Self-esteem has a long history in psychological research and sport psychology researchers are oft... more Self-esteem has a long history in psychological research and sport psychology researchers are often interested in whether sport builds self-esteem. This chapter traces the history of self-esteem research in sport and provides definitions of and distinguishes between self-esteem and self-concept, and unidimensional and multidimensional models of self-esteem. The reciprocal effects model of self-esteem is examined, which suggests mastery experiences and self-esteem both exert influences on each other and can be viewed as causes and effects of each other. Antecedents of self-esteem, such as feelings of mastery and favorable judgments of worth from significant others, are also discussed, along with developmental aspects of self-esteem. Related areas of research that might be relevant to disability and disability sport are also discussed, such as terror management theory, the role of discounting and devaluing in psychological disengagement, how self-esteem might act as a mediator, and me...
Graduate studies within the College of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences can lead to a Ph.D. i... more Graduate studies within the College of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences can lead to a Ph.D. in Sport, Exercise and Performance Psychology (SEP). Students admitted into the SEP doctoral program may also complete a master's degree in clinical mental health counseling. The sport, exercise and performance psychology program has procedures and requirements which are specific to the program. In general, they include the following: • Selection of an advisor (The program faculty, in consultation with the student, assigns an advisor to assist in planning the student's program.) • Selection of a plan of studies committee (The student, in consultation with the advisor, selects a plan of studies committee. This committee assists the students in developing a plan of studies which will include relevant coursework, evaluation of competencies, and an estimated time frame for its completion.) • Plan of studies approval (The plan of studies committee will meet with the student by March 1st of the first year in the program to ratify the plan. The approved plan of studies functions as the document against which completion of program requirements is assessed.
The purpose of this study was to examine the variation in physical and physiological characterist... more The purpose of this study was to examine the variation in physical and physiological characteristics according to playing position in adolescent and adult female volleyball players. Adolescent (n=62, aged 15.6±1.1 yr) and adult volleyball players (n=58, aged 24.9±5.3 yr) were examined for anthropometric characteristics and body composition, and performed a physical working capacity test, a 3 min step test, the Wingate anaerobic test, sit-and-reach test, handgrip strength test and countermovement vertical jump with arm-swing test (CMJa). Adult players were taller and had higher fat free mass, better performance in cardiorespiratory power, anaerobic power, handgrip muscle strength and CMJa than adolescents (Cohen’s d>0.45). Positional differences in height (centers were the tallest, whereas liberos were the shortest, p<0.001) were found for both age groups. However, positional differences in weight and fat free mass were observed only in adolescents (centers were heavier than li...
In the current study, social cognitive theory was examined with athletes with disabilities. More ... more In the current study, social cognitive theory was examined with athletes with disabilities. More specifically, hierarchical and self-regulatory performance self-efficacy, self-regulatory training self-efficacy, outcome confidence, and affect were examined with wheelchair road racers (N = 51). In accordance with social cognitive theory, moderate to strong significant relationships among 3 types of self-efficacy and outcome confidence were found (rs = .41 - .78). All forms of self-efficacy and positive affect (rs = .39 - .56) were also related providing additional support to social cognitive theory and the important relationships among training and performance related efficacy and affect in sport.
The purposes of this investigation were first to predict reported PA (physical activity) behavior... more The purposes of this investigation were first to predict reported PA (physical activity) behavior and self-esteem using a multidimensional physical self-concept model and second to describe perceptions of multidimensional physical self-concept (e.g., strength, endurance, sport competence) among athletes with physical disabilities. Athletes (N = 36, M age = 16.11, SD age = 2.8) completed the Physical Self-Description Questionnaire. Participants reported mostly positive perceptions of self-esteem, global physical self-concept, endurance, body fat, sport competence, strength, flexibility, and physical activity (Ms ranging from 3.9 to 5.6 out of 6). Correlations indicated a number of significant relationships among self-esteem and reported PA and various dimensions of physical self-concept. Using physical self-concept, strength, endurance, and flexibility in the first regression equation and sport competence and endurance simultaneously in the second equation, 47 and 31% of the variance...
The first purpose of this study was to provide a brief and general case for the possible utility ... more The first purpose of this study was to provide a brief and general case for the possible utility of the bi-factor model in sport, exercise, and performance (SEP) psychology. The second purpose of this study was to demonstrate how exploratory and confirmatory forms of the bifactor model may be compared to each other and to more commonly used factor models in SEP psychology within a substantive-methodological synergy format. The substantive focus was the consideration of the bi-factor model for the Psychological Need Thwarting Scale (PNTS). The methodological focus was the bi-factor model which has a general factor, group factors, and a pattern matrix with a bi-factor structure. The synergy was a demonstration of how exploratory (EBFA) and confirmatory bi-factor (CBFA) analysis may be compared to each other and to more commonly used and more restrictive analyses (e.g., correlated first-order factor analysis, a second-order factor analysis), by reanalyzing existing data. A four-factor EBFA on PNTS data produced an approximate bi-factor structure that may offer a viable conceptualization for future research in this area. More broadly, when the underlying measurement theory is consistent with (a) a conceptually broad general factor, as well as (b) conceptually narrower group factors, there may be utility in comparing bi-factor analysis to more commonly used and more restrictive factor analyses in SEP psychology.
Sport psychology researchers have recently started to examine how athletes experience transitions... more Sport psychology researchers have recently started to examine how athletes experience transitions out of sport (Bailie & Danish, 1992; Ogilvie & Taylor, 1993a; Ogilvie & Taylor, 1993b). However, almost all of this research has examined athletes leaving able bodied sport. The purpose of this paper is to discuss sport transitions for athletes with disabilities. Because of the dearth of research examining this population, research on able bodied sport withdrawal is surveyed. First, a conceptual overview of sport withdrawal and the application of transition theory to sport transitions is discussed. Second, factors associated with successful sport transitions are examined. Third, suggestions for how therapeutic recreation specialists and other sport figures (e.g., coach, sport psychologist) can assist athletes making the transition out of sport are presented. Finally, future research directions are briefly highlighted.
Although nutrition-related health education policies exist at national, state and local levels, t... more Although nutrition-related health education policies exist at national, state and local levels, the degree to which those policies affect the everyday practices of health education teachers who are charged with executing them in schools is often unclear. The purpose of this study was to examine the nutrition-related health education policy matrix that affected one urban school district, the health education teachers' awareness of those policies, the impact of nutrition policies on teachers' instruction and challenges teachers perceived in executing comprehensive nutrition education. The study used interpretive ethnography to examine the educational contexts and perspectives of 27 health educators from 24 middle schools in one urban district in the Midwestern United States. Data were collected through school observations, interviews with key personnel and document collection. We found that a network of nutrition-related education policies governed health education teachers' instruction, but that teachers were uniformly unaware of those policies. Without institutional coherence and clear directives, health education teachers taught little nutrition content, primarily due to poor training, professional development, instructional resources and administrative accountability. The results are discussed in light of the enormous challenges in many urban schools and the need for nutrition education professional development.
Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, Sep 1, 2011
This study supports the important role teacher training programs can play in increasing physical ... more This study supports the important role teacher training programs can play in increasing physical education knowledge. In this project, teachers were able to increase students&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39; understanding of critical physical activity/fitness knowledge through physical education instruction, without changing the physical education contact time. This link to student needs as well as the school&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;s overall mission is a promising one for students and schools alike.
We developed a preliminary Physical Activity Barriers Questionnaire for Youth with Visual Impairm... more We developed a preliminary Physical Activity Barriers Questionnaire for Youth with Visual Impairments (PABQ-VI) using social cognitive theory as the guiding theoretical framework. Twenty-one youth with VI in Ireland participated in our study. Validity ( content test, internal structure , and relations to other variables ) and reliability evidence of the PABQ-VI scores were examined. Content test validity evidence was assessed using a panel of experts. Item-total correlations were used to assess internal structure validity evidence , and resulted in the removal of nine items. Bivariate correlations were conducted to establish relations to other variables validity evidence. Results revealed that scores obtained on the PABQ-VI were negatively correlated with physical activity levels, but not significantly correlated with self-efficacy for overcoming barriers. Omega and spilt-half reliability estimates were used to establish reliability evidence. Results of these calcuations revealed hi...
Adequate serum vitamin D and iron levels are thought to influence physical training adaptations a... more Adequate serum vitamin D and iron levels are thought to influence physical training adaptations and mood positively. The primary purpose of this prospective, observational study was to investigate relationships between serum 25-OH vitamin D/25(OH)D and serum ferritin levels with body composition and athlete burnout symptoms. Seventy-three collegiate athletes (female: n = 49; male: n = 24) from indoor (swimming, basketball) and outdoor (soccer, cross-country) sports were tested pre-season and post-season for serum 25(OH)D and serum ferritin (nutrient biomarkers) via venipuncture; body composition (total lean mass, bone mineral density/BMD, and % body fat) via dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans; and athlete burnout symptoms (post-season) via the athlete burnout questionnaire (ABQ). When male and female cohorts were combined, significant correlations (Pearson’s r) were noted between pre-season serum 25(OH)D versus the change (∆: post-season minus pre-season) in both BMD (r = ...
Youth with visual impairments (VIs) often experience unique barriers to physical activity compare... more Youth with visual impairments (VIs) often experience unique barriers to physical activity compared with their sighted peers. A psychometrically sound scale for assessing barriers to physical activity for youth with VI is needed to facilitate research. The purpose of this study was to confirm the ability of the previously identified three-factor structure of the Physical Activity Barriers Questionnaire for youth with Visual Impairments (PABQ-VI) to produce scores considered to be valid and reliable that perform equally well across age, VI severity, and gender. Our results supported the three-factor structure and that the PABQ-VI produces scores considered valid and reliable. Mean, variance, and correlation differences were found in personal, social, and environmental barriers for age and VI severity, but not gender. Researchers can use the PABQ-VI to test and evaluate ways to reduce barriers for this population.
International Journal of Disabilities Sports and Health Sciences, 2020
Background: Quality of life (QOL) is a subjective appraisal of life conditions. Disabilities ofte... more Background: Quality of life (QOL) is a subjective appraisal of life conditions. Disabilities often decrease QOL for individuals, due to potential physical, cognitive, and social limitations. Children with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) have delayed fundamental motor skills (FMS) and less physical activity compared to neurotypical peers resulting in lower QOL. Objectives/Hypothesis: In the current study we evaluated the impact of three FMS interventions over 18 months on QOL for 10 children with IDD. Methods: Using the Pediatric Quality of Life Scale 4.0 we measured physical, social, emotional, and school functioning QOL. Visual analysis was used to evaluate the group means of each subscale across six time points, revealing a trend toward improved QOL for all 4 QOL subscales. Results: Emotional and social function had the largest improvements. This study addresses the need for longitudinal research on how FMS interventions can enhance QOL for children with IDD. Con...
In the present investigation a questionnaire was developed to assess physical education teachers’... more In the present investigation a questionnaire was developed to assess physical education teachers’ self-efficacy for teaching classes in which their students were engaged in high levels of physical activity (i.e., at least 50% of class time). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses resulted in the development of a 16-item, 4-factor, multidimensional physical education teachers’ physical activity self-efficacy scale (PETPAS) that produced reliable and valid scores. The Student factor reflected teachers’ efficacy for managing students who didn’t enjoy or value physical activity. The Time factor was indicative of teachers’ efficacy when they didn’t have enough time to teach. The Space factor reflected teachers’ efficacy perceptions when they had difficulty teaching because of a lack of space. Finally, the Institution factor was composed of questions that represented teachers’ efficacy beliefs for overcoming a lack of institutional support. The results of the current study provide p...
Purpose: The purpose of this cross sectional study was to predict feelings of belonging and socia... more Purpose: The purpose of this cross sectional study was to predict feelings of belonging and social responsibility based on the motivational climate perceptions and contingent self-worth of children participating in urban after-school physical activity programs. Method: Three-hundred and four elementary school students from a major Midwestern city participated. Results: Based on multiple regression analyses we predicted 39% of the variance in feelings of belonging largely due to perceptions of leadership emotional support and task climate and 31% of the variance in feelings of social responsibility largely due to perceptions of a caring climate. Conclusions: Our findings support the importance of after school physical activity programs, which appear to provide nurturing environments that may contribute to feelings of belonging and social responsibility.
Background: Offering physical activity clubs (PACs) for students in urban high schools can provid... more Background: Offering physical activity clubs (PACs) for students in urban high schools can provide avenues for increased physical activity (PA); however, little is known about why some clubs are not successful. Purpose: The purpose of this qualitative study was to examine leaders' and students' perspectives on the challenges faced when implementing PACs. Methods: Field observations (n = 115) and interviews with students (n = 278) and adult leaders (n = 126) were conducted over 2 years. The population-based health promotion model (PHPM) was used to analyze and interpret complex interrelationships. Results: Four themes emerged: (1) finding consistently available facility space, (2) providing snacks for adolescents, (3) securing reliable transportation, and (4) balancing clubs with other after-school obligations. Discussion: Leader and students reported challenges that intersected at all 3 streams: upstream, midstream, and downstream. With economic poverty within the community presenting as an upstream challenge, the importance of identifying midstream mechanisms becomes paramount, especially in the case of providing after-school nourishment for hungry students. With respect to transportation, upstream (e.g., community poverty; public transportation; environment) and midstream (e.g., school policies) influences converged and presented a barrier to PAC participation. Translation to Health Education Practice: Efforts to implement PACs should consider upstream parameters that imprint midstream school-level support.
McCaughtry is with Wayne State University, Division of Kinesiology, Health, and Sport Stud-ies; H... more McCaughtry is with Wayne State University, Division of Kinesiology, Health, and Sport Stud-ies; Hodges Kulinna is with Arizona State University, Department of Education and Department of Kinesiology; Cothran is with Indiana University, Department of Kinesiology; Martin is ...
Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal, 1997
The purpose of this study was to examine predictors of social physique anxiety (SPA). SPA, self-e... more The purpose of this study was to examine predictors of social physique anxiety (SPA). SPA, self-esteem, body-esteem, public body consciousness (PBC) and percent body fat (%BF) were assessed with elite female youth athletes (̲N=68) competing in either figure skating, soccer or gymnastics. Stepwise multiple regression analyses, controlling for BF%, accounted for 59% of the variance in SPA. Self-esteem entered first, after BF%, followed by body-esteem and PBC. The psychological variables accounted for 57% of the variance with self-esteem contributing the most (R square change = 45%). Contrary to previous research, BF% did not significantly contribute to SPA. Additionally, a MANOVA and follow-up ANOVA and Scheffe’s tests revealed significant sport differences among SPA, self-esteem, and body-esteem.
Measures of athletic identity and sport orientation, developed from self-schema theory, social ro... more Measures of athletic identity and sport orientation, developed from self-schema theory, social role theory, and achievement motivation theory, were used to examine international adolescent swimmers with disabilities. The multidimensional Athletic Identity Measurement Scale (Brewer, Van Raalte, & Linder, 1993) was used to assess self-identity, social identity, exclusivity, and negative affectivity. The Sport Orientation Questionnaire (Gill & Deeter, 1988) measured competitiveness, win orientation, and goal orientation. Swimmers reported (a) a strong self-identity, (b) a moderate to strong social identity, (c) negative affectivity with lower levels of exclusivity, (d) strong competitiveness and goal orientation, and (e) moderate win orientation. Self-identity was correlated with competitiveness, suggesting that swimmers did not simply report an identification with an athletic role; they also reported a strong desire to attain competitive goals. Additionally, exclusivity was associated...
Self-esteem has a long history in psychological research and sport psychology researchers are oft... more Self-esteem has a long history in psychological research and sport psychology researchers are often interested in whether sport builds self-esteem. This chapter traces the history of self-esteem research in sport and provides definitions of and distinguishes between self-esteem and self-concept, and unidimensional and multidimensional models of self-esteem. The reciprocal effects model of self-esteem is examined, which suggests mastery experiences and self-esteem both exert influences on each other and can be viewed as causes and effects of each other. Antecedents of self-esteem, such as feelings of mastery and favorable judgments of worth from significant others, are also discussed, along with developmental aspects of self-esteem. Related areas of research that might be relevant to disability and disability sport are also discussed, such as terror management theory, the role of discounting and devaluing in psychological disengagement, how self-esteem might act as a mediator, and me...
Graduate studies within the College of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences can lead to a Ph.D. i... more Graduate studies within the College of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences can lead to a Ph.D. in Sport, Exercise and Performance Psychology (SEP). Students admitted into the SEP doctoral program may also complete a master's degree in clinical mental health counseling. The sport, exercise and performance psychology program has procedures and requirements which are specific to the program. In general, they include the following: • Selection of an advisor (The program faculty, in consultation with the student, assigns an advisor to assist in planning the student's program.) • Selection of a plan of studies committee (The student, in consultation with the advisor, selects a plan of studies committee. This committee assists the students in developing a plan of studies which will include relevant coursework, evaluation of competencies, and an estimated time frame for its completion.) • Plan of studies approval (The plan of studies committee will meet with the student by March 1st of the first year in the program to ratify the plan. The approved plan of studies functions as the document against which completion of program requirements is assessed.
The purpose of this study was to examine the variation in physical and physiological characterist... more The purpose of this study was to examine the variation in physical and physiological characteristics according to playing position in adolescent and adult female volleyball players. Adolescent (n=62, aged 15.6±1.1 yr) and adult volleyball players (n=58, aged 24.9±5.3 yr) were examined for anthropometric characteristics and body composition, and performed a physical working capacity test, a 3 min step test, the Wingate anaerobic test, sit-and-reach test, handgrip strength test and countermovement vertical jump with arm-swing test (CMJa). Adult players were taller and had higher fat free mass, better performance in cardiorespiratory power, anaerobic power, handgrip muscle strength and CMJa than adolescents (Cohen’s d>0.45). Positional differences in height (centers were the tallest, whereas liberos were the shortest, p<0.001) were found for both age groups. However, positional differences in weight and fat free mass were observed only in adolescents (centers were heavier than li...
In the current study, social cognitive theory was examined with athletes with disabilities. More ... more In the current study, social cognitive theory was examined with athletes with disabilities. More specifically, hierarchical and self-regulatory performance self-efficacy, self-regulatory training self-efficacy, outcome confidence, and affect were examined with wheelchair road racers (N = 51). In accordance with social cognitive theory, moderate to strong significant relationships among 3 types of self-efficacy and outcome confidence were found (rs = .41 - .78). All forms of self-efficacy and positive affect (rs = .39 - .56) were also related providing additional support to social cognitive theory and the important relationships among training and performance related efficacy and affect in sport.
The purposes of this investigation were first to predict reported PA (physical activity) behavior... more The purposes of this investigation were first to predict reported PA (physical activity) behavior and self-esteem using a multidimensional physical self-concept model and second to describe perceptions of multidimensional physical self-concept (e.g., strength, endurance, sport competence) among athletes with physical disabilities. Athletes (N = 36, M age = 16.11, SD age = 2.8) completed the Physical Self-Description Questionnaire. Participants reported mostly positive perceptions of self-esteem, global physical self-concept, endurance, body fat, sport competence, strength, flexibility, and physical activity (Ms ranging from 3.9 to 5.6 out of 6). Correlations indicated a number of significant relationships among self-esteem and reported PA and various dimensions of physical self-concept. Using physical self-concept, strength, endurance, and flexibility in the first regression equation and sport competence and endurance simultaneously in the second equation, 47 and 31% of the variance...
The first purpose of this study was to provide a brief and general case for the possible utility ... more The first purpose of this study was to provide a brief and general case for the possible utility of the bi-factor model in sport, exercise, and performance (SEP) psychology. The second purpose of this study was to demonstrate how exploratory and confirmatory forms of the bifactor model may be compared to each other and to more commonly used factor models in SEP psychology within a substantive-methodological synergy format. The substantive focus was the consideration of the bi-factor model for the Psychological Need Thwarting Scale (PNTS). The methodological focus was the bi-factor model which has a general factor, group factors, and a pattern matrix with a bi-factor structure. The synergy was a demonstration of how exploratory (EBFA) and confirmatory bi-factor (CBFA) analysis may be compared to each other and to more commonly used and more restrictive analyses (e.g., correlated first-order factor analysis, a second-order factor analysis), by reanalyzing existing data. A four-factor EBFA on PNTS data produced an approximate bi-factor structure that may offer a viable conceptualization for future research in this area. More broadly, when the underlying measurement theory is consistent with (a) a conceptually broad general factor, as well as (b) conceptually narrower group factors, there may be utility in comparing bi-factor analysis to more commonly used and more restrictive factor analyses in SEP psychology.
Sport psychology researchers have recently started to examine how athletes experience transitions... more Sport psychology researchers have recently started to examine how athletes experience transitions out of sport (Bailie & Danish, 1992; Ogilvie & Taylor, 1993a; Ogilvie & Taylor, 1993b). However, almost all of this research has examined athletes leaving able bodied sport. The purpose of this paper is to discuss sport transitions for athletes with disabilities. Because of the dearth of research examining this population, research on able bodied sport withdrawal is surveyed. First, a conceptual overview of sport withdrawal and the application of transition theory to sport transitions is discussed. Second, factors associated with successful sport transitions are examined. Third, suggestions for how therapeutic recreation specialists and other sport figures (e.g., coach, sport psychologist) can assist athletes making the transition out of sport are presented. Finally, future research directions are briefly highlighted.
Although nutrition-related health education policies exist at national, state and local levels, t... more Although nutrition-related health education policies exist at national, state and local levels, the degree to which those policies affect the everyday practices of health education teachers who are charged with executing them in schools is often unclear. The purpose of this study was to examine the nutrition-related health education policy matrix that affected one urban school district, the health education teachers' awareness of those policies, the impact of nutrition policies on teachers' instruction and challenges teachers perceived in executing comprehensive nutrition education. The study used interpretive ethnography to examine the educational contexts and perspectives of 27 health educators from 24 middle schools in one urban district in the Midwestern United States. Data were collected through school observations, interviews with key personnel and document collection. We found that a network of nutrition-related education policies governed health education teachers' instruction, but that teachers were uniformly unaware of those policies. Without institutional coherence and clear directives, health education teachers taught little nutrition content, primarily due to poor training, professional development, instructional resources and administrative accountability. The results are discussed in light of the enormous challenges in many urban schools and the need for nutrition education professional development.
Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, Sep 1, 2011
This study supports the important role teacher training programs can play in increasing physical ... more This study supports the important role teacher training programs can play in increasing physical education knowledge. In this project, teachers were able to increase students&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39; understanding of critical physical activity/fitness knowledge through physical education instruction, without changing the physical education contact time. This link to student needs as well as the school&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;s overall mission is a promising one for students and schools alike.
We developed a preliminary Physical Activity Barriers Questionnaire for Youth with Visual Impairm... more We developed a preliminary Physical Activity Barriers Questionnaire for Youth with Visual Impairments (PABQ-VI) using social cognitive theory as the guiding theoretical framework. Twenty-one youth with VI in Ireland participated in our study. Validity ( content test, internal structure , and relations to other variables ) and reliability evidence of the PABQ-VI scores were examined. Content test validity evidence was assessed using a panel of experts. Item-total correlations were used to assess internal structure validity evidence , and resulted in the removal of nine items. Bivariate correlations were conducted to establish relations to other variables validity evidence. Results revealed that scores obtained on the PABQ-VI were negatively correlated with physical activity levels, but not significantly correlated with self-efficacy for overcoming barriers. Omega and spilt-half reliability estimates were used to establish reliability evidence. Results of these calcuations revealed hi...
Adequate serum vitamin D and iron levels are thought to influence physical training adaptations a... more Adequate serum vitamin D and iron levels are thought to influence physical training adaptations and mood positively. The primary purpose of this prospective, observational study was to investigate relationships between serum 25-OH vitamin D/25(OH)D and serum ferritin levels with body composition and athlete burnout symptoms. Seventy-three collegiate athletes (female: n = 49; male: n = 24) from indoor (swimming, basketball) and outdoor (soccer, cross-country) sports were tested pre-season and post-season for serum 25(OH)D and serum ferritin (nutrient biomarkers) via venipuncture; body composition (total lean mass, bone mineral density/BMD, and % body fat) via dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans; and athlete burnout symptoms (post-season) via the athlete burnout questionnaire (ABQ). When male and female cohorts were combined, significant correlations (Pearson’s r) were noted between pre-season serum 25(OH)D versus the change (∆: post-season minus pre-season) in both BMD (r = ...
Youth with visual impairments (VIs) often experience unique barriers to physical activity compare... more Youth with visual impairments (VIs) often experience unique barriers to physical activity compared with their sighted peers. A psychometrically sound scale for assessing barriers to physical activity for youth with VI is needed to facilitate research. The purpose of this study was to confirm the ability of the previously identified three-factor structure of the Physical Activity Barriers Questionnaire for youth with Visual Impairments (PABQ-VI) to produce scores considered to be valid and reliable that perform equally well across age, VI severity, and gender. Our results supported the three-factor structure and that the PABQ-VI produces scores considered valid and reliable. Mean, variance, and correlation differences were found in personal, social, and environmental barriers for age and VI severity, but not gender. Researchers can use the PABQ-VI to test and evaluate ways to reduce barriers for this population.
International Journal of Disabilities Sports and Health Sciences, 2020
Background: Quality of life (QOL) is a subjective appraisal of life conditions. Disabilities ofte... more Background: Quality of life (QOL) is a subjective appraisal of life conditions. Disabilities often decrease QOL for individuals, due to potential physical, cognitive, and social limitations. Children with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) have delayed fundamental motor skills (FMS) and less physical activity compared to neurotypical peers resulting in lower QOL. Objectives/Hypothesis: In the current study we evaluated the impact of three FMS interventions over 18 months on QOL for 10 children with IDD. Methods: Using the Pediatric Quality of Life Scale 4.0 we measured physical, social, emotional, and school functioning QOL. Visual analysis was used to evaluate the group means of each subscale across six time points, revealing a trend toward improved QOL for all 4 QOL subscales. Results: Emotional and social function had the largest improvements. This study addresses the need for longitudinal research on how FMS interventions can enhance QOL for children with IDD. Con...
In the present investigation a questionnaire was developed to assess physical education teachers’... more In the present investigation a questionnaire was developed to assess physical education teachers’ self-efficacy for teaching classes in which their students were engaged in high levels of physical activity (i.e., at least 50% of class time). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses resulted in the development of a 16-item, 4-factor, multidimensional physical education teachers’ physical activity self-efficacy scale (PETPAS) that produced reliable and valid scores. The Student factor reflected teachers’ efficacy for managing students who didn’t enjoy or value physical activity. The Time factor was indicative of teachers’ efficacy when they didn’t have enough time to teach. The Space factor reflected teachers’ efficacy perceptions when they had difficulty teaching because of a lack of space. Finally, the Institution factor was composed of questions that represented teachers’ efficacy beliefs for overcoming a lack of institutional support. The results of the current study provide p...
Purpose: The purpose of this cross sectional study was to predict feelings of belonging and socia... more Purpose: The purpose of this cross sectional study was to predict feelings of belonging and social responsibility based on the motivational climate perceptions and contingent self-worth of children participating in urban after-school physical activity programs. Method: Three-hundred and four elementary school students from a major Midwestern city participated. Results: Based on multiple regression analyses we predicted 39% of the variance in feelings of belonging largely due to perceptions of leadership emotional support and task climate and 31% of the variance in feelings of social responsibility largely due to perceptions of a caring climate. Conclusions: Our findings support the importance of after school physical activity programs, which appear to provide nurturing environments that may contribute to feelings of belonging and social responsibility.
Background: Offering physical activity clubs (PACs) for students in urban high schools can provid... more Background: Offering physical activity clubs (PACs) for students in urban high schools can provide avenues for increased physical activity (PA); however, little is known about why some clubs are not successful. Purpose: The purpose of this qualitative study was to examine leaders' and students' perspectives on the challenges faced when implementing PACs. Methods: Field observations (n = 115) and interviews with students (n = 278) and adult leaders (n = 126) were conducted over 2 years. The population-based health promotion model (PHPM) was used to analyze and interpret complex interrelationships. Results: Four themes emerged: (1) finding consistently available facility space, (2) providing snacks for adolescents, (3) securing reliable transportation, and (4) balancing clubs with other after-school obligations. Discussion: Leader and students reported challenges that intersected at all 3 streams: upstream, midstream, and downstream. With economic poverty within the community presenting as an upstream challenge, the importance of identifying midstream mechanisms becomes paramount, especially in the case of providing after-school nourishment for hungry students. With respect to transportation, upstream (e.g., community poverty; public transportation; environment) and midstream (e.g., school policies) influences converged and presented a barrier to PAC participation. Translation to Health Education Practice: Efforts to implement PACs should consider upstream parameters that imprint midstream school-level support.
McCaughtry is with Wayne State University, Division of Kinesiology, Health, and Sport Stud-ies; H... more McCaughtry is with Wayne State University, Division of Kinesiology, Health, and Sport Stud-ies; Hodges Kulinna is with Arizona State University, Department of Education and Department of Kinesiology; Cothran is with Indiana University, Department of Kinesiology; Martin is ...
Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal, 1997
The purpose of this study was to examine predictors of social physique anxiety (SPA). SPA, self-e... more The purpose of this study was to examine predictors of social physique anxiety (SPA). SPA, self-esteem, body-esteem, public body consciousness (PBC) and percent body fat (%BF) were assessed with elite female youth athletes (̲N=68) competing in either figure skating, soccer or gymnastics. Stepwise multiple regression analyses, controlling for BF%, accounted for 59% of the variance in SPA. Self-esteem entered first, after BF%, followed by body-esteem and PBC. The psychological variables accounted for 57% of the variance with self-esteem contributing the most (R square change = 45%). Contrary to previous research, BF% did not significantly contribute to SPA. Additionally, a MANOVA and follow-up ANOVA and Scheffe’s tests revealed significant sport differences among SPA, self-esteem, and body-esteem.
Measures of athletic identity and sport orientation, developed from self-schema theory, social ro... more Measures of athletic identity and sport orientation, developed from self-schema theory, social role theory, and achievement motivation theory, were used to examine international adolescent swimmers with disabilities. The multidimensional Athletic Identity Measurement Scale (Brewer, Van Raalte, & Linder, 1993) was used to assess self-identity, social identity, exclusivity, and negative affectivity. The Sport Orientation Questionnaire (Gill & Deeter, 1988) measured competitiveness, win orientation, and goal orientation. Swimmers reported (a) a strong self-identity, (b) a moderate to strong social identity, (c) negative affectivity with lower levels of exclusivity, (d) strong competitiveness and goal orientation, and (e) moderate win orientation. Self-identity was correlated with competitiveness, suggesting that swimmers did not simply report an identification with an athletic role; they also reported a strong desire to attain competitive goals. Additionally, exclusivity was associated...
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Papers by Jeffrey Martin