causing human infections in Nigeria with ciprofloxacin identified as an effective empirical treatment. Follow-up of cases treated with microbiologically efficacious antibiotics indicates a good treatment outcome.
Background: Malaria remains a major cause of febrile illness in Nigeria and interventions to redu... more Background: Malaria remains a major cause of febrile illness in Nigeria and interventions to reduce malaria burden in Nigeria focus on the use of insecticide-treated nets. This study determined the prevalence of malaria parasitaemia and the use of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) for the control of malaria amongst under-five year old children in Calabar, Nigeria. Methods: A total of 270 under-5 year old children were recruited and structured questionnaires were used to obtain information on the background characteristics of the respondents from their caregivers. Capillary blood samples were collected from each of the patients through finger-pricking and tested for malaria parasites by Rapid Diagnostic Test and microscopy. Results: An overall parasitaemia prevalence of 32.2 % (by Rapid diagnostic test kit [RDT]) and 40.1 % (by microscopy) were obtained in this study. Forty-six (45.5 %) of the febrile patients had malaria parasitaemia (by RDT) or 41 (59.4 %) by microscopy. One hundred and fifty (55.6 %) of the caregivers acknowledged the use of nets on doors and windows for malaria prevention and control. One hundred and thirty-nine (51.5 %) mentioned sleeping under mosquito net while 138 (51.1 %) acknowledged the use of insecticide sprays. Although 191 (71.5 %) of the households possessed at least one mosquito net, only 25.4 % of the under-5 children slept under any net the night before the survey. No statistically significant reduction in malaria parasitaemia was observed with the use of mosquito nets among the under-5 children. Almost all the respondents (97.8 %) identified mosquito bite as the cause of malaria. Fever was identified by the majority of the respondents (92.2 %) as the most common symptom of malaria. Conclusions: The findings of the study showed high prevalence of parasitaemia and that fever was significantly associated with malaria parasitaemia. Mosquito net utilization among the under-fives was low despite high net ownership rate by households. Therefore, for effective control of malaria, public health education should focus on enlightening the caregivers on signs/symptoms of both uncomplicated and complicated malaria as well as encourage the use of ITNs especially among the under-fives.
ABUAD International Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences, Aug 30, 2023
INTRODUCTION E xtended Spectrum Beta Lactamases (ESBLs) are a group of Beta Lactamases which hydr... more INTRODUCTION E xtended Spectrum Beta Lactamases (ESBLs) are a group of Beta Lactamases which hydrolyse oxyimino-cephalosporins and have been found worldwide in many different genera of the family Enterobacteriaceae (Bradford, 2001):. ESBLs have become a serious health concern all over the world due to the indiscriminate use of antibiotics, poor sanitation in hospitals and unhealthy lifestyles. Carbepenemases are also a serious cause of concern as they hydrolyze 'carbapenems' which are from the last line of drugs in the fight against infections. Citrobacter freundii and Providencia stuartii are members of the family Enterobacteriaceae which are emerging as important ESBL and carbapenemase producing pathogens (Tumbarello et al., 2004; Liu et al., 2017). This study was carried out to determine the antibiotic susceptibility patterns and the ESBL and carbapenemase producing prevalence of C. freundii and P. stuartii in Festac Town, Lagos State. METHODS A total of 134 non-duplicatebacterial isolates obtained from urine, wound, high vaginal swab (HVS) and stool samples, were subject to Standard and Rapid methods such as the Gram Stain technique and the Microbact TM system for the identification of isolates obtained. Antibiotic sensitivity of the identified isolates was determined by the Kirby Bauer Disk Diffusion method on Muller-Hinton agar using commercially available paper disks (Kirby et al.,1966). The antibiotic disks used were in the following concentrations: Amoxillinclavulanate (10 μg), Cefotaxime (30 μg), Ceftazidime (30 μg), Ciprofloxacin (30 μg), Gentamicin (30 μg), and Meropenem (10 μg). The double disk synergy test (DDST) method was employed to phenotypically determine the production of
Worldwide, Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest prevalence of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection ... more Worldwide, Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest prevalence of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection with Nigeria having the highest prevalence in Sub-Saharan Africa. It is a leading cause of cancer deaths in Nigerian women. Infection of HPV leads to the development of cervical cancer, particularly the highrisk types. There is a need to combat cervical cancer through HPV testing using molecular methods such as the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (using type-specific primers) that permit exact typing of the HPV infections and are sensitive to detecting high-risk HPV genotypes including multiple infections rather than the conventional cytology. This method of HPV detection is lacking in this part of the world thus contributing to the unknown circulation of several high-risk HPV types in Nigeria. Hence, this study aims to determine the prevalence of cervical HPV infections using type-specific primers and its associated risk factors among women in Northcentral Nigeria. The prevalence of HPV infection was Abstract Objective: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of cervical HPV infections and its associated sociodemographic risk factors among women attending selected hospitals in some parts of Northcentral Nigeria. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 250 women attending the cervical screening units of three tertiary health facilities. The screening for some participants was based on referral following a risk assessment by healthcare staff. Information about the socio-demographic/risk factors was obtained through structured questionnaires, while HPV DNA was detected from the cervical swab samples collected using Nested PCR. Socioeconomic characteristics and factors were analyzed using frequency and percentages while categorical variables were analyzed using chi-square. P < 0.05 was statistically significant. Results: The prevalence of HPV infection in this study was 35.6%. Women who participated were between the ages of 20 and 70. The results obtained showed a high prevalence of HPV among women within the age range of 30-39 years (17.6%). Demographic data and risk factors such as age range 30-39 years (p=0.001; r=0.56), coital age of 15-19 years (p=0.004; r= 0.62), use of contraceptives (p=0.002; r=0.54), history of STI (p=0.035; r= 0.47), age at first pregnancy (p= 0.002; r= 0.53), pre-menopausal age (p=0.019, r= 0.51) and multiparity (p=0.033; r=0.49) were found to have a significant association with HPV infection. Conclusion: The HPV prevalence observed shows increased virus transmission in Northcentral Nigeria. Hence, a need to employ early diagnoses, treatment, and vaccination to avert an upsurge in cervical cancer cases in Northcentral Nigeria.
Antibiotics resistance is a rapidly emerging issue through the misuse of antibiotics to treat hum... more Antibiotics resistance is a rapidly emerging issue through the misuse of antibiotics to treat human and animalrelated infections. The use of beta-lactams has increased considerably since its discovery so also resistant genes leading to Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBL) mediated by the presence of bla , bla and bla CTX-M TEM, SHV genes present in most Gram-negative bacteria. This study aimed to detect the widespread distribution of ESBL genes from fomites, healthcare workers, and patients suffering from urinary tract infection in two hospitals in Lagos state, Nigeria. A total of 150 swab samples were collected from fomites, health care workers, and catheters of patients suffering from urinary tract infection (UTI). Antibiotics susceptibility test was performed by Kirby-Bauer technique according to CLSI guidelines. Organisms that tested positive phenotypically for ESBL were subjected to PCR for molecular analysis. ESBL prevalence rate of 21.8% and a carbapenemase-resistance rate of 16.7% were recorded. The ESBL producing isolates showed the highest resistance to ceftriaxone (82.4%) and the least resistance to tigecycline (5.9%). The existence of bla and bla was detected in 76.5% and 17.6% of CTX-M TEM the isolates respectively, while bla encoding gene was not detected in this study. The distribution of bla genes SHV detected in this study is of great concern which necessitates strict control measures in the usage of antibiotics especially the third-generation cephalosporin. In summary, the presence and distribution of ESBL encoding genes within two hospitals in Lagos were tested and the highest occurrence was recorded in bla gene CTX-M reducing and limiting the available treatment option for infections.
Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, G. Microbiology
Background: Antimicrobial resistance is a great scourge on human health, exacerbated by the acqui... more Background: Antimicrobial resistance is a great scourge on human health, exacerbated by the acquisition of resistance to carbapenems, the last resort treatment for infections caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria. Objectives: This cross-sectional study evaluated the prevalence of genes encoding ESBL and carbapenemase production in Gramnegative bacteria from clinical samples in Lagos state, Nigeria.Method: A total of 107 bacteria cultures were obtained from hospitals and clinical diagnostic laboratories. Isolate identification, antibiotics susceptibility testing, and phenotypic detection of ESBL production were done using standardized procedures. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed on ESBL-producing isolates to detect blaTEM, blaSHV, blaCTX-M, blaKPC, blaVIM, blaIMP and blaOXA.Result: Among the 107 cultures, 83 isolates were obtained with 55 being Gram-negative. Escherichia coli (22; 40%) was the most prevalent species followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (7; 13%). Multidrug resistance (MDR) was observed in 34 (62%) of the isolated bacteria with 14 (26%) not susceptible to meropenem. ESBL production was detected in 42 (76%) of the isolates of which 23 (55%) strains harboured one or more of the genes blaTEM, blaSHV, and blaCTX-M. The carbapenemase genes blaKPC and/or blaVIM were observed in 11 (26%) isolates. No isolated bacteria were found to harbour blaIMP and/or blaOXA.Conclusion: Genes encoding ESBL and carbapenemase production were detected in samples of human origin in Lagos state. Novel antibiotics and/or alternative therapy are necessary for infection therapy in the near future.
Chromobacterium violaceum has been implicated as an important cause of invasive diseases such as ... more Chromobacterium violaceum has been implicated as an important cause of invasive diseases such as septicaemia in neonates and immune-compromised adults with high risk of misdiagnosis, mistreatment, and poor outcomes. Here, we report three new cases of C. violaceum infections in three different hospitalised patients with empyema thoracis (one case) and urinary tract infections (two cases) in a tertiary Hospital in Lagos, Nigeria, and the diagnosis was confirmed with the MALDI-TOF MS instrument. e patients were admitted and treated with parenteral antibiotics (ciprofloxacin, cefotaxime, and ceftriaxone) and discharged after clinical cure. Clinical and Laboratory findings from this study revealed C. violaceum as an emerging and an "underdiagnosed" pathogen causing human infections in Nigeria with ciprofloxacin identified as an effective empirical treatment. Follow-up of cases treated with microbiologically efficacious antibiotics indicates a good treatment outcome.
Avicenna Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infection, Aug 22, 2016
Objectives: Staphylococcus aureus is a lethal opportunistic pathogen capable of causing a wide ra... more Objectives: Staphylococcus aureus is a lethal opportunistic pathogen capable of causing a wide range of infections, especially in debilitated hosts such as the elderly. Nasal carriers of this organism have an increased risk of becoming infected with the pathogen. The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of S. aureus nasal carriage, to determine the probable risk factors, and to examine the frequency of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) among elderly people in hospital and nursing home settings in Lagos, Nigeria. Methods: Two hundred thirty nasal samples were collected from the anterior nares of individuals aged 65 years and older. Possible risk factors were assessed using well-structured questionnaires, and the samples were subjected to standard bacteriological procedures. Antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates was determined with the disk diffusion method. Detection of methicillin resistance was done with the disk diffusion test using cefoxitin 30 µg, and confirmed with OXOID MRSA CHROMagar. Results: Fifty (21.7%) S. aureus strains were identified among the samples, and antibiotic susceptibility testing showed that multidrug resistance was common. Approximately 20% were resistant to gentamicin, ofloxacin, and mupirocin. Cloxacillin, amoxicillin/clavulanate, and ceftazidime showed the least anti-staphylococcal activity, and almost half of the isolates were resistant to ceftriaxone and cefuroxime. The MRSA nasal carriage rate was 10% and colonization was favored by previous antibiotic use, hypertension, and tuberculosis. Conclusions: The occurrence of multidrug-resistant S. aureus in the elderly cohort indicates their capacity to serve as reservoirs for these strains, which could facilitate the dissemination of MRSA into the community. Therefore, decolonization and the implementation of measures to prevent the spread of this organism are necessary.
Sheep and horse blood are the most commonly used blood for the isolation of microorganisms from h... more Sheep and horse blood are the most commonly used blood for the isolation of microorganisms from human tissue and fluids. However, in many developing countries such as Nigeria, expired human blood from blood banks is still used despite the risk of exposure to HIV and other blood-borne infections, because it is easy to obtain. Blood agar made from blood of rams (similar to sheep), cows, chickens and goats, which are very common in Nigeria, were therefore evaluated. The isolation rates, colony size and morphology as well as haemolytic characteristics of common hospital pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus spp, were tested on blood agar prepared from the different animal blood types. All reactions were observed at 24 hrs and 48 hrs respectively. Good growth was achieved by all isolates on rabbit, sheep and chicken blood agar though the best growth was achieved on ram blood agar but there was no significant variation in their morphology. There were differences in their abilities to distinguish haemolytic patterns. Beta Haemolytic Streptococci remained the same on all the blood agar, but the haemolysis of Staphylococci aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa varied on different media while haemolysis was least consistent on chicken and cow blood agar. Ram blood agar gave the best reactions in terms of good growth rates of organisms, good morphological characterization as well as good haemolytic reactions. Besides, it is easily available and large quantities of blood can be obtained. Despite the good qualities of ram blood agar observed in this study, however, there is a need for it to be tested further for its ability to support more fastidious organisms.
Background: Antimicrobial resistance is a great scourge on human health, exacerbated by the acqui... more Background: Antimicrobial resistance is a great scourge on human health, exacerbated by the acquisition of resistance to carbapenems, the last resort treatment for infections caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria. Objectives: This cross-sectional study evaluated the prevalence of genes encoding ESBL and carbapenemase production in Gramnegative bacteria from clinical samples in Lagos state, Nigeria.Method: A total of 107 bacteria cultures were obtained from hospitals and clinical diagnostic laboratories. Isolate identification, antibiotics susceptibility testing, and phenotypic detection of ESBL production were done using standardized procedures. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed on ESBL-producing isolates to detect blaTEM, blaSHV, blaCTX-M, blaKPC, blaVIM, blaIMP and blaOXA.Result: Among the 107 cultures, 83 isolates were obtained with 55 being Gram-negative. Escherichia coli (22; 40%) was the most prevalent species followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (7; 13%). Multidrug resistance (MDR) was observed in 34 (62%) of the isolated bacteria with 14 (26%) not susceptible to meropenem. ESBL production was detected in 42 (76%) of the isolates of which 23 (55%) strains harboured one or more of the genes blaTEM, blaSHV, and blaCTX-M. The carbapenemase genes blaKPC and/or blaVIM were observed in 11 (26%) isolates. No isolated bacteria were found to harbour blaIMP and/or blaOXA.Conclusion: Genes encoding ESBL and carbapenemase production were detected in samples of human origin in Lagos state. Novel antibiotics and/or alternative therapy are necessary for infection therapy in the near future.
African Journal of Infectious Diseases, May 1, 2016
Background: The daily use of Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) prophylaxis reduces morbidit... more Background: The daily use of Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) prophylaxis reduces morbidity and mortality among patients infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) but its impact on increasing antimicrobial resistance rates has been of public concern globally. This study investigated the effect of daily TMP-SMX prophylaxis on faecal carriage rates of resistant isolates of Escherichia coli in HIV-infected adult patients in Lagos. Methods: A total of 550 HIV-infected patients with CD4-cell count of less than 350 cell/mm 3 and were eligible for TMP-SMX prophylaxis attending Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria, were recruited. Stool/rectal swab samples were aseptically collected from the patients and processed using standard methods for culture and sensitivity. Results: There was a baseline Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole resistance rate of 54% which increased to 77.9% in first 3 months, rising to 96.1% by 6 months and all isolates were resistant by the 9th month. There was also evidence of crossresistance to other antibiotics with significant association with TMP-SMX resistance (p<0.0001). The Escherichia coli isolates showed a progressive increase in resistance to the tested antibiotics over the 12-month period. The resistance was in the following order: Ampicillin (74% to 82.6% in the first 3 months; 98.3% by the 6th month and 99.4% by the 9th month; all isolates were resistant by the 12th month). Augmentin (32.5% to 47.7% in first 3 months; 76.1% by the 6th month; 86.3% by the 9th month; all isolates were resistant by 12 months). Ceftriaxone (2.0% to 10.8% in first 3 months; 20.6% by the 6th month; 24.2% by the 9th month; 54.3% by the 12 months). Conclusion: The carriage rate of faecal E. coli resistant to TMP-SMX is common before TMP-SMX prophylaxis. Initiation of TMP-SMX leads to further increase in resistance to TMP-SMX and cross-resistance to other antimicrobials.
Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, G. Microbiology
Background: Antibiotic resistance Gram-negative bacteria are becoming responsible for the increas... more Background: Antibiotic resistance Gram-negative bacteria are becoming responsible for the increased morbidity and mortality, particularly in hospitalized patients. With the increasing use of electronic healthcare, shared use of medical equipment and imperfect hand hygiene, the role of frequently touched environmental surfaces for the potential dissemination of these resistant organisms is now of greater importance, posing a real challenge to conventional infection-control practices. We sought therefore to determine the prevalence and antibiotic resistance pattern of Gram-negative pathogens from inanimate hospital sources. Methods: Environment swab samples were collected from Lagos Island maternity hospital for the isolation of Gram-negative pathogens. Antibiotic susceptibility test, multiple antibiotic indexing, phenotypic and PCR genotypic confirmation of ESBL, carbapenemase gene and plasmid profiling were used to detect and determine the resistance pattern of these isolates. Result: A total prevalence of 35(40.2%) Gram-negative pathogens were recorded in this study. Among the isolates, 33(94.3%) were resistant to ceftriaxone and 23(65.7%) resistant to cefepime, 19(54.3%) were resistant to ciprofloxacin and 21(60%) were resistant to ofloxacin. Absolute resistance of 100% was observed among gentamicin, tigecycline and ampicillin. The carbapenems showed the least resistance where 15(42.9%) were resistant to imipenem, 11(31.4%) doripenem and 10(28.6%) to meropenem. A similar trend of a very high multiple antibiotics resistance (MAR) index was observed among the isolates from all sampling areas. Out of the 35 isolates, 20 (57.1%) were identified as ESBL producers while 4 (11.4%) phenotypically emerged as carbapenamase producers. Genotypically 4 (20%) carried the blaCTX-M gene and 1 (5%) carried blaTem gene while out of 6 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 2(33.3%) carried Integron 1 gene. All isolates showed no carbapenamase gene while 11(55%) showed the presence of plasmid with a high band size of 23130kbp.Conclusion: This study established the detection of the extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) gene indicating an increase in the rate of antibiotic resistance in Gramnegative bacteria and their occurrence in inanimate hospital environments.
Mycobacteriophage McGee is a myovirus isolated from a wet soil sample collected at Manassas, VA, ... more Mycobacteriophage McGee is a myovirus isolated from a wet soil sample collected at Manassas, VA, using Mycobacterium smegmatis mc 2 155. McGee has a genome 156,008 bp long, containing 237 protein-coding genes, 31 tRNA genes, and 1 transfer-messenger RNA (tmRNA) gene. McGee shares high gene content similarity to phages in actinobacteriophage cluster C1.
Samples of Shea butter were randomly collected from five local markets from four different states... more Samples of Shea butter were randomly collected from five local markets from four different states in Nigeria. Isolation and identification of microbial contaminants (Bacteria and Fungi) were carried out as well as the analysis of some physical and chemical parameters. Results from this study reveal the presence of five fungal and three bacterial species as contaminants. The isolated fungi include: Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium species , Mucor species and Trichoderma species. Citrobacter freundii , Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were the bacteria established in the study. Differences were also noted in the colour, refractive index and the viscosity of the shea butters sampled. A great significant differences was also observed in the peroxide (2.0 – 8.60 meq/kg), saponification (29.21 – 47.48 mgKOH/g), iodine (4.31 – 13.20 I g/100g) and the fatty acid (27.50 – 2 88.83 mgKOH/kg) values respectively. It was deduced from this study that hawked Vitelleria pa...
Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, frequently associated with a wide range of community and nosocomial infec... more Pseudomonas aeruginosa, frequently associated with a wide range of community and nosocomial infections, is notorious for being resistant to several classes of antibiotics with only a handful of antibiotics still effective. This study determined the human body burden of P. aeruginosa as well as antibiotics susceptibility pattern and presence of extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and carbapenemase encoding genes in Lagos state, Nigeria using standard methods. Out of 103 bacterial cultures collected, 31 P. aeruginosa isolates were obtained, mostly originating from wound and urine samples. High rates of antibiotics resistance were observed to fluoroquinolone and cephalosporins with 24 (77.4%) resistant to ciprofloxacin, 19 (61.3) to cefotaxime, and 18 (58.1%) to ceftriaxone as well as amoxicillin clavulanic acid. However, resistance to ceftazidime and meropenem were low with only 6 (19.4%) and 5 (16.1%) resistant isolates respectively. ESBL production was detected in 10 (32.3%) of ...
Secondary peritonitis is a common and serious form of intra-abdominal infection, often associated... more Secondary peritonitis is a common and serious form of intra-abdominal infection, often associated with high morbidity and mortality. The overall patient outcome has not markedly improved in spite of advances in patient management. There is therefore need to study the pattern of bacterial pathogens associated with secondary peritonitis in Lagos University Teaching Hospital (LUTH) and the antibiotic susceptibility pattern as that would help in formulation of empiric antibiotic policy on peritonitis and improve the outcome/prognosis of the patients. A prospective study of 35 patients with suspected peritonitis at LUTH between February, 2002 and June 2003 was done. Peritoneal fluids of these patients were collected intra-operatively under aseptic conditions. The specimens were subjected to aerobic and anaerobic studies. Twenty-seven isolates were identified aerobically with Escherichia coli being the most predominant organism 11 (31.4%) followed by Staphylococcus aureus 6 (17.1%) then K...
BackgroundFollowing the declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic and the report of index case... more BackgroundFollowing the declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic and the report of index case in Africa, the number of countries in Africa with confirmed cases of the infection has grown tremendously with disease now being reported in almost all countries on the continent, with the exemption of Lesotho after 75 days. It is therefore necessary to evaluate the disease outcomes among the African countries as the situation unfolds for early identification of best practices for adoption.MethodsIn this study, COVID-19 disease outcomes (confirmed cases, deaths and recoveries), testing capacities and disease management approaches among African countries were evaluated. The relationship between COVID-19 infections in African countries and their performance on global resilient indices including the Human Development Index (HDI), performance on Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the Global Risk Index (GRI) were also examined. Data acquired from various standard databases were evaluat...
Chromobacterium violaceum has been implicated as an important cause of invasive diseases such as ... more Chromobacterium violaceum has been implicated as an important cause of invasive diseases such as septicaemia in neonates and immune-compromised adults with high risk of misdiagnosis, mistreatment, and poor outcomes. Here, we report three new cases of C. violaceum infections in three different hospitalised patients with empyema thoracis (one case) and urinary tract infections (two cases) in a tertiary Hospital in Lagos, Nigeria, and the diagnosis was confirmed with the MALDI-TOF MS instrument. The patients were admitted and treated with parenteral antibiotics (ciprofloxacin, cefotaxime, and ceftriaxone) and discharged after clinical cure. Clinical and Laboratory findings from this study revealed C. violaceum as an emerging and an “underdiagnosed” pathogen causing human infections in Nigeria with ciprofloxacin identified as an effective empirical treatment. Follow-up of cases treated with microbiologically efficacious antibiotics indicates a good treatment outcome.
Background: Malaria remains a major cause of febrile illness in Nigeria and interventions to redu... more Background: Malaria remains a major cause of febrile illness in Nigeria and interventions to reduce malaria burden in Nigeria focus on the use of insecticide-treated nets. This study determined the prevalence of malaria parasitaemia and the use of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) for the control of malaria amongst under-five year old children in Calabar, Nigeria. Methods: A total of 270 under-5 year old children were recruited and structured questionnaires were used to obtain information on the background characteristics of the respondents from their caregivers. Capillary blood samples were collected from each of the patients through finger-pricking and tested for malaria parasites by Rapid Diagnostic Test and microscopy. Results: An overall parasitaemia prevalence of 32.2 % (by Rapid diagnostic test kit [RDT]) and 40.1 % (by microscopy) were obtained in this study. Forty-six (45.5 %) of the febrile patients had malaria parasitaemia (by RDT) or 41 (59.4 %) by microscopy. One hundred and fifty (55.6 %) of the caregivers acknowledged the use of nets on doors and windows for malaria prevention and control. One hundred and thirty-nine (51.5 %) mentioned sleeping under mosquito net while 138 (51.1 %) acknowledged the use of insecticide sprays. Although 191 (71.5 %) of the households possessed at least one mosquito net, only 25.4 % of the under-5 children slept under any net the night before the survey. No statistically significant reduction in malaria parasitaemia was observed with the use of mosquito nets among the under-5 children. Almost all the respondents (97.8 %) identified mosquito bite as the cause of malaria. Fever was identified by the majority of the respondents (92.2 %) as the most common symptom of malaria. Conclusions: The findings of the study showed high prevalence of parasitaemia and that fever was significantly associated with malaria parasitaemia. Mosquito net utilization among the under-fives was low despite high net ownership rate by households. Therefore, for effective control of malaria, public health education should focus on enlightening the caregivers on signs/symptoms of both uncomplicated and complicated malaria as well as encourage the use of ITNs especially among the under-fives.
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