Papers by Marian Kupczynski
Foundations of science, Mar 20, 2024
In 1976, I met John Bell several times in CERN and we talked about a possible violation
of optic... more In 1976, I met John Bell several times in CERN and we talked about a possible violation
of optical theorem, purity tests, EPR paradox, Bell’s inequalities and their violation.
In this review, I resume our discussions, and explain how they were related to my earlier research. I also reproduce handwritten notes, which I gave to Bell during our first meeting and a handwritten letter he sent to me in 1982. We have never met again, but I have continued to discuss BI-CHSH inequalities and their violation in several papers. The research stimulated by Bell’s papers and experiments performed to check his inequalities led to several important applications of quantum entanglement in quantum information and quantum technologies. Unfortunately, it led also to extraordinary metaphysical claims and speculations which in our opinion John Bell would not endorse today. BI-CHSH inequalities
are violated in physics and in cognitive science, but it neither proved the completeness of
quantum mechanics nor its nonlocality. Quantum computing advantage is not due to some
magical instantaneous influences between distant physical systems. Therefore one has to be
cautious in drawing-far-reaching philosophical conclusions from Bell’s inequalities. The
true resource for quantum computing is contextuality and not nonlocality.
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arXiv (Cornell University), Sep 16, 2022
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arXiv (Cornell University), May 19, 2023
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International Journal of Quantum Information, Jun 1, 2016
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Springer eBooks, 1978
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arXiv (Cornell University), Jan 30, 2016
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Frontiers in Physics
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Entropy
A violation of Bell-CHSH inequalities does not justify speculations about quantum non-locality, c... more A violation of Bell-CHSH inequalities does not justify speculations about quantum non-locality, conspiracy and retro-causation. Such speculations are rooted in a belief that setting dependence of hidden variables in a probabilistic model (called a violation of measurement independence (MI)) would mean a violation of experimenters’ freedom of choice. This belief is unfounded because it is based on a questionable use of Bayes Theorem and on incorrect causal interpretation of conditional probabilities. In Bell-local realistic model, hidden variables describe only photonic beams created by a source, thus they cannot depend on randomly chosen experimental settings. However, if hidden variables describing measuring instruments are correctly incorporated into a contextual probabilistic model a violation of inequalities and an apparent violation of no-signaling reported in Bell tests can be explained without evoking quantum non-locality. Therefore, for us, a violation of Bell-CHSH inequalit...
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Contextuality or Nonlocality: What Would John Bell Choose Today?, 2023
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
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Cornell University - arXiv, Oct 30, 2022
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Bell-CHSH inequalities are trivial algebraic properties satisfied by each line of an Nx4 spreadsh... more Bell-CHSH inequalities are trivial algebraic properties satisfied by each line of an Nx4 spreadsheet containing ±1 entries, thus it is surprising that their violation in some experiments allows us to speculate about the existence of non-local influences in nature and casts doubt on the existence of the objective external physical reality. Such speculations are rooted in incorrect interpretations of quantum mechanics and in a failure of local realistic hidden variable models to reproduce quantum predictions for spin polarization correlation experiments (SPCE). In these models, one uses a counterfactual joint probability distribution of only pairwise measurable random variables (A, A′, B, B′) to prove Bell-CHSH inequalities. In SPCE, Alice and Bob, using 4 incompatible pairs of experimental settings, estimate imperfect correlations between clicks registered by their detectors. Clicks announce the detection of photons and are coded by ±1. Expectations of corresponding random variables—...
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Bell inequalities may only be derived, if hidden variables do not depend on the experimental sett... more Bell inequalities may only be derived, if hidden variables do not depend on the experimental settings. The stochastic independence of hidden and setting variables is called: freedom of choice, free will, measurement independence (MI) or no conspiracy. By imbedding the Bell causal structure in a larger causal network the authors correctly prove, that one can explain and quantify possible violation of MI without evoking the superdeterminism. They assume the independence of the variables that causally determine the settings and investigate how they might become correlated with hidden variables (e.g., when the cosmic photons enter the laboratory). Using their extended causal networks they derive a contextual probabilistic model on which their further correct results are based. The authors seem to ignore that contextual probabilistic model may be derived directly using only probabilistic concepts and incorporating correctly setting dependent variables describing measuring instruments. In...
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Lambare and Franco correctly claim that Bell’s deterministic model and inequalities may be derive... more Lambare and Franco correctly claim that Bell’s deterministic model and inequalities may be derived using only local causality, perfect correlations and measurement independence, without talking about joint probabilities. However, they do not understand and they are not alone, that measurement independence has nothing to do with “freedom of choice” and “no conspiracy”. Measurement independence should be called noncontextuality, because it allows implementing random variables, describing incompatible random experiments, on a unique probability space, on which they are jointly distributed. Such implementation defines a probabilistic coupling, which we explain in detail in this paper. Their frequentists proof fails, if the probabilistic coupling and joint probabilities do not exist. We construct a probabilistic coupling for their counterexample to prove, that there is no contradiction with Fine’s Theorem. Nobody questions Bell’s Theorem logical consistency and nobody claims that Fine di...
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In a recent paper published in PNAS authors prove that locality and free choice are equivalent re... more In a recent paper published in PNAS authors prove that locality and free choice are equivalent resources which need to be relaxed in order to fully reproduce some statistics in Bell experiments (while always maintaining realism). We explain that their assumption of free choice is simply counterfactual definiteness or noncontextuality. Therefore the resource in Bell experiments is contextuality and not the violations of locality and/or of free choice. It is definitely less mind boggling conclusion because experimenters` freedom of choice is a prerequisite of science,
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The quantum theory (QT) and new stochastic approaches have no deterministic prediction for a sing... more The quantum theory (QT) and new stochastic approaches have no deterministic prediction for a single measurement or for a single time -series of events observed for a trapped ion, electron or any other individual physical system. The predictions of QT being of probabilistic character apply to the statistical distribution of the results obtained in various experiments. The probability distribution is not an attribute of a dice but it is a characteristic of a whole random experiment : '' rolling a dice''. and statistical long range correlations between two random variables X and Y are not a proof of any causal relation between these variable. Moreover any probabilistic model used to describe a random experiment is consistent only with a specific protocol telling how the random experiment has to be performed.In this sense the quantum theory is a statistical and contextual theory of phenomena. In this paper we discuss these important topics in some detail. Besides we disc...
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The entanglement and the violation of Bell and CHSH inequalities in spin polarization correlation... more The entanglement and the violation of Bell and CHSH inequalities in spin polarization correlation experiments (SPCE) is considered to be one of the biggest mysteries of Nature and is called quantum nonlocality. In this paper we show once again that this conclusion is based on imprecise terminology and on the lack of understanding of probabilistic models used in various proofs of Bell and CHSH theorems. These models are inconsistent with experimental protocols used in SPCE. This is the only reason why Bell and CHSH inequalities are violated. A probabilistic non-signalling description of SPCE, consistent with quantum predictions, is possible and it depends explicitly on the context of each experiment. It is also deterministic in the sense that the outcome is determined by supplementary local parameters describing both a physical signals and measuring instruments. The existence of such description gives additional arguments that quantum theory is emergent from some more detailed theory...
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Recent experiments allowed concluding that Bell-type inequalities are indeed violated thus it is ... more Recent experiments allowed concluding that Bell-type inequalities are indeed violated thus it is important to understand what it means and how can we explain the existence of strong correlations between outcomes of distant measurements. Do we have to announce that: Einstein was wrong, Nature is nonlocal and nonlocal correlations are produced due to the quantum magic and emerge, somehow, from outside space time? Fortunately such conclusions are unfounded because if supplementary parameters describing measuring instruments are correctly incorporated in a theoretical model then Bell-type inequalities may not be proven .We construct a simple probabilistic model explaining these correlations in a locally causal way. In our model measurement outcomes are neither predetermined nor produced in irreducibly random way. We explain in detail why, contrary to the general belief; an introduction of setting dependent parameters does not restrict experimenters' freedom of choice. Since the viol...
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Papers by Marian Kupczynski
of optical theorem, purity tests, EPR paradox, Bell’s inequalities and their violation.
In this review, I resume our discussions, and explain how they were related to my earlier research. I also reproduce handwritten notes, which I gave to Bell during our first meeting and a handwritten letter he sent to me in 1982. We have never met again, but I have continued to discuss BI-CHSH inequalities and their violation in several papers. The research stimulated by Bell’s papers and experiments performed to check his inequalities led to several important applications of quantum entanglement in quantum information and quantum technologies. Unfortunately, it led also to extraordinary metaphysical claims and speculations which in our opinion John Bell would not endorse today. BI-CHSH inequalities
are violated in physics and in cognitive science, but it neither proved the completeness of
quantum mechanics nor its nonlocality. Quantum computing advantage is not due to some
magical instantaneous influences between distant physical systems. Therefore one has to be
cautious in drawing-far-reaching philosophical conclusions from Bell’s inequalities. The
true resource for quantum computing is contextuality and not nonlocality.
of optical theorem, purity tests, EPR paradox, Bell’s inequalities and their violation.
In this review, I resume our discussions, and explain how they were related to my earlier research. I also reproduce handwritten notes, which I gave to Bell during our first meeting and a handwritten letter he sent to me in 1982. We have never met again, but I have continued to discuss BI-CHSH inequalities and their violation in several papers. The research stimulated by Bell’s papers and experiments performed to check his inequalities led to several important applications of quantum entanglement in quantum information and quantum technologies. Unfortunately, it led also to extraordinary metaphysical claims and speculations which in our opinion John Bell would not endorse today. BI-CHSH inequalities
are violated in physics and in cognitive science, but it neither proved the completeness of
quantum mechanics nor its nonlocality. Quantum computing advantage is not due to some
magical instantaneous influences between distant physical systems. Therefore one has to be
cautious in drawing-far-reaching philosophical conclusions from Bell’s inequalities. The
true resource for quantum computing is contextuality and not nonlocality.