Data in Brief 55 (2024) 110707
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Data in Brief
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/dib
Data Article
Radiocarbon dataset for the TRB central-place
at Kałdus, Poland
Kamil Adamczak a, Magdalena Kozicka a, Łukasz Kowalski a,∗,
b
˛
,
Dominika Kofel b, Wojciech Chudziak b, Piotr Błedowski
b
b
Jacek Bojarski , Ryszard Kaźmierczak , Marcin Weinkauf b
a
Institute of Archaeology, Centre for Applied Archaeology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Szosa Bydgoska
44/48, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
b
Institute of Archaeology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Szosa Bydgoska 44/48, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history:
Received 21 May 2024
Revised 27 June 2024
Accepted 28 June 2024
Available online 5 July 2024
Dataset link: 14C DATABASE for the TRB
site of Kałdus, PL (Original data)
Keywords:
14 C dating
Bayesian modelling
Late Neolithic
Funnel beaker culture
Baden culture
Central Europe
∗
a b s t r a c t
This dataset compiles radiocarbon dates received for botanical macroremains and animal bones from domestic and ritual
pits and human graves unearthed during excavations at the
archaeological site of Kałdus (Poland) that can be related to
the Funnel Beaker culture (TRB). Prior to radiocarbon dating
by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS), plant macroremains
were checked against diagnostic attributes of species identification by standard paleobotanical analysis. The dataset contains already published (n = 4) and new (n = 10) radiocarbon
dates that were used to establish the absolute chronology of
the TRB habitus at Kałdus and its diachronic spatial organization. This dataset serves as an archive for future studies focusing on the TRB settlement pattern and organization in the
region of modern Poland. It also has a utility to be reused in
archaeological and chronological research on the movement
of copper metalwork and the gradual spread of human cremation rite in the region.
© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc.
This is an open access article under the CC BY license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: lukasz.kowalski@umk.pl (Ł. Kowalski).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2024.110707
2352-3409/© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CC BY license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
2
K. Adamczak, M. Kozicka and Ł. Kowalski et al. / Data in Brief 55 (2024) 110707
Specifications Table
Subject
Specific subject area
Type of data
Data collection
Data source location
Data accessibility
Archaeology
AMS radiocarbon dating, Bayesian modelling
Table, Figure
Raw, Processed
Radiocarbon dating: an Accelerator Mass Spectrometer (AMS) National Electrostatics
Corporation (NEC) 1.5 SDH Compact Carbon Pelletron at Poznań 14 C dating unit
(Poznań Park of Science and Technology, Poland).
Archaeobotanical analysis: for soil samples a manual bucket flotation system was used.
The macroscopically visible plant remains from flotation and those extracted from
potsherds and daub lumps were identified from morphological characters using a Delta
Optical SZ-430B low-power stereomicroscope (magnification ×6.5–40).
Kałdus (53°19′ 41,178′′ N 18°22′ 52,010′′ E), Chełmno commune, Poland
Repository name: Mendeley Data
Data identification number: 10.17632/tdxv8×7b7r.1
Direct URL to data: https://data.mendeley.com/datasets/tdxv8×7b7r
Related research article
1. Value of the Data
• This dataset brings together all radiocarbon dates for the Late Neolithic (TRB) habitus at the
site of Kałdus, which is one of the northernmost archaeological testimonies of the Baden
culture uptake in Central Europe.
• The database includes two pits with one of the earliest copper metal depositions in Central
Europe, which are rarely radiocarbon dated.
• This dataset offers the first direct radiocarbon evidence of a one-phase, large TRB settlement
in the region.
• Archaeologists can use this dataset for the interregional research on the emergence and development of the Baden culture north of the Carpathians.
• The data have utility for refining the absolute chronology of the TRB settlement in the
region.
2. Background
The problem of large sites of the Funnel Beaker (TRB) culture has long been recognized in
Polish archaeology [1–3]. Although in some cases the TRB settlements of considerable extent
have been brought to light by excavation (e.g. Bronocice, Ćmielów, Gródek Nadbużny, Mozgawa),
their exposure represents only a small portion of the total area of a real settlement coverage.
The delineation of a settlement area is usually determined in relation to the distribution of
features and structures recorded at the site and their stratigraphic relations. This fact, combined
with the shortage of radiocarbon data for the extensive TRB sites in Poland, has fueled the
ongoing debate as to whether such archaeological records offer evidence of large settlements,
encompassing an area of up to 30–50 ha, or represent a multi-phase settlement with diachronic
spatial organization.
The original motivation behind compiling this dataset was to fill the gap in radiocarbon dating of the TRB settlement at Kałdus, north-central Poland, and provide an absolute chronology
framework for investigating the spatial and temporal organization of the site. This dataset offers a starting point for creating an open access radiocarbon database for the site, which will
be gradually updated as new radiocarbon dates become available. Presented information can be
further explored and placed within the wider settlement context of the Late Neolithic in the
region of modern Poland and beyond.
K. Adamczak, M. Kozicka and Ł. Kowalski et al. / Data in Brief 55 (2024) 110707
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3. Data Description
This dataset consists of 14 AMS radiocarbon dates of charged material and bulk collagen extracted from one soil sample (No. Kd-13), two fragments of daub, three potsherds, three pieces
of unidentified charred material and five animal bones from the Late Neolithic habitus at the site
of Kałdus, north-central Poland (Fig. 1). Two pits were radiocarbon dated twice (sample Nos. Kd-
Fig. 1. Plan of the archaeological site in Kałdus showing the location of features and layers covered by this dataset (plan
site by M. Skrzatek; edited by Ł. Kowalski; map background: https://d-maps.com; see Table 1 for further details).
4
Table 1
Summary of radiocarbon dates for the TRB habitus at Kałdus covered by this dataset, with their archaeological context and references of the primary data (in brackets). Sample ID
corresponds to number shown on the map in Fig. 1. Two pits have two radiocarbon dates (sample Nos. Kd-8 and 9, and Kd-11 and 12).
Species
Site-no.
Context
Accompanying finds
14
Kd-1
Tricitum
1
potsherds, daub, animal bones
Poz-101794
unspecified
2
storage pit
(?)
ritual pit
Tricitum
3
Tricitum
C Lab ID
Age BP
Age BC
68.2 %
Kd-2
Kd-3
Kd-4
Kd-5
Kd-6
Kd-7
botanical
macroremains
animal bone
botanical
macroremains
botanical
macroremains
charcoal
animal bone
Kd-8
botanical
macroremains
animal bone
Kd-9
animal bone
Kd-10
animal bone
Kd-11
Kd-12
charcoal
botanical
macroremains
botanical
macroremains
charcoal
Kd-13
Kd-14
4690±30
3519–3377
95.4 %
3627–3371
4640±40
3502–3363 3620–3350
storage pit
Copper objects (ornament, hammer-axe, dagger), bone Poz-95657 [6]
awl, amber disc, clay spindle whorl, flint retouched
blade, two flint arrowheads, potsherds
ceramic vessel, potsherds
Poz-128177
4520±35
3353–3106
3
house (?)
ceramic vessels, daub
Poz-102080
4590±50
3499–3128 3516–3103
unspecified
unspecified
4
4
grave
grave
Poz-101796
Poz-127982
4880±35
4500±35
3695–3642 3759–3541
3338–3104 3357–3041
Tricitum
4
grave
Poz-128178
4565±35
3371–3120
Sus scrofa f.
domestica
Sus scrofa f.
domestica
Ovis
aries/Capra
hircus
unspecified
Tricitum
4
ritual pit
Poz-97720 [6]
4620±40
3498–3356 3520–3138
4
ritual pit
potsherds, daub, flint artefacts, animal bones
ceramic vessels, potsherds, flint artefact, human bones
(cremated), animal bones
ceramic vessels, potsherds, flint artefact, grinding
stone, animal bones
copper ornament, ceramic vessels, polishing stone,
animal bones, potsherds
see “Kd-8”
Poz-97721 [6]
4640±40
3502–3363 3620–3350
4
ritual pit (?) flint axe, bone perforator, animal bones, potsherds
Poz-101200 [7] 4640±40
3502–3363 3620–3350
4
4
storage pit
storage pit
ceramic vessel, potsherds, millstone
see “Kd-11”
Poz-102079
Poz-128180
4500±50
4540±50
3338–3103
3366–3105
3362–3027
3489–3036
4
trash pit
potsherds, animal bones
Poz-87412
4680±30
3516–3376
3623–3370
4
trash pit
ceramic vessel, potsherds, daub, flint artefacts, stone
artefact, animal bones
Poz-101795
4735±30
3631–3384 3635–3378
Hordeum
vulgare
unspecified
3361–3099
3492–3102
K. Adamczak, M. Kozicka and Ł. Kowalski et al. / Data in Brief 55 (2024) 110707
Sample ID Dated material
K. Adamczak, M. Kozicka and Ł. Kowalski et al. / Data in Brief 55 (2024) 110707
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Table 2
Summary of a single-phase model for the TRB habitus at Kałdus covered by this dataset (Aoverall =85.1; Amodel =84) (OxCal
v4.4.2).
Command
Sample ID
Unmodelled age BC
68.2 %
95.4 %
68.2 %
95.4 %
Boundary start
…
Kd-1
Kd-2
Kd-3
Kd-4
Kd-5
Kd-6
Kd-7
Kd-8
Kd-9
Kd-10
Kd-11
Kd-12
Kd-13
Kd-14
…
…
3517–3379
3504–3365
3353–3106
3497–3126
3704–3636
3338–3104
3371–3120
3498–3357
3504–3365
3504–3365
3339–3103
3366–3105
3516–3375
3626–3383
…
…
3605–3370
3521–3356
3361–3099
3516–3102
3765–3536
3357–3041
3492–3102
3522–3193
3521–3365
3521–3365
3364–3026
3498–3036
3526–3369
3632–3377
…
3663–3536
3517–3379
3504–3365
3364–3282
3497–3332
3647–3532
3357–3276
3486–3326
3497–3358
3504–3365
3503–3365
3362–3275
3484–3275
3515–3376
3539–3379
3334–3170
3726–3531
3528–3371
3517–3360
3369–3141
3520–3183
3697–3525
3365–3158
3496–3130
3516–3344
3517–3360
3517–3360
3371–3139
3495–3132
3523–3371
3622–3377
3340–3071
Boundary end
Modelled age BC
Agreement
index
…
102.9
101
96.3
113.8
41.2
98
119.9
102.9
101.1
101.2
101.4
99.9
101.4
91.9
…
8 and 9, and Kd-11 and 12). Archived archaeological materials and documentation for the site
were revisited in 2018. The sampled archaeological material was collected by the authors during excavations at the site between 1996 and 2016 [4], and analyzed in the Poznań Radiocarbon
Laboratory (Poland).
All faunal and botanical remains were collected from domestic and ritual pits and human
graves. These features can be linked to the TRB habitus at the site and dated by ceramic typology
to as early as the mid-4th millennium BC [5–7].
Table 1 summarizes all AMS radiocarbon dates with their archaeological context, which
includes site location, context of dated material and accompanying finds. For animal bones
and botanical macroremains taxonomic identification is provided. The bibliographical references
of the primary radiocarbon data are referenced in brackets on the column “14 C Lab ID” in
Table 1 and in extensive form in the References. The location of features and layers covered
by this dataset is shown in Fig. 1.
Summary of a single-phase model for the TRB habitus at the site is given in Table 2 and
Fig. 2. The Kernel density model (KDE) distribution of radiocarbon dates is shown in Fig. 3.
4. Experimental Design, Materials and Methods
4.1. Study area
The multi-period archaeological site at Kałdus is located in north-central Poland, on the border of the Lower Vistula Valley and the Chełmno-Dobrzyń Lakeland, ca. 3 km south of Chełmno
(53°19′ 41,178′′ N 18°22′ 52,010′′ E). The Kałdus site covers a total area of ca. 15 ha and stretches
over four conventional sites (Fig. 1). The site was first excavated by Lissauer in 1877 and fieldworks were continued by Polish and German archaeologists in the late 19th c. and at the beginning of the 20th c. Much more archaeological record was gained from the site after World
War II. In 1996, an extensive research program was run in Kałdus by the Institute of Archaeology, NCU in Toruń, encompassing the entire site complex and focusing on the relics of the Early
Middle Ages [4].
To date, approximately 15 % of the total site area (over 2 ha) has been excavated, exposing
archaeological structures and objects that signify domestic and ritual activities at the site during
an extended timescale spanning the Late Neolithic to the Early Middle Ages. The bottom layers
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K. Adamczak, M. Kozicka and Ł. Kowalski et al. / Data in Brief 55 (2024) 110707
Fig. 2. One-phase model for the TRB habitus at Kałdus covered by this dataset (OxCal v4.4.2; see Table 2 for further
details).
Fig. 3. The KDE model for the TRB habitus at Kałdus covered by this dataset (OxCal v4.4.2; Aoverall =88.9; Amodel =88.2).
The dark grey is the KDE estimated distribution of the events at the site. The light grey is the sum of the calibrated date
distribution. The blue line and band provide a ± 1σ estimate of the KDE model uncertainty.
K. Adamczak, M. Kozicka and Ł. Kowalski et al. / Data in Brief 55 (2024) 110707
7
recorded in Kałdus can be dated by ceramic typology to as early as the mid-4th millennium BC
and linked to the TRB culture. The TRB’s activity has been exposed over the entire area of the
site and can be attested to by cremation graves, metal hoards and numerous storage and ritual
pits, which yielded a substantial portion of ceramics and other archaeological material. The Neolithic habitus in Kałdus was succeeded by the Early Bronze Age newcomers of the Iwno culture
(ca. 210 0–170 0 BC), and later by the Lusatian culture of the Early Iron Age (ca. 750–450 BC).
The uppermost stratum of the site was formed between the 11th and 13th c. AD, when Kałdus
became the political center (sedes regni principalis) for the first rulers of Piast Poland [4-7].
4.2. Archaeobotanical analysis
The soil samples, potsherds and daub fragments were analyzed to extract material for radiocarbon dating. Soil sampling followed a combination of a systematic and judgement sampling
strategies [8] and used a manual bucket flotation system. Each soil sample was dispersed in water and then gently stirred to release the botanical remains. Thereafter, the watery solution from
the upper part of the bucket was poured through two sieves (0.5 mm and 0.25 mm mesh size).
The next step was to pour fresh water onto the soil remains at the bottom of the bucket and the
operation was repeated until no more soil was left. Sieves retained both the heavy and the light
residues after silts and other particles smaller than 0.25 mm were rinsed through. Residues were
dried and the heavy elements were separated from the lighter ones. After that, the residues were
sorted under a Delta Optical SZ-430B low-power stereomicroscope (magnification ×6.5–40). The
macroscopically visible plant remains were picked from the different sieved residues and identified from morphological characters. The macrofossil identifications were checked against the
botanical literature [9,10] and compared with the modern reference collection, following standard nomenclature [9–11]. The potsherds and daub fragments were initially measured and then
hand cleaned using soft brush and rubber dust blower. Observations of imprints were made
with the use of a low-power stereomicroscope at low magnifications (max ×20), after which
the ceramic objects were crushed for more negatives and charred plant fragments. Taxonomical
identifications followed the botanical literature and were compared with the modern reference
collection.
4.3. Radiocarbon dating
Selected botanical macroremains, charcoal and animal bones were analyzed in the Poznań
Radiocarbon Laboratory (Poland). Preparation of the samples and dating by Acceleration Mass
Spectrometry (AMS) was performed according to procedures described by Goslar [12]. All dates
were calibrated in OxCal v4.4.2 [13] against the IntCal20 calibration curve [14]. The resulting
endpoints were not rounded and the radiocarbon ages are reported as 68.2 % and 95.4 % confidence intervals. The data on the quality of the bone collagen can be found in the .xlsx file
shared in the repository.
4.4. Bayesian modelling
KDE and one-phase Bayesian start/end date modelling [15–17] were performed in OxCal
v4.4.2 [13] using the IntCal20 calibration curve [14] to summarize the radiocarbon dates and
obtain a refinement of the TRB habitus at Kałdus.
4.5. Preliminary data analysis
The Bayesian modelling refined the radiocarbon dataset for Kałdus by providing a potential
start date for the TRB habitus at 3663–3536 cal BC and suggests that the end boundary was
8
K. Adamczak, M. Kozicka and Ł. Kowalski et al. / Data in Brief 55 (2024) 110707
3334–3170 cal BC, both at 68.3 % (Table 2 and Fig. 2). According to the KDE model (Fig. 3),
the events recorded at the site that are covered by this dataset (Table 1) are tightly clustered
in a relatively short time period of approximately 200 years ranging between 3520 cal BC and
3320 cal BC. The Bayesian modelling suggests a continuous occupation of Kałdus by the TRB
people, which extended over ca. 15 ha of the site (Fig. 1) and 8–10 generations.
Limitations
At the moment, only the site 4 has representative coverage of radiocarbon dates. As the Kałdus site complex has been excavated with a particular focus on the Early Middle Ages activity, no systematic programme of archaeobotanical sampling was carried out for features and
structures that have been assigned to the Late Neolithic. The radiocarbon dating of TRB pottery
from the site revealed that the ceramic paste used for their production contains different carbon
sources, of different radiocarbon ages. Furthermore, the obtained date ranges overlap and enter
the plateau region of the calibration curve beginning around 3350 cal BC. Radiocarbon database
for the TRB habitus at Kałdus will be gradually updated as new radiocarbon dates become available.
Ethics Statement
This work does not involve any modern human subjects, animal experiments, or any data
collected from social media platform.
Data availability
14C DATABASE for the TRB site of Kałdus, PL (Original data) (Mendeley Data)
CRediT Author Statement
Kamil Adamczak: Writing – original draft, Funding acquisition; Magdalena Kozicka: Data
curation, Methodology, Software, Writing – original draft, Visualization, Funding acquisition;
Łukasz Kowalski: Conceptualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing, Visualization, Supervision; Dominika Kofel: Writing – original draft, Investigation; Wojciech
Chudziak: Resources, Funding acquisition; Piotr Błedowski:
Resources; Jacek Bojarski: Re˛
sources; Ryszard Kaźmierczak: Resources; Marcin Weinkauf: Resources.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported in part by the National Science Centre, Poland (NCN) under grant
agreements No. 2018/31/N/HS3/03939 to Magdalena Kozicka, 2017/01/X/HS3/01338 to Kamil
Adamczak and 2022/45/B/HS3/01572 to Wojciech Chudziak.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
K. Adamczak, M. Kozicka and Ł. Kowalski et al. / Data in Brief 55 (2024) 110707
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