The Kazakhstan DNA project hits first hundred Y-profiles for ethnic Kazakhs Russian Journal of Genetic Genealogy. 2011. 3. №1. С.69-84

RJGG The Russian Journal of Genetic Genealogy: Vol 2, №1, 2011 ISSN: 1920-2989 http://ru.rjgg.org © All rights reserved The Kazakhstan DNA project hits first hundred Y-profiles for ethnic Kazakhs Turuspekov Y.1* Sabitov Zh.1 Daulet B.1 Sadykov M.1 Khalidullin O.1 Abstract The territory of Kazakhstan is often considered as one of the crossroads of human genealogy and possible place of the origin for a number of human Y-haplogroup branches. Still little is known about the genealogy of Kazakh tribes, the major ethnic group living in modern Kazakhstan. Therefore, in 2007 the project «Kazakhstan DNA project» has been launched on the Kazakh genealogy web site «Shezhire». The major aim of the project is to study the genealogy of Kazakh tribes based on Y-DNA records. At the beginning of 2011 the project consisted of hundred unrelated ethnic Kazakhs out of total 125 participants with available data of Y-12 microsatellite markers. The participants represent the majority of Kazakh tribes and lineages, although the representation was not even among the groups. The data has been collected based on the results from the commercial company Family Tree DNA (FTDNA) and Sorenson project (SMGF). The results revealed that Kazakh Y-records spread in 10 different Y-haplogroup branches, which is confirming complex genetic composition of Kazakhs. The majority of profiles were grouped to haplogroup C3 (46.1%), followed by haplogroups G (15.7%) and O3 (9.8%). each group that was inherited from Genghis Khan Empire (Akimbekov, 2011, p.541-547). Nowadays Kazakhs considered themselves as a one ethnic group but still knowledge of the names of tribes is part of tradition and culture. In modern Kazakhstan, according to the last population census, Kazakh ethnic group (63%) is the majority of 16 million’s nation (Smailov, 2010). In terms of language Kazakhs belong to Turkic-speaking Altaic language group and ethnically close to Central Asian and Siberian Turks and Mongol tribes (Vostrov and Mukanov, 1968, p.34-108). Introduction Kazakhstan is one of the largest countries in the Central Asia and often regarded as a place where West meets East. The name of the country is associated with Kazakhs, which is the ethnic group emerged in 15th century and comprised predominantly from descendants of Turkic and Turkic-Mongol tribes (Vostrov and Mukanov, 1968, p. 34-108). Territorially all Kazakh tribes were separated in three large groups («Zhuzes» or branches) called as Elder Zhuz, Middle Zhuz, and Junior Zhuz (Vostrov and Mukanov, 1968, p. 34-108). Elder Zhuz tribes were mostly occupied South and South-East of present Kazakhstan, Middle Zhuz tribes lived in Eastern, Northern and Central Kazakhstan, and Junior Zhuz tribes were traditionally lived in Western Kazakhstan (Figure 1). The separation of Kazakhs in three Zhuzes was also associated with the political weight of The genealogy of Kazakhs was extensively studied by means of historical (Vostrov and Mukanov, 1968; Akimbekov, 2011), linguistic (Amanjolov, 2003), and anthropological tools (Ismagulov, 1982; Deryabin and Beskina, 2009) and frequently connected to ancient tribes that lived in this area back to kurgan culture (LaluezaFox et al., 2004). _____________________________________________________________ Received: December 31 2011; accepted: January 3 2012; published: January 6 2012 Correspondence: yerlan_dna@yahoo.com babasan@yandex.ru _____________________________________________________________ 69 1-“Shezhire”, Samal-2, 25/8, Almaty050051, Kazakhstan * - corresponding author, yerlan_dna@yahoo.com RJGG The Russian Journal of Genetic Genealogy: Vol 2, №1, 2011 ISSN: 1920-2989 http://ru.rjgg.org © All rights reserved of these reports are small sample sizes, restricted locations of sample collections and luck of information related to tribal allocation of collected samples. However, most of the conclusions related to genealogy of local tribe up to 15th century were based on oral stories and rarely well documented. Therefore, it was often problematic to establish genetic relationships of Kazakhs with other ethnic groups and determine a reliable links of modern tribes to ancient groups of people once lived in this area. It is obvious that DNA based genealogy is becoming a powerful tool to discover ancestral roots in every existing ethnic group and tribe. To achieve this goal it is important to develop well sized document and DNA records for each particular tribe. Therefore, in 2007 new project under the name of «Kazakhstan» was launched on web site of the commercial company Family Tree DNA (FTDNA, USA). The Kazakhstan DNA project is a part of larger documentary national project «Shezhire» (means ancestry from Kazakh language). The purpose of Shezhire is to collect and systemize information for family genealogy of Kazakhs based on the documents and DNA profiles (www.elim.kz). The database of Shezhire consists of more than 700000 individual names living from 13th century to modern time. The Kazakhstan DNA project hits the first hundred YDNA profiles at the end of 2010 and the size of database is growing further. It was assumed that development of Kazakhstan DNA project will greatly improve the significance of Shezhire in study of the genealogy of Kazakhs. The DNA project is also open for any other ethnic group within and outside of Kazakhstan and already has 25 Y-profiles of Russians, Kyrgyz, Uzbeks and other neighboring nationalities and minority groups. One of the promising ways to unfold a history of Kazakh tribes is to exploit on DNA genealogy based research. Generally, two major approaches were used in studies with involvement of Kazakh populations. First approach is based on analyses of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) markers and maternal genealogy. Nearly all studies suggested an admixture of west and east Eurasian mtDNA haplotypes (Comas, et al., 1998; Lalueza-Fox, et al., 2004) and some predict the connection of modern Kazakhs to kurgan cultures in the 1st millennium BCE (Lalueza-Fox, et al., 2004; Bennet and Kaestle 2010). Studies with larger samples revealed that 58-59% of Kazakhs belong to Asian (D, C, G, A, M and F) and 41% to European (H, T, J, K, U2, I, U5 and HV) mtDNA haplotypes (Berezina, et al., 2004; Derenko and Malyarchuk 2010). Also, the analysis of the genetic relationships of various Asian ethnic groups were performed by using principal component analysis (PCA) and multifactorial scaling (MFS) of hyper variable region 1 (HVR1) of mtDNA (Derenko and Malyarchuk, 2010, p. 157). PCA revealed that when considered first two components Kazakhs from Altay region clustered together with Kalmyk, Soyot, Hamnigan, Buryat, Tolengit and other ethnic groups living in Altay mountains. When considered second and third components, the Kazakhs from Altay clearly grouped with Shortsy and Tolengit. The phylogenetic dendrogram of MFS from HVR1 is allowed to establish close relationship of Kazakhs with other Central Asian groups, such as Kirgiz, Uigur, Uzbek, Tadzhik, Turkmen and Tolengit (Derenko and Malyarchuk, 2010, p. 158). The second approach is based on analyses of Y-chromosome markers and paternal ancestry. Available publications on the analysis of Y-chromosome STR (short tandem repeats) or microsatellite markers in Kazakh populations are largely confirm the results received from mtDNA research (Perez-Lezaun, et al., 1999; Underhill, et al., 2000; Wells, et al., 2001; Karafet, et al., 2002; Dulik, et al., 2011). The major drawbacks The major purposes of this work were to report on current status of Kazakhstan DNA project and describe the genetic composition in Kazakh population based on available Y-records. Materials and methods One hundred Y-chromosome STR records of ethnic Kazakhs were developed by FTDNA (Kazakhstan project) and two profiles were from SMGF project (personal communications). When information was available, the tribal assignment of participants was done based on personal communications with each individual. The details of STR records for each Kazakh participant are given in supporting information tables (SI1- SI3). SNP results for selected participants were gener70 The Russian Journal of Genetic Genealogy: Vol 2, №1, 2011 ISSN: 1920-2989 http://ru.rjgg.org © All rights reserved RJGG lived in 15th century (Usenbaev, 2003, p. 456). The data in Kazakh DNA project is suggesting that 16 out of 18 Y-records belong to C3haplogroup (SI1). In addition to 18 Y-12 records, the project has 11 Y-37 and 7 Y-67 records (SI2SI3). The phylogenetic analysis of all C3-profiles of the Junior Zhuz is suggesting one common ancestor for the entire group with availability of minor admixtures coming from ancestors of shekty2, shekty7 and zhappas2 (Figure 3, Figure 9). Current modal haplotype of the Alshins is 13-2516-10-12-12-11-13-11-14-11-31 in the order of STR markers from FTDNA and it is 6 steps away from the hypothetical haplotype of Genghis Khan (Zerjal, et al., 2003). It is interesting that one of the Y-12 records belongs to tribe Zheturu (subtribe Tama, SI1), and it is matching to the modal haplotype of Alshins. ated by FTDNA (given in green color). Where SNP results are not available yet, the Y-haplotype assignments (red color) were adopted as suggested by FTDNA. Genetic distance matrices developed by hybrid mutation model of Y-utility (www.mymcgee.com) and phylogenetic trees constructed based on Fitch program of PHYLIP (Baum 1989) and FigTree (http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/) software packages. Results The analysis of generated DNA profiles in Kazakhstan project suggested that Kazakh Yrecords spread in 10 different Y-haplogroup branches (Table 1). The majority of samples belongs to C3 haplogroup and this pattern greatly influenced by participants from tribes of Junior and Elder Zhuzes and Tore lineage. Tribes of the Middle Zhuz were characterized by four Yhaplogroups with two of them originated in Western Eurasia (haplogroups R and G) and others from eastern Eurasia (haplogroups C and O). Sample size was not even among the groups, with highest number presented in Middle Zhuz (44), followed by Junior Zhuz (18), and Elder Zhuz (12). In addition to the groups, the Yprofiles of two separate noble lineages, Tore (descendants of Genghis Khan, 16 samples) and Kozha (descendants of Arab missionaries, 4), were collected. Also, eight participants entered to the project without knowledge of their family root (Table 1). Y-DNA records of Kazakh tribes from Middle Zhuz The Middle Zhuz is the largest group among Kazakhs and, consequently, has the largest number of records in Kazakh DNA project (Table 1). This group is formed from 6 tribes where Argyns and Naimans are large-size, Kerei, Konyrat and Kypshak and are mid-size tribes, and Uak is small-size tribe (Vostrov and Mukanov, 1968, p. 34-108). The data in Table 1 suggests that all tribes may have a different genealogy roots. Argyn. Despite being one of the largest tribes within Kazakhs, the number of Argyns in 1917 were 890 thousands (Tynyshpaev, 1925, appendix 4), the genealogy of Argyn before 14th century is unknown and there are no reliable sources explaining from where this tribe is appeared in Kazakh steppe. According to documented shezhire, the tribe was founded by Kodan-bii, who lived in 14th century (Tynyshpaev, 1925, p. 8-9). The genealogy chart of Kazakh Argyns is given in Figure 4 (according to Gabzhalilov, et al., 2007, p. 58). In total 20 Y-12, 15 Y-37, and 8 Y-67 records of Argyns available in the database (SI1SI3). The analysis of 20 Y-12 revealed that 13 samples belong to G1a, and remaining 7 samples belong to C3, R1a, R1b and Q1a3 haplogroups (Table 1). Except in Kenzhesopy branch (Figure 4), which was represented only by one sample, the G1a haplotypes were well spread in all Argyn branches and, therefore, it was assumed that the root of this tribe is G1a haplogroup. The phylo- Y-DNA records of Kazakh tribes from Junior Zhuz The Junior Zhuz consists of three tribes called Alimuly (6 sub tribes), Baiuly (12 sub tribes) and Zhetyru (7 sub tribes). The majority of Kazakh tribes in Junior Zhuz is part of Alshin (or Alchin), which is one of the Tartar tribes (Rashid al-Din 1952, p.103). Document based genealogy is suggesting that Kazakh Alshins consist of sub tribes of Alimuly and Baiuly, while third tribe Zhetyru is the mixture of different small sub tribes that became part of Junior Zhuz under the rule of khan Tauke (Usenbaev, 2003, p. 456-459). The simplified documented genealogy of Alshins is given in Figure 2 and not included sub tribe Zhetyru. The most obvious founder of Kazakh Alshins is believed to be Alau, who according to Shezhire 71 The Russian Journal of Genetic Genealogy: Vol 2, №1, 2011 ISSN: 1920-2989 http://ru.rjgg.org © All rights reserved RJGG pire. Kazakh Kereis have two major branches called Ashamaily and Abak-kerei. The project has two Y-profiles, one FTDNA-mediated record for the participant from Abak-kerei branch, and, second, Y-profile of Ahamaily branch from SMGF company. Both Y-profiles belong to the starcluster of hypothetical haplotype of Genghiz Khan (SI1). gram based on 37 Y-DNA markers is correctly separated descendants of Somdyk and Meiram (Figure 5). Naiman. The second largest tribe of Middle Zhuz is Naiman, which is most probably has Turkic-Mongol origin (Vostrov and Mukanov, 1968, p. 61). It is well documented that this tribe was defeated by Genghis Khan in 12th century and scattered in north-east, east and central territories of modern Kazakhstan and elsewhere. There is a shortage of documented evidences of Naimans from 12th to 15th century and reports indicate that there are several founders of modern Naimans within Kazakhs (Figure 6). Unfortunately, all available DNA records belong to Belgybai branch, therefore, it is still difficult to conclude if all branches have a common ancestor. There are eleven Y-12, nine Y-37, and four Y-67 records of Naimans in Kazakhstan DNA project (SI-SI3). Seven out of eleven Y-12 records were O3 haplogroup samples, two samples were R1a, and remaining two samples were C3 and R1b haplogroups. The participant with C3 profile is representing adopted lineage within Kazakh Naimans, and it is possible that R haplogroup representatives are the results of admixture as well. The relationship of 6 Y-37 O3 profiles is given in Figure 7 and phylogram is in accordance with oral genealogy in Belgybai branch of Naimans. Konyrat and Uak. Two available Y-profiles of Konyrat belong to the most abundant C3 haplogroup within Kazakhs, while two available Yprofiles of Uak belong to O and C3 haplogroups (SI1). The differences between two Konyrat samples were four mutations, where two of them recorded in the marker DYS385b. The Y-12 STR profile of Uak with O haplogroup has 8 mutation differences with Y-12 modal O3 haplotype of Naimans, and, therefore, may hypothetically belong to different sub branch of O haplogroup. Y-DNA records of Kazakh tribes from Elder Zhuz The majority of tribes in the Elder Zhuz is often collectively associated with ancient Uysyn (Wusun) clan, which once dominated in SouthEast of Kazakhstan starting from 3rd century AD (Vostrov and Mukanov, 1968, p. 25-35). According to another version the modern Kazakh tribe Uysuns are descendants of the Mongol tribe Hushin and their ancestor was Mayky-bii, commander of Jochi and representative of Hushin tribe (Irmuhanov, 2006, p. 95-104). Also, tribes such as Dulat, and Zhalair are well-known from the time of Genghis Khan Empire. Unfortunately, the participants of this group are least represented in the project, therefore, it is still very difficult to trace their connection to other groups. Best represented tribe Dulat has four C3profiles out of five available records (Table 1). Two of those C3-profiles belong to Genghis Khan’s star-cluster and two others may have different ancestors (Figure 9, SI1). The only participant of Alban has R1a profile, while three participants of Zhalair tribe have two R1a and one C3 profiles, and single representative of another ancient tribe Katagan has J2 profile. The DNA profile of C3 representative of Zhalair is also matching the star-cluster haplotype. Kypshak. Kypshak is essential tribe for Kazakhs and existed in the territory of modern Kazakhstan well before Mongol’s invasion in 12 century. There are two branches of Kypshak within Kazakhs – Kara-Kypshak and Kulan-Kypshak. Unfortunately, at this moment the project has only six participants from Kara-Kypshak branch. The major sub branches of Kara-Kypshak are given in Figure 8. Kypshak participants of the project represent only three sub branches – Uzun, Karabalyk, and Tory. Four out of six samples belong to R1b haplogroup, although they differ in haplogroup’s sub branches. While participants from Uzun and Karabalyk have R1b1a1 (2011 ISOGG revision), the participant from Tory has R1b1a2a1a1b3c* (L2+) haplogroup (Table 1, SI1). Kerei. This tribe is connected to famous Kereit tribe, which was very important at the time of emergence and growth of Genghis Khan’s em- 72 RJGG The Russian Journal of Genetic Genealogy: Vol 2, №1, 2011 ISSN: 1920-2989 http://ru.rjgg.org © All rights reserved E1b profile reported that according to oral history of his lineage he is the descendant of Arab missionaries and can trace his family genealogy seven generations back. Y-DNA records of Kazakh noble lineages There are several lineages of Kazakhs that not associated with Zhuzes, notably two of them, Tore and Kozha, considered to be noble. Tore was a special cast within Kazakhs and their ancestor is Jochi, first son of Genghis Khan. It is well-known that the first wife of Genghis Khan was captured by Merkit tribe, therefore, it is unknown if Jochi is genetically related to Genghis Khan. Most researchers suggest that Kazakh Jochids are descendants from Tuka-Timur, 13th son of Jochi, however, there are some reports indicating that Kazakh Tore descent from Orda Ichen, first son of Jochi (Akimbekov, 2011, p. 480). Khan Zhanybek, who is 10th generation down from Jochi and the founder of Kazakh Khanate, had two sons, Jadik and Usek, and descendants of those two Jochids are the majority of Kazakh Tore. Kozha is a cast of descendants of Arab missioners who disseminated Islam religion among Kazakh tribes. Unfortunately, this cast has confusing genealogy as descendants of nonKozha who visited Mecca are often also called themselves as Kozha. Kazakhs and Haplogroup C3 The majority of the project is C3 participants (46.1%) and they can be found in all three Zhuzes and well represented in Tore lineage. The Figure 9 is suggesting the phylogenetic relationship of C3 participants and separates them in five clusters. First identified cluster consists of three representatives of Argyn tribe (Middle Zhuz) and participant from Zhappas tribe (Junior Zhuz). Genetically this group was close to the second cluster that was formed only by participants of Junior Zhuz (Figure 9). The third cluster was formed from the samples that associated with Genghis Khan’s star-cluster (Zerjal, et al., 2003) and grouped together the participants from Elder and Middle Zhuzes, and also includes controversial Tore sublineage called Satemir-Tore (Figure 9, tore10). The majority of Kazakh Tore (Jochi lineage) formed a separate forth cluster that characterized with a rare ReCLOH mutation in DYS448 (SI). It is interesting to note that participant tore9 (FTDNA ID 144637, SI1) has two mutations difference from modal haplotype of Cluster IV, characterized by the same ReCLOH mutation as in Cluster IV, and has 9 matches out of 10 Y-markers with samples 50 and 52 in Egyin Gol valley necropolis (Keyser-Tracqui, et al., 2003). The last cluster is formed by samples of two Konyrat participants and dulat3 and the dendrogramm suggests that this lineage has a common root with Jochids (Figure 9). Tore. There are sixteen participants of the project whose oral or documentary genealogy suggests that they belong to Tore. The database has 16 Y-12, 7 Y-37 and 5 Y-67 profiles (SI1SI3). Eleven Y-12 profiles were appeared to be C3 haplotypes, three profiles were R2 haplotypes and one sample each for R1a and R1b profiles (Table 1). Eight participants with C3 haplotype most probably where descendants of Jadik and Usek, and they formed a separate C3-cluster (Fig.9). Jadik and Usek descendants have at least one Y-67 profile with only 6 mutations apart, confirming that they ancestor is Khan Zhanybek (lived approximately 1428-1474). The other three C3 participants of Tore (Fig. 9, tore7, tore 9, tore 10) did not provide a clear scheme of their genealogy, although, it is interesting that profile of tore10 (Satemir branch of Tore) is matching to the star-cluster. Discussion Since first hundred Y-profiles of ethnic Kazakhs of Kazakhstan spread in 10 haplogroup branches, this may lead to a prediction that we can face a very complex genetic relationship within a single ethnic group. However, when participants were assigned to their Zhuzes, tribes and lineages, this complexity can be structured in certain following order. Kozha. There are four participants of the project who claim to be Kozha. All four DNA profiles belong to different haplogroups, C3, E1b, R1a1 and Q1. While Kozha with profiles of C3, R1a1 and Q1 were having difficulties with providing their clear genealogy, the participant with 1) Despite minor admixture events, the simplest genetic relationship is visible in group of 73 The Russian Journal of Genetic Genealogy: Vol 2, №1, 2011 ISSN: 1920-2989 http://ru.rjgg.org © All rights reserved Junior Zhuz or Alshins, where predominant subtribes of all three tribes have a single founder with C3 Y-haplogroup signature. RJGG ing in those turbulent times. There is a possibility that the ruling time of Genghis Khan and his descendants is greatly reshaped newly emerged Kazakh tribes in 14th and 15th centuries. Hence, there is a ground under assumption that modern Kazakh tribes are not necessarily connected to famous ancient tribes with similar names existed before Genghis Khan’s era. The major contributor to this assumption is the fact that the oral history of most modern Kazakh tribes starts from founders who lived in 14th-15th century. However, DNA profiles of ethnic Kazakhs collected in this work is suggesting relatively high intra-tribal homogeneity and luck of strong influence from Genghis Khan’s hypothetical DNA signature. In fact, this signature is invisible in tribes of Junior Zhuz, present only in Kerei tribe of Middle Zhuz and found in several tribes of Elder Zhuz. The participants from Dulat and Zhalair (this group may include tribe Oshakty, Djansugurova, et al., 2011) tribes of Elder Zhuz have exact matches with suggested haplotype of Genghis Khan. Therefore, it seems that DNA related structure of Kazakh tribes is reflecting the political construction of three Kazakh Zhuzes. Obviously, in order to validate the link between modern and ancient tribes and evaluate the relationships among nomads the comparative Y-DNA analysis should be done in neighboring Central Asian ethnic groups, including those that have similar names of tribes. 2) The next level of complexity is evident in Middle Zhuz. This group is consisting of six tribes that all have different distinct origins (Table 1). Note that well represented Middle Zhuz tribes have comparatively high intra-tribal homology. There been recorded evidences of admixture in all relatively well represented tribes, but those events can be traced back and explained, as it was done in case of recorded C3 profile within Naimans (see Naimans in Results), and explanations can be more evident as size of samples within each tribe will grow further. 3) The next and most level of complexity can be visible in tribes of Elder Zhuz and at this moment it is associated with small sample size. The generated data is providing the bases for further genealogy studies of each tribe and new possibilities to evaluate past historical processes in Central Asia. For instance, the phenomenon of appearance and construction of Kazakh Zhuzes is often debatable among historians. It is argued that it is not simple geographic separation but rather politically based structure of Kazakhs that associated with the legacy of Genghis Khan’s empire. The Elder Zhuz is a group of tribes come out of Chagatai’s Khanate, who was appointed by Genghis Khan to execute Yassa, which was a military secret code of law. Therefore, it was assumed that this group of tribes was considered as the Eldest Zhuz (Akimbekov, 2011, p. 541-547). The Junior Zhuz was not directly associated with Genghis Khan and had the lowest status among three groups of Kazakhs. The group of tribes from Jochi’s Khanate was between those groups and, therefore, called Middle Zhuz (Akimbekov, 2011, p. 541-547). The major policy of Genghis Khan and his sons in the development of Mongol Empire was to eradicate tribal differentiation and build the state based on loyalty principles of mixed tribal army. Indeed, there is luck of information for tribal developments from 12th to 14th century. However, with the destruction of Mongol Empire, the opposite process started to play in shaping of Central Asian landscape and tribal identity is probably was a major factor for surviv- Concluding remarks: According to FTDNA prediction more than 45% of the participants in Kazakhstan DNA project have C3 haplotypes. The analysis of C3 profiles is allowed clearly separate the descendants of Jochi from those who have hypothetical Genghis Khan’s haplotype. Several participants of the project have exact matches with the hypothetical profile of Genghis Khan, however, they were restricted to specific tribes and lineages, such as Kerei and Dulat. Therefore, in order to confirm the hypothesis if rapid spread of the star cluster has connection to theoretical Y-profile of Genghis Khan (Zerjal, et al., 2003) more his descendants from different lineages should be tested. Overall, the assignment of Yprofiles to tribes and lineage is significantly increased the understanding of specific patterns in genealogy of Kazakhs and provided important bases for further studies. 74 The Russian Journal of Genetic Genealogy: Vol 2, №1, 2011 ISSN: 1920-2989 http://ru.rjgg.org © All rights reserved References RJGG 12. Irmuhanov B (2006) Uysun Ethnogenesis and the Kazakh people. Almaty Press. Kazakhstan, 124 p. (in Russian). 13. Ismagulov O (1982) Ethnical anthropology of Kazakhstan. Alma-Ata, USSR, 245 p. (in Russian). 14. Karafet T, Osipova L, Gubina M, Posukh O, Zegura S, Hammer M (2002) High Levels of Y-Chromosome Differentiation among Native Siberian Populations and the Genetic Signature of a Boreal Hunter-Gatherer Way of Life. Human Biology 74 (6): 761-789. 15. Keyser-Tracqui C, Crubezy E, Ludes B (2003) Nuclear and mitochondrial DNA analysis of a 2,000-year-old necropolis in the Egyin Gol Valley of Mongolia. Am J Hum Genet 73(2): 247-260. 16. Kitapbaev B (1994) Shezhire –nine branches of naimans. Almaty, Kainar, Kazakhstan. p. 21 (in Kazakh). 17. Lalueza-Fox C, Sampietro M, Gilbert M, Castri L, Facchini F, Pettener D, Bertranpetit J (2004) Unravelling migrations in the steppe: mitochondrial DNA sequences from ancient central Asians. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 271(1542): 941–947. 18. Rashid-al-Din F (1952) Compendium of Chronicles. Moscow, USSR Academy of Sciences (translated by Hetagurov L.A.), V1(1). 197 p. (in Russian). 19. Smailov A (2010) Kazakhstan census 2009. Short conclusions. Astana, Signet Print, Kazakhstan, 110 p. (in Russian). 20. Tynyshpaev M (1925) Materials to the history of KyrgyzKazakh people. East Department of Kyrgyz State Press. Tashkent, USSR, 66 p. (in Russian). 21. Usenbaev T (2003) Alshin genealogy. Kyzylorda Press. Kazakhstan, p. 456-459. 22. Vostrov V, Mukanov M (1968) Tribes composition and living area of Kazakhs. Alma-Ata, Nauka, USSR, 255 p. (in Russian). 23. Zerjal T, Xue Y, Bertorelle G, Wells R, Bao W, Zhu S, Qamar R, Ayub Q, Mohyuddin A, Songbin Fu S, Pu Li P,Yuldasheva N, Ruzibakiev R, Xu J, Shu Q, Du R, Yang H, Hurles M, Robinson E, Gerelsaikhan T, Dashnyam B, Mehdi Q, Tyler-Smith C (2003) The Genetic Legacy of the Mongols. Am J Hum Genet 72 (3): 717–721. 1.Akimbekov S (2011) The history of steppe: the phenomenon of Genghis Khan’ kingdom in history of Eurasia. Almaty, Central Asia Press, Kazakhstan, 640 p. (in Russian). 2. Amanjolov A (2003) History of ancient Turkic scripts, Almaty, Mektep, Kazakhstan, 353 p. (in Russian). 3. Baum BR (1989) PHYLIP: Phylogeny Inference Package. Version 3.2. (Software review). Quarterly Review of Biology 64: 539-541. 4. Bennet C, Kaestle F (2010) Investigation of Ancient DNA from Western Siberia and the Sargat Culture. Human Biology 82(2): 143-156. 5. Berezina G, Svyatova G, Abdullaeva A, Bermisheva M, Kutuev I, Husnutdinova E, Billems R (2005) Polimorphism of mtDNA in Kazakh population. Meditsinskaya genetika 4(3): 108-113. (in Russian). 6. Comas D, Calafell F, Mateu E, Pérez-Lezaun A, Bosch E, Martínez-Arias R, Clarimon J, Facchini F, Fiori G, Luiselli D, Pettener D, Bertranpetit J (1998) Trading genes along the silk road: mtDNA sequences and the origin of central Asian populations. Am J Hum Genet 63(6):1824-1838. 7. Derenko M, Malyarchuk B (2010) Molecular phylogeography of populations from northern Eurasia based on variability of mtDNA. Magadan, Russia, 376 p. (in Russian). 8. Deryabin V, Beskina M (2009) About anthropologic variations of Kazakhs. Ethnographic review 1: 79-93 (in Russian). 9. Djansugurova L, Bekmanov B, Krasotkin Y, Bulentaeva Z, Musralina L, Kurmanov B (2011) Genetic studies of bones from «Khan molasy» necropolis. Materials of the conference «Aral-Caspian region in the history and culture of Eurasia», June 2011, Aktobe, Kazakhstan (in Russian). 10. Dulik M, Osipova L, Schurr T (2011) Y-chromosome variation in Altaian Kazakhs reveals a common paternal gene pool for Kazakhs and the influence of Mongolian expansions. PLoS One 6(3): e17548. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0017548 11. Gabzhalilov HM, Omarbekov T, Karibaev BB, Zarly KM (2007) The history of Kazakh tribes: Argyn. Almaty, Alash Press, Kazakhstan, V9(3), 660 p. (in Kazakh). 75 RJGG The Russian Journal of Genetic Genealogy: Vol 2, №1, 2011 ISSN: 1920-2989 http://ru.rjgg.org © All rights reserved Appendixes Table 1. Distribution of Y-haplogroups in first hundred participants of Kazakhstan DNA genealogy project. Groups Elder Zhuz Tribes and lineages N Dulat 5 4 3 1 Alban 1 Katagan 1 Zhalair Ysty 2 Argyn 20 Kerei Middle Zhuz 2 Konyrat 2 Kypshak 6 Naiman 12 Alimuly 9 Uak Junior Zhuz Separate lineages Tribe name not available Baiuly Zhetyru Kozha 3 2 2 1 1 8 7 E1b J2 N1 O3 1 1 1 13 1 2 7 1 1 8 4 47 1 16 1 1 R1b 2 1 1 R1a 2 4 1 1 2 10 9 II III I Figure 1. Approximate living area of three Kazakh Zhuzes in the early 20th century. I – Elder Zhuz, II – Middle Zhuz, III – Junior Zhuz (based on Vostrov and Mukanov, 1968). 76 Q1 1 1 4 1 1 1 R2 2 1 11 102 G1 8 16 4  1 2 1 Tore C3 Y-haplogroup branches 1 2 8 3 3 1 2 The Russian Journal of Genetic Genealogy: Vol 2, №1, 2011 ISSN: 1920-2989 http://ru.rjgg.org © All rights reserved RJGG Figure 2. Simplified ancestry chart of Kazakh Alshins (Alimuly and Baiuly). The numbers represent FTDNA ID, subtribes are given in boxes. Figure 3. The phylogram of 15 C3-profiles in tribes of Young Zhuz. The graphic is based on 12 Y-DNA markers, scale is given in generations. 77 The Russian Journal of Genetic Genealogy: Vol 2, №1, 2011 ISSN: 1920-2989 http://ru.rjgg.org © All rights reserved RJGG Figure 4. Simplified ancestry chart of Argyns. The numbers represent selected FTDNA samples in Kazakhstan DNA project. Figure 5. The phylogram for 7 Y-37 Argyn profiles of G1a haplogroup. 120953 and 120958 are descendants of Somdyk, the other participants are descendants of Meiram (see Figure 4). Scale is given in generations. 78 RJGG The Russian Journal of Genetic Genealogy: Vol 2, №1, 2011 ISSN: 1920-2989 http://ru.rjgg.org © All rights reserved Figure 6. Ancestry chart of Kazakh Naimans suggests several founders (Kitapbaev, 1994). *- Currently Y-DNA records available only from Belgybai branch. Figure 7. Phylogram of 6 Y-37 profiles of six O3 Naimans within Kazakh DNA project. 84783 and 123576 are Karakerei samples, and 80057 and 120960 are Karauzhasyk samples (see Figure 6). The scale is given in generations. Kara-Kypshak Uzun 105120 156185 Koldenen Karabalyk 146319 Bultyn Tory 121942 135069 Figure 8. Document based genealogy scheme of Kazakh Kara-Kypshaks. Numbers represent FTDNA ID. Y-profiles available for sub branches highlighted in bold. 79 The Russian Journal of Genetic Genealogy: Vol 2, №1, 2011 ISSN: 1920-2989 http://ru.rjgg.org © All rights reserved RJGG Figure 9. Unrooted phylogenetic tree of C3 representatives of Kazakh tribes based on Y-12 STR markers. The scale is given in generations. Star cluster is associated with hypothetical haplogroup of Genghis Khan (Zerjal, et al., 2003), Jochids are participants who claim to be descendants of Jochi, Alshins are participants from the tribes of Junior Zhuz. Identified clusters designated in roman numerals. 80 The Russian Journal of Genetic Genealogy: Vol 2, №1, 2011 ISSN: 1920-2989 http://ru.rjgg.org © All rights reserved 81 RJGG The Russian Journal of Genetic Genealogy: Vol 2, №1, 2011 ISSN: 1920-2989 http://ru.rjgg.org © All rights reserved 82 RJGG The Russian Journal of Genetic Genealogy: Vol 2, №1, 2011 ISSN: 1920-2989 http://ru.rjgg.org © All rights reserved 83 RJGG The Russian Journal of Genetic Genealogy: Vol 2, №1, 2011 ISSN: 1920-2989 http://ru.rjgg.org © All rights reserved 84 RJGG