As shipping transportation is growing continuously, ship exhaust emissions are expected to rise, ... more As shipping transportation is growing continuously, ship exhaust emissions are expected to rise, resulting in increased risks to both ecology and human health. In order to examine these risks and the potential benefits of control measures, ship exhaust emissions need to be quantified. However, precise measurement and collection of emission data is challenging due to numerous factors including diversity of engine types and configurations, various operation modes and the mobility of ships. Due to restrictions imposed for on-board measurements, emission inventories are commonly estimated shipping emissions. This method suffers from lack of updated and detailed emission factors (EFs). Results are therefore inconsistent for emission predictions, especially in near-shore areas. Thus, there is a clear need for investigation to improve the accuracy of these estimates. In this study, on-board measurement was carried out on Medium Speed Diesel (MSD) Auxiliary Engines (AEs) at berth. Both carg...
Health is perceived as the body’s ability to function and the state of being free from illness or... more Health is perceived as the body’s ability to function and the state of being free from illness or injury whereas wellbeing is the state of being comfortable, healthy, or happy. Huber et al. (2011) define health as a level of functional or metabolic efficiency for a living organism. For humans, it is the ability of individuals or communities to adapt and self-manage when facing physical, mental or social challenges. A similar definition is provided in its broader sense that "a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity" by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1948 (World Health Organization, 2006). This statement has been criticised for decades as being vague and not measurable. Therefore, the definition was revised to the extent to which an individual or group is able to realize aspirations and satisfy needs, and to change or cope with the environment. Health is a resource for everyday life, not the object...
Corrosion is a significant and continuous issue for all structures and vessels in the marine envi... more Corrosion is a significant and continuous issue for all structures and vessels in the marine environment. Biocorrosion is a complex and poorly understood component of this and algal factors in isolation are the focus of this enquiry. An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of the presence of marine algae Dunaliella tertiolecta on the corrosion of mild steel. These particular algae were selected because of their robustness and tolerance of adverse environmental conditions and their widespread existence. The aim of the experiment was to ascertain the effects of blooming algae on the corrosion of steel in a marine structure. Seven tubs of water were setup: a control containing filtered seawater; three to which a certain amount of algae was added; and three with double the concentration of algae added. In each of these tubs a piece of mild steel was suspended. The results uncovered three main findings. After 70 days, the amount of steel lost through corrosion was greater ...
Dynamic ship stability is an important subject in the field of Naval Architecture due to lack of ... more Dynamic ship stability is an important subject in the field of Naval Architecture due to lack of understanding may result in extreme roll motion. Direct investigation of dynamic stability modes such as parametric rolling is possible through the CFD analysis but is costly due to the long simulation time, while other numerical methods like panel methods can speed up the process. Success in using these methods depend on the solution of motion’s equation and accurate estimation of each term including mass moment and added mass moment of inertia, damping and restoring moments. At the present time, there is a lack of precise estimation of added mass moment of inertia, which is usually accounted for 10-25% of mass moment of inertia. This paper presents an innovative method to calculate added mass moment of inertia by exciting a ship model through series of harmonic moments using CFD simulations. At maximum roll angle, where the acceleration is maximised and angular velocity is zero (dampin...
The Roll resonance can occur both in the parametric roll and dead ship condition, where the roll ... more The Roll resonance can occur both in the parametric roll and dead ship condition, where the roll angle increases and endangers safety of the ship. The effects of loading conditions and weight distributions on the aforementioned phenomena are unknown. This study uses CFD method to investigate the effects of loading conditions, different vertical centre of gravity (VCG) and roll moment of inertia on dynamic stability. A model of a container ship is excited by a roll exciting moment at different frequencies and Froude numbers. The effects of VCG and loading conditions on the dynamic stability are compared against hydrostatic characteristics for the similar conditions. It was found, their effects in the static condition are more significant than the dynamic condition.
2018 IEEE 4th Southern Power Electronics Conference (SPEC), 2018
The move towards incorporating more-electric solutions in the transportation sector has gained in... more The move towards incorporating more-electric solutions in the transportation sector has gained increased momentum during the last decade. Cost of fossil fuels and environmental impacts of emissions are the main driving factors behind this growing trend. Nevertheless, advancements in battery technologies are the key enablers for the wide- spread application of electric alternatives in a more realistic manner. This paper looks into this trend from electric ferries perspective and presents a technical and economic feasibility assessment. The technical study includes sizing of the battery storage system based on Depth-of- Discharge (DOD) and maximum load scenario. The proposed sizing is validated against the measured load profile. The economic study includes initial investment, operational cost and maintenance cost of a battery powered electric ferry. The economic analysis considered the payback period (PBP) and battery lifecycles as assessment factors. The technical assessment results revealed that the proposed battery system can efficiently power the ferry within the stipulated DOD range. The maximum DOD achieved is 70 %, which provided a reasonable lifetime of 10.7 years. The economic analysis revealed that the battery's DOD has significant effects on the investment cost of the system and the PBP. The PBP is found to be 6.7 years which is 37 % less than the lifetime of the battery. Overall, the battery-powered ferry is found to be feasible with 51.3% operational costs saving compared to the diesel-electric alternative.
Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Engineering, 2018
Familiarization of the work could reduce the difficulty of a given task, and workers can perform ... more Familiarization of the work could reduce the difficulty of a given task, and workers can perform the work quicker. However, familiarization of the work in a long term may cause the work to be boring as it generally reduces the stress. As a result, the worker might develop an unsafe behavior through reduction of alertness. Instead of repeatedly performing the tedious work, as a common method for maintaining the accuracy at work, there can be an alternative method by inserting a break into the working schedule. The types of work in the engine room are quite diverse since there are different types of engines and machineries operating together or independently. Nevertheless, the break taken by each engineer working in engine room might be different according to operating situation. This study uses an experimental case to investigate the fatigue and its relationship to work accuracy. This experiment utilizes an equipment consist of short pipes and flange connections used in engine room. A student carries out tightening experiments to keep the flanges in place by bolts and nuts. The biological reactions were measured in an activity by heartbeat sensor and electroencephalogram head-set. The tightened bolts were made loose by torque wrench, while torque was measured simultaneously. The relations between the biological reactions and the working accuracy are investigated according to elapsed time and presented in this paper. It was concluded that working environment in the ship engine room could be improved using the optimum rest time concept, discussed for the working accuracy and safety level.
Accurate calculation of restoring moment, virtual mass moment of inertia and damping moment incre... more Accurate calculation of restoring moment, virtual mass moment of inertia and damping moment increases the accuracy of a ship's dynamic stability simulation. The current methods of approximating the roll restoring moment are based on hydrostatic calculations. These methods fail to consider the dynamic conditions and variation of upward buoyancy and wave location with respect to the model. In the current study, experimental and numerical simulations are conducted at beam sea condition to investigate the behaviour of model. The model is excited by regular waves at different heights and frequencies to measure the motion characteristics and the restoring moment in dynamic conditions. The motion characteristics of the model obtained from the numerical simulation are compared against the experimental measurements, and a good agreement is found. The results show that the restoring moments in the dynamic condition have significant differences compared to the static condition. The magnitude of restoring moment in dynamic condition is measured based on the variation of heave motion of the model and the location of the wave's crest and trough with respect to the model.
Mechanical vibration is a prominent cause of produce damage in many postharvest fruit supply chai... more Mechanical vibration is a prominent cause of produce damage in many postharvest fruit supply chains. Knowledge on the causes, occurrence, and mechanistic relationship of vibration to produce damage is important for systematic development of remedial actions. This review identifies and discusses the critical factors of vibration, their implications for fruit quality, and possible improvements to addressing the issue of fruit quality deterioration. Frequently reported mechanical damage types caused by vibration on fruits are scuffing, fruit rub, and skin bruising. A wide range of factors can significantly affect the vibration intensity and thus resultant mechanical damage. Critical frequencies of vibration in the range of 0 to 10 Hz, attributed to peak energy levels in the power spectrum, cause substantial damage in fruits. Greater vertical acceleration and transmission of vibration to the higher tiers in a stacked column of packages result in increased mechanical damage. Fruit packag...
Abstract Ship exhaust emissions need to be calculated at fine spatial and temporal resolutions be... more Abstract Ship exhaust emissions need to be calculated at fine spatial and temporal resolutions because chemical transport processes depend on meteorological conditions that have a high degree of spatial and temporal variability. These emissions can also occur in environments that are affected by spatially and temporally varying emissions from other sources. Ship exhaust emissions are calculated using activity data from the Automatic Identification System. The activity data are combined with ship specific technical data. Hourly emissions are obtained for 2014 over the region within 300 km of Sydney at approximately 1 km resolution. These data are aggregated regionally and by vessel type to examine variability at different temporal resolutions. Cruise ship emissions vary both seasonally and diurnally, with low activity in winter and high activity in spring and summer. Diurnal variability is associated with a preference for hoteling at berth during the day and cruising at sea overnight. Emissions from the Sydney Harbour ferries have a strong but more complex diurnal variation that is affected by work related commuting. Monthly variability is also described for other ship types that visited the four major ports in the region. Spatial cell activity hours are analysed to explain large differences in the average spatial extent of the emissions at different temporal resolutions, the accuracy with which the hourly emission rates are estimated using longer term emissions, and the suitability of generalised temporal profiles to describe the emissions data. Regression analysis is used to model the spatial extent of the hourly and daily emissions.
Accurate calculation of the roll damping moment at resonance condition is essential for roll moti... more Accurate calculation of the roll damping moment at resonance condition is essential for roll motion prediction. Because at the resonance condition, the moment of inertia counteracts restoring moment and only the damping moment resists increase in the roll angle. There are various methods to calculate the roll damping moment which are based on potential flow theory. These methods have limitations to taking into account the viscous effects in estimating the roll motion, while, CFD as a numerical method is capable of considering the viscous effects. In this study, a CFD method based on a harmonic excited roll motion (HERM) technique is used to compute the roll motion and the roll damping moment of a containership’s model in different conditions. The influence of excitation frequency, forward speed and degrees of freedom at beam-sea and oblique-sea realizations are considered in estimating the roll damping coefficients. The results are validated against model tests, where a good agreeme...
More electric technologies (METs) play an important role in meeting ever-growing demands for ener... more More electric technologies (METs) play an important role in meeting ever-growing demands for energy efficiency and emission reduction in the maritime transportation sector. As a result, ships with electrical power transmission are becoming popular compared to traditional mechanical power transmission based ships. Hybrid electric propulsion is an intermediate step in this trend where both mechanical and electrical propulsion technologies are combined to get the benefits of both technologies. In this arrangement, not only the propulsion loads but also non-propulsion loads are connected to a common electrical power bus that could lead to serious power quality issues due to disturbances such as large load changes. This paper presents a comprehensive review on energy storage-based solutions that have been proposed to reduce their effects. The important aspects of existing as well as emerging energy storage control techniques and challenges in reducing transient effects in hybrid shipboar...
2016 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC), 2016
The more-electric trend is there in almost all the corners of the automotive industry. The same t... more The more-electric trend is there in almost all the corners of the automotive industry. The same trend is followed by the maritime transportation industry as well and as a result, conventional mechanical transmission based propulsion systems are gradually being overtaken by electric power transmission based propulsion systems. An azimuth thruster driven by an electric motor is a common configuration found in modern electric propulsion systems. Due to the tight speed control and stiff drivetrain in these propulsion systems load transients easily get propagated into the dc-link of the motor drive and subsequently into the upstream power bus as well. These transients can cause disturbances to the other loads connected to the power system. In the worst case, stability of the shipboard power system gets affected by the transients. This paper proposes to use the capacitor-clamped inverter based motor drive itself to absorb such transients and thereby prevent the propagation into the power bus. The efficacy of the proposed concept is verified through computer simulations. Simulation results show that the capacitor-clamped inverter is capable of absorbing load transients without passing them to the upstream power bus.
ABSTRACT This paper is a part of an ongoing study, which will amalgamate maritime Human Factor (H... more ABSTRACT This paper is a part of an ongoing study, which will amalgamate maritime Human Factor (HF) and Human-Centred Design (HCD) knowledge into the Naval Architecture syllabus, and study the effects of this change through action research as a promising way to provide a fresh view tot he industry from the bottom up. The first cohort to initiate this study consists of final year Naval Architecture students at the Australian Maritime College (AMC). the findings from a classroom questionnaire and an on-board survey that carried out on the training vessel, Bluefin, are analysed and the students' perspective on including HF/HCD into their syllabus and the key areas which need to be addressed in a follow up lecture series are presented.
As shipping transportation is growing continuously, ship exhaust emissions are expected to rise, ... more As shipping transportation is growing continuously, ship exhaust emissions are expected to rise, resulting in increased risks to both ecology and human health. In order to examine these risks and the potential benefits of control measures, ship exhaust emissions need to be quantified. However, precise measurement and collection of emission data is challenging due to numerous factors including diversity of engine types and configurations, various operation modes and the mobility of ships. Due to restrictions imposed for on-board measurements, emission inventories are commonly estimated shipping emissions. This method suffers from lack of updated and detailed emission factors (EFs). Results are therefore inconsistent for emission predictions, especially in near-shore areas. Thus, there is a clear need for investigation to improve the accuracy of these estimates. In this study, on-board measurement was carried out on Medium Speed Diesel (MSD) Auxiliary Engines (AEs) at berth. Both carg...
Health is perceived as the body’s ability to function and the state of being free from illness or... more Health is perceived as the body’s ability to function and the state of being free from illness or injury whereas wellbeing is the state of being comfortable, healthy, or happy. Huber et al. (2011) define health as a level of functional or metabolic efficiency for a living organism. For humans, it is the ability of individuals or communities to adapt and self-manage when facing physical, mental or social challenges. A similar definition is provided in its broader sense that "a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity" by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1948 (World Health Organization, 2006). This statement has been criticised for decades as being vague and not measurable. Therefore, the definition was revised to the extent to which an individual or group is able to realize aspirations and satisfy needs, and to change or cope with the environment. Health is a resource for everyday life, not the object...
Corrosion is a significant and continuous issue for all structures and vessels in the marine envi... more Corrosion is a significant and continuous issue for all structures and vessels in the marine environment. Biocorrosion is a complex and poorly understood component of this and algal factors in isolation are the focus of this enquiry. An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of the presence of marine algae Dunaliella tertiolecta on the corrosion of mild steel. These particular algae were selected because of their robustness and tolerance of adverse environmental conditions and their widespread existence. The aim of the experiment was to ascertain the effects of blooming algae on the corrosion of steel in a marine structure. Seven tubs of water were setup: a control containing filtered seawater; three to which a certain amount of algae was added; and three with double the concentration of algae added. In each of these tubs a piece of mild steel was suspended. The results uncovered three main findings. After 70 days, the amount of steel lost through corrosion was greater ...
Dynamic ship stability is an important subject in the field of Naval Architecture due to lack of ... more Dynamic ship stability is an important subject in the field of Naval Architecture due to lack of understanding may result in extreme roll motion. Direct investigation of dynamic stability modes such as parametric rolling is possible through the CFD analysis but is costly due to the long simulation time, while other numerical methods like panel methods can speed up the process. Success in using these methods depend on the solution of motion’s equation and accurate estimation of each term including mass moment and added mass moment of inertia, damping and restoring moments. At the present time, there is a lack of precise estimation of added mass moment of inertia, which is usually accounted for 10-25% of mass moment of inertia. This paper presents an innovative method to calculate added mass moment of inertia by exciting a ship model through series of harmonic moments using CFD simulations. At maximum roll angle, where the acceleration is maximised and angular velocity is zero (dampin...
The Roll resonance can occur both in the parametric roll and dead ship condition, where the roll ... more The Roll resonance can occur both in the parametric roll and dead ship condition, where the roll angle increases and endangers safety of the ship. The effects of loading conditions and weight distributions on the aforementioned phenomena are unknown. This study uses CFD method to investigate the effects of loading conditions, different vertical centre of gravity (VCG) and roll moment of inertia on dynamic stability. A model of a container ship is excited by a roll exciting moment at different frequencies and Froude numbers. The effects of VCG and loading conditions on the dynamic stability are compared against hydrostatic characteristics for the similar conditions. It was found, their effects in the static condition are more significant than the dynamic condition.
2018 IEEE 4th Southern Power Electronics Conference (SPEC), 2018
The move towards incorporating more-electric solutions in the transportation sector has gained in... more The move towards incorporating more-electric solutions in the transportation sector has gained increased momentum during the last decade. Cost of fossil fuels and environmental impacts of emissions are the main driving factors behind this growing trend. Nevertheless, advancements in battery technologies are the key enablers for the wide- spread application of electric alternatives in a more realistic manner. This paper looks into this trend from electric ferries perspective and presents a technical and economic feasibility assessment. The technical study includes sizing of the battery storage system based on Depth-of- Discharge (DOD) and maximum load scenario. The proposed sizing is validated against the measured load profile. The economic study includes initial investment, operational cost and maintenance cost of a battery powered electric ferry. The economic analysis considered the payback period (PBP) and battery lifecycles as assessment factors. The technical assessment results revealed that the proposed battery system can efficiently power the ferry within the stipulated DOD range. The maximum DOD achieved is 70 %, which provided a reasonable lifetime of 10.7 years. The economic analysis revealed that the battery's DOD has significant effects on the investment cost of the system and the PBP. The PBP is found to be 6.7 years which is 37 % less than the lifetime of the battery. Overall, the battery-powered ferry is found to be feasible with 51.3% operational costs saving compared to the diesel-electric alternative.
Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Engineering, 2018
Familiarization of the work could reduce the difficulty of a given task, and workers can perform ... more Familiarization of the work could reduce the difficulty of a given task, and workers can perform the work quicker. However, familiarization of the work in a long term may cause the work to be boring as it generally reduces the stress. As a result, the worker might develop an unsafe behavior through reduction of alertness. Instead of repeatedly performing the tedious work, as a common method for maintaining the accuracy at work, there can be an alternative method by inserting a break into the working schedule. The types of work in the engine room are quite diverse since there are different types of engines and machineries operating together or independently. Nevertheless, the break taken by each engineer working in engine room might be different according to operating situation. This study uses an experimental case to investigate the fatigue and its relationship to work accuracy. This experiment utilizes an equipment consist of short pipes and flange connections used in engine room. A student carries out tightening experiments to keep the flanges in place by bolts and nuts. The biological reactions were measured in an activity by heartbeat sensor and electroencephalogram head-set. The tightened bolts were made loose by torque wrench, while torque was measured simultaneously. The relations between the biological reactions and the working accuracy are investigated according to elapsed time and presented in this paper. It was concluded that working environment in the ship engine room could be improved using the optimum rest time concept, discussed for the working accuracy and safety level.
Accurate calculation of restoring moment, virtual mass moment of inertia and damping moment incre... more Accurate calculation of restoring moment, virtual mass moment of inertia and damping moment increases the accuracy of a ship's dynamic stability simulation. The current methods of approximating the roll restoring moment are based on hydrostatic calculations. These methods fail to consider the dynamic conditions and variation of upward buoyancy and wave location with respect to the model. In the current study, experimental and numerical simulations are conducted at beam sea condition to investigate the behaviour of model. The model is excited by regular waves at different heights and frequencies to measure the motion characteristics and the restoring moment in dynamic conditions. The motion characteristics of the model obtained from the numerical simulation are compared against the experimental measurements, and a good agreement is found. The results show that the restoring moments in the dynamic condition have significant differences compared to the static condition. The magnitude of restoring moment in dynamic condition is measured based on the variation of heave motion of the model and the location of the wave's crest and trough with respect to the model.
Mechanical vibration is a prominent cause of produce damage in many postharvest fruit supply chai... more Mechanical vibration is a prominent cause of produce damage in many postharvest fruit supply chains. Knowledge on the causes, occurrence, and mechanistic relationship of vibration to produce damage is important for systematic development of remedial actions. This review identifies and discusses the critical factors of vibration, their implications for fruit quality, and possible improvements to addressing the issue of fruit quality deterioration. Frequently reported mechanical damage types caused by vibration on fruits are scuffing, fruit rub, and skin bruising. A wide range of factors can significantly affect the vibration intensity and thus resultant mechanical damage. Critical frequencies of vibration in the range of 0 to 10 Hz, attributed to peak energy levels in the power spectrum, cause substantial damage in fruits. Greater vertical acceleration and transmission of vibration to the higher tiers in a stacked column of packages result in increased mechanical damage. Fruit packag...
Abstract Ship exhaust emissions need to be calculated at fine spatial and temporal resolutions be... more Abstract Ship exhaust emissions need to be calculated at fine spatial and temporal resolutions because chemical transport processes depend on meteorological conditions that have a high degree of spatial and temporal variability. These emissions can also occur in environments that are affected by spatially and temporally varying emissions from other sources. Ship exhaust emissions are calculated using activity data from the Automatic Identification System. The activity data are combined with ship specific technical data. Hourly emissions are obtained for 2014 over the region within 300 km of Sydney at approximately 1 km resolution. These data are aggregated regionally and by vessel type to examine variability at different temporal resolutions. Cruise ship emissions vary both seasonally and diurnally, with low activity in winter and high activity in spring and summer. Diurnal variability is associated with a preference for hoteling at berth during the day and cruising at sea overnight. Emissions from the Sydney Harbour ferries have a strong but more complex diurnal variation that is affected by work related commuting. Monthly variability is also described for other ship types that visited the four major ports in the region. Spatial cell activity hours are analysed to explain large differences in the average spatial extent of the emissions at different temporal resolutions, the accuracy with which the hourly emission rates are estimated using longer term emissions, and the suitability of generalised temporal profiles to describe the emissions data. Regression analysis is used to model the spatial extent of the hourly and daily emissions.
Accurate calculation of the roll damping moment at resonance condition is essential for roll moti... more Accurate calculation of the roll damping moment at resonance condition is essential for roll motion prediction. Because at the resonance condition, the moment of inertia counteracts restoring moment and only the damping moment resists increase in the roll angle. There are various methods to calculate the roll damping moment which are based on potential flow theory. These methods have limitations to taking into account the viscous effects in estimating the roll motion, while, CFD as a numerical method is capable of considering the viscous effects. In this study, a CFD method based on a harmonic excited roll motion (HERM) technique is used to compute the roll motion and the roll damping moment of a containership’s model in different conditions. The influence of excitation frequency, forward speed and degrees of freedom at beam-sea and oblique-sea realizations are considered in estimating the roll damping coefficients. The results are validated against model tests, where a good agreeme...
More electric technologies (METs) play an important role in meeting ever-growing demands for ener... more More electric technologies (METs) play an important role in meeting ever-growing demands for energy efficiency and emission reduction in the maritime transportation sector. As a result, ships with electrical power transmission are becoming popular compared to traditional mechanical power transmission based ships. Hybrid electric propulsion is an intermediate step in this trend where both mechanical and electrical propulsion technologies are combined to get the benefits of both technologies. In this arrangement, not only the propulsion loads but also non-propulsion loads are connected to a common electrical power bus that could lead to serious power quality issues due to disturbances such as large load changes. This paper presents a comprehensive review on energy storage-based solutions that have been proposed to reduce their effects. The important aspects of existing as well as emerging energy storage control techniques and challenges in reducing transient effects in hybrid shipboar...
2016 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC), 2016
The more-electric trend is there in almost all the corners of the automotive industry. The same t... more The more-electric trend is there in almost all the corners of the automotive industry. The same trend is followed by the maritime transportation industry as well and as a result, conventional mechanical transmission based propulsion systems are gradually being overtaken by electric power transmission based propulsion systems. An azimuth thruster driven by an electric motor is a common configuration found in modern electric propulsion systems. Due to the tight speed control and stiff drivetrain in these propulsion systems load transients easily get propagated into the dc-link of the motor drive and subsequently into the upstream power bus as well. These transients can cause disturbances to the other loads connected to the power system. In the worst case, stability of the shipboard power system gets affected by the transients. This paper proposes to use the capacitor-clamped inverter based motor drive itself to absorb such transients and thereby prevent the propagation into the power bus. The efficacy of the proposed concept is verified through computer simulations. Simulation results show that the capacitor-clamped inverter is capable of absorbing load transients without passing them to the upstream power bus.
ABSTRACT This paper is a part of an ongoing study, which will amalgamate maritime Human Factor (H... more ABSTRACT This paper is a part of an ongoing study, which will amalgamate maritime Human Factor (HF) and Human-Centred Design (HCD) knowledge into the Naval Architecture syllabus, and study the effects of this change through action research as a promising way to provide a fresh view tot he industry from the bottom up. The first cohort to initiate this study consists of final year Naval Architecture students at the Australian Maritime College (AMC). the findings from a classroom questionnaire and an on-board survey that carried out on the training vessel, Bluefin, are analysed and the students' perspective on including HF/HCD into their syllabus and the key areas which need to be addressed in a follow up lecture series are presented.
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