Several notes on engraved gems from Southern Pannonia

ACTA CLASSICA LIX. 2023. UNIV. SCIENT. DEBRECEN. pp. 43–57. SEVERAL NOTES ON ENGRAVED GEMS FROM SOUTHERN PANNONIA BY IVA KAIĆ Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb ikaic@ffzg.hr Abstract: Engraved gems from Eastern Pannonia are well known thanks to the scholarly work of professor Tamás Gesztelyi on the gems from Brigetio, Acquincum, Intercissa and Gorsium. Carnuntum in Western Pannonia yielded more than 1300 engraved gems, thus outnumbering all other findspots in the Province. In order to further complement the topography of gem findspots in Pannonia, this paper provides a brief conspectus of the engraved gems from Siscia in Southern Pannonia. Keywords: engraved gems, glass gems, Roman period, Siscia, Sisak, Southern Pannonia, Northern Croatia, Archaeological Museum in Zagreb, Sisak City Museum Professor Tamás Gesztelyi has devoted much of his scientific career to studying engraved gems from Pannonia.1 This paper, dedicated to the esteemed professor on the occasion of his 80th birthday, will touch on engraved gems from Southern Pannonia, found in the territory of northern Croatia.2 Introduction Considering Pannonia in its entirety, the majority of engraved gems have been found in Carnuntum, numbering more than 1300 items.3 In the region of eastern Pannonia, the greatest number of engraved gems come from several sites along 1 Gesztelyi 1987; 2000; 2001; 2005; 2009; 2017. 2 The most significant number of gems in Croatia are found in museum collections. Several archaeological museums hold the most important glyptic collections, while a relatively small number of engraved gems are stored in the city and regional museums. Gems came to the museums most often as stray finds or as part of private collections that were donated to or purchased for museums. Only a small number of engraved gems in Croatian museum collections come from systematic archaeological excavations, that is, they have an archaeological context. For glyptic collections in Croatia see Nardelli 2011a, 1, n. 4 and Nardelli 2012, 133–134, n. 3. 3 Dembski 2005. For detailed account on engraved gems findspots in Pannonia see Gesztelyi 2009, 157. 43 the Danube limes, with Brigetio outnumbering them all in such finds (144 items).4 As for engraved gems from the Southern part of Pannonia, now belong- ing to northern Croatia, the city of Siscia (present-day Sisak) stands out. Siscia was one of the most important Roman towns in southern Pannonia. It developed at the confluence of the Kupa, Sava and Odra rivers. The Roman army arrived to the region of modern-day Sisak for the first time in 159 or 156 BC, in an attempt to conquer Segestica, a Celtic stronghold.5 During the war with the Delmatae, the Romans probably also laid siege to Segestica in 119 BC.6 Seges- tica was finally conquered in 35 BC during Octavian’s 30-day siege of the city during which a significant number of soldiers was mobilized.7 Subsequently, the sources no longer mentioned the name of Segestica, but exclusively that of Sis- cia.8 During the Bellum Pannonicum in 12–9 BC Siscia must have been a key Roman military base.9 A large number of legions under Tiberius’ command ar- rived at Siscia during the Bellum Batonianum from AD 6 to 9.10 Although no traces of a legionary camp have been discovered to date, a garrison had to be stationed in Siscia at the end of the uprising in AD 9.11 Perhaps the 15th and the 20th legions were stationed in Siscia some time before the uprising.12 The 15th legion might have been garrisoned in Siscia until AD 14.13 It is assumed that Siscia was the base of legio IX Hispana, which remained in the city from AD 42 to 45 .14 After that period, it is likely that only auxiliary troops remained in Siscia, and during the reign of Trajan we see a further decline of its military im- portance.15 The economic development of the city was primarily the result of its strategic significance.16 Metallurgy was the most developed branch of economy in Siscia, largely based on the supply of iron from mines in north-western Bosnia.17 The activities of a local bronze fibulae workshop were also confirmed in Siscia with 4Gesztelyi 2001; 2009, 157–159. 5Hoti 1992, 135; Radman-Livaja 2004, 15. For classical literary sources on Segestica and Siscia see Hoti 1992, Domić Kunić 2012, Domić Kunić 2018. 6 Radman-Livaja 2010, 179–182. 7 Hoti 1992, 137; Lolić 2003, 133. 8 Hoti 1992, 138. 9 Domić Kunić 2018, 46; Radman-Livaja 2018, 158. 10 It was probably five legions, see Hoti 1992, 140; Radman-Livaja 2004, 14; Domić Kunić 2018, 48, n. 87. 11 Lolić 2003, 140; Radman-Livaja 2004, 18. 12 Radman-Livaja 2018, 157. 13 Radman-Livaja 2018, 161. 14 Lolić 2003, 133–134; Radman-Livaja 2004, 18; Radman-Livaja 2012, 169. 15 Radman-Livaja 2012, 171. 16 Durman 2002, 26; Lolić 2003, 144, 148. 17 Koščević 1994–1995, 41; Durman 2002, 25; Lolić 2003, 144. 44 the production of Aucissa, crossbow, and heavily profiled fibulae.18 This work- shop, which probably served the military, was in operation by the end of the 1st century BC and gradually transferred from being a military to a civilian work- shop centre of the region.19 The following decades brought the increase in the urbanisation and the development of the civilian city, which was designated a Colonia under the emperor Vespasian. During the Emperor Gallienus’ reign, an imperial mint was opened in Sisicia in AD 262.20 After the Diocletian’s admin- istrative reform the city became a capital of the province of Pannonia Savia. During the Late Antiquity the city was a seat of the diocese with last bishops being recorded in the 6th century.21 Engraved gems from Siscia Engraved gems originating from Sisak are now kept in several museum collec- tions in Croatia and abroad. The Archaeological Museum in Zagreb holds the most important collection of Siscian engraved gems, numbering 130 items.22 Nine engraved gems from Siscia are stored in the Sisak City Museum.23 Three gems are part of the Benko Horvat archaeological collection in the Museum of Contemporary Art.24 Two more intaglios from Sisak are kept in the glyptic col- lection of the Hungarian National Museum in Budapest.25 To this number the unpublished gems from several recent archaeological excavations as well as the engraved gems from private collections should be added, thereby potentially increasing the number to over 150 engraved gems. With regard to the extant en- graved gems from Siscia little data as to exact provenance is preserved beyond 18 Koščević 1994–1995, 45. 19 Ibid., 49. 20 Mócsy 1962, 566, 693. 21 Jarak 1994; Gračanin, Bilogrivić 1994. 22 A significant number of engraved gems and rings from Sisak were discovered during the dredging of the Kupa River, intensively conducted from 1900 to 1912/1913 (Vukelić, Radman-Livaja 2012). With more than 400 Roman engraved gems, the collection from the Archaeological Museum in Zagreb is one of the largest glyptic collections in Croatia. It is only partially published, with F. Maixner (1881a; 1881b) being the first to publish the gems collected up till 1881 (he published 127 items). Since then, the gems were published on several occasions, mostly accompanying variously themed exhibitions. The entire collection of Roman engraved gems was analysed in the dissertation by the author of this paper (Kaić 2013). For a detailed account of the publications on engraved gems from the Archaeological Museum in Zagreb, see Kaić 2021b, 45, no. 2. 23 Kaić 2016. 24 Koščević 2000, 68, 69, 84, nos. 47, 50, 96. Three more engraved gems from Sisak in the Benko Horvat collection are the modern gems (Koščević 2000, 73–74, nos. 64, 65, 67). 25 Gesztelyi 2000, 39–40, 45, nos. 16, 45. 45 their being for the most part stray finds from the Sisak area. Since most of the Siscian gems lack archaeological context, they have been dated according to their iconographic and stylistic features. Among the engraved gems from Siscia more than 60 are mounted in rings, which further helps in dating them. Siscia was located on the main road route going from Aquileia through Emona to Sirmium which facilitated the trade in engraved gems coming from Aquileia. The engraved gems from Siscia mostly belong to the Imperial period from the 1st to the 3rd centuries AD. Yet, the largest number fall within the 1st century AD, with several items dated in the late 1st century BC to the Augustan period. These gems certainly reflect the presence of the Roman army in the area of Siscia but also point to the arrival of various people who followed the army, such as mer- chants, artisans, and women. A glass gem26 (Fig. 1), mounted in an iron ring, was moulded with the raised tropaion, embellished with a parade helmet, chest ar- mour and two round shields on each side and with two spears thrust into the ground. It is dated to the second half of the 1st century BC.27 The ring probably belonged to some Roman soldier garrisoned in Siscia during Tiberius’, or per- haps even Octavianus’ military campaigns in Illyricum. The subjects on the Siscian gems are placed within the characteristic icono- graphic repertoire of Roman Imperial gems. Depictions of Cupid are the most numerous, closely followed by satyrs. The gods and goddesses are, as expect- edly, frequently shown (Mercury, Minerva, Fortuna, Victoria and Apollo) as well as gems engraved with soldiers, various animals and multiple symbols. Gods Ju- piter and Mars are, rather surprisingly, represented by only two items each. Amongst mythological subjects, the reddish-brown jasper28 engraved with a symplegmatic portrayal of Leda and the swan should be mentioned; it portrays Leda, naked and wearing only bracelets on her right arm and leg and drapery around her left leg (Fig. 2). This erotic scene on a nicely executed jasper was perhaps intended to be a love gift.29 Evidence that gems "traveled" is presented by two glass gems from Siscia, one depicting a man leading a camel (Fig. 3)30 and the other depicting a lion attacking a bull (Fig. 4)31. Both glass gems find parallels in identical items from 26Archaeological Museum in Zagreb; inv. no. A-16186; brown-yellow glass; flat surface; 14 x 10 mm. Iron ring; shape according to Henkel 1913, 132, no. 1431, pl. 55. 27 See Vollenweider 1979, 462–463, no. 523, Pl. 132. 28 Sisak City Museum, red jasper, inv. no. 20252; reddish-brown jasper; flat surface; 13.04 x 15.81 x 3.23 mm. Dated to the 1st–2nd century AD (see Kaić 2016). 29 Henig – MacGregor 2004, 101. 30 Archaeological Museum in Zagreb; inv. no. A-16338; Black opaque glass; shape 10; 12.28 x 13.98 x 2.82 mm. Purchased in 1912 from Milan Tkalac (Kaić 2013, 282, no. 343, pl. 86). 31 Archaeological Museum in Zagreb; inv. no. A-16136; dark brown glass; flat surface; 9 x 12 x 2 mm (Kaić 2013, 295–296, no. 380, pl. 95). 46 Carnuntum, moulded from the same matrix.32 Glass gems with the same motifs were found at several other sites as well.33 The relatively early date of the first glass gem, that moulded with a man leading a camel (1st century BC–1st century AD) might reflects the movements of the Roman army from Siscia to Carnuntum or vice versa. New evidence on the routes along which gems were distributed is provided by three glass gems from Siscia: a glass gem34 imitating nicolo depicting a war- rior with a beard (Fig. 5), a brown transparent glass gem35 moulded with the representation of two ants (Fig. 6), and a brown transparent glass gem36 figuring a crustacean and fish (Fig. 7). Of these three items, two are preserved in iron rings (Figg. 5–6) and are dated according to Henkel37 within the early Imperial period, i. e. before the middle of the 1st century AD. All three glass gems have direct parallels in glass gems from the hoard from the Viehmarkt site in Trier.38 The hoard was found in a building between the forum and thermae. It contained about a hundred new bronze rings, 30 of which were decorated with blue or green glass gems. According to the shape of the rings, the hoard was dated to the period of the Flavian dynasty, i. e. the 2nd half of the 1st century AD.39 A. Krug40 places the glass gems from this hoard to the Hellenistic-Roman and Early Roman sty- listic group which, according to A. Furtwängler, would correspond to the 1st half of the 1st century AD. For several items A. Krug sees the closest parallels in the gems from Pompeii. She suggests that these glass gems were produced in a work- shop in central Italy, and does not find enough analogies to place the workshop in a different place, for instance, in Aquileia.41 Therefore, these gems represented imports, and were not a product of the local Trier glass gems workshop.42 The three aforementioned Siscian glass gems might also represent a product of the same workshop situated somewhere in central Italy, from where they could have come to Siscia by trade. Bearing in mind the vicinity of Aquileia, 32 Dembski 2005, 114, no. 614, 835, Pl. 61, 85. 33 For all examples of glass gems with the same motifs see AGDS I/2, 213, no. 2027, Pl. 178. and Henig, MacGregor 2004, 88, no. 9.18. 34 Archaeological Museum in Zagreb; inv. no. A-16349; glass as imitation of nicolo; flat surface; 11.53 x 9.34 mm (Kaić 2013, 291, no. 367, pl. 92). 35 Archaeological Museum in Zagreb; inv. no. A-16356; brown transparent glass; flat surface; 8.27 x 7.58 mm (Kaić 2013, 298, no. 387, pl. 97). 36 Archaeological Museum in Zagreb; inv. no. A-16134; Brown transparent glass; flat surface; 7.0 x 6.1 x 1.5 mm (Kaić 2013, 298–299, no. 388, pl. 97). 37 Henkel 1913. 38 Krug 1995, 198, 199, no. 10–5, 10–24, 26, pl. 42, 45. 39 Krug 1995, 165. 40 Ibid., 166. 41 Ibid. 42 Ibid., 190. 47 perhaps our three Siscian glass gems might point to the Aquileian workshop after all. Two preserved items were set in iron rings rather than bronze ring, and are dated to the 1st half of the 1st century AD. They also differ from the glass gems in the Trier hoard in the colour of the glass. The glass gems from Trier were made from blue or green glass, as opposed to the two items from Sisak that were made form brown glass and one that was made from blue-grey glass that probably imitates nicolo. Engraved gems from the Later Imperial period in Siscia are scarce, com- pared not only to the 1st but to the 2nd century AD as well. It is therefore signif- icant to find two poliedric engraved gems, dated to the 3 rd century AD.43 The first, a cornelian onyx44 (Fig. 8), is engraved in a cameo technique with an image of a fish and an inscription on the lateral sides of the gem. The inscription reads: SI/VI/S/VI/VA/M. Another cornelian onyx 45 (Fig. 9) is not mounted in a ring, but is of the same hexagonal shape and has letters on the lateral sides, that perhaps form the legend that reads ME/M/I/NI/TV/I. Both rings could have been one more testimony on love sentiments expressed with these rings as to- kens of love.46 Conclusion The position on important Roman roads that led further East and towards the interior of Bosnia as well as its river harbour turned Siscia into an important trading destination. The region of Siscia came into the sphere of Roman interest as early as the 2nd century BC, and for strategic reasons this interest particularly intensified in the second half of the 1 st century BC. The intense presence of the Roman army nearing the end of the 1 st century BC brought glyptic products to Siscia. Since usage of engraved gems is closely tied to urbanized areas, the large number of gemstones found in Siscia reflects the gradual urbanization and the increasingly Roman nature of the area during the 1 st century AD. Based on the iconographic, stylistic and technical characteristics, the engraved gems from Siscia remain in the frame of the standard Roman glyptic production of the Late Republican and Imperial periods, depicting mostly Roman gods and subjects associated with good fortune. We do not find unique motifs or images 43Tomaselli 1998. 44Archaeological Museum in Zagreb; inv. no. A-16220; flat surface, hexagonal; 7 x 8 mm (Kaić 2017, 481–482, Fig. 6). The ring was purchased for the Museum collection from Milan Tkalac in Sisak in 1912 (ibid.). 45 Archaeological Museum in Zagreb; inv. no. A-16362; cornelian onyx; hexagonal; 8.44 x 7.15 x 2.78 mm (Kaić 2017, 483, Fig. 9). 46 Maaskant-Kleibrink 1986, 50–51, no. 103. 48 of local deities, whose cults were present and well attested in Siscia.47 The en- graved gems from Siscia represented fashion as well as the adoption of the Roman way of life on the local level, but also the availability of glyptic prod- ucts in Siscia during the Imperial period, probably arriving there from the workshops in Aquileia. Understanding glyptic of the Roman province of Pan- nonia cannot be complete without considering the material from Siscia. The forthcoming publication of the Siscian gems in the Archaeological Museum in Zagreb as well as future publications of the gems found during the recent ar- chaeological excavations of Siscia will fill the current void in the knowledge of glyptics in Southern Pannonia. Bibliography: AGDS I, 2 = Brandt, E., Schmidt, E.: Antike Gemmen in deutschen Sammlungen. 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A-16186, photo: I. Kaić 52 Fig. 2. A reddish-brown jasper engraved with symplegma of Leda and the swan, holding: Sisak City Museum, red jasper, inv. no. 20252, photo: B. Suntešić Fig. 3. A black opaque glass gem, moulded with man leading a camel, holding: Archaeological Museum in Zagreb, inv. no. A-16338, photo: I. Kaić 53  Fig. 4. A dark brown glass gem, moulded with lion attacking a bull, holding: Archaeological Museum in Zagreb, inv. no. A-16136, photo: I. Kaić 54 Fig. 5. A glass gem as imitation of nicolo, a warrior with a beard, holding: Archaeological Museum in Zagreb, inv. no. A-16349, photo: I. Kaić 55  Fig. 6. A brown transparent glass gem moulded with two ants, holding: Archaeological Museum in Zagreb, inv. no. A-16356; photo: I. Kaić Fig. 7. A glass gem as imitation of nicolo, crustacean and a fish, holding: Archaeological Museum in Zagreb, inv. no. A-16134; photo: I. Kaić 56 Fig. 8. A hexagonal cornelian onyx engraved with inscription, holding: Archaeological Museum in Zagreb, inv. no. A-16220, photo: I. Kaić Fig. 9. A hexagonal cornelian onyx engraved with inscription, holding: Archaeological Museum in Zagreb, inv. no. A-16362, photo: I. Kaić 57