The epidemiology of dental caries in the pediatric population demonstrates that caries is no long... more The epidemiology of dental caries in the pediatric population demonstrates that caries is no longer pandemic in the US population. The incidence is confined to a subset of the total population of our children. The disease is also increasingly isolated to specific teeth and tooth morphology types in both the pediatric and the mixed dentitions, with pits and fissures being the predominate diseased sites. This sequestration of the disease into specific populations, individuals and tooth sites mandates a risk assessment strategy. In the past, universal preventive strategies were appropriate because of the extensive penetration of caries in the population. Our health care system does not have adequate resources to treat the entire population when a substantial portion of the population is not at risk for this disease process. Validated risk assessment strategies may prove adjunctive for the practicing dentist. Certainly knowledge of the known risk factors will assist the practitioner in ...
ACT This consensus statement supports implementation of caries management by risk assessment in c... more ACT This consensus statement supports implementation of caries management by risk assessment in clinical practice by using the following principles: modification of the oral flora, patient education, remineralization, and minimal operative intervention. The statement includes a list of supporters.
Agricultural grasslands provide vital habitats for many species. Yet despite representing a signi... more Agricultural grasslands provide vital habitats for many species. Yet despite representing a significant proportion of European land use, they are disproportionately understudied compared to arable systems. Increases in productivity and intensification have led to changes in management practices, which are likely to affect grassland habitats and the ecological communities that they support. This study simultaneously monitored three trophic levels to assess the impacts of permanent versus temporary pasture (leys) on vegetation composition, carabid and dung beetle abundance, and the activity of beetle-feeding bats. Leys had lower abundances of soil-inhabiting dung beetles, which may be explained by the more recent exposure to tilling compared with permanent pasture. Beetle-feeding bat activity was also greater in leys, with positive relationships between E. serotinus activity and Onthophagus abundance across both pasture types. However, the lack of any positive relationships between be...
Artificial light at night (ALAN) can have negative consequences for a wide range of taxa. However... more Artificial light at night (ALAN) can have negative consequences for a wide range of taxa. However, the effects on nocturnal mammals other than bats are poorly understood. A citizen science camera trapping experiment was therefore used to assess the effect of ALAN on the activity of European hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) at supplementary feeding stations in UK gardens. A crossover design was implemented at 33 gardens with two treatments—artificial light and darkness—each of which lasted for one week. The order of treatment depended on the existing lighting regime at the feeding station: dark treatments were applied first at dark feeding stations, whereas light treatments were used first where the station was already illuminated. Although temporal changes in activity patterns in response to the treatments were noted in some individuals, the direction of the effects was not consistent. Similarly, there was no overall impact of ALAN on the presence or feeding activities of hedgehogs i...
Pharmacists are often required to solve ill-structured problems aimed at achieving optimal health... more Pharmacists are often required to solve ill-structured problems aimed at achieving optimal health outcomes at the patient, population, and institutional levels. Given the complexity of pharmacists’ clinical decisions, educators are exploring ways to foster complex problem-solving and higher order thinking in the classroom. One emerging strategy includes problem-based learning (PBL), which asks learners to collaboratively solve ill-structured cases that are representative of the types of problems faced by practitioners. Case-based reasoning argues that understanding and interpretation of a case is incremental and dynamic; that is, the lessons learned from one case might change in view of new experiences and across a case-based curriculum. While much of the literature is focused on how learners solve a single problem, it is unclear how learners construct their knowledge across multiple cases presented in PBL. To address this gap, this study focused on learners’ perception of case sequencing and how that design influenced the development of their internal case library. Because we are focused on formative assessment, we used qualitative analysis to understand the nuances of our design and explored its implications for programmatic changes. The feedback from the participants focused on index generation, index prioritization, alignment with prior knowledge, and reflection. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.
Tubular steel is rarely used to support a concrete highway bridge deck. This article describes th... more Tubular steel is rarely used to support a concrete highway bridge deck. This article describes the design, fabrication and construction of such a structure.
A method has been developed that allows direct, accurate calculation of recovery efficiency for C... more A method has been developed that allows direct, accurate calculation of recovery efficiency for Claus sulfur-recovery units (SRU). The calculation combines feed-gas data and tail-gas composition to calculate flow rates for combustion air and tail-gas streams. Because the recovery calculation quantities tail-gas flow and composition, it allows direct, exact calculation of conversion efficiency, recovery efficiency, and plant sulfur emissions. The recovery-efficiency algorithm or calculation has been designed to accommodate a wide variety of plant configurations without need for modification. The method accounts for feed-stream water vapor, hydrocarbons, and ammonia and results in accurate calculation of combustion air and tail-gas flow rates.
The epidemiology of dental caries in the pediatric population demonstrates that caries is no long... more The epidemiology of dental caries in the pediatric population demonstrates that caries is no longer pandemic in the US population. The incidence is confined to a subset of the total population of our children. The disease is also increasingly isolated to specific teeth and tooth morphology types in both the pediatric and the mixed dentitions, with pits and fissures being the predominate diseased sites. This sequestration of the disease into specific populations, individuals and tooth sites mandates a risk assessment strategy. In the past, universal preventive strategies were appropriate because of the extensive penetration of caries in the population. Our health care system does not have adequate resources to treat the entire population when a substantial portion of the population is not at risk for this disease process. Validated risk assessment strategies may prove adjunctive for the practicing dentist. Certainly knowledge of the known risk factors will assist the practitioner in ...
ACT This consensus statement supports implementation of caries management by risk assessment in c... more ACT This consensus statement supports implementation of caries management by risk assessment in clinical practice by using the following principles: modification of the oral flora, patient education, remineralization, and minimal operative intervention. The statement includes a list of supporters.
Agricultural grasslands provide vital habitats for many species. Yet despite representing a signi... more Agricultural grasslands provide vital habitats for many species. Yet despite representing a significant proportion of European land use, they are disproportionately understudied compared to arable systems. Increases in productivity and intensification have led to changes in management practices, which are likely to affect grassland habitats and the ecological communities that they support. This study simultaneously monitored three trophic levels to assess the impacts of permanent versus temporary pasture (leys) on vegetation composition, carabid and dung beetle abundance, and the activity of beetle-feeding bats. Leys had lower abundances of soil-inhabiting dung beetles, which may be explained by the more recent exposure to tilling compared with permanent pasture. Beetle-feeding bat activity was also greater in leys, with positive relationships between E. serotinus activity and Onthophagus abundance across both pasture types. However, the lack of any positive relationships between be...
Artificial light at night (ALAN) can have negative consequences for a wide range of taxa. However... more Artificial light at night (ALAN) can have negative consequences for a wide range of taxa. However, the effects on nocturnal mammals other than bats are poorly understood. A citizen science camera trapping experiment was therefore used to assess the effect of ALAN on the activity of European hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) at supplementary feeding stations in UK gardens. A crossover design was implemented at 33 gardens with two treatments—artificial light and darkness—each of which lasted for one week. The order of treatment depended on the existing lighting regime at the feeding station: dark treatments were applied first at dark feeding stations, whereas light treatments were used first where the station was already illuminated. Although temporal changes in activity patterns in response to the treatments were noted in some individuals, the direction of the effects was not consistent. Similarly, there was no overall impact of ALAN on the presence or feeding activities of hedgehogs i...
Pharmacists are often required to solve ill-structured problems aimed at achieving optimal health... more Pharmacists are often required to solve ill-structured problems aimed at achieving optimal health outcomes at the patient, population, and institutional levels. Given the complexity of pharmacists’ clinical decisions, educators are exploring ways to foster complex problem-solving and higher order thinking in the classroom. One emerging strategy includes problem-based learning (PBL), which asks learners to collaboratively solve ill-structured cases that are representative of the types of problems faced by practitioners. Case-based reasoning argues that understanding and interpretation of a case is incremental and dynamic; that is, the lessons learned from one case might change in view of new experiences and across a case-based curriculum. While much of the literature is focused on how learners solve a single problem, it is unclear how learners construct their knowledge across multiple cases presented in PBL. To address this gap, this study focused on learners’ perception of case sequencing and how that design influenced the development of their internal case library. Because we are focused on formative assessment, we used qualitative analysis to understand the nuances of our design and explored its implications for programmatic changes. The feedback from the participants focused on index generation, index prioritization, alignment with prior knowledge, and reflection. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.
Tubular steel is rarely used to support a concrete highway bridge deck. This article describes th... more Tubular steel is rarely used to support a concrete highway bridge deck. This article describes the design, fabrication and construction of such a structure.
A method has been developed that allows direct, accurate calculation of recovery efficiency for C... more A method has been developed that allows direct, accurate calculation of recovery efficiency for Claus sulfur-recovery units (SRU). The calculation combines feed-gas data and tail-gas composition to calculate flow rates for combustion air and tail-gas streams. Because the recovery calculation quantities tail-gas flow and composition, it allows direct, exact calculation of conversion efficiency, recovery efficiency, and plant sulfur emissions. The recovery-efficiency algorithm or calculation has been designed to accommodate a wide variety of plant configurations without need for modification. The method accounts for feed-stream water vapor, hydrocarbons, and ammonia and results in accurate calculation of combustion air and tail-gas flow rates.
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