Medieval jurists dealt with hermaphroditism because both the Corpus Iuris Civilis and Gratian’s D... more Medieval jurists dealt with hermaphroditism because both the Corpus Iuris Civilis and Gratian’s Decretum referred to it. They did not consider being a hermaphrodite to be a sin or a crime (such as sodomy), as long as heterosexuality was strictly observed. However, the definition of a “predominant sex” or the definitive choice of a sex was required. The legal restrictions on hermaphrodites were the same as for women and depended only on the recognition of their female part. The paper also deals with Foucault’s hypothesis of the medieval perception of the hermaphrodite as a monster.
Although vigilance is nowadays regarded as a legal institution even under Canon law, and especial... more Although vigilance is nowadays regarded as a legal institution even under Canon law, and especially in the area of canonical administrative law, this has not always been the case. In medieval canon law, vigilance was a pastoral duty with relevant legal implications, but not a legal institution in itself. However, the duty of vigilance was established through legal instruments. According to Hostiensis, the ways in which pastoral care was carried out were: visiting, correcting, punishing and administering the sacraments
The renowned Dominican theologian Juan de Torquemada devoted two works to Gratian's Decretum in t... more The renowned Dominican theologian Juan de Torquemada devoted two works to Gratian's Decretum in the framework of the Conciliarist controversy. The essay seeks to analyse his interpretation of the sources of canon law in relation to papal primacy. While respecting the decretistic tradition (especially the thought of Uguccio), his arguments are influenced by his own theological formation and lead to the development of original ecclesiological criteria.
LA RESPONSABILITÀ GIURIDICA DEGLI ENTI ECCLESIASTICI, 2020
The paper is devoted to the civil liability 'ex delicto' of the 'universitates' in classical cano... more The paper is devoted to the civil liability 'ex delicto' of the 'universitates' in classical canon law.
Ever since the Middle Ages, the oath has been an effective means
for avoiding or resolving confli... more Ever since the Middle Ages, the oath has been an effective means for avoiding or resolving conflicts, both in the sphere of private and criminal law. In the Early Modern Period, its use has grown in various fields (contractual obligations, criminal justice, infrajustice), up to becoming excessive, with the consequence of being perceived – depending on the sphere of application – as ineffective or, on the contrary, oppressive. The essay seeks to outline the evolution and the crisis of the oath in the age of its secularization.
In 1451 the renowned Dominican theologian Juan de Torquemada, one of the main upholders of papal ... more In 1451 the renowned Dominican theologian Juan de Torquemada, one of the main upholders of papal primacy in the conciliarist debate, finished rearranging the content of Gratian’s Decretum into five books that followed the order of the Decretals of Gregory IX. Taking into consideration the controversial topic of the deposition of a heretical and/or schismatic pope, the essay suggests that the work was aimed at providing a canonistic support for the ecclesiological vision of its author.
In medieval canon law, the mere suspicion of heresy could lead to a conviction (and potentially t... more In medieval canon law, the mere suspicion of heresy could lead to a conviction (and potentially the death penalty) through an almost automatic application of legal presumptions. Although from the 13th century onwards some jurists recognized the danger and the injustice of convictions for heresy based solely upon legal presumptions, it was not until the 15th century that punishment was mitigated in such cases.
RIVISTA TI\TERNAZIOI\ALE di DIRITTO COMIJl\tr IL CICNO CALILEO CALILE] l{ornr 1998 Ericc I ANTONI... more RIVISTA TI\TERNAZIOI\ALE di DIRITTO COMIJl\tr IL CICNO CALILEO CALILE] l{ornr 1998 Ericc I ANTONIAFIORI en 1983) 373 ss. (in particolare, B9b ss.). 2. II ms. London, BL Add. 8873 Il ms. London, BL Additional 887311 è un codice composto da 210 10 Soll'origine italiana, e specificamente romana, della raccolta, cfr. Ewald, 'Die Papstbriefe'(cit. nt. 1) 280; pienamente concordi M. Conrat (Geschíchte der Quellen und Literatur des ròrnischen Rechts im frùheren Mittelalter [Leipzig 1891] 354 e 372, e Id., Der Pandekten-und Institutionenauszug der Brittischen Dekretalensammlung Quelle des luo lBerlin 1887] 17) e Fournier -Le Bras (Histoire [cit. nt. 2l II, 162). È un'opinione che gli studi successivi non hanno mai significativamente contrastato (cfr. R. Somerville lcoll. S. Kuttner], Pope Urban II, the 'Collectío Britannica' and the Council of Melfi lOxford 1996] I nt. 22). Sull'ipotesi che il manoscritto conservato al British Museum sia il frutto di una revisione compiuta in Francia, avanzata da M. Brett, 'Urban II and the collections attributed to Ivo of Chartres', Proceedings of the Eight International Congress of Medieual Canon Law. San Diego, 1988 (MIC Subsidia 9, Città del Vaticano 1992) 37, cfr. infra S 6. 11 N"l 1831 il British Museum acquistò il manoscritto da un bookdealer londinese, Henry George Bohn, il quale potrebbe averlo a sua volta comprato da un antiquario francese (cfr, R. Somerville, Pope Urban II lcit. nt. 101 12 ss.): non sappiamo nulla sulle vicende precedenti del codice. G.H. Pertz lo'scoprì'nel 1844, durante un viaggio estivo in Inghilterra: 'Reise nach London und Middlehill, vom Julius bis September 1844', Archiu der Gesellschaft fiir iiltere deutsche Geschichtskunde 9 (1847) 492. Colui che -prima di Ewaldrese nota la Collectio Britannica, fu però Edmund Bishop, che ne fece una trascrizione per i Monumenta Germaniae Historica, presumibilmente negli anni '70 del secolo scorso, dal momento che risulta già completata nel 1879: G. Waitz,'Handschriften in Englischen Bibliotheken', NAGG 4 (1879) 337 s., ne dà notizia pubblicando le note di Pertz sul contenuto del manoscritto. Questa trascrizione è stata ampiamente ttilizzata dagli studiosi successivi, pochi dei quali hanno guardato direttamente il manoscritto: non lo videro né Ewald, né Loewenfeldche lo dichiara nella 'Praefatio' alle Epistulae Pontificutn Romanorum ineditae (Lipsia 1885) v s. -, né Th. Mommsen e H. Bresslau per le note sulla Britannico pubblicate pochi anni dopo; 'Bemerkungen zu den Papstbriefen der Britischen Sammlung', NAGG 15 (1890) 187 s. e 189 ss. Sulla trascrizione di Bishop, cfr. R. Somerville, 'Mercy and Justice in the early month's of Urban II's pontificate' , Atti Mendola 1983 (Milano 1986) 147, ora in Id., Papacy, Councils and Canon Law in the 11th-12th Centuries (Variorum, London 1990) e Id., 'Edmund Bishop and his transcription of the 'Collectio Britannica", Studia in honorern eminentissimi cardinalis Alphonsi M. Stickler, R.J. card. Castillo Lara cur. (Studia et textus historiae iuris canonici 7, Roma 1992) 538 s. Secondo quanto riferisce ancora R. Somerville, 'The letters of Pope Urban II in the 'Collectio Britannica" in
Medieval jurists dealt with hermaphroditism because both the Corpus Iuris Civilis and Gratian’s D... more Medieval jurists dealt with hermaphroditism because both the Corpus Iuris Civilis and Gratian’s Decretum referred to it. They did not consider being a hermaphrodite to be a sin or a crime (such as sodomy), as long as heterosexuality was strictly observed. However, the definition of a “predominant sex” or the definitive choice of a sex was required. The legal restrictions on hermaphrodites were the same as for women and depended only on the recognition of their female part. The paper also deals with Foucault’s hypothesis of the medieval perception of the hermaphrodite as a monster.
Although vigilance is nowadays regarded as a legal institution even under Canon law, and especial... more Although vigilance is nowadays regarded as a legal institution even under Canon law, and especially in the area of canonical administrative law, this has not always been the case. In medieval canon law, vigilance was a pastoral duty with relevant legal implications, but not a legal institution in itself. However, the duty of vigilance was established through legal instruments. According to Hostiensis, the ways in which pastoral care was carried out were: visiting, correcting, punishing and administering the sacraments
The renowned Dominican theologian Juan de Torquemada devoted two works to Gratian's Decretum in t... more The renowned Dominican theologian Juan de Torquemada devoted two works to Gratian's Decretum in the framework of the Conciliarist controversy. The essay seeks to analyse his interpretation of the sources of canon law in relation to papal primacy. While respecting the decretistic tradition (especially the thought of Uguccio), his arguments are influenced by his own theological formation and lead to the development of original ecclesiological criteria.
LA RESPONSABILITÀ GIURIDICA DEGLI ENTI ECCLESIASTICI, 2020
The paper is devoted to the civil liability 'ex delicto' of the 'universitates' in classical cano... more The paper is devoted to the civil liability 'ex delicto' of the 'universitates' in classical canon law.
Ever since the Middle Ages, the oath has been an effective means
for avoiding or resolving confli... more Ever since the Middle Ages, the oath has been an effective means for avoiding or resolving conflicts, both in the sphere of private and criminal law. In the Early Modern Period, its use has grown in various fields (contractual obligations, criminal justice, infrajustice), up to becoming excessive, with the consequence of being perceived – depending on the sphere of application – as ineffective or, on the contrary, oppressive. The essay seeks to outline the evolution and the crisis of the oath in the age of its secularization.
In 1451 the renowned Dominican theologian Juan de Torquemada, one of the main upholders of papal ... more In 1451 the renowned Dominican theologian Juan de Torquemada, one of the main upholders of papal primacy in the conciliarist debate, finished rearranging the content of Gratian’s Decretum into five books that followed the order of the Decretals of Gregory IX. Taking into consideration the controversial topic of the deposition of a heretical and/or schismatic pope, the essay suggests that the work was aimed at providing a canonistic support for the ecclesiological vision of its author.
In medieval canon law, the mere suspicion of heresy could lead to a conviction (and potentially t... more In medieval canon law, the mere suspicion of heresy could lead to a conviction (and potentially the death penalty) through an almost automatic application of legal presumptions. Although from the 13th century onwards some jurists recognized the danger and the injustice of convictions for heresy based solely upon legal presumptions, it was not until the 15th century that punishment was mitigated in such cases.
RIVISTA TI\TERNAZIOI\ALE di DIRITTO COMIJl\tr IL CICNO CALILEO CALILE] l{ornr 1998 Ericc I ANTONI... more RIVISTA TI\TERNAZIOI\ALE di DIRITTO COMIJl\tr IL CICNO CALILEO CALILE] l{ornr 1998 Ericc I ANTONIAFIORI en 1983) 373 ss. (in particolare, B9b ss.). 2. II ms. London, BL Add. 8873 Il ms. London, BL Additional 887311 è un codice composto da 210 10 Soll'origine italiana, e specificamente romana, della raccolta, cfr. Ewald, 'Die Papstbriefe'(cit. nt. 1) 280; pienamente concordi M. Conrat (Geschíchte der Quellen und Literatur des ròrnischen Rechts im frùheren Mittelalter [Leipzig 1891] 354 e 372, e Id., Der Pandekten-und Institutionenauszug der Brittischen Dekretalensammlung Quelle des luo lBerlin 1887] 17) e Fournier -Le Bras (Histoire [cit. nt. 2l II, 162). È un'opinione che gli studi successivi non hanno mai significativamente contrastato (cfr. R. Somerville lcoll. S. Kuttner], Pope Urban II, the 'Collectío Britannica' and the Council of Melfi lOxford 1996] I nt. 22). Sull'ipotesi che il manoscritto conservato al British Museum sia il frutto di una revisione compiuta in Francia, avanzata da M. Brett, 'Urban II and the collections attributed to Ivo of Chartres', Proceedings of the Eight International Congress of Medieual Canon Law. San Diego, 1988 (MIC Subsidia 9, Città del Vaticano 1992) 37, cfr. infra S 6. 11 N"l 1831 il British Museum acquistò il manoscritto da un bookdealer londinese, Henry George Bohn, il quale potrebbe averlo a sua volta comprato da un antiquario francese (cfr, R. Somerville, Pope Urban II lcit. nt. 101 12 ss.): non sappiamo nulla sulle vicende precedenti del codice. G.H. Pertz lo'scoprì'nel 1844, durante un viaggio estivo in Inghilterra: 'Reise nach London und Middlehill, vom Julius bis September 1844', Archiu der Gesellschaft fiir iiltere deutsche Geschichtskunde 9 (1847) 492. Colui che -prima di Ewaldrese nota la Collectio Britannica, fu però Edmund Bishop, che ne fece una trascrizione per i Monumenta Germaniae Historica, presumibilmente negli anni '70 del secolo scorso, dal momento che risulta già completata nel 1879: G. Waitz,'Handschriften in Englischen Bibliotheken', NAGG 4 (1879) 337 s., ne dà notizia pubblicando le note di Pertz sul contenuto del manoscritto. Questa trascrizione è stata ampiamente ttilizzata dagli studiosi successivi, pochi dei quali hanno guardato direttamente il manoscritto: non lo videro né Ewald, né Loewenfeldche lo dichiara nella 'Praefatio' alle Epistulae Pontificutn Romanorum ineditae (Lipsia 1885) v s. -, né Th. Mommsen e H. Bresslau per le note sulla Britannico pubblicate pochi anni dopo; 'Bemerkungen zu den Papstbriefen der Britischen Sammlung', NAGG 15 (1890) 187 s. e 189 ss. Sulla trascrizione di Bishop, cfr. R. Somerville, 'Mercy and Justice in the early month's of Urban II's pontificate' , Atti Mendola 1983 (Milano 1986) 147, ora in Id., Papacy, Councils and Canon Law in the 11th-12th Centuries (Variorum, London 1990) e Id., 'Edmund Bishop and his transcription of the 'Collectio Britannica", Studia in honorern eminentissimi cardinalis Alphonsi M. Stickler, R.J. card. Castillo Lara cur. (Studia et textus historiae iuris canonici 7, Roma 1992) 538 s. Secondo quanto riferisce ancora R. Somerville, 'The letters of Pope Urban II in the 'Collectio Britannica" in
In early modern Rome, the Accademia di San Luca relied on courts and notarial records with comple... more In early modern Rome, the Accademia di San Luca relied on courts and notarial records with complex legal formulas to conduct business. Such legal formulas are largely unfamiliar to humanists and historians. This webinar celebrates two essays written by Laurie Nussdorfer and Antonia Fiori to be published on the website for the History of the
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for avoiding or resolving conflicts, both in the sphere of private and criminal law. In the Early Modern Period, its use has grown in various fields (contractual obligations, criminal justice, infrajustice), up to becoming excessive, with the consequence of being perceived – depending on the sphere of application – as ineffective or, on the contrary, oppressive. The essay seeks to outline the evolution and the crisis of the oath in the age of its secularization.
for avoiding or resolving conflicts, both in the sphere of private and criminal law. In the Early Modern Period, its use has grown in various fields (contractual obligations, criminal justice, infrajustice), up to becoming excessive, with the consequence of being perceived – depending on the sphere of application – as ineffective or, on the contrary, oppressive. The essay seeks to outline the evolution and the crisis of the oath in the age of its secularization.