A Review on Shapes of Pylon for Cable-Stayed Bridge . Mr
Ajinkya Raut2015
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The paper presents finite element approach for the geometric nonlinear aerostatic analysis of self anchored cable-stayed bridges with different pylon configurations along with vehicular interaction. In the recent years cable stayed bridges have received more attention than any other bridge mainly due to Cable stayed bridge are the most flexible bridge and getting popularity because of its economy for longer spans and aesthetics. The results showed that these factors have significant influence on the aerostatic behavior and should be considered in the aerostatic analysis of long span cable stayed bridges. Analysis results will be useful for the designers to consider the shape of pylon at the initial stage of design. Again the results indicate the significant influence of pylon shapes on aerostatic behavior of such long span bridges Cable stayed bridges have good stability, optimum use of structural materials, aesthetic, relatively low design and maintenance costs, and efficient struc...
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IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE)
e-ISSN : 2278-1684, p-ISSN : 2320–334X
PP 98-99
www.iosrjournals.org
A Review on Shapes of Pylon for Cable-Stayed Bridge.
Mr. Ajinkya D. Raut1, Prof. R.A. Dubal2
1
(M.E. (Structure) Student, Department of Civil Engineering Rajarshi Shahu College of Engineering,
Tathawade, Pune, Maharashtra-India)
2
(Assistant Professor Department of Civil Engineering Rajarshi Shahu College of Engineering, Tathawade,
Pune, Maharashtra-India)
Abstract : The paper presents finite element approach for the geometric nonlinear aerostatic analysis of self
anchored cable-stayed bridges with different pylon configurations along with vehicular interaction. In the
recent years cable stayed bridges have received more attention than any other bridge mainly due to Cable
stayed bridge are the most flexible bridge and getting popularity because of its economy for longer spans and
aesthetics. The results showed that these factors have significant influence on the aerostatic behavior and
should be considered in the aerostatic analysis of long span cable stayed bridges. Analysis results will be useful
for the designers to consider the shape of pylon at the initial stage of design. Again the results indicate the
significant influence of pylon shapes on aerostatic behavior of such long span bridges Cable stayed bridges
have good stability, optimum use of structural materials, aesthetic, relatively low design and maintenance costs,
and efficient structural characteristics. Therefore, this type of bridges are becoming more and more popular
and are usually preferred for long span crossings compared to suspension bridges. A cable stayed bridge
consists of one or more towers with cables supporting the bridge deck. In terms of cable arrangements, the most
common type of cable stayed bridges are fan, harp, and semi fan bridges. Because of their large size and
nonlinear structural behavior, the analysis of these types of bridges is more complicated than conventional
bridges. In these bridges, the cables are the main source of nonlinearity. Obtaining the optimum distribution of
post-tensioning cable forces is an important task and plays a major role in optimizing the design of cable stayed
bridges. An optimum design of a cable-stayed bridge with minimum cost while achieving strength and
serviceability requirements is a challenging task.
Keywords– cable stayed bridges, Linear Time-history ground motion, seismic response, pylon shapes, traffic
loading.
I.
Introduction
The history of cable stayed bridges dates back to 1595, found in a book by the Venetian inventor
(Bernard et al., 1988). Many suspension and cable-stayed bridges have been designed and developed since 1595
such as the Albert bridge and the Brooklyn bridge (Wilson and Gravelle, 1991), (Bernard et al., 1988). Cablestayed bridges have been later constructed all over the world. The Swedish Stromsund bridge, designed in 1955,
is known as the first modern cable-stayed bridge (Wilson and Gravelle, 1991). The total length of the bridge is
332 m, and its main span length is 182 m. It was opened in 1956, and it was the largest cable-stayed bridge of
the world at that time. This bridge was constructed by Franz Dischinger, from Germany, who was a pioneer in
construction of cable-stayed bridges (Tori et al., 1968).
The designers realized that cable stayed style requires less material for cables and deck and can be
erected much easier than suspension bridges (Bernard et al., 1988), (Tori et al., 1968), (Wilson and Gravelle,
1991), (Simoes and Negrao, 1994), (Ren and Peng, 2005), and (Nieto et al., 2009). This is mainly due to
advances in design and construction method and the availability of high strength steel cables. The Theodor
Heuss bridge was the second true cable-stayed bridge and was erected in 1957 across the Rhine river at
Dusseldorf. It had a main span of 260 m and side spans of 108 m which was larger than the Stromsund. It has a
harp cable arrangement with parallel stays and a pylon composed of two free-standing posts fixed to the deck.
The reason for choosing the harp style was aesthetics appearance. The Severins Bridge in Köln designed in 1961
was the first fan shape cable stayed bridge, which has a A-shape pylon. In this bridge, the cross section of the
deck was similar to the one used in Theodor Heuss bridge (Bernard et al., 1988). The Flehe bridge was the first
semi-fan type which was erected in 1979 in Dusseldrof, Germany over the Rhine river. The remarkable feature
of this bridge was the reinforced concrete tower, which has the shape of an inverted Y (Bernard et al., 1988). In
what follows, the main types of long span bridges are reviewed.
Innovation in engineering science and technology (NCIEST-2015)
JSPM’S Rajarshi Shahu College Of Engineering,Pune-33,Maharashtra ,India
98 | Page
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE)
e-ISSN : 2278-1684, p-ISSN : 2320–334X
PP 98-99
www.iosrjournals.org
II.
Study Undertaken
To better understand the effect of pylon system with conventional system, parametric studies are
carried out. The varying parameters for the parametric study are listed as below. A long span bridge of total span
of 1200m was considered to study the effect of various pylon shapes. Three cases of typical pylon arrangement
in modern cable-stayed bridge are considered i.e. the H shape, A shape and inverted Y shape. In each case,
linear and nonlinear analysis was carried out for a wind speed of 55m/s. The deck cross section of Norman die
cable-stayed bridge has considered. The displacement aerostatic load, for all model, has been calculated by
taking drag coefficient CD = 1.20, coefficient of lift CL=0.38. Hollow rectangular sections of steel are utilized
for modeling the pylons Nonlinear Analysis This type of nonlinearity is based on the deformations of an elastic
body and is possible in many instances.
Problems involving deformation that are large are called geometrically nonlinear. In dealing with the
nonlinear behavior of the deformable bodies, such as beams, plates and shells, the relationship between the
extensional strains and the shear strains on one hand, the displacement components on the other hand are taken
to be nonlinear, resulting in nonlinear strain-displacement relations. As a direct consequence of this nonlinearity,
the governing differential equations will turn out to be nonlinear. This is true in spite of the fact that the
relationship between curvatures and displacement components can be assumed to be linear. Normally, an
iterative procedure is required to solve the nonlinear equilibrium problem. In this paper, the Newton-Raphson
method is employed with the linear solution as a first approximation. For successive iterations, the actual strain
and stress are determined by taking into account both the linear and appropriate nonlinear contributions of the
previous approximation. The tangent stiffness matrix and the external and internal force vectors are formed by
using the usual assembly procedure for the current structural configuration. The improved trial solution for the
(i+1)th iteration is obtained.
III.
Conclusion
The finite element method is discussed to find out the efficient pylon configuration from comparison of
analysis results during aerostatic analysis of cable stayed bridges. The following conclusions are deduced from
the parametric results:
• Nonlinearity effect is predominant in long span bridges and gives approximately 20 to 60% higher results than
linear analysis. In case of bi-stayed bridges also, the nonlinearity effect is considerably high.
• Apart from few results, for all types of bridges, the load combination DL+MFOUR+WP is found the
governing load combination.
• The displacement due to wind is reduced by approximately 20 to 35% when live load due to IRC loads is
considered.
• The concept of anchoring of top cable to the earth proved effective in reducing the forces in cables.
• The results show that both in self-anchored and bi-stayed bridges, the forces and moments are found minimum
in A frame pylon configuration due to tripod action.
• The costs of cables are very high in case of cable-stayed bridges which can be reduced using the concept of
partially earth anchored bridges.
References
[1].
[2].
[3].
[4].
[5].
FLEMING J.F., “NONLINEAR STATIC ANALYSIS OF CABLE-STAYED BRIDGES”, COMPUTERS & STRUCTURES 1979; 10: PP. 621–635.
Ghali A, Neville A.M., “Structural Analysis: A Unified Classical and Matrix Approach”, London: Chapman & Hall; 1978.
O. C. Zienkiewicz, “The Finite Element Method”, 3rd Edn, Ch. 19. McGraw-Hill, New York (1979).
R. Kao, “A Comparison of N.R. Methods and Incremental Procedures for Geometrically Nonlinear Analysis”,Computers &
Strucures 1974; 4: pp. 1091-1097.
Bimson, D.T.O., “A Critical analysis of the Pont de Normandie Cable-stayed Bridge”,Proceeding of Bridge Engineering
conference 2007.
Innovation in engineering science and technology (NCIEST-2015)
JSPM’S Rajarshi Shahu College Of Engineering,Pune-33,Maharashtra ,India
99 | Page
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