Architecture & Landscape

LIVRE DE LYON, 2021

Disasters are natural or man-made events that abruptly interrupt people's daily lives. There is almost no country in the world that is not affected by disasters. The effects of disasters vary depending on the source, the country and its socio-cultural structure and the measures taken to deal with them (Macit, 2018: 24). Disasters are either born out of natural causes such as earthquakes, tsunamis, floods, volcanic eruptions, droughts and desertification, or caused by human beings, such as fires, nuclear power plant explosions, wars, dam failures, chemical accidents, and mass population movements (Akdur, 2000:1; Sena and Michael, 2016:8; The European Commission's Science and Knowledge Service, 2018; Sarıçam, 2019:3). Turkey is affected most by earthquakes among other natural disasters due to its geographical location. Existing active fault lines in Turkey are capable of affecting almost the entire country, therefore there is urgent need for pre-disaster planning studies to be undertaken. Earthquakes are considered as inevitable and sudden natural disasters that cannot be prevented: however, with necessary precautions and planning before the earthquake, the potential effects of the earthquake can be reduced. If necessary precautions are taken ‘before the earthquake’, ‘during the earthquake’ and ‘after the earthquake’, the earthquake can be survived with least or no damage in economic, social and physical terms. It is observed that developed countries have better precautions and better planning compared to less developed countries and faster recovery without any major disruptions in the economy or daily lives of people. ‘Disaster education’ and ‘disaster management’ also play an important role in minimizing losses and damages. In order for a country to survive an earthquake with the least damage possible, it is crucial to keep the level of awareness of the entire population high in terms of earthquake. Urban transformation which is an important policy tool for spatial organization and renewal of cities, is also considered an important tool for post-dissaster planning studies. Urban transformation is an intervention that aims to solve the economic, physical, social and environmental problems of urban regions that have changed due to unplanned, distorted and unhealthy housing conditions caused by excessive population density (Çiftçi, 2018: 2). Cities are dynamic structures that are in constant change and transformation and urban transformation is a strong tool for restructuring the city. The city is a whole, and the transformation of a part of it should not be considered in isolation. The integrity of the city should be supported by social and environmental sustainability. Considering cities just as physical formations neglecting social and environmental aspects lead to unexpected outcomes. Therefore, urban space should not be seen only as a physical category, but its social, political, economic and cultural dimensions should also be considered (Çiftçi, 2018:16). Urban renewal can be an opportunity for the city to achieve healthy urbanization, yet it should be designed as a planning process which respects the identity elements of the city. Large scale urban redevelopment projects often ignore such given elements and bring out, a different identity. In such cases what is experienced is metamorphosis rather than transformation (Sezik, 2018:601). In this context, the study aims to provide information about post-disaster urban transformation practices and inquires how urban sustainability aspect is addressed in the reconstruction process. The study builds on literature review on urban transformation practices and a field study that examines ‘Elazığ-Karşıyaka Urban Transformation Project’ which had been prepared before Elazığ earthquake on January 24, 2020 and was launched just after the earthquake. Interviews were also undertaken with households and local government in the scope of the field study.

New urbanism goes to develop without consideration of identity cities and their significance. Our new cities have a little people's connection and data transport. New cities have similar buildings without destine climatic zones and their culture. Researchers have done lot of research of sustainable development for open spaces, and they find their answers in historical cities. In this way we looking for some of important researches by focus the open spaces and exactly neighborhood centers in Iran. We also chose the analysis literature review for our methodology. All our attention was on two case studies in Iran (Tehran and Shiraz). In this paper we achieve to sustainable design for open spaces (neighborhood centers) not only we have to look identity, vitality, dynamism, variety, provider of services, and suitable availability but also we have to look at bearable capacity. If we forgot this main factor we give away other factors. We also find by limitation of some street pedestrians can spend more times in neighborhood centers and streets. The aim of this work is not to achieve a united form for all the elements of traditional cities and using them without concerning about the city’s qualities and time circumstances. Actually it is a way to reach the idea which is the reason of an effective production of these elements and their impression on stability of cities in the past. We cannot stop develop, but we can control that by guidelines. We are looking for characters of neighborhood centers. We most know change time is important and with time culture and technology change, too. We should suppose identity of neighborhood centers for current time, and it is not for future. We should notice that in this article we want to translate the identity of the past into present language in which we can resurrect the original concepts and gain the values for constructing the stable city. In this part, structure qualifications of these elements and their effects in traditional cities are mentioned. It is necessary to mention that these traditional concepts and ideas can have different "translation and interpretation" depend on designer’s style and the city’s qualification.

The Evolution of urban space in the 21st century - Smart city, between new economy and environmental sustainability (Masters of Art Thesis Abstract) Dott.Marco Spagnuolo Graduation date: January 2017 The objective of this work consists in showing a description of the concept of Smart city and Smart community, where the indispensable protagonist of the progressive and qualitative development of the urban environment is the citizen. The present commitment aims to move the city dweller from a technical and static role to an active role in the field of urban governance. An anthropocentric vision of the urban environment, in which the rapid development of ICT is the means available to the citizen to realize his skills and competences, acquiring greater importance towards administrative institutions. A new role capable of revolutionizing both urban planning and housing architecture. The focus of urban governance is to work to overcome the technocratic urban vision, in which financial power and technological giants act as Deus ex Machina, moving towards an "socio-cratic" urban dimension, where individuals and institutions are strongly interconnected in a spirit of complicity in facing challenges; • socio-cultural integration and loss of place identity; • economic due to the financial crisis and the greater demand for competitiveness in the globalized world; • environmental consequences of air and water pollution, excessive energy consumption in urban areas. The following paper aims to examine in detail the various perspectives emerged in recent years on the topic of smart cities. The "smart" design indicates a remarkable commitment of the technology; from sophisticated digital devices, three-dimensional processing, powerful management software and modern energy supply technologies; from this point of view the term "smart" may appear misleading and too tied to the major technological groups (Siemens Ag - Microsoft - Lenovo etc.). This work aims to focus on the more complex meaning of smart, addressed not only to construction techniques but to a way of living and taking over a space, configuring it as a place. The goal I propose is to consider the term smart as a presupposition for a new social paradigm in which the identity of the place finds its perfect applicability in an urban space.The paper is divided into four parts; in the first two are analyzed both the social evolution of smart city & communities and the technical applications, demonstrating how the community is the mind and the apps are the arm of sustainable development in the urban environment. The third part provides the overview of the emerging hyper-technological but totally uninhabited cities, and of European "soft technology" projects characterized by less architectural and engineering unscrupulousness, but by a wiser and respectful vision towards aspects linked to the citizen and his needs. In Europe the word smart is mostly related to redevelopment actions contained in districts and neighborhoods in a state of degradation and / or abandonment, rather than urban renewal works. The last chapter of the paper, divided into two macro-themes, intends to give voice to the citizen and his works "from below", involving the reader in the so-called social innovation, a phenomenon expressed in the spread of creative communities redefining development local, focusing on the cultural dimension to recognize and emphasize the identity of a territory, a real Cultural Planning. The second macro-theme concerns the European situation, analyzing the most significant institutional projects and the commitment of citizens and their "bottom up" initiatives, illustrating the inventive capacity of the fablabs and urban living labs as well as the management and recovery capacities of deserta loca (De Rosa, Nocca et al., 2013). Cities are the key elements for the future of humanity; play a role of primary importance both as regards socio-economic aspects and natural resources, as they are omnivorous consumers of elements of all kinds (Ratti, 2012). The city is an organism, which ingests goods and produces garbage with enormous amounts of negative externalities, which amplify economic and environmental problems. In this scenario the importance towards urban sustainability grows exponentially, and the objective of urban development policies tend to search for new methodologies and new balances able to combine economic progress and environmental sustainability. Every Western city is equipping itself with a specific environmental plan as a huge range of growth opportunities. The European urban areas are preparing actions and projects of great value characterized by high investments in innovation of services and integrated technologies, aimed at improving buildings, air conditioning systems, public / private transport, 360° diffusion of wi-fi and other services . In 2009, world urbanization has reached a historical and critical moment: the population present in urban areas has surpassed that which lives in the countryside; the urban phenomenon is well represented by this figure: 3.42 billion inhabitants compared to 3.21 in rural areas. The 84% increase is attributable to the least developed countries, which urban areas will have a population of about 5.2 billion, in practice more than double that shown by the various forecasts, calculated for the first decade of 2010. In the western area instead, the increase will be more contained (from the current 900 million to just over 1 billion in 2050), due to the presence of a much older population, a birth rate slightly above 0% (slightly attenuated from the arrival of numerous immigrants from the Middle East) and the greater possibility of study and work for the feminine world that delays marriage and conception (UN, 2008). The problems that most afflict contemporary cities, administrations and inhabitants are related to air pollution caused mainly by road traffic and the energy supply of buildings. Road traffic is one of the main causes of the alarming growth of atmospheric and acoustic pollution, and its effects are particularly deleterious. Public opinion, after decades of excessive tolerance due to the lack of information and a new position, suddenly becomes demanding, demands firm and practicable solutions. The consequent effects of congestion, pollution and health benefits are so serious as to require immediate "buffer interventions", but it is essential to start programs and methodologies that allow the rebalancing of a healthier atmosphere. Today urban governance brings into play a whole series of analyzes and simulation models that allow the maximum compression of the phenomenon. It is now possible to know in advance the effects on traffic, congestion, public health, public transport, or rather it is possible to identify the necessary infrastructural and management interventions. Italy has the second highest motorization rate of the 28 EU states and the number of cars in circulation in relation to the population is at the very top of the list even in the world rankings (UN, 2008). The years we live are those determined by the phenomenon of the globalization of the economy and of communication, this has allowed urban areas to be networked with the whole world; has extended to the global scale all the production circuits and the exchange of goods and information. The economy is made up of flows, in turn composed of people, information, money. In the scenario built on the dictates of globalization, cities have become a fundamental meeting ground between public and social actors that interact to achieve adequate development. The consequence, on a purely social level, it is the reinforcement or rebirth of an urban social identity whose goal is to avoid the specter of creative standardization and depletion. A sort of urban guerrilla that aims to bring out and show its specificity to the world. The formation of an active creativity capable of translating into competitive advantages (Porter, 1999). The extreme and disruptive competition of this century, risks giving space only to the productive processes with an economic return and "false colors" image of a city, losing those intangible assets born from the sense of belonging, culture and quality of life . (Governa and Memoli, 2012). The central issue is to create virtuous competition that makes one competitive city and at the same time make the whole participant. Achieving this goal is only possible with the sharing between private and public actors, opening up communities to develop all kinds of relationships on ever larger scales and complex (Dematteis, 1995).

World Journal of Engineering and Technology

Proper architectural design and appropriate usage of technology compatible with the environment in parts of a city which is called urban spaces, spaces such as parks, squares, sidewalks, shopping malls, leave a great impact on the quality of the urban life. Architectural design itself is born from technology; it means that, architecture is tied with science and technology, and is in direct contact with them. Technological innovations are one of the most important forces affecting the architectural changes. Nowadays, technological innovations are recognized as important and effective powers in development of sustainable environmental design. Today societies are constantly changing in terms of social, economic, political and technological alterations. Change is inevitable, and like all aspects of contemporary life, architecture should similarly offer an appropriate response to such changes for remaining sustainable, useful and appropriate. Architecture should also have a suitable response to laws and regulations of recent issues like safety, environment and energy conservation, and even personal security in architectural space. The purpose of this paper is, primarily an exploration of the concept of "urban space", and in the second stage, it plans to review the fundamentals and impacts of using technology in urban spaces. The research method is descriptive-analytic and library research method is used for data collecting.

These workshops are about cultural exchange in professional and sustainable management planning and aim to participate students in international debates of land-use planning and spatial design. The first workshop is organized by the faculty for civil engineering, architecture and urban planning, represented of Frank SCHWARTZE (Urban Planner) as quality of Prof. Dipl. Ing. at the Lab for Urbanism and Planning (LSO) . The second workshop is organized by the planning department, represented of Abdesselem MAHMOUD (Urban Professor) as quality of Chef of Planning Department at the National School of Architecture and Urban Planning (E.N.A.U.). These workshops are co-organized by the Union of Young Tunisian Planners (U.J.U.T.) represented of OUERGHI Mohamed (Urban Planner) as quality of member charged of the international cooperation.

A Critical View on Design of Urban Buildings: Balıkesir Municipality Design Competition /Turkey, 2017

Balıkesir Municipality Building Project, which received the 2 nd prize in a National Architectural Design Competition in September, 2016; was developed through two primary inquiry areas. First inquiry is the relationship of place/ building, second is the questioning of the relations determining the building quality such as mass, space and architectural program. It was questioned how the contents of a city or place could be defined, what are the characteristics that make them available. It is possible to say that a building that adds value to the city can become an inseparable part of the city. When it is examined from the architectural and urban relations, they touch the city's culture, history, daily life or anticipations of the future. The architect was able to specify and quantify both the poetic and technological qualities of space in spite of all structural and urban aspects. In this case it may be what the design idea of a private / unique building means and what it contains, in terms of questioning, location and building relations that need to be done for related areas of design thinking.

Design and Engineering Sustainability, Innovation and Production (Ed: Gaye Birol, Aslı Güneş Gölbey, Uğur Çavdar), Frontpage Publication, Londra, İngiltere, 219-232., 2019

WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment

This study focuses on those new (unconventional) public spaces generated through the existing urban infrastructures transforming interventions. The case study is the regeneration of the urban district of Mexico City crossed by a local railway line, the Ferrocarril de Cuernavaca, still partially in use. After an international competition, the entire area has been recently transformed, basing on the urban regeneration "Bosque Urban Ferrocarril del Cuernavaca" project made up by the Gaeta Springall Arquitectos Office. This project can be shown as a "model", as a good design practice to develop new "third places of density", capable of managing the existing urban conditions complexity and generating new urban qualities, new liveable spaces: innovative public spaces are generated along a linear park of 4.5 km which crosses 22 different neighbourhoods with different social, economic and spatial conditions; new urban functions, formal/informal hybrid forms of living/using the city (or its parts) are settled or simply suggested. It follows "common" design topics of various interventions able to increase social, economic and spatial values and to completely change the existing urban condition by adding space, in-filling life. Following a case study approach, this study reports the results of a joint workshop, conducted by the "Laboratori Metropolitani" research group of the IUAV University of Venice and by professors and students of the Ibero-Americana University. Three projects, set up during the workshop and completed in three Master's degree theses in architecture, will be shown and described; necessary multidisciplinary approaches, core issues and design topics will be highlighted to characterize and to increase dialogues between academia and professional practice; to show different possible ways to use free design exercises (especially those developed through workshops and seminars) as useful tools to address shared reflections for further urban projects developments and to imagine other possible interventions to improve urban quality life.

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Considering the environmental, economic and social goals of sustainable architecture, most of the researches that have been done in the “sustainable architecture” topics are developed generally in the environmental and economic goals and even in some cases have resulted in design principles that reflect these goals in design. But concerning social objectives, there are less established design principles which have utilized these goals in designing. Therefore extensive studies are required to reflect the goals as rules in design. With this background, the paper’s question is raised: “How can we determine the principles of architectural design in public spaces in terms of social goals of sustainable architecture?” Regarding the question, this hypothesis arises that: “A method of the architectural - urban design has direct impact on non-physical stability of space”. In order to prove this hypothesis, considering that the social sustainability has different definitions in the different cultures - thanks to diversity of behaviors, beliefs and cultures- in this article the spatial and environmental quality criteria are reviewed to find overall optimum spatial qualities which can be effective on social sustainability of public spaces, then these cases are studied in Ardabil (Iran) to suggest design principles based on social sustainability in the city. The research method is field research (interviews and questionnaires), archival research combination.

One building standing alone in the countryside is experienced as a work of architecture, but bring half a dozen buildings together and an art other than architecture is made possible. Several things begin happen in the group which would be impossible for the isolated building. We may walk through and past the buildings, and as a corner is turned an unsuspected building is suddenly revealed. We may be surprised, even astonished a reaction generated by the composition of the ground not by the individual building. Again, suppose that the buildings have been put together in a group so that one can get inside the group; than the space created between the buildings is seen to have a life of its own over and above the buildings which create it and one's reaction is to say "I am inside it" or "Law Entering it".