Nanotech: A Pathway to Future Energy Sustainability

The Scientific Ravi 2021 Government College University, Lahore VOL. XXIV Patron-in-Chief: Prof. Dr. Shazia Bashir Managing Editor: Prof. Dr. Aziz-ur-Rehman Editor: Shahzaib Ali Advisors Dr. M. Tayyab Akhter Dr. Tehreema Iftikhar Dr. M. Mushtaq Dr. Syed Sadaqat Hussain Shah Dr. Awais Qasim Dr. Alvina Sabah Idrees Dr. Atif Yaqub Dr, Abdul Sattar Nizami Ms. Mina Ilyas Dr. Umer Farooq Dr. M. Nouman Serwar Qureshi Dr. Nasreen Akhtar Dr. Abdur Razzaq - Departments Biotechnology Botany Chemistry Commerce and Finance Computer Science Economics Zoology Environmental Science Intermediate Microbiology Physics Psychology Statistics Abdur Rehman Ijaz Associate Editors Aqsa Khalid Syeda Shehwar Zahra Nehal Fatima Naila Arshed Javad Ashna Baig Wajahat Usman M. Haris Hamdia Mahmood M. Yousaf Riaz Mariyam Siddique Talha Shehzad Fatima Saleem Rimsha Ali Electrical Engineering Second row from left to right: Ms. Aqsa Khalid, Ms. Naila Arshad, Ms. Fatima Saleem, Ms. Ashna Baig, Ms. Syeda Shehwar Zahra, Ms. Nehal Fatima, Ms. Mariyam Siddique, Mr. M. Haris, Mr. Wajahat Usman, Ms. Abdul Rehman Ijaz, Mr. M. Yousaf Riaz First row from left to right: Dr. Alvina Sabah Idrees, Dr. Nasreen Akhtar, Prof. Dr. Tehreema Iftikhar, Prof. Dr. Aziz ur Rehman, Prof. Dr. Asghar Zaidi (T.I), Mr. Shahzaib Ali, Prof. Dr. Atif Yaqub, Dr. Syed Sadaqat Hussain Shah, Dr. Abdur Razzaq, Ms. Mina Ilyas FORMER VICE CHANCELLOR'S NOTE Scientific knowledge is a formidable base which supports the advancements and improvements in human lives. It is due to the untiring efforts of curious researchers that the present era of mankind enjoys the vast range of commodities and facilities. which were unimaginable in the past. The understanding and propagation of scientific knowledge is therefore a necessity for the individual and collective survival of each nation, as well as the global world. Government College University, Lahore has always emphasized on the creation of such opportunities which enable the students to actively engage in the process of scientific research. The Scientific Ravi magazine is one such opportunity that provides a platform for the inquisitive minds of Ravians, to present their scientific knowledge with other students belonging to different fields, including life sciences, social sciences and even linguistics. This magazine is not only a means to keep the invaluable traditions of GCU alive, but also a medium to encourage the in-depth understanding of latest scientific and technological advancements among our students. I congratulate the editorial board of The Scientific Ravi on the successful completion of this edition. I hope that the readers will benefit from the knowledge imparted through this magazine, and will try their level best to use the scientific research being done in their respective fields, for the creation of something valuable for the society. _______________________________ Prof. Dr. Asghar Zaidi, Former Vice Chancellor. Government College University, Lahore. EDITOR’S NOTE 2023 Dear Esteemed Readers, First, I am deeply grateful to Allah Almighty for granting me this incredible opportunity to serve as an editor for one of the oldest and most esteemed publications, the Scientific Ravi Magazine. It is an honour and a privilege that I hold with utmost reverence. This year, we embark on an exciting new venture by welcoming the fresh perspectives of international students. This collaborative effort signifies our dedication to fostering an inclusive platform that embraces a wide spectrum of voices and ideas. By involving these young, dynamic minds, we aim to provide a platform for emerging talent, allowing them to showcase their innovative research and unique insights. This initiative not only enriches the content of Scientific Ravi but also fosters a nurturing environment where the next generation of scientists can thrive and share their discoveries with a global audience. I extend my deepest gratitude to Dr. Aziz ul Rehman for entrusting me with the responsibility of leading this progressive step in our magazine's journey. His vision and unwavering support have been instrumental in shaping this forward-looking endeavour. I must also take this opportunity to express my heartfelt thanks to my family and friends, especially my father and mother for their steadfast support. Their encouragement has been a constant source of strength, enabling me to navigate the intricacies of scientific journalism with confidence. As we embark on this inclusive journey, I am eager to present you with a curated selection of articles that not only uphold the highest standards of scientific rigour but also reflect the diverse range of perspectives that shape our collective understanding of the world. This fusion of local and international student expertise promises to provide you, our cherished readers, with a truly enriching and enlightening experience. Thank you for being an integral part of this generational endeavour. Your continued engagement and support inspire us to reach new heights in the pursuit of scientific excellence. Shahzaib Ali Editor, The Scientific Ravi 2023 Table of Content BIOTECHNOLOGY Timeline…………………………………………………………………………………………………….2 Medical biotechnology: coronavirus vaccine discovery and production…………………………………...6 Sustainable biotechnology: biofuels, bio-pesticides, and biofertilisers…………………………………….8 Cellular intelligence: a biological enigma………………………………………………………………...10 Biotechnology in space exploration, implications for future missions……………………………………11 From DNA to digital: how personalized medicine and AI are revolutionizing healthcare……...………...13 Role of synthetic biology in degrading plastic waste……………………………………………………..15 Organ on chip: a groundbreaking discovery in the field of biotechnology……………………………….17 Stem cells: healing with potential…………………………………………………………………………19 Revolutionising breast cancer management, biotechnological insights and techniques…………………..21 Revolutionising industries: metagenomics's dual role in food and pharmaceutical sectors………………23 BOTANY Timeline…………………………………………………………………………………………………...27 Uvariopsis dicaprio; the first newly identified plant species of 2022 (a comprehensive description for young researchers)………………………………………………………………………………………...29 Bonsai: an artistic and horticultural excellence…………………………………………………………...31 Mushrooms; the unknown treasure………………………………………………………………………..34 The power of words: how talking to plants helps them grow……………………………………………..35 Serotonin: a natural mood stimulator……………………………………………………………………...37 Arctic's climate won't be conserved by greening- here's why……………………………………………..39 Mushroom mystery………………………………………………………………………………………..40 Pulses: the proteinaceous superfood from plants………………………………………………………….43 Prospective health benefits of allium cepa………………………………………………………………………..45 Climatic degradation of deserts……………………………………………………………………………47 Impact of invasive flora on Indigenous vegetation………………………………………………………..49 CHEMISTRY Timeline………………..………………………………………………………………………………….53 A second skin?.............................................................................................................................................55 Carbon sequestration by forest ecosystem to curb climate change……………………………………….56 Chemistry of algae………………………………………………………………………………………...58 Coffee to prevent Alzheimer’s?....................................................................................................................60 Ferrofluids………………………………………………………………………………………………....62 Global warming: an urgent call for environmental action………………………………………………...63 Role of biosensors in healthcare services…………………………………………………………………65 Behind-the-scenes of food preservation: stability studies…………………………………………………67 Replication of olfactory sense……………………………………………………………………………..69 Computational chemistry………………………………………………………………………………….71 COMMERCE AND FINANCE Timeline………………………...…….…………………………………………………………………...75 Advancing businesses toward sustainable development goals……………………………………………77 AI as a service (AIAAS)…………………………………………………………………………………..82 E-commerce in Pakistan: success or failure?...............................................................................................83 Effects of COVID-19 on business and research…………………………………………………………..84 Family-owned businesses…………………………………………………………………………………86 Fintech: revolutionizing finance in the digital age………………………………………………………..88 COMPUTER SCIENCE Timeline…………………………………………………………………………………………………...93 Cyber security……………………………………………………………………………………………..95 The significance of data science…………………………………………………………………………..96 Cyber security guide: preventing online attacks…………………………………………………………..98 Quantum computing: a threat to modern security………………………………………………………..101 The limitations of ChatGPT: understanding the challenges of ai-powered language models and the need for human oversight………………………………………………………………………………………………….102 Why everyone should learn computer science…………………………………………………………..104 ECONOMICS Timeline………………………………………………………………………………………………….107 Pakistan: Is there a way forward?..............................................................................................................109 Applying the gravity model to Pak-India trade challenges and opportunity…………………………….110 Opportunities, capabilities, second chances and youth a framework for policy…………………………114 Cultural economics: preserving the heritage of our world……………………………………………….117 Income disparity and its threats in Pakistan……………………………………………………………...119 Pakistan and population influx…………………………………………………………………………...122 The status of higher education in Pakistan: challenges and the way forward……………………………124 ELECTRIC ENGINEERING Timeline……………………………...…………………………………………………………………..129 Smart grid technology……………………………………………………………………………………130 War of currents…………………………………………………………………………………………...132 Revolutionizing water and wastewater management: how artificial intelligence is solving global challenges………………………………………………………………………………………………..134 Watt’s the buzz? An electrifying odyssey………………………………………………………………..137 Data: the new currency…………………………………………………………………………………..138 Billionaires, submarine, and the Titanic: deep pockets dive deep...……………………………………..139 What is artificial intelligence (AI)?...........................................................................................................140 AI, a double-edged sword………………………………………………………………………………..141 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Timeline……………………………...…………………………………………………………………..144 The hot topic over the world “climate change” (a myth or a fact?)……………………………………...145 Review article (The Plastic Wars)………………………………………………………………………..147 The role of machine learning in tackling climate change………………………………………………..149 The need to mitigate the effect of climate change……………………………………………………….151 The impact of climate change on biodiversity and ecosystem services………………………………….153 Smart waste management………………………………………………………………………………...155 Abiotic calamities for plants in Pakistan, their impact on the ecosystem, and how to tackle this issue…157 This changes everything: capitalism vs. The climate - (a comprehensive review)………………………159 E-waste recycling………………………………………………………………………………………...161 Microplastics can breach the blood-brain barrier, causing dementia-like conditions……………………163 INTERMEDIATE Transforming plastic waste into black gold: a sustainable solution to a growing crisis…………………167 Dark matter: unveiling the invisible universe……………………………………………………………167 DIY projects……………………………………………………………………………………………...170 Mythology………………………………………………………………………………………………..172 Unveiling the mysteries of space: NASA's latest breakthroughs and exciting projects…………………174 Peto’s paradox – the study of cancer……………………………………………………………………..176 Quantum computing: unleashing the power of quantum mechanics…………………………………….177 The collapse of the submarine titan……………………………………………………………………...179 The urgent need for action: combating air pollution for a sustainable future……………………………181 MICROBIOLOGY Timeline………………………………………………………………………………………………….186 Resurrection of dying organs through organ-ex technology……………………………………………..187 Psychobiotics: unlocking the mind-gut connection……………………………………………………...188 Plant-based bioplastic – an emerging future……………………………………………………………..190 Role of microbes in global warming……………………………………………………………………..193 Invitro meat production…………………………………………………………………………………..195 Gut microbiota and human health………………………………………………………………………..197 PHYSICS Timeline……………..…………………………………………………………………………………...203 From strings to dimensions: a multiverse manifesto…………………………………………………….206 Quantum teleportation: beaming information across the universe………………………………………207 Exploring the multiverse: unlocking the mysteries of parallel universes………………………………..209 James Webb telescope shatters the foundation of astrophysics………………………………………….211 Nanotechnology; a pathway to future energy sustainability……………………………………………..212 Superfluids: the quantum marvels that climb walls with frictionless grace……………………………..217 Unravelling the fabric of time: a journey through the physics of time travel……………………………219 PSYCHOLOGY Timeline…………...…….……………………………………………………………………………….224 Your life was a lie: an insight into false memories………………………………………………………226 Did you get tricked? (how companies make you buy more than you want)……………………………..227 From conflicts to closeness: how to maintain healthy relationships in college/university………………229 Self-actualization a paradox…………………………………………………………………………….231 Stockholm syndrome: the dark side of survival (a psychological response to captivity)………………..233 The productivity guilt trap: understanding and overcoming the pressure to always be productive……..235 The neuroscience of empathy - unravelling empathy……………………………………………………237 Neuromarketing………………………………………………………………………………………….239 Breaking the silence: the stigma of seeking mental health (the invisible battles fought behind closed doors)…………………………………………………………………………………………………….240 Psychology of procrastination: the thrill of the deadline………………………………………………...243 STATISTICS Timeline………………………..………………………………………………………………………...247 Applications of statistics in real-life scenarios (sports, finance, medicine and beyond)………………...249 Statistics 101……………………………………………………………………………………………..251 Data visualization enhancing understanding through graphs and charts………………………………...253 Interpretation of big data using statistics………………………………………………………………...255 The role of regression analysis in predictive modelling…………………………………………………258 ZOOLOGY Timeline………..…….…………………………………………………………………………………..262 The blind Indus dolphin………………………………………………………………………………….265 All about the feeding habits of toothless ocean giants, baleen whales…………………………………..268 Black vulture – nature-friendly bird……………………………………………………………………...270 Sydney funnel web spider………………………………………………………………………………..271 The impact of climate change on animal behaviour……………………………………………………..273 BIOTECHNOLOGY 1 BIOTECHNOLOGY TIMELINE 2023 __________________________________________________________________ January • Researchers have developed airborne eDNA sensors that can collect and detect animal DNA from the air. Environmental DNA (eDNA) is the genetic material that living things release into the air, water, or soil around them. Environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding is a method for identifying several species from a single environmental sample by combining DNA extraction, PCR amplification, high-throughput sequencing, and bioinformatics analysis. This might be used in forensics, ecology, and conservation. • A group of researchers at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC) developed a novel form of gene editing tool called "prime editing". A modified Cas9 protein and a synthetic RNA guide are used in the gene-editing method known as prime editing to accurately insert, delete, or replace specified DNA regions with fewer off-target effects resulting in very accurate genetic alterations. It has the potential to transform both agriculture and medicine. February • Researchers at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) have created a CAR T-cell treatment that is efficient against a variety of solid tumors. It uses the applications of genetic modifications to express chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) on the surface of T-cells. These receptors when fed into the body of a cancer patient specifically bind with the cancer cells hence accelerating their destruction of T-cells. • A group of scientists at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) invented a novel biomaterial that can be used to print organs in three dimensions. Biocompatible polymers (like PLA or PCL), hydrogels (like alginate or collagen), and decellularized extracellular matrices (ECM) created from natural tissues that are compatible with the human body and are the most common biomaterials used to 3D print human organs. March 2 • It has been announced that the first successful xenogeneic heart transplant from a genetically altered pig to a human patient. This is a significant development in the field of organ transplantation, and it may help thousands of patients each year. • A group of researchers at the University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley) developed a novel kind of plant-based protein that is healthier and more environmentally friendly than conventional protein sources e.g. beef and dairy. Soybeans, peas, rice, and other plants are used to make the protein. April • Researchers announced that a human genome was sequenced in the quickest time ever in just five hours and two minutes. This might enable quicker and more precise genetic illness diagnosis. • Recently, microbiologists have presented a customized phage-antibiotic combination as a countermeasure to antimicrobial resistance, and they proposed further studies to refine this strategy. In the future, antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections may be treated with phages (viruses that infect bacteria). May • Single-molecule sensors on a chip with molecular circuit components have also been introduced. These sensors could help develop new diagnostic methods and treatments for a range of disorders. • A group of researchers at the University of Washington created a novel vaccination that protects against a variety of influenza viruses. An artificial piece of RNA that closely resembles the structure of the influenza virus is used to create the vaccine. June • A gene therapy treatment for sickle cell disease has launched its first clinical study. It uses the application of the CRISPR gene editing technique to amend the mutation. • A group of researchers at Harvard University created a novel kind of microfluidic apparatus that may be used to quickly screen for novel medications and treatments. Small amounts of substances are efficiently directed through complex channels by the microfluidic device, enabling quick assessment of their interactions with particular 3 disease targets. In a matter of hours, the system can examine millions of various substances. July • According to researchers, they were successful in producing ethanol and butanol from a genetically modified variety of the R. prolifica. This might lessen our dependence on fossil fuels. • The use of microbes to harvest valuable components from basalt rocks in space has been shown by scientists. This might open the door for the growth of space mining businesses. August • It has been reported that biotechnology is being developed for microbial reactors that can produce oxygen and hydrogen. This might be useful in the exploration of space and other harsh habitats. • Protein structure prediction has reportedly been a 50-year puzzle that an AI computer has substantially solved. This might result in the creation of novel treatments and medications for numerous diseases. September • Researchers have described a bioprinting technique for making cultured meat that resembles steak. This would open the door for the commercialization of cultured meat, an environmentally friendly alternative to producing meat that is currently practiced. October • Tomatoes, the first food product altered using CRISPR, go on sale. This represents a significant achievement for the science of gene editing and may pave the way for the creation of novel and nutrient-rich foods. November Researchers claim to have created a novel HIV vaccine that is effective against all known strains of the virus and has shown encouraging results in monkeys. Although the vaccine is under development process, it still has the potential to be a significant advancement in the fight against HIV/AIDS. 4 December A group of researchers at the University of California, San Diego (UCSD) developed a novel form of immunotherapy that is efficient against a variety of tumors. T-cells that were genetically modified to attack cancer cells were used as part of the therapy. 5 MEDICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY: long-established scientific procedure. CORONAVIRUS VACCINE DISCOVERY Recombinant DNA technology and genetic AND PRODUCTION engineering techniques have been vital in the development of vaccines like the mRNA vaccines Aiza Amin produced by Pfizer-BioNTech and Modrena. 0026-BS-BIO-T-21 1. Recombinant DNA Technology in Vaccine Production: Introduction: Vaccine manufacturers employ recombinant The field of medical biotechnology straddles the DNA technology to produce genetically modified boundaries of biology, technology, and medicine. vaccinations. Certain genes are inserted into host It has become a crucial force in the fight against species like bacteria or yeast to manufacture the enormous threat posed by the coronavirus proteins that imitate the antigens on the pandemic and was vital in the development of the pathogen’s coronavirus vaccine. A brand-new coronavirus, stimulated by these proteins, results in an now known as SARS-CoV-2 is the cause of the immunological response without causing the exceedingly infectious sickness known as illness. This method has been essential in Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19), which manifests producing vaccinations against diseases such as a variety of symptoms. Local population, health, COVID-19 and hepatitis. and economic conditions have all been impacted by its outbreak. As soon as a disease was surface. The immune system 2. The role of Genetic Engineering in Vaccine Manufacturing: identified, hypotheses for its control, regulation, immunization, and treatment began circulating. Medical biotechnology started researching and attempting to manufacture vaccinations utilizing its many approaches from the expansion of the Genetic engineering has had a big impact on vaccine production. It is employed to construct genetically engineered organisms to manufacture proteins or antigens required for vaccination. Due to the precise gene editing made possible by this pandemic. technology, therapeutic proteins, enzymes, and Biotechnology Approaches/Tools in Vaccine Development: other compounds may now be produced in massive quantities. By creating antigens without Vaccines are biological products made utilizing actual infectious organisms and lowering the medical biotechnology research and equipment. hazards associated with conventional techniques, Medical biotechnology uses both live and dead genetic organisms to create vaccines — using biotechnology-produced products validated by a engineering contributes to the development of safer and more effective vaccinations. 6 Different Vaccines for Coronavirus developed by Pfizer-BioNTech. It comprises 1. Viral vector vaccines: Vaccines with viral vectors transmit genetic material from the target pathogen, such as a virus or bacteria, into the body's cells using a harmless virus (the vector). The cells, on the instructions of genetic material carried by the vector, create a particular antigen, which sets off an immunological response. The Oxford-Astra Zeneca and the Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 vaccine are two examples of viral instructing body cells to produce certain proteins using mRNA strands as a teaching tool. They employ a tiny genetic component called messenger RNA (mRNA) to direct cells in the body to manufacture safe SARS-CoV-2 viral proteins, which induce COVID-19. This translation of viral mRNA into protein prompts the infection and creates defenses against it via the immune system if encountered in the future. They have undergone rigorous testing and are vector vaccines. 2. Protein Subunit Vaccines: Protein subunit deemed safe for the majority of recipients. vaccines employ proteins and protein fragments Biotechnology’s isolated from the pathogen to elicit an immune Availability: response. These vaccinations cannot spread the disease since they do not contain the entire bacterium. A protein subunit vaccination is the Novavox COVID-19 vaccine. Impact on Vaccine Biotechnology has had a transformative impact on vaccine availability. Biotechnology has sped up the research and manufacture of vaccines using cutting-edge methods such as genetic 3. DNA vaccinations: DNA vaccines bring a modest amount of DNA holding the genetic instructions for the pathogen to produce a particular antigen. The body's cells absorb this DNA, using the instructions to manufacture the engineering, recombinant DNA technology, and cell culture. These progressive techniques have sped up the time it takes to respond to newly developing infectious illnesses and boosted vaccination accessibility globally or universally. antigen as an outsider and elicit a reaction. The advantages of DNA vaccines are their stability at high temperatures and possible ease of production. An illustration of a DNA vaccine is ZyCoV-D, for which emergency use authorization has been granted in India. 4. mRNA Vaccines: Moderna: A Pfizer-BioNTech revolutionary approach Conclusion: There are platforms for producing recombinant and cell-based vaccines which have been made possible by biotechnology. These platforms can more quickly respond to changing vaccination and to vaccination is represented by the PfizerBioNTech COVID-19 vaccine and the Moderna needs and pathogen changes because they are more scalable, versatile, and adaptive. Because of this, biotechnology has been essential in guaranteeing a more consistent and dependable COVID-19 vaccine, both mRNA vaccines 7 supply of vaccinations to combat a variety of nowadays, many genetic manipulations are being infectious illnesses. done at a molecular level for efficient production of bioenergy such as transgenic plants are used as SUSTAINABLE BIOFUELS, BIOTECHNOLOGY: BIO-PESTICIDES, AND improved fuel feedstocks. About 60 percent to 80 percent of oil left by the industries is deposited that is unrecoverable but the ability of microbes BIOFERTILIZERS to convert the hydrocarbons into methane or other Eisha Bajwa by-products helps in the efficient recovery of 0102-BH-BIOT-20 energy. Biotechnology in the oil wells and coal deposits results in the production of methane from CO2 with the help of microbes providing Biotechnology is considered an emerging science for the protection and sustainable development of the environment. With the increase in population, there is an immense need to create alternatives for fulfilling the shortcomings of food, health, and other necessities. Development of industries and urbanization is giving benefits to mankind on the one hand, but on the other hand, it is creating numerous environmental problems which include severe health hazards. In this review, we will see how biotechnology is helping mankind better survive in this era of life. energy. According to the source of biomass, there are three types of biofuels. First-generation biofuels are those derived from sugars later converted into ethanol. Different microbes can produce specific types of alcohol. The utilization of firstgeneration biofuels is not enough for the population. Moreover, they may create challenges in the future. So, another type of biofuel known as a second-generation biofuel was introduced which is produced from the lignocellulosic feedstocks. It was observed that The accumulation of CO2 is leading to global these fuels have more potential to produce GHG warming which is resulting in severe climate (greenhouse gas) emissions. They can fulfill changes life. more demands as compared to first-generation Biotechnology is involved in the production of biofuels. By taking into consideration the second- renewable fuels as the continuous use of generation biofuels, a new approach was petroleum products is considered a threat to the introduced; utilizing the algae biomass with the environment. Among all the sources that are used help of enzymes secreted by microbes. These are as replacements for fuels, biofuels are the best also called the genetic and metabolic second- ones. Biotechnology is not only limited to the generation biofuels and are produced from the production lignocellulosic non-food plants and wastes of ultimately of affecting biofuels and human methane but agriculture. Biotechnology is helping to create a 8 large impact on the economy of a country with The demand for biopesticides in the control of the production of bio-fuel diesel. The main target insects has increased in recent years, due to many is the best environment for stable production in side effects of synthetic pesticides. Biopesticides industrial of are made from natural resources, and micro- biotechnology, genetically modified organisms organisms by using the genetic engineering are used for the degradation of environmental technique. There are bio-insecticides, bio- pollutants. herbicides, and bio-fungicides based on the fermentation. Via the help Biotechnology is also playing a very vast role in agriculture. The agriculture sector is the need of the country's economy and population. The green revolution during the middle of the 20th century led to the loss of the environment. Moreover, the use of pesticides, fungicides, insecticides, and many other chemicals is damaging our environment day by day while disturbing the whole ecosystem. Plant biotechnology is helping in solving the issues by genetic modifications and introducing pest resistance plants, increasing the crop yield, and thus reducing the use of pesticides. Biotechnology is introducing such naturally occurring micro-organisms that can be used as bio-fertilizers and bio-pesticides ultimately resulting in a reduction in the use of chemical-based fertilizers. Biotechnology is also devising some new ways to diagnose plant diseases of viral, fungal, and bacterial origin. Through genetic engineering, many crops have been modified till now i.e., modifications for the production of medicines, and other useful products. “GMO foods”, “GMPs” and “Biotech foods” are some foods that have been derived from transgenic plants. This technology is helping mankind to overcome the problems targets i.e., bio-insecticides for the control of insect pests, and bio-fungicides for the control of diseases. A known quantity of mycoherbicides (that is a type of herbicide) is registered in many countries 4 in Canada, 1 in the Netherlands, Japan, and China, 8 are registered in the USA, and 2 in South Africa. A gram-positive bacterium (facultative aerobic), Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), produces endotoxins/ Cry proteins having insecticidal properties. The most remarkable property of Bt is that it is non-toxic and easy to use to control pests on vegetables, fruits, etc. Biofertilizers, on the other hand, are very important in maintaining the fertility of soil, and also a safer tool than artificial fertilizers. Many microorganisms, fungi, protozoa, and plant tissue are used to produce biofertilizers. Government and private-sector entrepreneurs are encouraged to produce biopesticides and biofertilizers. Biopesticides used for crop protection now are 2% of the world market, and 90% of them are made from Bacillus thuringiensis. Conclusion: With the increase in environmental problems, the future of life is becoming insecure day by day. Biotechnology is fulfilling its promise with caused by the environment. 9 continuous development for the use of bioenergy mazes, and build effective networks. Their and eco-friendly technologies. It is only possible adaptability and behavioral responses have often due to the hard work of highly dedicated and left scientists astounded. skilled scientists. However, the concerns about the use of genetically modified organisms have been bookmarked and will have positive consequences in the future. Researchers at Hokkaido University, Japan aimed at solving spatial Tokyo’s Railway routes by studying the growing patterns of Physarum polycephalum. Physarum polycephalum is a yellow slime mold, big enough to be viewed by the naked eye. It has the potential to make its way CELLULAR INTELLIGENCE: A BIOLOGICAL ENIGMA to the food source and then construct a tunnel-like network for distribution of the nutrients. This Faria Minhas very ability of slime mold was exploited by 0006-BH-BIOT-19 Japanese researchers who allowed it to grow on Petri plates bearing oak flakes at specific points. The placement pattern of oak flakes mimicked Cells; biological bibliophiles constitute a microscopic realm. Intelligence at the cellular level is ever-provoking and intrigues one with its enigmatic yet organized nature. Your cells decipher the information, interpret a genetic database of merely four alphabets (A, C, T, and G), communicate with each other without Saas, and navigate through labyrinths of your bodies with accuracy better than your GPS-equipped vehicles. The art of adaptability, survival, and communication mastered via cellular intelligence is quite a commendable aspect of nature. Forget cells, let’s talk about a single cell of slime mold. No brain, no problem, slime mold got it all covered with the help of cellular intelligence. What may seem like a mere brainless gooey structure is one of the smartest known protists. Slime molds can select meals, move through the stations of Tokyo. In the early hours, slime mold grew massively and entirely over the petri plates. However, after a few hours, it began to refine its pattern of growth into a network-like mesh that connected all possible oak flakes. Within 26 hours, the mold had re-created a network that exactly resembled the subway route of Tokyo with even better interconnecting channels to redirect traffic. And with that, it was able to solve the problem over which architects have been scratching their heads off for weeks. In another research conducted by Germans; Dr. Larry and Dr. Audery, slime mold referred to as Blob was able to learn and familiarize itself with its environment. In the experiment, Blob was allowed to cross a salt-covered bridge, with food placed on the other side of the bridge. Salt 10 happens to hinder the movement of mold. Not just slime molds, the union of AI with any Initially, Blob crossed the bridge in 10 hours, biological entity be it bacteria or fungi can break later reducing the time to 8 hours, and finally, the limitations of cellular intelligence. AI will after repeated exposure to the salt bridge, it have cellular intelligence to learn from while the crossed the bridge in the same time as that of the biological cells will be backed up by the digital control group. This showcased the brilliant ability precision of AI, boundaries will blur and of mold to adapt. breakouts will be bound to happen. No doubt the Now who would need sophisticated mathematical algorithms when this slimy protist is available to crack circuitry? This networking and decisionmaking ability of slime mold is known to be used resultant organisms will exhibit the highest level of decision-making skills, but will they be at par with those of humans? The possibilities are endless, one can imagine. in the future, creating algorithms that could predict routes of storms or floods. Moreover, since tumor growth happens to be an affair of the vessel network, it could explain the spread of the BIOTECHNOLOGY EXPLORATION, IN SPACE IMPLICATIONS FOR FUTURE MISSIONS tumor. Mahnoor Khalid Since Artificial Intelligence (AI) has been the talk of the town, even the thought of combining AI 0035-BH-BIO-T-20 with cellular intelligence is brain-blogging. Integrating slime mold with AI would enhance its innate abilities to form environment-friendly Introduction: biomass. AI can direct slime mold to adapt sustainable solutions for waste degradation. AI- The quest for exploring space has always powered to captivated the human imagination, pushing us to revolutionize the healthcare sector. They can conquer new frontiers. In recent years, the field search through vast volumes of medical data, of biotechnology has emerged as a powerful tool analyze patterns, and predict the progression of in advancing our understanding of space and diseases. Moreover, they can help in opting for addressing the unique challenges it presents. By the best possible treatment thereby optimizing harnessing the potential of biotechnology, patient care. The inborn navigation skills of scientists and astronauts have made significant molds when paired with AI would not only ease strides in overcoming the physical and biological traffic flow but also would pave the way for self- constraints of space travel. This blog delves into driving cars. the exciting implications of biotechnology in slime molds are expected 11 space exploration and how it paves the way for future missions. Sustaining the nutritional needs of a crew during long-duration space missions is a significant 1. Enhancing Human Adaptation: challenge. Biotechnology plays a vital role in enabling sustainable food production in space, Space travel places immense physical and ensuring the availability of fresh and nutritious physiological stress on the human body. food for astronauts. Microgravity, radiation exposure, and isolation can have profound impacts on the health and Genetic engineering techniques allow scientists well-being of astronauts. Biotechnology offers to enhance crop varieties to withstand the harsh innovative solutions to mitigate these risks and conditions of space, such as limited water enhance human adaptation in space. availability and nutrient deficiencies. Genetically modified plants, such as those grown in the By studying the physiological changes that occur Veggie during spaceflight, scientists can develop targeted International Space Station (ISS), have shown interventions. For example, gene therapy may be promise in providing fresh food and oxygen. plant growth system aboard the utilized to protect against radiation-induced damage, or genetically modified organisms could Additionally, be engineered to produce essential nutrients and agriculture medicines missions. alternative approaches to traditional farming in Furthermore, advances in tissue engineering space. Cultured meat and microbial bioreactors could lead to the creation of artificial organs or could revolutionize food production, reducing tissue constructs, reducing the reliance on Earth- resource requirements and enhancing crew based medical support. autonomy. Bioregenerative life support systems on long-duration the and development synthetic of biology cellular offers that recycle waste into usable resources through Biotechnology also enables the exploration of the actions of microbes are also being explored, human ensuring a closed-loop system that minimizes genetic modifications to enhance adaptation to space conditions. Gene editing waste and resource consumption. techniques like CRISPR could potentially be used to modify genes responsible for bone density, Furthermore, biotechnology can facilitate the muscle mass, or immune system functioning, creation of sustainable ecosystems in space. making astronauts better equipped for extended Algae-based systems can be used to produce space missions. food, oxygen, and even biofuels through photosynthesis, providing a renewable and 2. Sustainable Food Production: efficient means of resource utilization. 12 3. Astrobiology and Exploration: such as minerals or gases, aiding in the establishment of self-sustaining colonies. Biotechnology plays a significant role in astrobiology, the study of life in the universe. One Conclusion: of the primary objectives of space exploration is to identify signs of past or present life on other Biotechnology holds immense promise for the planets. Biotechnological techniques, such as future of space exploration. Its applications in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA enhancing human adaptation, sustainable food sequencing, can be used to detect and analyze production, and astrobiology offer innovative microbial life in extraterrestrial environments. solutions to overcome the challenges of space travel and colonization. By harnessing the power The search for life beyond Earth involves the use of biotechnology, scientists, and astronauts can of extremophiles, organisms capable of surviving expand our understanding of the universe and in extreme conditions. By studying their unique pave the way for long-duration missions to adaptations, scientists gain insights into the distant worlds. As research and technological potential advancements habitability of other worlds. continue to progress, Additionally, the field of synthetic biology allows biotechnology will undoubtedly play a crucial for the creation of novel organisms engineered to role in shaping the future of space exploration, survive enabling us to venture further into the cosmos and and thrive in extraterrestrial environments, aiding in the search for life and unlock the mysteries it holds. establishing sustainable ecosystems. Biotechnology can also facilitate the exploration of celestial bodies like Mars. Mars sample return missions could utilize genetic sequencing to analyze collected samples for signs of past or present microbial life. Understanding the FROM DNA TO DIGITAL: HOW PERSONALIZED MEDICINE AND AI ARE REVOLUTIONIZING HEALTHCARE Maneeha Ajmal 0073-BS –BIOT-20 potential risks and interactions between Earth and Mars organisms is crucial to prevent contamination and false positives. Moreover, biotechnology can contribute to resource utilization on other planets. By leveraging genetic engineering, organisms could be engineered to extract and process resources If you've ever taken a "one-size-fits-all" approach to healthcare, you know that it often feels like you're rolling a dice on your health. But imagine if you could receive treatments that are tailored to your unique genetics, environment, and lifestyle. 13 Thanks to the rapid advancements in genomics time and resource allocation for healthcare and artificial intelligence (AI), that future is now. providers. Genomics, the study of an individual's genetic Moreover, AI and personalized medicine are information and its impact on health, is at the revolutionizing forefront of personalized medicine. By analyzing Traditional diagnostic methods often rely on an individual's genome, medical professionals subjective assessments or the expertise of a single can identify specific genetic variations associated healthcare with certain diseases or conditions. Armed with algorithms can scrutinize medical imaging, this information, they can develop targeted laboratory results, and patient records to provide treatments tailored to the patient's unique needs. more objective and accurate diagnoses. This For instance, consider an individual with a genetic predisposition to breast cancer. Through the diagnostic professional. In process. contrast, AI enables earlier disease detection and facilitates targeted interventions. genomic analysis, their doctor can identify this Beyond diagnosis and treatment, personalized risk and recommend personalized screening and medicine and AI are reshaping drug discovery. prevention strategies. If breast cancer does Developing new drugs is a complex and costly develop, the doctor can use this information to endeavor, but AI can streamline and expedite the develop a targeted treatment plan that is far more process. By analyzing vast amounts of molecular effective than a "one-size-fits-all" approach. and genetic data, AI algorithms can identify However, it is the integration of AI that truly propels personalized medicine into new frontiers. AI algorithms, powered by machine learning, can process and analyze large datasets of patient information, leading to the development of highly potential drug effectiveness targets and predict of various compounds. the This accelerates the discovery of new treatments while reducing the time and resources required for clinical trials. personalized treatment plans that surpass the AI algorithms analyze vast amounts of data to capabilities of traditional methods. predict patient outcomes, enhance diagnoses, and One of the most promising applications of AI in personalized medicine is its ability to predict patient outcomes. By examining extensive patient optimize treatment plans. The synergy between genomics and AI opens up unprecedented possibilities for personalized medicine. datasets, AI algorithms can identify patterns and By analyzing an individual's genetic anticipate which treatments are likely to be most predispositions, lifestyle effective for individual patients. This not only environmental influences, improves patient outcomes but also optimizes professionals can identify potential risks and take factors, and healthcare 14 preventive measures to mitigate them leading to better treatment outcomes and improved patient proactive treatment and diagnosis of disease. experiences. For example, imagine a scenario where an While personalized medicine and AI offer individual undergoes genetic testing and it remarkable opportunities, there are important reveals an elevated risk for cardiovascular considerations to address. Ensuring equity and disease. Armed with this knowledge, the accessibility is paramount, as efforts should be healthcare team can develop a personalized plan made to make these advancements accessible to that includes lifestyle modifications, regular all individuals, regardless of socioeconomic cardiovascular status or geographical location. screenings, and targeted interventions to address specific risk factors. Ethical concerns regarding data privacy, consent, AI-powered tools and applications can provide and the responsible use of AI in healthcare must patients with access to their genetic data, also be carefully addressed. Safeguarding patient personalized health information, and actionable privacy and ensuring transparency in data usage insights. This empowers individuals to actively is crucial for maintaining trust and promoting the participate in their own healthcare decisions, widespread adoption of personalized medicine make informed choices, and adopt healthier and AI. lifestyles. In conclusion, personalized medicine and AI are Traditionally, clinical trials have been time- at the forefront of a healthcare revolution. By consuming and costly, often resulting in limited leveraging the power of genomics and AI participation and delayed access to innovative algorithms, healthcare professionals can deliver treatments. However, AI algorithms can facilitate targeted, proactive, and patient-centered care. the identification of suitable candidates for Embracing these transformative approaches will clinical trials based on their genetic profiles and undoubtedly lead to a healthier, more resilient, medical the and thriving society. By tailoring treatments to recruitment process and improving the overall individual patients, medical professionals can success rate of trials. provide more effective, efficient, and patient- Through history, wearable thereby accelerating devices, sensors, and continuous monitoring, AI algorithms can analyze patient data and provide timely feedback to healthcare professionals. This enables proactive adjustments to treatment plans based on the individual's response, ultimately leading to centered care. So, the next time you need medical treatment, ask your doctor about personalized medicine and how it could change your life. ROLE OF SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY IN DEGRADING PLASTIC WASTE Mariam Nadeem 15 0007-BH-BIO-T-20 that can retain the ability to degrade the plastic after several modifications. Fungi, algae, and bacteria are involved in degrading the pollutant Following the period of decline due to the plastic. Biotechnological approaches like gene pandemic in 2020, global plastic production has manipulation and genetic modifications can entered the phase of resurgence, showing a transform a naturally existing microbe into an notable boom in recent months. According to efficient plastic eater. contemporary studies, 390 million tonnes of plastic was turned out in 2021. It was most likely that the majority of it would end up as waste, as only 9% of the total plastic waste is recycled productively, while approximately 12% of the plastic is ultimately subjected to incineration, and the other 79% is piled up as waste. Actual recycling methods exhibit significant inefficiencies, recycling a mere 30% of the total plastic, being successfully reused for various purposes, in a form with inadequate characteristics than the original composition. However, synthetic biology is a field of science The degradation of plastic by microorganisms demands optimal temperature and pH, after exposure to UV light or chemical treatment. To degrade a certain type of plastic, a specific microbe works actively. Strain such as Ideonella sakaiensis breaks down the polyethylene terephthalate (PET) into its constituents, with a major drawback. It requires weeks or even months to degrade a limited quantity of plastic. Here are some examples of genetically modified microbes for plastic degradation: ➢ To degrade the PET plastic that focuses on living systems and organisms biocatalytically, E. coli was modified to applying engineering techniques to redesign or demonstrate the ability to produce modify their already existing parts is a great BIND-PETase. It can decompose 9.1% approach to dealing with plastic waste. Synthetic of highly crystalline PET waste in a total biology is a convincing approach to administer span of 7 days at optimal room the globally growing problems related to plastic temperature and humidity. pollution by expediting the degradation process ➢ Manganese-dependent peroxidase, a and advancing in making eco-friendly plastics to plastic degrading enzyme obtained from put back petroleum-based products. S. cerevisiae BY 4741 and E. coli. Natural Plastic Eaters and Improving What Already Exists: ➢ E. coli BL21 and P. chrysosporium strains were altered genetically to produce laccase. Although plastic is considered a major pollutant; however, many microbes have been discovered Plastic degradation (Zeenat et al., 2021) 16 Genetic modifications make it possible to obtain resistance to temperature. After the analysis what the advancing world demands. Taking the process, scientists make a grade in isolating a principles of metabolic engineering into use, mutant genes and DNA sequences are being optimized to remarkable refinements. The enhanced version is get the desired results. For all that, in the last 10,000 times more potent in degrading the PET twenty years, synthetic biology has paved the bonds with elevated thermal stability to withstand path to bring up biotechnological advances like the temperature of 72°C. DNA synthesis, new gene editing techniques, high-throughput sequencing, and more. Degradation of PET by LLC: One of the predominantly used plastics is PET which encounters a notable drawback of requiring elevated temperatures to degrade different forms of PET to facilitate recycling. As a result, a grey or black mass is produced with very poor quality. Thus, it cannot be considered as recycling. An enzyme named leaf-branch compost cutinase (LLC) was discovered by researchers at Osaka University in 2012, exhibiting the ability to break the chemical bonds found in PET and other commonly used plastics. However, LLC was not highly efficient as it degraded after being exposed to an optimal temperature of 65%, posing a challenge for its practical application. Modification of LLC: Recent research by scientists from the University form of the enzyme, exhibiting As per the experiment, a mere 3 mg of the engineered enzyme manages to degrade 90% of the total plastic in 10 hours. The leftover terephthalate acid and ethylene-glycol can be transformed into new plastic bottles with the same characteristics as the original ones. Moreover, following genetic modifications, green microalgae named Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, exhibit the ability to produce an enzyme named polyethylene terephthalate hydrolase. This enzyme is effective in degrading the polyethylene terephthalate films into terephthalic acid. Conclusion: In general, still there is a long way to go in obtaining benefits from genetically modified microorganisms to degrade plastic waste. This approach can take us to the extent where all the environmental problems like degrading plastic are no longer a problem. of Toulouse inscribed the limitations by ORGAN ON CHIP: A GROUNDBREAKING upgrading the performance of the enzyme. They DISCOVERY look into the crystal-like structure of the enzyme BIOTECHNOLOGY to get to know about its active site, responsible IN THE FIELD OF Nabiha Saad for degrading PET chemical bonds, improving the enzyme’s efficiency, and elevating its 0612-BH-BIOT-20 17 In the realm of biomedical research, organ-on- research on organs on a chip. iPSCs are stem cells chip establishing that have been derived from adult cells, like blood themselves as a ground-breaking strategy with the or skin cells, and they possess the ability to potential to revolutionize drug discovery, disease differentiate into various other cell types by modeling, and personalized therapy. Invasive reprogramming. Organ-on-chip modeling is conventional in vitro and animal-based testing made possible by the ability to create iPSCs from can be substituted by these small silicon chips the cells of an individual and differentiate them which simulate the integrated systems and into particular cell types, providing a personalized operations of the human organs inside a and disease-specific approach. This makes it microfluidic substrate. Our knowledge of human feasible for researchers to reproduce a patient's physiology has been greatly improved by recent particular physiological state on a chip, enabling studies in the field of organ-on-chip technologies, them to more precisely investigate diseases, which has also opened up new opportunities for screen prospective drug candidates, and devise therapeutic development. individualized treatment plans. The organ-on-chip technology owes greatly to the The capacity of organ-on-chip systems has also development of very intricate and integrated been systems that mimic the systemic design of human microfluidics organs. The interactions that are native to technologies. The accurate regulation of fluid different organs of the human body have been flow made possible by microfluidic devices precisely copied on top of a single silicon chip. permits the administration of nutrition and The purpose of designing this chip is to allow therapeutic agents to organ models while researchers to study the effect of varying drugs stimulating the flow of blood in the body. Real- and external environments on such integrated time monitoring of numerous data, including systems. An example depicting this technology is biological responses, electrical activity, and the ‘body-on-chip’ system, which is designed to biochemical indicators, is another benefit of the simulate the functioning of various organs like the incorporation of sensors. This abundance of heart, liver, and lungs, thus allowing the information provides previously inaccessible researchers to find out the effect of certain details into how organs work and how medications and stresses on different organs pharmaceuticals affect people. (OOC) technologies are simultaneously, resulting in a very thorough evaluation of their potential adverse effects. enhanced by and the incorporation cutting-edge of sensing Recent developments in organ-on-chip research have also improved the study of neurological Moreover, the development of iPSCs, or induced illnesses. Drug distribution to the brain has been pluripotent stem cells has played a vital role in the complicated by the blood-brain barrier (BBB), a 18 highly selective membrane that divides the brain 0035-BS-BIO-T-21 from circulating blood. The BBB is being modeled as an organ-on-a-chip, which assists in the research and development of new methods to In the field of medical science, there exists a get beyond it and enables researchers to assess the discipline that has made scientists curious since efficacy of drug prospects in getting through the its discovery: The enigmatic world of stem cells. BBB and into brain tissue. Stem cell transplant first started in 1959 and since Despite these outstanding advancements, obstacles still stand in the way of the broad use of organ-on-chip technologies. Other aspects need focus, including protocol standardization, scalability, and guaranteeing consistency across multiple labs. Furthermore, despite providing a more accurate picture of human physiology, organ-on-chip models nonetheless trivialize the intricate structure of the human body as a whole. Organ-on-chip technology has advanced to the pinnacle of biomedical innovation thanks to its emergence, it has proved to be an effective treatment of various degenerative diseases. Stem cells have the potential to heal beyond our imagination. The effectiveness is 87.5% and increasing significantly. Stem cell technology has the potential to revolutionize healthcare by utilizing the regenerative ability of one’s cells to heal medical ailments. Stem cells are undifferentiated cells. They do not have any specific shape or function. They can differentiate into many other cells. development, ➢ Adult Stem Cells are exceptional in their understanding of diseases, and personalized functions. They can differentiate into treatment all stand to benefit greatly from the some specific cells that are associated ability to simulate the organs of humans and their with tissues. Hence, they are called interactions with one another in a controlled multipotent or unipotent stem cells. For setting. Organ-on-chip devices are anticipated to example, neural nerve cells produce new become essential to pharmaceutical research as nerve these technologies advance. This will reduce our Hematopoietic stem cells differentiate reliance on conventional approaches, which into blood cells. current studies. Drug cells in an adult brain. frequently fail to predict human responses, and ➢ Embryonic Stem Cells are obtained from will result in safer and more effective medicines. the inner mass of a zygote referred to as STEM CELLS: POTENTIAL Faiqa HEALING WITH the blastocyst. They can restore and heal afflicted tissue and organs. ➢ Adult stem cells aid in obtaining Induced Pluripotent cells. Inserting genes in the 19 adult stem cells gives them the ability to extract these cells from a patient’s own body for differentiate into about 200 new cells treating diseases which reduces the risk of including cells of different organs and infections. tissues. Unleashing the healing potential: Healing potential: 1. Alzheimer’s disease: We are just diving into new aspects of stem cell medicine and regenerative therapies. They have a remarkable ability to generate healthy cells that replace the cells damaged due to diseases. This ability of stem cells delays aging and increases life span. Many of the patients do not require In this process, ASCs are converted into ESCs and then stimulated to create neurons. Scientists at Columbia University were able to convert 50% of the cells and the neurons produced were placed in developing mice which were able to receive signals like normal neurons. multiple treatments. ESCs can differentiate in any necessary type of body cell like liver cells, and 2. Parkinson’s disease: nerve cells while adult stem cells are restricted These stem cells can develop into brain cells specifically to blood cells. which restore damaged brain cells and help Ethical consideration: control dopamine levels. Experts believe this can attenuate significant signs of Parkinson's disease. There are several ethical controversies over the use of ESCs. The use of ESCs involves the demolition of human embryos which 3. Huntington’s Disease: is It is a rare hereditary disease that causes nerve considered inappropriate by many religious cells to gradually break down leading to various groups. physical, cognitive, and psychiatric symptoms. According to many scientists: Damaged neurons can be replaced by providing neuroprotection by using SCs. "Within the delicate framework of life, the destruction of human embryos echoes a moral Important Researches: fracture that calls us to question the boundaries Following is the important research related to of scientific pursuit and the preservation of our stem cells. shared humanity." ➢ In 2016, biologists at the University of The use of ASCs and IPSCs is the field of focus Miami Miller School of Medicine by scientists because ASCs avoid all such ethical performed a clinical trial using stem cells considerations. to Moreover, they are easily available from bone marrow or fat. Scientists can treat transplanted type 1 diabetes. They insulin-producing 20 pancreatic cells derived from stem cells present in tissues, making them difficult to extract into patients with the condition. and purify. ➢ In 2018, researchers at the University of California, Irvine, restored brain function in mice with severe cerebrovascular accident (CVA) using human neural stem cells. Efforts are being made to produce patientspecific stem cells to reduce the risk of infections and other complications. A flexible framework is required to ensure the lawful use of stem cell technology. ➢ In 2018, researchers at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Ethical considerations, patient safety, and international collaboration should be in focus to guarantee a safe future. successfully used genetically engineered stem cells to treat patients suffering from acute sickle cell disease. REVOLUTIONIZING BREAST CANCER ➢ In 2019, a clinical trial led by researchers at the University of California, Los MANAGEMENT, BIOTECHNOLOGICAL INSIGHTS AND TECHNIQUES Angeles, used stem cells to deal with Taha Iqram macular degeneration (AMD). ➢ In 2021, scientists at the University of California used neural stem 0097-BS-BIO-T-21 cells extracted from human pluripotent stem cells to promote the regeneration of Breast cancer occurs when the breast tissue gets affected. It generally affects the cells that line the injured spinal cords in rats. milk ducts or the lobules that produce milk. It is Pluripotent stem cells differentiate into insulin- the most dominant cancer in women worldwide producing cells and can control sugar levels when but it can also affect men although at a much transplanted into diabetic animal models. Stem lower rate. Breast cancer management is cells also show potential for treating myocardial undergoing a major revolution as a result of infarction. biotechnology advancements. These insights and Challenges: techniques are not only changing the way we detect and diagnose breast cancer, but they The challenges faced by stem cell therapy are infection rejection, tumor production, graft- are also providing the path for more effective treatment options. versus-host disease, graft failure, infection, organ damage, cataracts, infertility, cancers, and death. Hemorrhage can occur during neurosurgery. A small portion of stem cells are Biotechnology has emerged as an immersive transformation in the early detection of breast cancer. Mammography, a common screening 21 tool, has evolved immensely as a result of effects. Tamoxifen and aromatase inhibitors are biotechnological examples of endocrine therapies that take benefit advances. Digital mammography provides high-resolution images of that help detect even the slightest abnormalities. Biotechnological advances in these pathways Liquid biopsies are possibly the most innovative have resulted in the development of medications technique for early detection. These non-invasive that block hormone receptors, effectively halting tests examine circulation components such as tumor progression. circulating tumor DNA, RNA, and proteins. These methods not only eliminate the need for unwanted treatments but also provide a full view of tumor features, allowing for more tailored treatment recommendations. hormonal signaling pathways. Gene therapy is an innovative biotechnological technique with an opportunity to transform the treatment of several diseases, including breast cancer. Gene therapy is an approach in which genetic material, such as DNA or RNA, is used to Genetics plays an important role in developing treat diseases by changing or correcting the breast-ovarian cancer syndrome. This comprises patient's genetic code. One method of gene people with the BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene therapy for breast cancer includes directly mutations, p53 (Li-Fraumeni syndrome), and delivering therapeutic genes to malignant cells. PTEN (Cowden syndrome) mutations. Breast This can be accomplished through the use of viral cancerous cells possess receptors both on their vectors or non-viral approaches. Oncogenes such surface and in the cell's cytoplasm. The chemical as messengers susceptibility genes 1 and 2, can be inhibited via (hormones) attach to receptors triggering cell changes. BRCA1/2 known as breast cancer gene therapy techniques. Researchers can target Chemotherapy has long been used to treat cancer, causing collateral harm to rapidly dividing cells throughout the body. However, the arrival of targeted therapies has transformed breast cancer and inhibit the activity of individual oncogenes using RNA interference (RNAi) or other gene silencing techniques, potentially stopping cancer growth. management. The success of targeted therapy is CRISPR-Cas9 can be used to disable particular exemplified by HER2-positive breast cancer. In genes linked to the development and progression some breast tumors, HER2, a protein that of promotes the growth of cells, is overexpressed. researchers to explore the activities of thousands Trastuzumab Pertuzumab of genes at the same time. This technique can aid (Perjeta) are monoclonal antibodies that are in the identification of genes that, when designed to suppress HER2 activity, resulting in disrupted, affect breast cancer cell proliferation, better treatment outcomes and fewer adverse metastasis, and therapy response. (Herceptin) and breast cancer. CRISPR-Cas9 enables 22 A technology called Immunotherapy which REVOLUTIONIZING uses biotechnological innovations in the battle METAGENOMICS DUAL ROLE IN FOOD against breast cancer is at the forefront of breast AND PHARMACEUTICAL SECTORS cancer treatment. Immune checkpoint inhibitors, INDUSTRIES: Zoya Ahmad a biotechnological invention, have emerged as a breakthrough approach in the treatment of some 0021-BS-BIO-T-21 breast cancer subtypes. CAR T-cell therapy, for example, involves altering a patient's T cells to express CARs that recognize specific proteins in Introduction: cancer cells. This approach can be utilized In the past, various conventional methods were to target breast cancer cells and trigger a stronger used for the identification and genetic analysis of immune response, resulting in their death. microbes. However, these methods were not only Nanotechnology, a field at the border of biology time-consuming but were also ineffective in and engineering, has enabled the production of many cases. Instead of culturing these microbes nanoparticles created to deliver drugs directly to separately in the clinical laboratories, a specific tumor sites and these nanoparticles can be technique utilized to improve tumor visibility in imaging developed that involved the direct isolation of the techniques such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging. samples from surroundings. These samples can This drug delivery avoids damage to healthy be of both origins i.e., biological as well as tissues and improves therapeutic effects. environmental. This technique includes five main Breast cancer care is undergoing a major transition, inspired by biotechnology breakthroughs and procedures. The merging of scientific discovery, technological innovation, and compassionate patient care is shaping the future of breast cancer treatment. By embracing a multidisciplinary strategy that brings together experts from other sectors, we will be able to realize the full potential of biotechnology in the fight against breast cancer. known as metagenomics was steps. Firstly, the DNA of our desired sample is isolated. Later on, the isolated DNA is sequenced and data is analyzed accordingly and the microbe is identified. Lastly, light is shed on both genetic variation and specific features of our identified microbe. Application of Metagenomics: Metagenomics deals with various fields like microbiology, biotechnology, etc. It has a wide range of applications in various emerging industries like the food industry and pharmaceutical industry. Role in Food Industry: 23 Metagenomics is used in the food sector to discover and characterize the microbial communities involved in food fermentation, which is crucial in the production of many food products. Identification of food processing enzymes such as amylases, proteases, and lipases, which are used in the production of cheese and other dairy products, bread, and fruit juices, has also been carried out using metagenomics techniques. Korea. It is made by dipping Napa Cabbage in brine and is, later on, left to be fermented for a Owing to its significant popularity, scientists researched to find out the strains of microbes that help fasten the fermentation process and contribute to its specific aroma as well as flavor. DNA was isolated from samples obtained their health, metagenomics has played a pivotal role in the production of low-fat cheese, promoting a healthier lifestyle. Lipases which are the enzymes degrading fats contribute to lessening the fat content of cheese. To create a low-fat cheese with improved texture lipases were identified and isolated from the cheese metagenomics Kimchi is a popular side dish that originated in period. In a world where everybody is concerned about microbiome. 1. Kimchi Preparation: specific 1. Production of Low-Fat cheese: at different stages of fermentation. Most of the microbes identified in the extracted samples belonged to the family of Lactic acid bacteria. It was found that these species such as Lactobacillus and Leuconostoc help in dropping the pH of the environment making it acidic. They do so by the conversion of The researchers library from created the a cheese microbiome using functional metagenomics and screened it for lipase activity. The genes encoding this activity were sequenced and characterized after some clones were found to have lipase activity. The scientists then selected the most promising lipases and tested them in the production of low-fat cheese. They found that the addition of these lipases resulted in cheese with a better structure, which they attributed to the ability of the lipases to hydrolyze milk fat and change its structural composition. Role in the Pharmaceutical Industry: Metagenomics plays a very important role in the manufacturing of products of medical importance. sugars (carbohydrates) of cabbage into Lactic acid. Several genes were also found to be Discovery of antibiotics: involved in the formation of flavor and aroma Metagenomics is known to have played a very compounds such as esters and aldehydes, as well vital role in the production of antibiotics derived as the breakdown of complex carbohydrates such from microbes inhabiting the soil. Researchers as starch and cellulose. All of this then did so by directly isolating genetic material from contributes to its specific tangy odor and taste. the soil. Amidst all this, they found some gene 24 groups that can produce very effective antibiotics. These antibiotics not only work very effectively against various infections but also do not let the potential bacteria develop resistance against them. During this research, scientists came across some specific genes that are responsible for the production of a very favorable antibiotic named Malicidin. It demonstrated a strong power against many deadly pathogens. It even worked against bacteria like MRSA (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) and VRE (vancomycin-resistant enterococci) which were known to have shown resistance to various previous antibiotics. This method demonstrates how metagenomics can be used to find novel antibiotics that have strong antibacterial properties important for medicinal therapies. Conclusion: In short, the revolutionary role metagenomics has played in both food and pharmaceutical industries can simply not be ignored. Metagenomics will continue to unveil more microbes that have the potential capabilities to promise a healthy and bright future for mankind. 25 BOTANY 26 BOTANY TIMELINE 2023 January 2023 In January, researchers from University of Nottingham, found that Pollen trapped within rocks dating back 250 million years contains substances resembling sunscreen, which plants generated to shield themselves from detrimental UV-B radiation. These discoveries indicate that a pulse of UV-B radiation may have played a pivotal role in the end-Permian mass extinction event. February 2023 Researchers from the Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, described a new correlation between algae and fungi which they named as alcobiosis. This correlation exists between algae and corticioid basidiomycetes. They found that in this relationship fungus doesn’t depend upon its alga for nourishment. March 2023 A groundbreaking finding from researchers at the University of Bristol has reshaped our understanding of how plants develop branching structures. Through their investigation into the mechanisms driving branching, the team has determined the initial appearance of land plants existed millions of years ago. This study has pinpointed a shared mechanism for branching among vascular plants. April 2023 Researchers from North Carolina State University introduced a new tool named as “tree of life” to identify, detect and monitor species of Phytophthora, a highly destructive pathogen, which have been responsible for plant diseases ranging from the devastating 1840s Irish potato famine to sudden oak death that still plagues West Coast oak population. May 2023 Scientists found that when the seeds of plants such as pea and sunflower are biofortified with zinc, the seedlings they quickly produce, harvested as microgreens , could both help to mitigate global malnutrition and boost the odds of people surviving a catastrophe. The results showed that zinc biofortification through seed nutri-priming achieves needed levels of zinc in the young pea and sunflower plants June 2023 Researchers at University of Cambridge discovered a new molecular signaling pathway that triggers when leaves are exposed to low humidity. This ensures that plant roots keep growing towards water. 27 They found that the leaves under low humidity sends shoot to root signals using abscisic acid (ABA) which signals the roots to keep growing. July 2023 A new study published in The Embo Journal scientists found that the plant roots have their own thermometer to detect the temperature of soil around them and adjust accordingly. For this purpose scientists used climate chambers. This study also provided insights for plant breeding. August 2023 Scientists found that Venus flytrap have sensory hairs containing a heat sensor which warns a plant against bushfires. They found that at 37 and 55 degree Celsius when the temperature rose abruptly as in heat wave the trap shut itself. September 2023 A group of botanists including from University of Oxford Botanic Garden, has issued an urgent call for coordinated action to save the iconic genus Rafflesia, which contains the world's largest flowers. A new study found that most of the 42 species are severely threatened, yet just one of these is listed in the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)'s Red List of Threatened Species. October 2023 A new study conducted by Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR) showed that variation in physiology of phytoplankton especially the nutrient uptake can impact chemical composition of ocean and even the atmosphere. This suggested that marine phytoplankton physiology can impact global climate. 28 UVARIOPSIS DICAPRIO; THE FIRST Description: Uvariopsis dicaprio is an evergreen NEWLY IDENTIFIED PLANT SPECIES OF plant 3-4 meters tall. Its trunk is smooth with dark 2022 (A COMPREHENSIVE DESCRIPTION brown bark having white lenticels. The leaves of FOR YOUNG RESEARCHERS) the U.dicaprio are oblanceolate. They are smooth, hairless with color ranging from pale Suman Haroon yellow to orange, when they are mature they turn 0123-BH-BOT-19 to orange-brown. Background: Uvariopsis an The leaves are arranged distichously. U.dicarpio endangered species, first found in the Ebo Forest is monoecious because the species that are of Cameroon. It is the first plant to be discovered collected from the Ebo Forest are only male. The in 2022 by American actor Leonardo Dicaprio, a male flowers are yellow-green and are directly conservationist and a member of the Royal attached to the trunk. The flowers are cauliflower Botanic Gardens. This plant is a member of the and glossy. The flowers are connected with the family Annonaceae. They claimed this plant stem through a pedicel that is 1.8-2.5 cm long and species to be unknown not only to science but 1cm wide. A single flower consists of two sepals also to local communities. It is named after its and two petals with having stamen in the center discoverer of the petals. Leonardo dicaprio Dicaprio. is Uvariopsis dicaprio is an evergreen plant 4m tall with yellow-green flowers. This plant resembles Cananga odorata, which is native to Southeast Asia. It is declared as a new species by using a dichotomous identification key and comparing it morphologically with reference material of all the known species of this genus. Only 50 individuals of this new species are found inhabiting the tropical Ebo Forest of Cameroon. Thus, it is an endangered species that needs to be conserved. Morphology of Uvariopsis DiCaprio: 29 Figure 1 (A) habit, cauliflorous inflorescences on the trunk; (B) leafy branch, one season’s growth; (C) inflorescence, showing pedicel articulations, bracts, and bracteoles; (D) flower, with one petal removed to show the staminal dome; (E) detail of sparse hairs on abaxial petal surface. {F} different views of stamens {G} Junction of leaf base with stem showing dome axillary bud. Habitat: This tree is present only in the tropical as a new species to the science of Uvariopsis via Ebo forest of Cameroon. It is extended over an the study of herbarium. area approximately of four km. It is hypothesized Classification: Uvariopsis dicaprio is classified into the following categories. Kingdom Plantae Class Magnoliophyta Order Magnoliales Family Annonaceae Genus Uvariopsis Species U. dicaprio 30 Morphology: The trunk is smooth, and dark Conservation status: Only 50 individuals with brown and lenticels are present on it male inflorescence are found in the tropical longitudinally. It has prop roots and length forest of Cameroon which covers an area of ranges from 3-4m. Its leaves are yellowish 4km. Thus, it is a critically endangered species green and and needs to be conserved. Glaborous, distichous having translucent glands in the interior side of the blade. There is no smell or any scent found in the leaves when they are crushed. Three to four leaves are grown in a season annually. Domeshaped axillary buds are present that may be colorless or red-brown. Numerous bud scales Conclusion: Since this species has a narrow geographical range with only a few individuals which are prone to several anthropogenic pressures, this species is at high risk of extinction. Therefore, significant measures should be taken to conserve this unique plant. covered with simple hairs and linearly are also present. Female inflorescence is not found in those individuals that are found in the Eba BONSAI: Forest of Cameroon. Male inflorescence is only HORTICULTURAL EXCELLENCE AN ARTISTIC AND observed consisting of two sepals and four petals. Petals are free, uniseriate, thin, and Tooba Zia leathery in texture. Sepals are glabrous, opposite, and pale brown on drying. Short cylindrical stamens are present having laterally extrose longitudinal two cells of anther. Fruit, seed, and female flower are unknown. The practice of indoor plant propagation, known as bonsai, traces its roots to ancient China. This technique of cultivating single trees in pots has attracted global attention for Phenology: Flowers are only observed in enhancing the aesthetic appeal of interior specific seasons of spring from March to April. spaces. Pollination: It is a tree that has bright Bonsai, an art form that involves growing trees yellowish-green flowers. Thus, the petals are in restricted environments to replicate specific attractive to insects. Its petals are not thick, natural conditions such as age, weathering, fleshy, and leathery like other species of this contorted forms, and unique shapes, serves as a genus. The color, shape, and texture help in testament to the harmonious blend of artistic pollination. In the center of the petals, the expression and inspiration drawn from nature. staminal dome is present. It is unique to this Bonsai trees are modeled and exemplify a species that is adapted for moth pollination. The fusion of nature's inspiration and artistic other species of the Uvariopsis do not have any expression. In a world where urbanization has glossy and bright coloured petals thus they are reduced space for traditional gardens, bonsai not effective pollination via moth as in U. offers dicaprio. aesthetically pleasing interiors with miniature a captivating means of creating 31 trees. The idea of bonsai is to reconstruct some cutters which allow an artist to cut branches off of nature's most stunning effects on trees which of the tree and leave behind a concave wound. are reduced in scale. The underlying concept is to replicate the captivating effects of nature on reduced-scale trees. Cultivating bonsai demands qualities like tranquility, patience, serenity, and an open The main attributes for the propagation of bonsai are small leaves, shorter internodes of leaves, attractive barks, clusters of roots, and branching characteristics. Techniques for the production of Bonsai mind to generate beauty and artistic views. It is a delicate balance of 50% horticulture and 50% Selection of Plants artistry. The origins of bonsai can be traced Among the several factors that determine the back to the concept of miniaturized trees known suitability of a plant as a "Bonsai," the foremost as Penjing, which evolved into the more refined is its hardiness. It might be capable of being practice of bonsai. The Art of Bonsai, issued in grown in shallow containers, and withstand the 1957, introduced the miniature trees and operations of pruning of roots, branches, and landscapes to many in the West for the very first tough training. Plants demonstrating seasonal time. Bonsai can be crafted from a wide range growth variation and flowering patterns are of plants, and although there are over 100 well-suited for bonsai. Numerous tropical trees recognized bonsai styles, experts generally can be grown as "Bonsai". consider five fundamental styles as essential: formal upright, informal upright, slanting, Potting and Repotting cascade, and semi-cascade. The commercial An unglazed shallow and round, oval or production of ornamental plants like bonsai has rectangular container, having one or more experienced substantial growth worldwide, drainage holes of the desired color, is used to with its monetary value increasing significantly plant very young trees. The container after over the past two decades, indicating promising covering the drainage hole with crocks is filled prospects in both domestic and international with normal loam soil, with fertilizers, and markets. contains a small amount of leaf mold and river How to make Bonsai sand. A straight plant is planted in the center of the pot or a little away from the center as per There are "tools" that are crucial to begin the the style of “Bonsai” and the pot is kept in a process of shaping a tree for bonsai. A shade for some days. Repotting of fast-growing horticultural artist requires a pair of scissors plants is done every year. which will allow doing the fine work of trimming in a small space. Possibly the most important tool can have in bonsai is concave Pruning and Pinching Bonsai Propagation is crucial for achieving desired shapes, often supplemented by external 32 support like copper wire for faster results 1. Formal Upright (Chokkan) compared to relying solely on pruning. The 2. Informal Upright (Moyogi) wire can guide the direction of shoot growth 3. Slanting (Shakkan) and can shape the trunk. 4. Cascade (Kengai) Watering and Manuring 5. Broom (Hokidachi) 6. Windswept (Fukinagashi) Watering frequency varies with seasons, done 7. Forest (Yose-ue) once a week in winter and at least once a day in summer. However, during and at least once a day is useful to the plants. Over-watering is harmful. Manuring is also essential it is generally done by applying groundnut or Each style imparts its unique charm and character to the bonsai, allowing enthusiasts to explore a wide spectrum of artistic expression within this captivating horticultural art form. mustard cake powder slowly. Different Styles of Bonsai Bonsai artists train diverse styles of dwarf trees via pruning, trimming, and wiring plants with a clear sense of the final design of the tree, envisioning a final tree design with a front and back perspective. Styles of Bonsai Bonsai artists employ various techniques, including pruning, trimming, and wiring, to create diverse styles of dwarf trees with a clear vision of the final design from both front and back perspectives. These styles include: 33 MUSHROOMS; THE UNKNOWN get over these defined categories, and let the TREASURE mushrooms fly in our hearts and minds. Maryam Batool Mushrooms are the most remarkable organisms yet mostly invisible and underrated. They are strange and magical in a way that no one can In your childhood, I hope you had the chance to understand and are not just essential parts of our go to an agricultural area, or even in your lives but are building blocks of our future. They adulthood when you were on trips in a forest area are the first organisms that appeared on earth, you came across a very slimy, soft species which about 1.3 billion years ago and made a place for I believe you collapsed with your hard touch and plants to grow several hundred million years thought it to be the waste as it grows from waste. later. But believe me, not everything that grows from waste is waste, and nothing in this world created by Allah is without cause. And you can only understand this exotic creature until you are served with creamy mushroom pasta or pizza with loaded mushrooms and olives. Fortunately, we now recognize mushrooms as a substantial contributor to addressing the food It’s the fungi (mushrooms) that help plants to requirements for the projected population of 9 grow and make our life liveable on earth. Just billion people by 2050, and they have the think for a while if the dead tree isn’t decaying potential to enhance food production in aspects anymore and if the rotten fruits are staying as it is related to security, safety, and quality. Statistics on the ground, you will be surely irritated over have shown that this Concept has increased the this and have no solution or end up doing the growth of mushrooms in the previous decade. same process on highly expensive machines. So, They don’t just have the generous touch but they there’s a great need for someone who can degrade are generous for all the humankind on Earth. this fraction and mushrooms are doing for us with Even if we recognize mushrooms we categorize them as edible, medicinal, and poisonous mushrooms. But mushrooms have much more to zero cost. They also have the potential to degrade all organic pollution, combat matter, and nuclear matter, and clean up the mess around us. offer to this fast-growing world and we need to 34 Mycelium are not just the roots of mushrooms but kg of mushrooms in one square kilometer of they’re also the roots of our Sustainable Future space. and Earth’s natural internet. Fungi are the gateway species that can open the If some of you have seen the Smurfs TV series door for many biological communities. As Paul and looked at their houses which are like Stamets said, “Engaging mycelium can help mushrooms, they represent the future. In 2014, an save the world”. Fungi are an urgent need for architectural team built a 12-meter-high tower in this devastating world and the health of our New York with thousands of bricks not of clay planet. It’s time to take mushrooms to the world but made from mycelium. Yes, it is going to be of design and adopt planet-compatible solutions the sustainable future of us if we start thinking that are right in front of us. It has great potential and working on mushrooms the way they should and is offering us multiple advantages. We just be thought and worked on. If we adopt this we need to explore the ways to unfold its powers and can reduce that 10% of the carbon dioxide accept these offers immediately for us, for our emission to our environment. planet, and for our lives. Now it’s time to think of an industry that produces 100 billion items per year and let’s estimate how much this industry requires input THE POWER OF WORDS: HOW TALKING TO PLANTS HELPS THEM GROW and to what extent it is depleting our environment, Yes I’m talking about the Fashion Bushra Bilal Industry. Whether we are fond of it or not fashion 82-PhD-BOT-21 is intrinsic to our nature and to make it sustainable, nature is offering us the solution. These are mushrooms, the tiny creatures. We love leather because it is soft, beautiful, and durable but what if something like this has a similar feature in making them they are just fueled with sawdust or the things that nobody wants and no it doesn’t smell like mushrooms. We’ll surely accept it without losing a moment. It’s not about that we are replacing the cute cows but actually, we are protecting them and our environment, saving 96 square kilometers of land by getting 1 For many years, people have talked to plants as a way of nurturing them and promoting their growth. While this practice may have been traditionally dismissed as mere folklore or New Age pseudoscience, recent scientific studies have revealed surprising evidence that suggests talking to plants can indeed have a positive impact on their overall health and growth. This article delves into the fascinating world of plant communication and explores the reasons behind the beneficial effects of talking to our leafy 35 friends and unveiling the silent language of plant we release serotonin and dopamine, feel-good communication. hormones that boost happiness and well-being. The Language of Plants: Contrary to popular belief, plants are not static and indifferent organisms that merely exist. They possess complex sensory mechanisms that allow them to These hormones can subsequently impact the caregiver's interactions with plants, resulting in better care and attention and thus improved plant health and growth. perceive and react to their surroundings. The Role of Intention: Beyond the actual words Although plants lack a central nervous system, spoken, the intention behind communication with they have been proven to possess an array of plants is vital. Developing a genuine connection sensory perceptions and responses. Through a and expressing positive emotions towards plants network of specialized cells and hormones, plants is essential for effective communication. Plants can detect light, temperature, vibrations, and even are incredibly sensitive to the energy emitted by sound waves, making them far more aware and humans, so speaking to them with sincerity, love, receptive than we might imagine. and kindness carries more weight than mere Sound Therapy for Plants: Research conducted by botanists and plant physiologists suggests that plants positively respond to sound waves, including human speech, music, and other forms of audio stimuli. Similar to the way hearing words. The vibrations and energy produced by these emotions can stimulate plant growth and development, reinforcing the notion that plants respond not only to sound waves but also to the emotional atmosphere created around them. sounds can affect human mood and emotions, Plants Scream in the Face of Stress: Unveiling plants have displayed surprising reactions to the Silent Language of Plant Communication particular types of communication. By talking to plants in a nurturing and positive manner, their growth rate, development, and even coloration can be enhanced. Plant Signaling: To survive and thrive, plants have developed intricate ways to communicate with each other and respond to external stimuli. One such mechanism is the production and Emotional Connection: Another significant release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). aspect of plant communication is the emotional VOCs are chemical compounds released by connection that develops between the caregiver plants into the atmosphere, acting as a form of and the plant. Talking to plants promotes a sense chemical language through which plants can of nurturing and care, which triggers the release communicate with each other, as well as with of beneficial hormones in both humans and insects and other organisms. plants. Research has shown that when we express positive emotions and encourage plants verbally, 36 Screams of Stress: When plants face stressful their intelligence and resilience. By recognizing situations such as insect attacks, drought, extreme that plants possess a level of sensory perception temperatures, or physical damage, they respond and responding to their needs through nurturing by releasing specific VOCs, often referred to as speech, we can take an active role in fostering "screams." These chemicals serve as warning their well-being. So, next time you find yourself signals to neighboring plants, alerting them to the in the presence of a plant friend; why not strike imminent danger and preparing them to defend up a conversation? Your words may hold more themselves. Researchers have detected these power than you know. VOCs in the air and found that neighboring plants that receive the distress signals often activate their defense mechanisms as a result. This SEROTONIN: A NATURAL collective defense mechanism allows the plant STIMULATOR community to unite and protect themselves Mr. Muhammad Waheed against common threats. 84-PhD-BOT-21 MOOD The Role of Science: Advancements in technology have allowed scientists to identify, isolate, and analyze the specific VOCs emitted by plants under stress. Innovative techniques like gas chromatography-mass spectrometry enable researchers to identify the chemical makeup of these VOCs, providing insights into the complex communication network within the plant world. This scientific understanding opens up possibilities for developing innovative strategies to protect and enhance plant health in agriculture and ecology. Serotonin is a very important monoamine neurotransmitter that is essential for the better health and well-being of humans. This is not only present in humans but also in other mammals, insects, fungi, and plants. The deficiency of this neurotransmitter is associated with depression and anxiety. So, a proper amount of serotonin within the body is mandatory for normal body functions. The most commonly used method to enhance serotonin are antidepressants i.e., Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) While the phenomenon of talking to plants may or Serotonin and Norepinephrine Reuptake still evoke skepticism among some, scientific Inhibitors (SNRIs) that boost the concentration of research increasingly supports the notion that serotonin within the brain but the use of these verbal communication can positively impact antidepressants leaves various side effects on the plant growth. The ability of plants to convey body. The serotonin level can also be enhanced distress defense naturally without taking medicines through mechanisms provides compelling evidence of physical activity, exposure to sunlight, eating signals and mobilize 37 tryptophan-rich food, socializing with loved traverse the blood-brain barrier. ones, and managing stress. A man can boost competition, a very small amount of tryptophan serotonin and gain an optimistic behavior by can cross the barrier. adopting these measures. Due to this One way to get extra serotonin into the brain is to It is very much possible to enhance the serotonin take it from vegetables, legumes, fruit, and whole level without medicines. When a person lifts grains weight, starts running, or pedals the bicycle, the carbohydrates. Carbohydrates force the body to body releases a very important amino acid known produce and release more insulin that enhances as tryptophan, a precursor of serotonin in the the amino acid absorption leaving the tryptophan brain. This boosting of serotonin and endorphins into the blood circulatory system. So, it is (a hormone) provides a feeling of euphoria, a recommended to mix the high-tryptophan food state of excitement and happiness, after the with carbohydrates to get a mood booster from intense exercise. serotonin. Moreover, social interaction also Another natural way to increase the serotonin because they contain complex enhances this neurotransmitter. level is the exposure to sunlight. It is the most Socializing is very important for the wellness of effective therapy for Seasonal Affective Disorder man. The research has proved that spending time (SAD) and for winter blues that are caused by low with loved ones also enhances serotonin. levels of serotonin. When the eyes catch the Oxytocin is also called love hormone and is sunlight, it causes stimulation in the part of the associated with enhanced mood and social retina that signals the brain to produce serotonin. relationships. Researchers have speculated that No doubt, serotonin is abundantly present in the oxytocin and serotonin have a reciprocal body but it cannot cross the blood-brain barrier relationship. Whenever a person spends time with and the brain has to produce its serotonin. his family/ loved ones then there is a sharp Foods like eggs, pineapple, tofu, salmon, nuts and seeds, turkey, and dairy products like milk and cheese are rich in tryptophan. Foods are the most increase in oxytocin and vice versa. Similarly, stress management is a key tool for optimum level of serotonin. common method to get serotonin but getting A little stress is a part of life and may be good for serotonin from food for the brain is more motivation and no doubt managing stressful challenging. The human body doesn’t convert events makes the man stronger. However chronic tryptophan into serotonin very efficiently when or severe stress may be fatal and decrease the food is very rich in protein and tryptophan. The serotonin in the body. Moreover, repeated stress protein breaks into amino acids and these has a negative influence on the brain and causes monomers compete with the tryptophan to several psychological and physical problems. 38 Therefore, a man should learn how to deal with caused by climate change. As the primary cause stress because stress management is a key tool to of this climate change is global warming, maintain a healthy level of serotonin in the brain. extensive research is being done to find ways to Serotonin is very much linked to mood booster, reduce atmospheric carbon levels. enhances focus, helps in regulation of digestion The Arctic region, where the temperature has and sleep, and also play a critical role in mental tripled to the Earth's average, is one of the most health. Low level is associated with insomnia, severely affected regions of the globe. Climate anxiety, and depression. Most people depend on change is already causing nature to break down in medication for mood regulation which certainly the Arctic region, putting indigenous peoples' has side effects. The change of lifestyle may livelihoods, health, and cultural identities at risk. prove a better option than depending on In addition to this, climate change is also causing medication to enhance the serotonin level. The the summer sea to disappear, endangering marine research has proved that physical exertion, species due to thinning ice, and putting wildlife sunshine exposure, better diet plan, and stress in danger due to an increase in wildfires brought management increase brain serotonin. on by a warm climate. The Arctic region will change significantly from the one we currently have as a result of these changes, many of which ARCTIC'S CLIMATE WON'T BE CONSERVED BY GREENING- HERE'S are irreversible. Thus a lot of attention is being paid to protecting this area of the world. WHY According to a recent study on this area, despite Syeda Shayan Zahra the tundra's growing season beginning earlier, FAST University plants there aren't trapping more carbon. Satellite images show that the far Northern region is Climate change is taking a toll on our planet and if its effects are not mitigated timely, it would wreak havoc on Earth. The dramatic effects of climate change are visible in the twenty-first century in the form of melting polar ice caps, food insecurity, water scarcity, unprecedented droughts, and numerous wildfires that have burned vast forest areas in recent years. Numerous studies are being carried out becoming greener as a result of its three times higher temperature than the global average. According to some theories, this quick "Arctic greening" will reduce the effects of climate change. The underlying theory behind this observation is that since plants absorb carbon dioxide for food production, as the Arctic region becomes greener, more carbon dioxide will be absorbed from the atmosphere by this vegetation, worldwide to lessen the impact of disasters 39 ultimately lowering greenhouse gas emissions longer sequestering carbon. The researchers that are warming the planet. attributed it to waking up earlier and being ready But now the question arises; is that happening? to go to sleep earlier. However, still, researchers have many questions about why plants behave this way. The Arctic tundra is a vast treeless region extending across North America and Eurasia. The top layer of soil, which is mostly frozen permafrost in the summer, promotes the growth of grasses and low plants. There are two problems. Firstly, if late in the season tundra ecosystems are not able to take up carbon dioxide, the expected sequestering of carbon by Arctic plants may not be materialized. Secondly, normally tundra plants store more By monitoring the visible and near-infrared light carbon dioxide through photosynthesis than they reflected from the plants, satellite studies have release, thus making them a vast sink of carbon been able to trace the differences in the vegetation dioxide. The long cold winters in the Arctic of the Arctic region during the past ten years. The region slow the process of plant decomposition healthy, green foliage was found to reflect near- and lock them in frozen ground. However, when infrared radiation while absorbing visible light. snow containing plants and other organic matter Scientists could predict plant development over thaws, it releases a significant amount of carbon large areas by using the information they can dioxide thus adding up to greenhouse gases. gather from reflected light. However, this data gathered by satellites cannot measure the carbon dioxide uptake by plants. Up until recently, there wasn't much information on the intake of carbon dioxide. The local impact goes beyond the carbon changes in vegetation, it not only impacts plants and climate, but there are far-reaching impacts it on other components of ecosystems including animals and people. The researchers said that when we looked closer and compared the changes from week to week, we discovered why this Arctic greening wouldn’t bring a difference. While the earlier snowmelt was stimulating plants’ productivity in June, that productivity began to taper off in July—normally their peak season for photosynthesis. By August, Hence, from this current study, it could be concluded that new models need to be developed to evaluate and predict the overall impact of climate change in the Arctic region as any change here will have drastic consequences for the entire planet. productivity was well below normal. It was observed that none of the Arctic vegetation MUSHROOM MYSTERY i.e. shrubs, and other wetland plants were no 40 Muhammad bin Ali in living organisms. Just to give a bigger picture, 0123-BH-BOT-19 imagine a single meter of plant roots which may contain a potential network of fungal threads ( Threads of knowledge for the use of mushroom goes over millennia, most of the threads have frayed or broken in the chain of knowledge. However, the thread of mushroom knowledge has not been broken. Mushrooms are weird; some are edible and some may kill you as they look similar to each other. This is the mystery of mushrooms, it speaks to also mycophobia, coined by Gordon Watson. When a person thinks of the landscape with plants and animals, he usually imagines a lifecycle of months and years. Contrary to what one may imagine, mushrooms come and disappear in 4-5 days. It’s so powerful and yet so ephemeral that some of the mushrooms can feed and heal you, while at the same time, some of them can even kill you. mycelium) which may run as long as one kilometer. In other words, the network of threads can be taken as a vast natural internet on earth which has membranes sensitive to different environmental changes. Fungal and animal cells are very similar both inhale O2 and exhale CO2 however they differ in nutrient uptake as fungi digest nutrients extracellularly, while animals have an internal system. Fungus have a mycelial network that looks similar to our neural or internet network which makes it a foundation for food web. It works in a way that creates an impact on the flora and ultimately on the fauna in a way to create plants by making mycorrhizal associations grow bigger and feed the animal kingdom to create debris for its mycelium. These deterministic organisms are creating this environment to Fear is the main trigger that keeps humans away establish themselves and also setting the stage for from the unknown or undiscovered things. ecological evolution. However, mushrooms aren’t new to us as human beings are one of the 23 primates who consume mushrooms, which speaks for a long ancestral use of mushroom and connects back to our evolutionary tree. According to an estimation, out of 8.3-10 million species, our planet contains 5 million species of mushrooms. According to the mycologists, the largest storehouse of carbon are fungi as they are the source of around 30 percent of the carbon found 41 mushroom, which is a wood decomposing The more we study about this mysterious organithesm, the more we realize that we didn’t know. The largest living thing on this planet Earth isn’t a blue whale but it’s a mushroom called Armillaria ostoyae commonly known as honey mushroom. It is present in Malheur National Forest, Oregon, USA. This humangeous fungus has the mycelium which covers an area of three and half square miles. It’s not easy to spot as its mycelium is underground and pops up in fruiting season. New York Times. Honey The world’s oldest mushroom fossil was found in mushroom living underground in Oregon, USA Brazil named Gondwanagaricites magnificus pops out the fruiting bodies to spread spores. which was 5 cm tall and was transformed into a Credited: The mineral called goethite. The estimated age of this mushroom is about 115 million years ago. (A) Photo taken under a microscope (B) Interpretive drawing of (A), Credit: Heads et al, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178327 42 Neurogenesis-causing Hericium erinaceus Photo-Credit: Stephen Axford. The growing commonly known as lion’s mane because they fruiting body of Cordycep on the insect. are like cascading white icicles, are edible Mushrooms are mysterious organisms that mushrooms that generate myelin on exons of require more research to dig out their enormous nerves. It is found to be useful for the treatment benefits for human beings. On the other hand, of Alzheimer’s muscular dystrophy. Several knowledge of mushrooms is also essential to clinical studies talk about the treatment of mild find out the ones which are toxic like Amanita cognitive dysfunction or forgetting. Lion’s phalloides. Mane can also preserve the cognitive function that can help football players and boxers. PULSES: THE PROTEINACEOUS SUPERFOOD FROM PLANTS Wasim Abbas 83-Phd-21 The term “pulses” is the formal label for the group of nutriments that comprises Mung bean, Faba bean, lentils, chickpeas, etc. These are all plant-based foods that belong to the Papilionaceae family. Pulses hold significant importance as a source of sustenance for billions of people across the world. The terms All gourmet mushrooms are medicinal "pulses" and "legumes" are often used mushrooms like shiitake (Lentinula edodes), interchangeably, but it's worth noting that while maitake also called dancing mushroom (Grifola all pulses are legumes, not all legumes are frondosa), reishi (Ganoderma lucidum), Chaga considered pulses. Pulses are widely utilized as (Inonotus obliquus) and lion’s mane. Trametes a staple food on a global scale. versicolor commonly known as Turkey tail mushroom helps in the treatment of breast cancer. Flammulina filiformis or Enoki mushrooms are also useful against cancerous diseases. Zombie mushroom that tears the ant’s body known as cordycep militaris enhances athletic performance and oxygen utilization. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), there are 11 primary types of pulses, including Chickpeas, Cowpeas, Bambra beans, dry beans, dry peas, dry broad beans, lentils, vetches, and lupins. Each year, February 10th is celebrated as World Pulses Day by the FAO. This organization actively promotes the cultivation of pulses worldwide 43 due to their efficient use of water and minimal low-calorie diet when taking 100g of pulses need for fertilizers. From an ecological daily, lost four times more weight as compared standpoint, pulses are a sustainable source of to people who take only a tablespoon daily protein-rich food. Consequently, pulses are along with salads. prominently featured in official dietary guidelines for promoting healthy eating and managing various health conditions. Diabetes and pulses: Pulse starches are resistant to digestive enzymes’ action due to their high retrogradation tendency, resulting in Below are some top motives to start adding a low glycemic index. These benefits of these to your daily food. pulses help maintain blood glucose and insulin A super food rich in protein and fiber: 100g levels boiled pulses offers 9g of protein and more than Prevention of Cardiac diseases: The use of 7g of fiber. The highest amount of protein pulses in a routine diet helps prevent many content is in Mung dal which is 24g per 100g. cardiac problems as flavonoids present in Pulses contain a high percentage of folate and pulses maintain our blood pressure. lysine and this makes them the perfect component of multi-grain flour. Formerly, animals were considered the chief source of protein. However, using animals to acquire proteins was considered unethical in certain ethnic groups. Thus, the attention shifted to pulses for use as a protein source. Pulses are the 2nd most consumed crops globally after cereals as these contain 21 to 25% of proteins. Pulses Anti-tumor activity: Many pulses are darkcolored and pigmented. These pulses tend to have more phenolics than light-colored varieties. Phenolics and flavonoids in the hull of pulse grains also vary in color. Flavonoids and Polyphenols are anti-tumor, anti– inflammatory, and anti–allergic in their action. So we must use pulses in our daily routine diet at least once. also contain higher amounts of Phytochemicals, Vitamin B complex (Niacin, Riboflavin, Pulses as anti-aging agents: Polyphenolics of Thiamine), and minerals like potassium, pulses are highly useful for the prevention of magnesium, zinc, and iron. They contain much lipid peroxidation and scavenging free oxygen more antioxidants as compared to blueberries radicals due to their high antioxidant activities. and cranberries. So their daily use helps to prevent aging-related damage to the body. Weight loss and pulses: Pulses are good for weight loss as they contain more complex Pulses and rheumatoid arthritis: Kidney carbohydrates and proteins compared to cereals beans, and red beans are rich in antioxidants so and vegetables. More complex carbohydrates these help to control inflammation and swelling and proteins provide satiety for longer of joints in rheumatoid arthritis. People who use durations. Studies depict that people on low pulses regularly have good joints as a whole as 44 pulses also provide a good amount of vitamins 1241-MSc-BOT-14 and minerals. Pulses as immunity boosters: Routine usage of pulses boosts immunity as these contain high protein content along with many vitamins and minerals. Many recent studies on pulses showed better immune functions in COVID–19 and HIV patients. Allium cepa, commonly known as onion, belongs to the family Liliaceae. Originally originating in Afghanistan, USSR, and Iran, onion is now being cultivated in more than 176 countries. The phytochemical profile of Allium cepa has made it popular among people. Onion Pulses are eco-friendly: Pulses utilize less has high therapeutic potential and is used to water for their growth and have a low carbon alleviate and treat various diseases. footprint as well. Pulses only need 162 liters for ½ Kg yield as compared to the same amount of Chemical Profile of Allium cepa meat which needs 4000 liters of water for its Onion contains about 90% water with high growth. Pulses also need less synthetic sugar and dietary fiber. It is rich in folic acid, nitrogenous fertilizers as these form symbiotic calcium, relationships with bacteria. These have root potassium. Research has shown that onions nodules. Root nodules are a mutualistic contain a high concentration of phenolic association between the roots of leguminous compounds such as kaempferol, ferulic acid, plants and the Rhizobia genus of bacteria. In quercetin, gallic acid, and protocatechuic acid. root nodules, these mutualistic bacteria fix Flavonoid content is also high in onions. In atmospheric nitrogen into organo–nitrogen contrast to apples, broccoli, and blueberries compounds. onions contain 5 to 10 % more quercetin which Conclusion: Thus pulses are grains of immense importance possessing high nutritive value. Their nutritive content could be enhanced by producing genetically engineered varieties. Moreover, as climate change is harshly impacting their yield focus should be driven towards finding ways to protect these highly beneficial crops. magnesium, phosphorus, and is effective in treating cancer and cardiac diseases. Other research has shown onion to be rich in a variety of compounds such as anthocyanins etc. Bioactive compounds The pungent smell of onion is due to the high sulfur compounds present in it that create a burning sensation in the throat and mouth. Several saponins such as 5-Hydroxy-3-methyl- PROSPECTIVE HEALTH BENEFITS OF ALLIUM CEPA Muhammad Shaheer Haider 4-propylsulfanyl-5H-furan-2-one are also present in onion and garlic. Several researchers reported antitumor, coagulability, antifungal, cytotoxicity, blood cholesterol- 45 lowering, and antispasmodic effects of Quercetin present in onions minimizes saponins isolated from onion and garlic. oxidative content thus reducing the risk of Carbohydrates such as glucose, fructose, and strokes and cardiac problems. Leaves of Allium sucrose are also present in onion. Two external cepa have shown cardio-protective activity. fleshy layers of onion are rich sources of Wound healing fructans. A diet rich in onions is found to be effective in treating and preventing several Prostaglandins, β-sitosterol, diseases such as cancer and CVD. myritical acid, and ferulic acid are contained in kaempferol, the A. cepa bulb. Traditionally, bulb extract of onion has been used as abortifacient. The group Therapeutic potential of Allium cepa treated with A. cepa showed extensive A. cepa is an effective microbial agent. Many microorganisms have been found vulnerable to extracts of Allium cepa. Quercetin present in high concentrations in onions has been proven effective in Micrococcus inhibiting luteus and the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. Three different essential oils of onions have high antimicrobial efficacy against pathogens such as Salmonella enteritidis, Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillium cyclopium, Staphylococcus aureus, and Aspergillus niger. These three essential oils are red, green, and yellow. treated unit of wound displayed complete healing of wounds with almost normal architecture of the reticulin and collagen. Anticancer effects Cancer, the uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal cells, results in the death of millions of people globally. The present anti-cancerous drugs have low pharmaceutical indexes which means that their higher doses can have extremely adverse impacts on human health. Therefore, much research is now being conducted to find a cure for cancer through Treatment of Cardiovascular diseases CVDs are the major cause of death across the globe. Hypertension, peripheral artery disease, cerebral disease, pulmonary inflammation, rheumatic granulation growth begun on its surface. The heart disease, congenital cardiovascular disease, and heart insufficiency are all cardiovascular diseases. There are several causes of these diseases. However, onion is found effective in treating many of them. Flavonoid content in onion is used to treat and prevent heartburn and CVDs. Onions can also cure diabetes and stomach cancer. natural i.e. herbal products. Researchers suggest that due to the presence of different organosulfur derivatives, flavonoids, polyphenols, quercetin, and its glycosides onions also have anticancer potential. Organosulfur compounds are found to be strong anticarcinogens that activate detoxifying compounds thus eliminating cancer-causing substances. A group of researchers showed that polyphenols isolated from lyophilized A. cepa inhibit the development of human AGS cells (a human gastric adenocarcinoma cell line). 46 Antidiabetic activity According to a WHO report, globally around While deserts could become the “powerhouses 442 million people suffer from diabetes. of tomorrow” by capturing and exporting solar Various medicines have been introduced at the energy, life in these regions could become commercial level to treat diabetes, however unbearable due to global warming, according to many of them have serious side effects. Thus a a report published by the United Nations shift has been made towards herbal products for Environment Programmed. diabetes treatment. Currently, several types of research are being carried out to determine the antidiabetic activity of onion. Much research is being conducted on diabetic rats to understand the effects of natural products on diabetes. Kaempferol-3-O-β-D-6 (P-coumaroyl) glucopyranoside present in Allium cepa is found to promote glucose uptake in rat's soleus muscle thus showing antidiabetic activity. Oral uptake of onion extract has been found to significantly reduce blood glucose levels in diabetic rats after 24 hours of uptake. Deserts are the areas where living conditions are challenging and sometimes uninhabitable. Like other ecosystems of the world, climate change is also impacting deserts in unprecedented ways. It's hard to imagine the impact of global warming on the world's already hot deserts. However, even small changes in temperature or precipitation could drastically impact plants and animals in desert ecosystems. In some cases, global warming is predicted to increase the area of deserts, which already cover a quarter of Earth. Conclusion The above details show that Allium cepa (onion) is highly advantageous. It has several benefits related to health. If taken in small quantities daily it can save us from chronic diseases. Although much research has been conducted on its pharmaceutical importance, still more work needs to be done to explore the hidden benefits of onion. CLIMATIC DEGRADATION OF Anthropogenic activities like firewood DESERTS gathering and grazing of animals are converting Yusra Sadiq semi-arid regions of the world into deserts, a process known as desertification. Global Lahore College for Women University warming is drying up water holes in deserts. 47 The water table is depleting rapidly. The warm soil. In such circumstances, bacteria use nitrates temperature is also increasing the incidence of in place of oxygen and give out nitrous oxide wildfires thus eliminating the slow-growing which is known as the denitrification process. vegetation and replacing it with fast-growing trees. Scientists have predicted that after 2050 heat events with temperatures above 56°C will become more frequent in the Middle East and North Africa. Likewise Sahara desert which is considered an open-air museum of nature for scientists is also bearing the brunt of climate change. Evidence suggests that previously there were many wetlands in the Sahara desert which now have vanished. Due to the imminent threat to deserts, much research is being conducted on deserts. This denitrification in deserts may arise from different sources of nitrates. One reason for this high concentration of nitrates is the combustion of fossil fuels. Combustion releases pollution that gets deposited in soils over time and reemerges after rain as nitrous oxide. Nitrogen released from automobiles and industrial processes is of different types. When combined these nitrogen forms are known as NOx and they can produce tropospheric ozone which is a greenhouse gas and adversely affects the lungs. This ozone form shouldn't be confused with the In recent research conducted, scientists were beneficial one that lies above the stratosphere surprised to find the production of nitrous and protects Earth from UV radiation. oxide, the third most potent greenhouse gas, in desert heat. This new study published in the journal Biogeochemistry, examined how and why desert-inhabiting bacteria are emitting nitrous oxide. This research has been established on the work published in 2020 when the researchers under the supervision of UCR landscape ecologist Darrel Jenerette discovered that desert soils produce substantial amounts of nitrous oxide after rain. To determine whether remains of fossil fuels can cause desert denitrification, two Southern California sites were picked in the University of California Natural Reserve System. For examining the nature of air after the addition of nitrate in the soil, a coffin-like box was used which contained measurement instruments. It also had an air conditioning unit as the temperature often reached up to 120 degrees. Generally, temperature up to 100 degrees The traditional view as explained by prominent Fahrenheit is believed to prevent microbial researchers is that nitrous oxide comes from activity. However, in current research “it was fertilized agricultural fields like those in the surprising to see much N2O despite much heat" Midwest. says Krichels, a participant in this current Growers add more nitrogen ammonium and nitrates than needed by plants research. According to Krichel, this after rain bacteria excess nitrates into nitrous concentration was ten times higher than oxide by a process known as denitrification. anything he saw in the Midwest. This process enables bacteria to survive in excess water when there is no oxygen in the 48 Much evidence collected by various researchers some benefits of these plants but these do not suggests that droughts are becoming common exceed the negative impacts. Invasive plants are globally and that these droughts will be considered the major threat to vegetation as punctuated by large rain events. Resultantly, they replace native plants, increase the disease the drying and wetting cycles will become more rate, or even kill them. In Pakistan just for the common which will result in high emission of ornamental purposes, many invasive species greenhouse gases. Like in the Sonoran desert, are intentionally cultivated most of which scientists have found that vegetative cover is belong to the family Asteraceae. The term declining sharply due to climate change. A invasive species is not only applied to the flora, comparative study on the vegetation of the it also includes the fauna. This article discusses Sonoran desert has shown a significant the impact of a few worst invasive plants like reduction in perennial vegetation than it was in Parthenium hysterophorus, Prosopis juliflora, 1985. Lantana camara, Broussonetia papyrifera, and To conclude, we can say that most people are Ageratum Conyzoides. unaware of these processes taking place in Parthenium hysterophorus: It is an invasive desert soils and that the nitrogen added up by herb that belongs to the family Asteraceae. It is them can become a part of the atmosphere thus commonly known as gandi booti or ragweed. In severely damaging climate and human health. In present times, there is a dire need to take well-planned steps to mitigate these harmful impacts, as the soil is home to multiple life forms and any such change can drastically impact the entire globe. IMPACT OF INVASIVE FLORA ON Pakistan, it was first reported in 1980 since then INDIGENOUS VEGETATION it has been rapidly growing in different areas of Tahira Khalid the KPK, Punjab, and Sindh. The reasons for its invasiveness are allelopathy, high reproductive 0104-BH-BOT-19 potential, adaptive nature, rapid growth rate, and the absence of natural enemies. It is spreading everywhere and replacing the native Invasive plants are introduced into the new habitat either unintentionally or deliberately. These plants damage the local vegetation by competing for space, nutrients, and water. flora. The impacts of P. hysterophorus on local vegetation as well as on humans are very clear. It contains many growth-inhibiting chemicals like ambrosin, hysterin, and parthenin. Accompanied with hazardous effects, there are 49 hysterophorus, it contains many harmful These growth inhibitors are released into the environment and suppress the native crops. Many types of research show the yield decline in different countries. 40% crop in India has been decreased due to this invasive herb. If the spread of Parthenium hysterophorus is not controlled, it decreases the Sorghum grain metabolites which cause the death of herbivores. Due to its aggressive colonization, the growth of native plant species has decreased. In Sindh and mainly in Southern Kirthar National Park, it is considered the major pest as it replaces the local vegetation of Acacia, Tamarix, and many other shrubs. between 40-97%. It also acts as a host of disease-causing viruses. These viruses attack other plants and destroy them. It shows that Parthenium hysterophorus is one of the major causes of crop loss. On the other hand, it also causes allergy, bronchitis, dermatitis, and several other diseases in humans and animals. Surprisingly, it is used in bouquets as an ornamental plant. Lantana camara: It is the invasive shrub which is commonly known as Punch Phuli. It grows mainly in tropical and subtropical regions. The main reasons for its invasiveness include land disturbance, climate, over-grazing, and topography. Birds spread their seeds and they grows rapidly there. It is cultivated intentionally as it is an ornamental plant and it Prosopis juliflora: It is an invasive tree which produces fruit (Berry-like drupe) in large is commonly known as kikar or mesquite. For quantities. Animals die due to photosensitivity the stabilization of dunes, it was first cultivated and poisoning after grazing as it contains in Sindh back in 1857. The reasons for its triterpenoid compounds. Lantana camara is a invasiveness include the great potential to weed that infests many crops in natural and tolerate salinity, drought, and waterlogging. It semi-natural produces a large number of seeds that’s why it agricultural land in many nations, and lowers is rapidly expanding and replacing the local the carrying capacity of pastures. Because of vegetation. Many poor people use it to fulfill the increase in dry biomass, it may suffocate their domestic needs. Like vegetation, encroaches on Parthenium 50 plants and intensify fires, displacing natural eastern part of Islamabad and south of Azad scrub communities. Jammu and Kashmir are increasingly at risk Broussonetia papyrifera: It is commonly from this alien species. known as Paper mulberry or jangli toot. It is an invasive tree that was intentionally introduced to Islamabad in 1960. The factors which contribute to its invasiveness are rapid growth rate, allelopathy, and vegetative regeneration; can also tolerate different habitats and seed dispersal. It grows so rapidly that it changes the xerophytic land into the mesophytic. Broussonetia papyrifera has adverse effects on local vegetation as well as on humans. It reduces the local plant species by their lethal chemicals and causes their death. Many Thus, from the above discussion, it can be beneficial woody and herbaceous species have concluded that the negative aspects of invasive declined due to this worst invasive plant. plants exceed their benefits. Moreover, it is a Humans suffer from Asthma and Rhinitis after major threat to the local vegetation. Hence, we inhalation of its pollens. The natural vegetation should avoid them as ornamental plants and of the National Park and adjacent valleys in the protect the beneficial local vegetation. 51 Chemistry 52 CHEMISTRY TIMELINE 2023 January 2023: Hydrogen Storage Advancement The new year started with promising developments in hydrogen storage technology. Researchers created a ground-breaking substance that enhances the safety and efficiency of hydrogen storage dramatically. This accomplishment is essential for moving hydrogen forward as a clean energy source since it overcomes one of the major hurdles in hydrogen-based technologies. February 2023: Carbon Capture Breakthrough The month of February represented a watershed moment in the fight against climate change. Scientists have introduced a unique carbon capture method that uses sophisticated nanomaterials to absorb and preserve carbon dioxide exhaust from industrial operations more efficiently and cost-effectively. This advancement has the potential to be critical in lowering emissions of greenhouse gases. March 2023: DNA-Based Computing Researchers successfully used molecules of DNA as data storage and processing components in March, di splaying a spectacular combination of biology and chemistry. This discovery could pave the way for small, highly effective molecular computers that do sophisticated c alculations, data storage, and encryption. April 2023: Sustainable Plastic Alternatives The challenge of worldwide plastic pollution saw a possible resolution in April. New agricultural wastederived biodegradable plastics have been released on the market. These environmentally friendly substitutes have the same functionality as conventional plastics while drastically lowering waste and adverse effects on our surroundings. May 2023: Water Purification Advancement An advanced water purification method based on cutting-edge nanomaterials was developed in May. This ground-breaking technology enables communities who lack access to safe drinking water with affordable and extremely effective water filtration solutions. June 2023: Superconductivity at Room Temperature 53 A significant advancement in the field of superconductivity was made in June. A substance was discovered by researchers that displayed superconductivity at normal temperature, a phenomenon that was previously only possible at very low temperatures. By significantly lowering energy losses, this discovery has the potential to revolutionize energy transmission, storage, and transportation. July 2023: Green Chemistry Breakthrough A big development toward environmentally friendly chemical manufacturing procedures occurred in July. A green chemistry innovation has led to the creation of a sustainable synthesis technique that considerably lessens the environmental impact of chemical manufacture. This invention prioritizes the usage of wastegenerating chemicals, limits the production of trash, and maximizes the use of renewable feedstocks. August 2023: Personalized Medicine Milestone In August, advances in pharmacogenomics marked a significant turning point for customized medicine. Understanding the genetic elements that affect a person's response to medications has advanced significantly. Using this knowledge to tailor medication therapies based on a patient's genetic profile leads to better therapeutic outcomes and fewer adverse effects. September 2023: Atomic-Level Drug Delivery A ground-breaking development in drug delivery technology brought the year to a close. As researchers created techniques for precision medicine delivery at the atomic scale, nanotechnology advanced to new heights. This innovation makes it possible to administer medications specifically to certain cells or tissues, increasing therapeutic effectiveness while lowering negative effects. It has the potential to completely change how people receive medical care, especially in fields like cancer therapy. 54 A SECOND SKIN? in irritation or discomfort. This film is designed in such a way that it allows the skin to “breathe” Nehal Fatima and prevents any build-up of moisture which may How would you feel if I were to tell you that now you can mount electronic devices directly to your skin or even implant them inside your body? Let me introduce you to a new electronic device called “Second Skin”. It is an electronic system, fully integrated and composed of electronic components capable of performing multifunctional tasks such as providing smart health care, improved capabilities and even preventing certain diseases. It can also connect you to the internet by serving as a module and allowing for wireless communication. It seems like shining metal armor; the only difference is Second skin wearables, as the name suggests, are second to skin, meaning these are a class of materials that are designed in such a way that they provide a comfortable and flexible layer of protection for the skin. These wearables come with a variety of applications, from enhancing the performance of medical devices to improving the fit and comfort of clothing. At the heart of these materials is a complex chemistry that enables them to provide the desired properties of comfort, flexibility, and durability. chemistry behind The success of these breakthrough second-skin wearables lies in the chemistry of the polymers that make these up. These polymers are designed to move and stretch with the skin and be flexible. This flexibility is made possible through crosslinking, which is a chemical process that creates strong bonds between adjacent polymer chains. Thus, by carefully adjusting the degree of crosslinking, it becomes possible to produce materials that are highly flexible and durable, while also being comfortable and breathable. The use of additives to improve the performance that it is not shiny or metallic. The cause irritation or discomfort. is another aspect of the chemistry of second-skin wearables. For instance, a hydrophilic coating can help some materials absorb moisture, while treatment with anti-microbial agents can be used to stop and prevent the growth of bacteria or other microorganisms. These additional processes and materials have enormous applications and enormous new possibilities. Moreover, these additives can be selected carefully and incorporated into the polymer to provide desired properties without having to compromise the overall performance of the film. these second-skin wearables is based on “polymers” which can be applied to the skin as a “thin film”. These biocompatible polymers are made of acrylics or silicone and can stick to the skin without resulting A wide range of applications have driven the development of second-to-skin wearables. Especially, in the medical field, these second-skin wearables can be used to enhance the 55 performance and scope of medical devices, such CARBON SEQUESTRATION BY FOREST as wound dressings, or any such application ECOSYSTEM which CHANGE requires comfort, flexibility, or conformation to the shape of the body. Besides medicine, the second skin wearables have found TO CURB CLIMATE Sundas Shehzad applications in the field of sports, where they can be applied to improve the fit and comfort of sportswear, including compression garments, As a significant component of the terrestrial ecosystem, forests cover 30 to 43% of the planet's which need to be supportive and flexible. surface. For human consumption, forests are a The recent development in second-skin significant source of fiber and fuel, and they play wearables has been promoted by advances in a vital role in the economies of many parts of the materials science and nanotechnology. Research world. Additionally, forests offer a variety of is being done to develop newer materials and functions, such as carbon sequestration, wildlife newer polymers that can serve to be more habitats, and clean water. The main source of flexible, durable, and comfortable than the vegetative carbon is forest biomass, which is also existing ones. New applications for these found in forest soil. Approximately 359 billion materials, such as smart textiles which could tons of carbon are stored in forest vegetation monitor vital signs or deliver drugs directly to the worldwide. In general, there is twice as much skin are also being investigated. carbon stored in forest ecosystems as there is in In conclusion, the chemistry of second skin the atmosphere. wearables is a complex and rapidly developing One of the biggest risks the world currently faces field that holds great promise for a wide range of is applications. the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide properties of the polymers used and incorporating (CO2) has increased from 280 ppm at the time of the right additives, it is possible to create the preindustrial revolution to 394 ppm at present materials that are highly flexible, durable, and due to the combustion of fossil fuels and comfortable, while also providing the necessary deforestation. The outcome is an unusually rapid properties rise in the average global surface temperature. By of management. carefully breathability With ongoing controlling and moisture research deemed to be climate change. The and These modifications, along with variations in development, these materials will likely continue precipitation and nitrogen depositions, are to play an increasingly important role in a wide probably going to have a big impact on tree range of industries and applications. development, forest dynamics, and ultimately carbon storage in forest ecosystems. Predicting 56 ecological carbon dynamics in forest ecosystems fumigation of intact forest ecosystems with air requires an understanding of the cumulative enriched in CO2 in large-diameter plots without effects of major climate changes, such as global barriers, has been used more recently to expose warming, higher CO2, precipitation change, and trees to increased CO2. Experimental research nitrogen deposition. The amount of carbon that offers concrete proof of increased ecosystem forest ecosystems sequester into ecosystems productivity, (carbon sinks). When climate change stimulates vegetation in forests with high CO2 levels. photosynthesis, due to increased CO2, improved growing conditions, or by decrease in plant or microbial respiration process because of altered chemical or physical composition of the plants, the ecosystems act as carbon sinks. Otherwise, the converse processes can make ecosystems act as carbon sources. carbon sequestration, and Determining the terrestrial carbon feedback to climate change necessitates experimental research on how hotter temperatures affect forest carbon sequestration. Several warming studies have been carried out in forest ecosystems employing closed- and open-top chambers, overhead infrared lamps, passive heating, Gross primary productivity (GPP) is the total electrical surface soil warming, and greenhouses. amount of photosynthetic production during a The Next Generation Ecosystem Experiments- year. The net primary productivity (NPP) of an Tropics (NGEE-Tropics) project was started to ecosystem, or the actual carbon fixed into plants, investigate how other natural and anthropogenic is the equilibrium between GPP and the carbon changes, such as changing precipitation patterns, lost the rising greenhouse gas concentrations, and rising construction and maintenance cost). The stored temperatures, affect the impact of tropical forests carbon is released back into the atmosphere on the planet's climate. through plant respiration (i.e., through respiration as leaves and branches fall and deteriorate. Organic matter that has died will shift in part to the soil. The net carbon balance of an ecosystem is determined after accounting for carbon losses caused by microbial respiration in soil and litter. Net ecosystem productivity (NEP) is the term used to describe this net balance. Many different forest ecosystems have had their precipitation altered by changing the amount of rain that falls, its seasonality, or both. Rainout shelters have frequently been used to imitate drought, whereas irrigation in conjunction with rainout shelters has been used to simulate increases in precipitation. Plant growth often For decades, researchers have examined how responded changing atmospheric CO2 concentrations affect precipitation increases and unfavorably to forest ecosystems. Free-air CO2 enrichment experimental precipitation declines. (FACE) technology, which enables favorably to experimental the 57 Since 1864, there has been a rise in knowledge of Look around. The whole word that meets our eye the effects of ozone (O3) on plants, especially in is a lot more than it seems. For instance, when we the second half of the twentieth century. At the breathe it seems as if we are just taking air in and beginning of studies carried out in greenhouses, out, however, in reality, gas exchange is taking growth chambers, and open-top chambers, place at the cellular level which is mandatory for ecologists typically employ twice the O3 our survival. The air we inhale is rich in oxygen, concentration or increase it at a particular level, however, the exhaled gas is mostly carbon like how elevated CO2 is done. Experimental dioxide. Although it is common knowledge that research revealed that elevated O3 typically plants release oxygen in our atmosphere, it is a reduced the formation of biomass, with root surprising fact that this task was executed by tiny biomass being more sensitive to elevated ozone organisms some 650 million years ago, way levels. before the first complex plant species were found. As a result of human activity, atmospheric deposition of reactive nitrogen compounds (i.e., nitrogen in forms that interact with the biosphere and atmosphere) can have significant effects on carbon sequestration in forest ecosystems. These tiny organisms are known as Algae. It is not wrong to say that life began due to the oxygen released by Algae in ancient times. The word Algae is derived from the Latin word “alga” meaning seaweed. It is a diverse group of chiefly photosynthetic and aquatic plant-like organisms Future climate change is significantly influenced that ranges from unicellular, diatomic to by how forest carbon sequestration responds to multicellular kelp about 200 feet in length. climatic change. Technological developments like large-scale air warming (including ecosystem level) and enhanced infrared heating can help us better understand understudied processes that affect both aboveground and belowground vegetation. CHEMISTRY OF ALGAE Hiba-tul-Noor 0237-BH-CHEM-19 __________________________________ Figure: the picture on the right is a slimy, stinky green algae, and on the left is the Kelp Forest. One interesting fact about kelp is that they are so long that they may function as shelter for giant sharks. 58 Recently chemists have celebrated Earth Weak (April 16-22, 2023), which was based on the theme of “The Nosy Chemistry of Algae”. Most of us have seen algae as green mushy material growing around but that is not it about algae. You What is special about algae? Here are some amazing facts about algae that may lead you to admire the importance of this tiny creature. may have heard the joke: If it is green and greasy it is biology, if smelly it is chemistry and if it doesn’t work at all it is physics. But in the case of algae, it is not only biology, but it links to chemistry in a variety of ways. From supporting life to providing essentials like food, clothing, bioplastic, and even biofuels algae play a crucial role that cannot be denied. Algae glows A few dinoflagellates produce glow on their own Let us take a brief moment to admire the wonders via bioluminescence. Bioluminescence is a of Algae. Algae is composed of elements about natural phenomenon that occurs when an 50% carbon, 10% nitrogen, and 2% phosphorus emissive molecule luciferin reacts in the in the form of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and presence of an enzyme luciferase. These nuclear acids. That is why these elements in water dinoflagellates produce a glow in the ocean. This are necessary for the growth of Algae but what glow is the cold light because only 20% of this happens when extra elements are added to water light is converted into thermal energy. bodies in the form of household waste and sewage? In 2016 Disney launched an animated movie MOANA. In this movie, these glowing algae The answer is simple, extra nutrients mean extra help Moana to escape from the realm of a giant growth. This rapid growth of algae results in turtle “Tomatoa”. Isn’t it exciting? algal blooms that cover the surface of the water, blocking sunlight for other organisms and consequently leading to the deaths of these underlying organisms. The decomposers then decay these dead bodies by utilizing oxygen dissolved in water and the cycle goes on. This results in turning fresh water into a stinky pound. Some algae produce glow via chlorophyll fluorescence. Most of the chlorophyll in plants when irradiated by light produce red fluorescence. When a violet-colored laser beam of 405nm wavelength is allowed to fall on green algae it produces a pink glow. 59 Algae belongs to autotrophs, but it still contains all the genetic information about your requires some food to live. Hence where it characteristics) is even controlled by the proteins! found these thriving requirements it grew there. Some greenish algae grow in the cave and fulfill their needs from the light produced by electrical lightning. Standing alongside a pool or lake on a hot sunny day some of us may have noticed bubbles rising from aquatic plants. These bubbles are oxygen gas which is produced by algae through photosynthesis. Diatomaceous earth, also called cellulite which is often used in chemistry laboratories for filtration is produced by some algae. The light that brightens the surface of the ocean is produced from quick flashes of light emitted by dinoflagellates which lasts just for 0.5  seconds. In the end, we may say that despite being slimy and stinky algae is playing it important role in our environment. It has found its use in our personal care products to the food we eat, clothes we wear, drugs we take, fertilizers we use, and biofuel which is now our utmost need. COFFEE TO PREVENT ALZHEIMER’S? Fizza Zehra Kinnaird College for Women’s University Think of proteins as choreographers of life. Being biological catalysts (molecules that speed up the chemical reactions in your body) they regulate all the reactions. Living organisms must defend themselves, reproduce, digest the dietary contents, and communicate with each other. Guess what controls them? Yes, Proteins! 20 amino acids arranged like a string of beads can fold in millions of ways, where the slightest changes can result in life-changing consequences. Akin to alphabets where 26 alphabets can make up thousands of words, 20 amino acids in different combinations can form numerous proteins. Nature employs proteins due to their incredible capabilities to manifest its wonders! Millions of cells in your body require oxygen to work, how is it transported? It’s the superhero that we call hemoglobin within the crimson rivers that relinquishes oxygen to the waiting cells. The slightest twists and replacements in the primary bead sequence (amino acids) of proteins twist one’s life. Alzheimer’s, a neurodegenerative disease, weaves the tapestry of mosaic memories due to the accumulation of misfolded proteins between the synapses. The exact mechanism of onset and the factors’ causing Alzheimer’s are What is the first thing that comes to your mind when you hear the word protein? What if you come to know they control you? Your DNA (that still unclear, but it is thought to occur due to “Tau” named protein that plays an important role in the normal functioning of the brain. Due to the development of certain medical conditions, 60 however, these tau proteins can agglomerate and alkaloids caffeine and trigonelline, and the clump together to form fiber-like structures. flavonoids genistein and theobromine had a Thus, prospective research that aims at curing positive impact on the length of the fibrils. It was neurodegenerative found that a high concentration of these diseases focuses on preventing the clumping of these tau proteins. You may have guessed by now from the title of this article, however, that espresso has come to the rescue of those researchers. According to molecules resulted in shorter-sized fibrils which didn’t make large-sized sheets. When the researchers used the pure extract of these magic molecules, the results were even more promising. research carried out by researchers at the University of Verona and published in the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, it has been found that certain chemicals found in coffee and chai may be advantageous against neuronal diseases. But how does coffee help in preventing the clumping of these proteins? Researchers made use of Nuclear Magnetic Figure 2: Structure of Genistein Resonance Imaging (NMR) to study the It was found that shorter fibers of accumulated composition of the espresso essence and were tau proteins were not poisonous to the cells and able to identify its main components and also prevented further aggregation. In another performed in-vitro studies to collect relevant experiment, it was predicted that this may occur data. due to the binding of these molecules to alreadymade tau fibrils, although this isn’t proven yet but holds immense significance in the field of medicine and neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, if you are a coffee addict or a chai lover, it is a tiding for you that coffee not only helps you wake up but also does wonders for your body and mind. From now on, be more mindful Figure : 1Structure of Caffeine when taking your “energy drinks” to make the most out of their magical composition. Although the exact reason and mechanism of why this works is still unknown it is prospected that the molecules under study which included the 61 FERROFLUIDS is brought to the particle floor to create a stabilizing layer. This accretion prevents particle Laiba aggregation and gives colloidal stability. The choice of surfactant plays a vital position in figuring out the houses of the ferrofluid, Ferrofluids, which are colloidal suspensions of magnetic nanoparticles, have garnered significant consisting of viscosity, magnetic response, and balance. interest and research from scientists and engineers due to their remarkable properties. Ferrofluids exhibit several fascinating traits due These intriguing liquids possess both fluidic and to their unique chemistry. One of their defining magnetic characteristics, making them a subject features is their reaction to an external magnetic of great fascination. Let us delve into the discipline. When uncovered to a magnetic chemistry behind ferrofluids, examining their subject, the nanoparticles align themselves composition, key alongside the sector strains, forming chains or features. By gaining a deeper understanding of clusters, giving upward thrust to a macroscopic the intricacies of ferrofluid chemistry, we can magnetic response. This phenomenon, referred to appreciate their diverse applications in fields such as magnetization, permits ferrofluids to be as electronics, medicine, engineering, and art. manipulated and controlled via magnetic fields. Ferrofluids are colloidal suspensions inclusive of Another top-notch asset of ferrofluids is their nanoscale magnetic particles, usually iron oxide high stability and low sedimentation rate. The (Fe₃O₄) or magnetite, dispersed in a provider presence of the stabilizing layer around the fluid. The carrier fluid may be a diffusion of nanoparticles prevents their settling, making sure organic solvents, inclusive of kerosene or mineral of the lengthy-term balance of the fluid. This oil, or even water-based aqueous solvents. The asset is essential for numerous programs in which nanoparticles are glossed over with a surfactant uniform or a stabilizing agent, which prevents their performance is required. synthesis methods, and agglomeration and ensures balance. dispersion and steady overall Ferrofluids additionally show off rheological The synthesis of ferrofluids entails numerous properties. Due to the presence of nanoparticles, steps. Initially, the iron oxide particles are they have a high viscosity and may display both prepared through chemical precipitation or Newtonian thermal decomposition methods. Those particles depending on the particle’s attenuation and are then subjected to surface amendment, surfactant and choice. non-Newtonian Those behavior properties make wherein a surfactant or an amphiphilic molecule 62 ferrofluids suitable for applications inclusive of Ferrofluids have even found their manner in the damping systems, seals, and lubrication. sector of artwork, in which they are used to create Moreover, ferrofluids may be tailored to have precise properties by way of controlling the dimensions, shape, and composition of the nanoparticles, in addition to the choice of carrier visually lovely and interactive presentations. Artists include ferrofluids in sculptures and artwork, harnessing their magnetic residences to create dynamic and fascinating artwork. fluid and surfactant. By modifying these Ferrofluids constitute a charming intersection of parameters, the chemistry, physics, and substances science. Their magnetic reaction, balance, and viscosity of the precise composition, synthesis techniques, and ferrofluid for unique applications. magnetic properties make them an area of active researchers can optimize The precise mixture of magnetic and fluidic parameters makes ferrofluids versatile and relevant in numerous fields. In electronics, ferrofluids are utilized in loudspeakers, wherein they offer damping and cooling consequences, resulting in stepped-forward sound first-class and heat dissipation. Additionally, they discover applications in statistics storage gadgets, such as magnetic seals, and microfluidic systems. research and innovation. From electronics and remedy to engineering and art, ferrofluids have verified their impressive capability in a wide range of programs. By way of unraveling the chemistry in the back of these magnetic liquid marvels, scientists and engineers can continue to push the boundaries of this thrilling area, establishing new avenues for advancements and discoveries. Inside the clinical area, ferrofluids play a crucial role in drug shipping, where they may be guided Global to websites on the usage of outside magnetic Environmental Action fields. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), magnetic hyperthermia-based treatment, and Warming: An Urgent Call for Hafsa Sohail remedies for cancer are different promising areas in which ferrofluids are being explored. Global warming is the long-term rise in the Engineering packages of ferrofluids encompass average surface temperature of the Earth caused their use as lubricants in high-pace rotating by human activity, especially the production of machinery, presenting friction reduction and greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. This cooling. They are additionally employed in phenomenon has gotten a lot of attention because sealing structures to save you from leaks and as of its potential to have a big impact on the damping fluids for vibration management. environment, ecosystems, and human cultures. 63 The natural greenhouse effect of the Earth is an glaciers, threatening coastal towns. Hurricanes, important phenomenon that contributes to the droughts, and heat waves have become more preservation of a habitable environment. Human often and severe because of the disruption of activities, such as the use of fossil fuels (coal, oil, weather patterns caused by rising global and natural gas), deforestation, and industrial temperatures. This has serious ramifications for operations, have increased the concentration of agriculture, water resources, and human well- greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, such as being in general. Furthermore, global warming carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and contributes to coral bleaching and the loss of nitrous oxide (N2O). These gases capture heat marine biodiversity, affecting aquatic ecosystems from the Sun, causing the planet's surface to on which millions of people rely for food and a warm. Global warming is a major issue that living. requires immediate response. It is caused mostly by an increase in greenhouse gases in the Earth's atmosphere. The rapid rise in global average temperatures threatens ecosystems, weather patterns, and human societies. Addressing global warming necessitates a multifaceted approach that includes changes at the individual, societal, and governmental levels. Transitioning to renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydroelectric power is a The fundamental cause of global warming is the crucial excessive emission of greenhouse gases into the Government policies that encourage the use of atmosphere, such as carbon dioxide (CO2), these technologies while penalizing the use of methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O). These fossil fuels can hasten the transition to greener gases capture heat from the sun, causing the energy production. Furthermore, afforestation Earth's temperature to gradually rise. The main and restoration activities are critical to restoring human activities leading to elevated levels of the planet's natural ability to absorb CO2. greenhouse gases include the combustion of Methane emissions from animals and rice paddies fossil can be reduced by reducing meat consumption fuels, deforestation, and industrial processes. The transportation sector, which includes cars, planes, and ships, contributes significantly to CO2 emissions, while deforestation interrupts the natural carbon cycle by diminishing the planet's ability to absorb CO2. step in lowering CO2 emissions. and using sustainable farming techniques. Global warming is a transnational issue, governments must work together to achieve tangible results. The Paris Agreement, signed in 2015, is seen as a watershed moment in The implications of global warming are far- international efforts to tackle climate change. The reaching and profound. Rising sea levels are a accord aspires to keep global warming to far direct outcome of melting polar ice caps and below 2 degrees Celsius over pre-industrial levels 64 and encourages countries to raise their climate effects of global warming and establish a commitments over time. However, as nations sustainable future for future generations by cope combining with their environmental economic, conditions, political, and policy changes, technological effective improvements, international cooperation, and implementation and adherence to these pledges individual responsibility. The time has come to remain a problem. act, and our dedication to this cause will Despite the growing consensus on the importance of addressing global warming, problems and determine the health of our planet and the wellbeing of all its inhabitants. opposition persist. Because of economic interests ROLE OF BIOSENSORS IN HEALTHCARE and fears about job losses, industries that rely SERVICES heavily on fossil fuels frequently oppose switching to cleaner energy sources. Political Nayab Yousaf divisions and geopolitical tensions can also stymie international climate cooperation. To overcome these obstacles, a mix of education, public awareness campaigns, and joint efforts to highlight the benefits of sustainable practices is required. Biosensors have become indispensable instruments in the quickly changing world of healthcare, revolutionizing how we detect, track, and treat illnesses. These tiny gadgets, which are frequently only a few millimeters in size, are Individuals play an important part in combating crucial in providing real-time, precise, and global warming. People can help to reduce their tailored information that is necessary for carbon footprint by making conscientious healthcare services. Biosensors are transforming decisions in their daily lives, such as taking public the healthcare sector and enhancing patient transportation, decreasing energy use, and outcomes in a variety of ways, from early disease eliminating waste. Educating oneself and others identification on the effects of global warming can foster a effectiveness. to monitoring therapy sense of community responsibility and drive for good change. Global warming continues to be one of the most pressing issues of our day. Rising temperatures are already having an impact on ecosystems, economies, and societies around the world. It is, nevertheless, not too late to act. We can limit the Disease Early Detection Early illness identification is one of the most significant contributions that biosensors make to healthcare services. Even before symptoms appear, these sensors can identify specific biomarkers linked to a variety of medical disorders. Biosensors, for instance, can identify 65 high glucose levels in diabetic patients or find Diabetes, hypertension, blood-borne cancer-related indicators. This early problems are examples of chronic diseases that detection enables prompt intervention and more need continual management and observation. By efficient treatment plans, frequently halting the giving progression of diseases into advanced stages and understanding of their condition, biosensors greatly enhancing the quality of life for patients. enable patients to actively participate in patients and crucial cardiovascular information and controlling their health. The use of continuous Individualized Medicine glucose monitoring (CGM) systems, for instance, Personalized medicine, which adapts therapies to enables diabetic patients to keep track of their individual patients based on their physiological blood sugar levels and make educated decisions reactions, is made possible by the use of regarding the dosage of their insulin and their biosensors. Healthcare professionals can modify dietary intake. In addition to enhancing patients' drug dosages, treatment plans, and treatments as well-being, this proactive strategy lowers the necessary by continually monitoring patients' long-term healthcare expenditures related to biomarkers in real time. This degree of accuracy managing chronic conditions. improves therapeutic effectiveness while reducing adverse effects, which ultimately improves patient outcomes and lessens the strain on the healthcare system. and remote patient care for ongoing monitoring conventional services. These amazing tools improve chronic management by facilitating individualized treatment strategies, enabling Biosensors are essential in the era of telemedicine of the incorporation of biosensors into healthcare disease Remote Watching outside An innovative era in medicine is beginning with clinical settings. Biosensors that patients can wear or implant communicate data to medical staff in real time, enabling preventive therapies and lowering the need for frequent in-person visits. Because it allows for remote monitoring of patients' vital signs, oxygen levels, and other crucial data, this device has shown to be very important during the COVID-19 pandemic by reducing the danger of early disease detection, and supporting remote monitoring. With the potential for better health outcomes, lower healthcare costs, and better overall patient care, biosensor technology's impact on healthcare services will only grow as it develops. As healthcare professionals work to deliver more effective, efficient, and patientcentered care in the contemporary healthcare landscape, embracing biosensors is not just a choice — it is a must. Constant Improvements and Future Outlook virus exposure. 66 With ongoing research and development efforts The relationship between biosensors and aimed at improving their sensitivity, specificity, healthcare is a shining example of human and usability, the field of biosensors is always ingenuity and offers hope for a better, more changing. Two key trends that promise to proactive method of providing healthcare. increase patients' access to biosensors are their miniaturization and integration with wearable technology. Biosensors can be effortlessly BEHIND-THE-SCENES incorporated into commonplace items like PRESERVATION: STABILITY STUDIES timepieces, clothing, and even contact lenses as they get smaller and less noticeable. This integration will give people more control over their health by giving them access to real-time health data. OF FOOD Muhammad Saeed Anwar 0251-BH-CHEM-19 _____________________________________ Stability studies hold significant importance in Additionally, improvements in machine learning ensuring the integrity, safety, and quality of food and artificial intelligence (AI) are anticipated to and pharmaceutical products. These studies enhance the capabilities of biosensors. Biosensor involve subjecting products to various testing data is generated by a large volume of data that conditions, allowing for a thorough evaluation of AI can analyze, find subtle patterns, and forecast physical, chemical, microbial, sensory, and health trends. nutritional changes that may occur over time. The This technology enables preventive measures and individualized actions by warning healthcare professionals and patients of possible problems before they become serious. In the future, biosensors have the potential to transform not just how diseases are identified and treated but also how precision medicine, drug discovery, and our understanding of human biology are practiced. These technologies will play an even bigger role in enhancing patient care and transforming the healthcare environment for years to come as they continue to develop and become more integrated into healthcare systems. findings obtained from stability studies are instrumental in determining the shelf life, storage conditions, and appropriate packaging materials necessary to maintain the preservation of these products. When it comes to food products, stability studies are conducted to establish the shelf life and identify the optimal storage conditions required to prevent spoilage during that period. These studies expose food items to different environmental factors such as temperature, light, humidity, and other relevant parameters. By observing the effects of these conditions on the physical, chemical, microbial, sensory, and 67 nutritional characteristics of the food, specific stable shelf life and storage recommendations can be throughout its shelf life. established to ensure the product remains stable throughout its intended lifespan. and maintains its desired quality Microbial testing is a crucial component of stability studies for food products. By examining Similarly, stability studies play a crucial role in the presence and quantity of microorganisms the pharmaceutical industry. These studies are throughout the product's intended shelf life, conducted to assess the stability, safety, and researchers can assess the product's stability and changes that may occur in pharmaceutical safety. Microbial testing involves various steps, products over time. By subjecting these products including to various testing conditions, such as temperature, enumeration, identification, and data analysis. humidity, light, and oxygen levels, manufacturers can evaluate the physical, chemical, and nutritional attributes of the products, ensuring their stability and efficacy throughout their shelf life. sample preparation, incubation, Chemical testing is another essential aspect of stability studies. This testing involves analyzing food products for chemical changes that may occur over an extended period. It includes examining the product's chemical composition The primary goals of stability studies include and nutrient quantity to ensure stability. Proper examining changes in product quality over time, sample preparation, sealed storage to prevent estimating moisture loss, and rigorous analysis of samples shelf life, and recommending appropriate storage conditions. By monitoring and documenting changes in product quality, stability studies provide valuable insights into how a product may degrade or evolve. This knowledge is crucial for determining the appropriate shelf life of a product, allowing for proper distribution, storage, and usage. Stability studies also aid in products to establishing different Sensory evaluation plays a significant role in stability studies, particularly for food products. Through sensory evaluation, trained individuals assess the taste, aroma, color, and texture of food samples. This evaluation provides valuable insights into the stability and quality of the guidelines for optimal storage conditions. By subjecting over time are key steps in chemical testing. storage environments and analyzing their effects on stability, researchers can recommend specific temperature, light, humidity, and other relevant parameters that will ensure the product remains product throughout its designated shelf life. Packaging testing is also an integral part of stability studies. The selection of appropriate packaging materials is essential to protect the product from external factors such as temperature, sunlight, humidity, and oxygen entry. Packaging materials must act as effective 68 barriers against microbial contamination while revolutionary advancements in sensor design and remaining inert and durable during handling and fabrication. This article explores the application transportation. of nanotechnology and nano-sensors to replicate To ensure consistency and reliability in assessing product stability, standard stability testing procedures and tests have been established. Regulatory authorities such as the FDA, WHO, and ICH provide guidelines for conducting these tests. Examples of standard stability testing methods include shelf-life testing, accelerated the olfactory sense, delving into the multidisciplinary approaches of fabrication, characterization, and real-world applications. The success of this endeavor could revolutionize industries such as food quality assessment, environmental monitoring, and healthcare diagnostics. shelf-life testing, and real-time stability testing. The human olfactory system is a complex These standardized protocols ensure that stability arrangement of sensory receptors and neural studies are conducted uniformly and produce pathways reliable results. interpretation of odor molecules. Replicating this In conclusion, stability studies are vital for ensuring the safety, quality, and efficacy of food and pharmaceutical products. By systematically evaluating the physical, chemical, microbial, sensory, and nutritional characteristics of these that enable the detection and intricate sense using nanotechnology offers the potential to transform various industries. Nanosensors, with their ability to detect and respond to specific molecules, hold the key to recreating the olfactory experience artificially. products under various storage conditions, Advancements in nanotechnology have manufacturers, and regulations. revolutionized the realm of sensor design and fabrication. Recent research showcases the potential of nano-sensors to mimic the olfactory receptors REPLICATION OF OLFACTORY SENSE present Nanostructured Amber Shaheen Abbassi in the materials, human such as nose. carbon nanotubes, metal oxides, and polymers, have demonstrated high sensitivity and selectivity in detecting odor molecules. The integration of The sense of smell, or olfaction, is a remarkable receptor-like human ability with implications spanning from surfaces has enabled the identification of sensory perception to emotional response. In complex odor patterns, akin to the human recent olfactory system. years, nanotechnology the burgeoning field of has paved way for the molecules onto nano-sensor 69 The methodology employed in this research The involves a multidisciplinary approach that sensitivity and specificity in detecting odor bridges molecules. The acquired data is used to develop materials science, chemistry, and nano-sensors demonstrate electronics. Nano-sensors are fabricated using pattern advanced deposition techniques that create distinguish nanostructured surfaces. These nanostructures artificial amplify the surface area, leading to increased potential in applications such as food quality sensitivity. Subsequently, receptor-like molecules assessment, where the detection of spoilage odors are immobilized onto these surfaces, mimicking could prevent the consumption of contaminated the function of olfactory receptors. products. The fabrication process is critical to the success Intelligent machines (AI) and nano-sensors when of materials, used together, have the potential to accurately carefully selected based on their properties, are mimic the olfactory sense. Detection and analysis deposited onto substrates. The choice of of tiny, molecular-level connections are made deposition technique, such as chemical vapor possible by nano-sensors. They can simulate the deposition deposition, intricate process of smell when AI is integrated influences the uniformity and morphology of the into them because they can recognize and nanostructures. Receptor-like molecules are decipher the chemical signatures of different attached to the nano-sensor surface through odours. The creation of very sensitive nano- functionalization methods, ensuring specificity sensors that can instantly identify a variety of towards certain odor molecules. volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and other nano-sensors. or Nanostructured physical vapor The performance of the fabricated nano-sensors is rigorously characterized. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) provides insights into the morphology of the nanostructures, confirming successful deposition. Spectroscopy (XPS) X-ray Photoelectron facilitated recognition exceptional between olfactory algorithms different system that can odors. This holds immense odour molecules is the first step in this integration. With each nano-sensor responding just to smell molecules, these devices can be made to replicate the receptors that reside in the human olfactory system. chemical The actual strength of this synergy is AI's analysis, confirming the presence of receptor-like capacity to handle and interpret the enormous molecules. Sensitivity tests involved exposing the volume of data produced by nano-sensors. The nano-sensors to known odor molecules at varying patterns and correlations between the signals concentrations to determine their detection limits generated by these sensors and the odours they and response profiles. represent can be recognized by AI algorithms. Like how our brain develops its olfactory talents 70 via experience, AI may continually increase its chemistry problems and explain their solutions capacity to recognize and categorize different via simulations of experimental results. odours by utilizing machine and deep learning. This AI-driven nano-sensor network can eventually become more adept at differentiating and classifying a wide range of aromas, creating a sophisticated artificial olfactory sense. The reduced cost and improved CPU speed have allowed us to improve our understanding as well as develop newer procedures for computations which can further be applied to model, design, Moreover, the combination of nano-sensors and and operate numerous microscopic phenomena AI has a wide range of real-world uses. For ranging example, it can be used in environmental macroscopic industrial-scale processes. monitoring to find pollutants, in the food sector to judge the quality and freshness of the products, or even in medicine to use odour-based diagnostics to find diseases early. Through the integration of nan- sensors and AI, the olfactory sense can be replicated, opening new prospects for improving our understanding of the environment and tackling a variety of problems in a variety of fields. molecules to 1. Digital Designs The traditional experimental techniques are rapidly being replaced by digital designs. A digital design allows for a relatively comprehensive, effective, and faster exploration of the design process space that experimentation can be addressed and quantified systematically. The high price of experimentation and physical design testing can thus be reduced outstanding increase in speed and computational efficiency of computers can be combined with the principles of science to reach new heights. Chemistry, like other scientific fields, has been profusely influenced by technological advancements, so much so that computational chemistry has formally become a branch of chemistry. Computational Chemistry chemical, mathematical and Advantages of Computational Chemistry risks Hina Shehzadi applies atoms cannot achieve alone. Moreover, technological COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY The from concepts computational, to solve and complex largely. Moreover, the efficiency of the experimentation process can be improved by combining the experimental data with the digital model. The analysis of this model-based data, in turn, provides exact values, and estimates of parameter, and parameter reliability, respectively. This information can then be used in assessing risks and also provides a quantitative assessment 71 of the direction in which experimental efforts includes the use of various computational should be focused. techniques, methodologies, and algorithms for 2. Computer Modeling combined with Machine Learning the development of bioactive compounds. These computational techniques can be applied to predict, and design potential bio-molecules. Computational procedures and algorithms can be Thus, using computational modeling for this dramatically accelerated when combined with purpose can drastically reduce the cost and it can Machine-Learning Models and may result in a be more time-efficient. transformation of chemical sciences by improving insights available from computational 4. Docking chemistry methods such as molecular modeling. Molecular docking is a type of computational Since the general trend in the scientific world of modeling technique. It allows easy prediction of today is the exploration and characterization of the most suitable binding orientation of a new optimal molecule such as a ligand, to another molecule properties but at minimal cost and time, it e.g. a receptor when there is an interaction requires rapid, relatively cheaper, and better between the two to form a stable complex. chemical compounds with research methods. Computational Modeling together with machine learning is the solution to all these popular demands. Machine learning methods The technique of molecular docking is an application of computational modeling and is useful in the field of pharmaceutical chemistry have seen given its numerous applications in recognition, unprecedented advancement in technology, and disease study, development of agricultural enabled several applications in medical and products i.e., pesticides, and in making sensors. chemical fields. For instance, in medical diagnoses, particle physics, nano-sciences, and bioinformatics. Moreover, the discovery and design of new materials, chemicals, and processes have also been accelerated with the use of this method. 3. Computer-Assisted Drug Designing The data obtained that comes along the preferred orientation of the bound molecules can be used to give the energy profile, strength, and stability of complexes, such as the free binding energy, binding affinity, and constant, respectively. The newest use of molecular docking is the prediction of the binding orientation of small Computational Modeling plays a very important molecules such as drugs to their bio-molecular role in designing drugs, which is an independent receptors/target, which may be a protein, discipline of computational chemistry. This carbohydrate, or nucleic acid, to understand their 72 potential binding parameters. This provides a strong basis in the form of raw data for the development of rational drug designs of modern, more efficient, and more specific agents. Moreover, the use of molecular docking has the benefit of reducing the time taken and higher costs that come with the development of new pharmaceutical, agricultural, medical, and technological products experimentally. All of the tools and techniques provided by computational modeling make it possible for researchers to design and study their own chemical and biological systems via the use of numerous theoretical approximations. Therefore, it can be said with great emphasis that the future of computer modeling is bright, and its applications in chemistry seem promising given the unprecedented processing capabilities, and the incessant development of the software in this field, and there is no doubt that the models made will be the perfect “virtual twins” of real chemical systems. 73 Department of Commerce and Finance 74 Timeline of Department of Commerce and Finance January 2023: ● Start of the year with a focus on economic recovery and fiscal policies. ● Cryptocurrency market continues to evolve, with increased regulatory discussions. ● Many businesses are implementing updated accounting standards such as ASC 606 for revenue recognition and ASC 842 for lease accounting. February 2023: ● Stock markets experience volatility due to concerns over inflation and interest rates. ● Central banks closely monitor economic indicators. ● Tax season is in full swing, with accountants and tax professionals helping individuals and businesses file their returns. March 2023: ● Interest rates see adjustments by some central banks. ● Sustainability and environmental accounting practices continue to gain importance, with companies disclosing more information on their ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) initiatives. April 2023: ● Mergers and acquisitions activity picks up in various industries. ● Increased adoption of blockchain and decentralized finance (DeFi) technologies. ● Quarterly financial reporting for public companies, along with the release of earnings reports and annual reports. May 2023: ● Companies release Q1 earnings reports, influencing market sentiment. ● Continued discussions on the role of digital currencies in the global economy. ● Regulatory updates, such as any changes in accounting standards or reporting requirements, are on the radar of accounting professionals. ● Accountants are busy conducting internal audits to ensure compliance and efficient financial management. June 2023: ● Discussion on potential regulatory changes for fintech companies. ● Rising concerns about cybersecurity and data protection in financial services. ● Mid-year financial reviews and forecasts are conducted, allowing businesses to evaluate their financial health and make adjustments as necessary. 75 ● More emphasis on data analytics and AI-driven solutions for financial analysis and risk assessment. July 2023: ● Governments and organizations work on recovery plans post-COVID. ● Debate on the impact of inflation and its implications for investments. ● Preparations for the upcoming fiscal year begin, including budgeting, cost analysis, and strategic financial planning. ● International tax and transfer pricing considerations continue to be a focal point for multinational corporations. August 2023: ● Focus on green finance and climate-related investments. ● Increased attention on the stability of the housing market. ● Accountants and auditors are involved in internal control assessments and risk management reviews, especially in light of any cybersecurity threats. ● Continuing professional development for accountants to stay updated on evolving accounting standards and technologies. September 2023: ● Central banks assess economic conditions and their monetary policies. ● Growing interest in non-fungible tokens (NFTs) and the digital art market. ● The final quarter of the year is approached with a focus on year-end financial closings, ensuring accuracy and compliance. ● Accountants are keeping an eye on potential tax law changes that may impact the next tax season. ● These are general updates and specific developments in accounting may vary depending on the region, industry, and individual organizations. 76 Advancing Businesses Toward Sustainable Development Goals Shahzaib Ali 0829-BH-E-BAF-20 Biosphere: The biosphere is a place where living organisms live. We find gigantic mountains, fast deserts, deep oceans, and dark forests here. It consists of four SDGs climate action (13), life below water sheikh.shahzaib567@gmail.com (14), life above land (15), clean water and _______________________________________ sanitation (6). From the past to the present, business has always Climate Change (SDG 13): played a significant role in societies. They act like Climate change is a grave problem in the world core elements to solve a gigantic or minuscule and it creates severe consequences in many parts problem. In the case of sustainable development of the world. Businesses are the key contributors goals, we can’t ignore the potential of business to to climate change and greenhouse gas emissions. play a positive role in it. Businesses are not only The World Economic Forum positions failure to to create profit maximization but to create reduce climate change as the number 1 risk to societal value. Without profits, no organization business. Firms can significantly mitigate climate stands. On the other side, without a societal role, change and get new business opportunities by organizations lack the license to operate, which is using market-based instruments carbon taxes, cap detrimental to the organization’s long-term and trade schemes, and more. This leads to vast financial sustainability. I am using the wedding cost reduction and decreases the company’s cake model to define the role of business in dependence on natural resources. achieving SDGs. The wedding cake model consists of three parts biosphere, society, and Life Below Water (SDG 14): economy. At the top of them, there is a Life below water is a crucial topic and partnership. organizations are affecting it by negative externalities. If the firm causes a negative externality, then the social cost exceeds the market price of products and services. The externalities such as excessive use of plastic and high fertilizers which end up in the ocean and disturb marine life. Businesses can mitigate this thing and contribute to SDG 13 by doing research on reducing plastic packaging, preventing waste, 77 and becoming an example for other industries to humanity. What do you need people to live well follow. and in dignity? In this portion, we will discover Life above Land (SDG 15): SDGs that are for this purpose and how businesses are contributing to this goal. Moving toward SDG 15, Companies need to Moreover, this portion is divided into two part manage natural resources effectively as they are which is as follows. limited. In terms of economy, the major four factors are land, labor, capital, and enterprise. So, Part 1: the land comes first which is very crucial and Part one of the society section represents a few businesses can contribute to it by setting up important sustainable development goals such as arrangements that prevent land degradation and no poverty, zero hunger, health care and well- the ecosystem. being, and affordable and clean energy. Companies can also adopt certified sustainability standards and invest in ecosystem restoration projects which in return generate money. Clean Water (SDG 6): No Poverty (SDG 1): Companies can contribute to SDG 1 by various means. It’s the first and most important one. First, companies should avoid the negative impact on Clean water and sanitation are one of the human rights within the organization and ensure significant topics. Many industries use water for its activities and partners are not playing any role their product and clean water is rampantly in increasing poverty. Companies should also pay reducing. Businesses can also play their part in a fair amount of taxes to the government, and reducing this thing. The financial industries can facilitate its employees and their families through drive sustainable solutions by investing in the health, education, and other means. Last but not business and helping them adopt eco-friendly least companies should pay livable wages, not practices. Long-term investors are also looking minimum wages to the employees. This thing for projects which will high demand in the future helps the company achieve SDG 1. There is one such as water purification plants and water- good case study of Tony’s Chocolonely, working saving technology. So, businesses are one of the toward the slave-free chocolate industry. important players in achieving this goal. Society: Zero Hunger (SDG 2): Zero hunger is one of the significant SGDs. We Society is the place where people live and interact are living in a world where people are producing with each other. We should take care of the enough food but there is still hunger and biosphere but we should take care of ourselves of malnutrition. Above all, this problem is getting 78 worse because of a growing population and resources. SDG 7 is about Affordable and Clean climate change. One of the major barriers to energy achieving this goal is volatility in the prices of unprecedented role in this goal. Most businesses commodities either high or low. Financial are moving toward clean and affordable energy markets can play a significant role by providing consumption as since 2007 Google has used clean economic tools to stabilize the commodity energy for most of its production and is a carbon- producer’s income. The commodity exchange neutral company. The business is promoting and program can be held on international, national, highlighting the importance of clean and and local levels to reduce this problem. affordable energy which plays an important role Moreover, financial institutes can also play their in society. part by providing access to finance, insurance, and other financial tool to the farmers. They can also invest in research and rural infrastructure. Health Care and Well-being (SDG 3): Health care and well-being are vital elements to live a good life. Businesses can contribute to this goal in various ways. Businesses can ensure employee safety by providing a safe and healthy and business can also play an Part 2: Part two of the Society section represents other vital sustainable development goals, such as sustainable cities and communities, gender equality, and reducing inequalities. Sustainable Cities and Communities (SDG 11): environment, providing access to healthcare to Two-thirds of the world’s population is going to the company, starting health awareness and reside in the cities. Cities always play an education programs, research and innovation, and important role in history to this age and beyond. value-based affordable healthcare solutions. In That’s why they need to be resilient and return, businesses can enhance their brand sustainable in all of it mean and a single reputation, upsurge employee productivity and malefaction can play a detrimental role in society. customer In cities, businesses can contribute in many ways loyalty, and have long-term sustainability and resilience. Affordable and Clean Energy (SDG 7): such as electricity grid, infrastructure, water supply, etc. Businesses can contribute in different ways to play their parts such as rising start-ups Over a billion people are living in the region launching apps for users to identify any issue without any electricity and most of the region is such as a full trash can and then report it to the located in the sub-Sahara and Africa. On the other related department and also highlight the location hand, other region has access to energy but only or picture. Such things engage communities to quite a small portion of it comes from renewable 79 solve bigger problems that couldn’t be identified and non-profit organizations can play a otherwise. significant part in reducing this thing and promoting equality in every possible way. Goal Quality Education (SDG 4): setting within the organization and institute will Social enterprises and non-profit organizations help the marginalized people to come out of their can play a significant role in promoting quality zone. Setting targets helps people to bet the best. education. Many organizations are working for As they say, turn your dreams into goals and goals this purpose and even within the business into reality. employees have to go out for training to develop their skills and become new persons. Businesses Economy: are working in many ways to create a positive Society organizes itself but there is a need to be impact in the world and quality education is one sustainable and efficient. In this section, we will of them. Without it, nobody can stand in this look at how businesses can contribute to decent world. work and economic growth, industrial innovation, and infrastructure. Gender Inequality (SDG 5): Gender inequality is one of the grave problems Decent Work and Economy Growth (SDG 8) that we are facing nowadays. As per UN statistics For sustainable, inclusive, and sustainable growth about 155 countries have a law that limits decent work and economic growth (SDG8) is women’s potential for example 41 countries crucial. Every year there is a rampant increase in prohibit women from working in certain factories the unemployment rate. Businesses can create a job, and twenty-nine countries would not allow safe workplace environment which can help women to work at night. However, businesses increase the productivity of the employee and in and non-profit organization can play their parts to return, there is economic growth. Moreover, reduce equality. businesses can also contribute to the goal by Businesses can create an environment where both ensuring fair wages and equality among men and women can work together and there is employees which as a result creates positive not any kind of discrimination. results in the growth of SDG 8. Reduce Inequality (SDG 10): Industry Innovation and Infrastructure (SDG that thing and promote Reduce inequality falls in many ways such as 9) income, gender, and ethnicity. It is one of the Industrial innovation and infrastructure play an biggest issues too and it is not restricted within important role in the society. This goal mostly the country but outside the country too. Business focuses on research, innovation, and domestic 80 technological advancement in underdeveloped and societies to work together and achieve these countries. Innovation leads to liberating the labor goals to create a better prosperous future for the work from inefficient to precisely We couldn’t people and planet. achieve this thing yet as two dimensions stand as obstacles in the ways the first is the Panel well- Partnership for Goals (SDG 17) being failure and the other is Timeline well-being Businesses provide funds to the NGOs as its failure. However, businesses can play a major corporate social responsibilities and then NGOs role in the enforcement of SDG 9 in their address core issues such partnership is a workplace and beyond which as a result creates a Transactional Partnership. Moreover, we also positive impact on the environment. Lastly, SDG need a transformational partnership, a partnership 9 is the backbone of all SDGs and it creates a that develops a new transformational value huge impact. proportion. Businesses should collaborate with Responsible consumption and Production (SDG 12) NGOs to develop a new perspective and work toward a common cause to bring change to society. Governments, social corporations, and Responsible consumption and production are one society of the significant goals of SDGs. Businesses can businesses can create a huge impact and can bring play a positive change. a major part in it especially the manufacturing industries by producing less waste. One model the business can adopt is the working together, especially with Peace Justice and Strong Institution (SDG 16) circular economy. By closing the loop of waste SDG 16 promote and deals with peace, justice, and resources our economy will move one step and strong institution, and it plays a positive role further to resemble an ecosystem and in return, in society. Without it, it’s very difficult to achieve businesses will be more profitable by resource the other goals in a place where people have to efficiency and procurement process of their face trafficking, corruption, and homicide in products. Businesses can also adopt the technique everyday life. Businesses can also play their role of rethink, refuse, reuse, repair, reduce, and in achieving this goal. There are many issues that recycle (6R) in their process to contribute to this people are facing such as serious and organized goal and create an advantageous impact in crime, hacking, identity theft, etc. The banking society. sector and other companies can play their part in Partnership: Nobody can achieve all the SDGs by themselves, reducing and eliminating those things as the banking sector is making sure that there is no element of terror financing and money laundering but we need people, organizations, governments, 81 which in return helps to create a safe and secure employees to concentrate on more important environment. work throughout the day activities. AIaaS makes Conclusion: In conclusion, businesses are one of the important stakeholders in the world and have the power to solve extreme problems and create a positive impact in the world we are living in. SDGs on the other hand are also important to reduce and eliminate societal problems and also help to create a beautiful world where the future generation lives and thrives and businesses are one of the factors to turn this goal into reality. it possible for small businesses to implement AI technology into their budgets without having to invest in infrastructure to make it happen. It also makes it easier for individuals who don’t have a strong background in machine learning or AI to understand the technology and still be able to get their work done. Small businesses are at the top of the list to invest in AI as they seek to leverage emerging technologies to expand their reach and optimize their business operations. According to Tractica “annual global AI software revenue is forecast to grow to $126 billion by AI AS A SERVICE (AIAAS) 2025.” as we are seeing, AIaaS is one of the Menahil Amjad primary drivers of that growth. AIaaS is rapidly 0425-BH (E)-BAF20 changing the landscape of business operations, as _______________________________________ it offers pre-built models and related services to The concept of artificial intelligence is not new to customers for their ML-driven building blocks. us rather it's the oldest yet most awaited invention For the last two centuries, the world has been of mankind. The idea of man being freed from all transitioning of his duties and rest through his life is a dream technologies to improve the quality of life for of most people even those who own or run a people. AIaaS not only advances technology but business. With the advancement of technology, also this dream is fast becoming a reality through the accessibility to the general public, thus ensuring concept of AI as a Service. AI as a Service, or that no one is left behind in the race for AIaaS for short, is an emerging trend that enables innovation and progress. businesses to access the technologies and benefits However, despite the growing popularity of of artificial intelligence without having to invest AIaaS, there are still inconsistent rationales for its in costly infrastructure, equipment, and talent. adoption. AIaaS can assist businesses in organizing the data organizations adopt AIaaS to access pre-trained they collect on their customers, and perform models and automatic hyper-parameter tuning. trivial tasks that allow business owners and their On the other hand, some researchers emphasize towards provides Some greater more advanced affordability research suggests and that 82 the potential downsides of AIaaS, particularly in Nowadays not only material goods but skills and terms of privacy risks. As we move forward with services are also being sold online, on a AI as a Service, it’s important to balance these freelance basis. Some successfully working job perceived benefits and risks effectively so that websites are Fiverr, Upwork, Guru, and businesses can maximize their investments in this Freelancer. technology while minimizing any negative impact on their operations or stakeholders, while implementation is key to unlocking business value from emerging technologies such as e- The statistics below show the rising trend in ecommerce in the past few 3 years and prediction of increment in the coming 3 years. health and ICT resources. Therefore, further With the rapid success of e-commerce all over the research should be conducted to determine the world, Pakistan stands a little behind in this field. most effective strategies for implementing and leveraging these technologies while discovering new models and applications in a way that benefits all stakeholders. Overall, it is clear that AIaaS has significant potential to revolutionize business operations across various industries, especially small businesses so it is advised for them to invest in Alaas in the next two years. The first e-commerce store developed in Pakistan was Paypal in 2001. But there are a lot of holes in the system. E-COMMERCE IN PAKISTAN: SUCCESS OR FAILURE? There are a lot of Pakistani e-commerce stores but they are not as successful as the online markets in other countries. Most people in Maryam Shafique Khan ______________________________________ Pakistan prefer buying things from a physical store rather than an online one. There are many E-commerce means buying and selling goods reasons for this mistrust. A few of them will be and services without physically visiting a store. discussed here. First of all, is the problem of E-commerce was initiated in 1982, with Boston trust. Most people do not trust online sellers and Computer Exchange as the first online fear that they will be a scam. Many online sellers marketplace. All over the world e-commerce is tend to send poor-quality products, which are functioning successfully. Some major examples often different from what they show in the of successful online marketplaces are Amazon, pictures. A lot of people have poor online Alibaba Aliexpress, Paypal, and eBay. 83 shopping experiences due to which trusting also really successful. For example, Daraz. pk is honest sellers is also difficult for them. Another the biggest e-commerce store in Pakistan, reason is that the range of the products available followed by olx, savyour, Kaymu, goto, is limited to a few types of goods. Only those priceoye, and various others. The trend to shop goods are bought online that are for day-to-day online arose in Pakistan during the lockdown in use like clothing and food. 2020 due to Covid-19. The e-commerce sales in Other goods like furniture and electronics are still preferred to be bought in person, and the reason here is that these are comparatively expensive goods so people cannot risk a scam. A very major contributor is that Pakistan in 2021 were 13.2% and in 2022, the figure rose to 14.7% and is expected to hit 16.9% in 2023. The revenue through e-commerce is expected to be $632.1 M in 2023. internet Significant steps can be taken to increase the penetration is very low in Pakistan with only trend of e-commerce in Pakistan. Micro-financial 35% of the citizens having access to the internet. sources should be provided for people to establish Besides having access to the internet, digital their businesses at smaller levels. The trend of literacy is very low. Many people consider microfinance is not very common in Pakistan online shopping websites very complex and hard with only a few microfinance banks, mainly to use. Usually, elderly people tend to opt for Finca traditional ways of trade. The last and the most Microfinance Bank. The largest online market in neglected reason is the underdeveloped e- Pakistan is media and digital skills like cloud commerce infrastructure. The system of logistics computing and virtual assistance. These services is not running very smoothly and if the product are more in demand at the international level. is damaged during the delivery, the loss is borne With the emerging demand, these skills should be by the consumer which discourages them from nourished in people to increase not only personal shopping online again. The payment gateways income but national income also. The scope of e- are not properly set up. 70% of online payments commerce is very wide and can be very beneficial are still made using the cash-on-delivery service. if established properly. E-commerce businesses The procedure of making online payments are easier for the seller to establish as they require requires a lot of improvements. less capital. Microfinance Bank and Telenor Despite a lot of shortcomings, the Pakistani ecommerce marketplaces are increasing gradually. At present many international ecommerce markets are working in Pakistan and some Pakistani-based e-commerce websites are EFFECTS OF COVID-19 ON BUSINESS AND RESEARCH Menahil Amjad 84 0425-BH (E)-BAF20 researched. People have started to nest, develop _______________________________________ new skills, and take better care of where they live. The Covid-19 pandemic, caused by the novel coronavirus has had very dominating effects on both business and research. Movement restrictions imposed by many governments worldwide have considerably decreased the global sales and production volumes of many business enterprises and thus, negatively affected their performance in terms of financial reporting and disclosure. According to a literature review conducted by Donthu and Gustafsson, the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on business and research were analyzed based on three perspectives: consumer behavior, market trends, and predicted lasting effects. Around the globe, societies were in lockdown, and citizens were asked to respect social distancing and stay at home. Consumer behavior in terms of demand and preferences also underwent significant changes during these times. As we are social beings, isolation may be extremely harmful to our mental health. Feelings of loneliness have, among other things, been connected to poorer cognitive performance, negativity, depression, and sensitivity to social threats. There were many indications that this was happening during the current pandemic, as there had been an increase in domestic violence, quarrels among neighbors, and an increase in the sales of firearms. However, we have also seen an increase in other, more positive types of behavior caused by social distancing that has not been For instance, they may learn how to bake, try to get fit, do a puzzle, or read more. There has also been an increase in purchases of cleaning products, and more trash is being recycled. Another consequence of the lockdowns is the extreme increase in the usage of the Internet and social media. Previous research has indicated that humans who feel lonely tend to use social media more and, in some cases, even prefer social media over physical interaction. Currently, the situation has made social media the main mode of contacting or socializing with others. In many cases, the Internet is at present also the main way to get essential supplies and receive essential services, like seeing a doctor. However, the changes in market trends caused by the pandemic have also had significant negative effects on businesses' financial performance. Given the current crisis induced by COVID-19, ensuring business resilience amidst an ongoing economic recession has become a critical challenge for entrepreneurs. Uncertainty about the situation and its further development has caused consumer spending to lessen which made it difficult for businesses to sustain their financial performance. Industries such as the travel industry were deeply affected as 80% of hotel rooms were empty, airlines cut their workforce by 90%, and tourism destinations were likely to see no profits in 2020. Furthermore, expos, conferences, sporting events, and other large gatherings as well as cultural establishments such 85 as galleries and museums were been abruptly resilience, smart strategies like understanding the called off. Consulting in general and personal changing services, like hairdressers, gyms, and taxis, had leveraging technology and fast adaptability not also come to a standstill due to lockdowns. only for individual firms but also collectively Finally, important industries like the car, truck, among different sectors of society. The future is and electronics industries were abruptly been always uncertain but the apparent flexibility, closed but they started to function two months innovation, and diversification of activities can after their closure. play a key role in any company's potential success Nevertheless, despite the significant negative consumer behavior as well as during a pandemic period like this one. effects on businesses, some companies were able to explore business opportunities arising from the unique situation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. This is true for several Internet-based businesses, such as those related to online entertainment, food delivery, online shopping, FAMILY-OWNED BUSINESSES Menahil Amjad 0425-BH (E)-BAF-20 _______________________________________ online education, and solutions for remote work. Family-owned businesses have long been the People have also changed their consumption backbone of economies worldwide They come in patterns, increasing the demand for takeout, various sizes, from small shops to global snacks, and alcohol as well as cleaning products conglomerates, and span across industries, as we spend more time in our homes. Other including retail, manufacturing, agriculture, and industries that are doing well are those related to technology. These enterprises are characterized healthcare and medication as well as herbs and individually by their unique blend of personal vitamins. commitment, tradition, and entrepreneurial spirit. In conclusion, the COVID-19 pandemic has Studies brought about significant changes in consumer businesses bring a special dynamic to the behaviour, and businesses have been significantly business landscape as the philosophy and values impacted by these changes. While there have of family and owner greatly affect their decision- been challenges for most industries due to the making processes and success. pandemic, some companies have been able to adapt to new market trends and explore new opportunities available in this unique situation. The lesson learned by the entrepreneurs is that they had to ensure that their businesses have have shown that family-owned The impact of family-owned businesses is significant and expands beyond just economic dynamics to social sustainability and welfare as well. These businesses are substantial employers, creating and providing jobs for millions of people 86 worldwide. In many regions, they are crucial in The intersection of family and business can lead sustaining local economies, including both to conflicts that are emotionally charged and developing and developed countries. Research these conflicts may relate to management, indicated that family businesses are responsible ownership, or differing visions for the company's for 80% of businesses in developed countries and future and overall success. Additionally, some they are the largest driver of the economy as they family-owned businesses can face difficulty in account for up to 49 GDP in the United States coping with the competitive market and alone and contribute to 78% of new job creation technological advancements as they have much in the country. They play a vital role in the shared smaller resources and professionalism compared values and culture of a family that can create a to non-family-owned businesses. Other than that strong bond among employees and a sense of family-owned businesses face difficulty in purpose that extends beyond the profit of just the raising company. They are typically deeply embedded in governance structures and practices to ensure their communities and often support local transparency, accountability, and long-term charities, events, and initiatives, fostering a sustainability. funds and implementing formal strong sense of community, cohesion, and giving back. Their smaller, more flexible structures In conclusion, family businesses are an integral immensely allow them to make more agile part of the global economy, contributing decisions and adapt quickly to market conditions significantly to income generation, job creation, and customer needs, which gives them a and community development. They possess competitive advantage over non-family-owned unique advantages such as strong values, businesses. flexibility, and a deep connection to the communities they serve. While they face unique However, it has its challenges to face as well. One challenges, their significance, resilience, and of the challenges being faced is its transition from contributions one generation to the next as it requires a deep underestimated. understanding of business operations and family planning, effective conflict resolution, and a dynamics that is essential for a successful commitment to professionalism, family-owned handover. Studies have shown that only about a businesses can continue to thrive and leave third of the family businesses make it to the lasting legacies for generations to come in the second future. generation and an even smaller to society With can careful never be succession percentage about 15% make it to the third generation this is because 87 FINTECH: REVOLUTIONIZING FINANCE IN THE DIGITAL AGE forms of finance for businesses and consumers Naila Arshed Javad straightforward mobile payment apps to complex 0939-BH-BAF-20 alike. FinTech can include everything from blockchain networks housing encrypted transactions. _______________________________________ A Brief History and Exigency of FinTech: In the rapidly evolving landscape of finance, the term "Fintech" has become more than just a While fintech seems like a recent series of buzzword; it's a transformative force reshaping technological breakthroughs, the basic concept the financial industry as we know it. Fintech, has existed for some time. Early credit cards in short for financial technology, represents a fusion the 1950s generally represent the first fintech of finance and cutting-edge technology, and its products available to the public, in that they impact is nothing short of revolutionary. eliminated the need for consumers to carry physical currency in their day-to-day lives. From there, fintech evolved to include bank mainframes and online stock trading services. Fintech emerged as a response to the inefficiencies and limitations of traditional banking. It represents an emergence of finance Source: SMU Boot Camps and technology, harnessing the power of digital innovation to revolutionize the way we manage, What is Financial Technology (FinTech)? The term “fintech company” describes any business that uses technology to modify, enhance, or automate financial services for businesses. invest, and move money. Fintech companies range from startups to tech giants, and they're disrupting every facet of finance. How does Fintech work? Fintech, short for financial technology, represents a fusion of finance and cutting-edge technology, While fintech is a complex idea, it is feasible to and its impact is nothing short of revolutionary. obtain a thorough understanding. FinTech streamlines financial transactions for consumers FinTech is a catch-all term referring to software, and businesses, making them more accessible and mobile applications, and other technologies often less expensive. It can also refer to created to improve and automate traditional businesses and services that use artificial 88 intelligence, big data, and encrypted blockchain apply for and pay for loans, and buy technology to conduct highly secure transactions insurance through digital-first banks. within an internal network. This ease of use and convenience will almost certainly fuel additional expansion in this sector, with the worldwide digital banking platform market predicted to rise at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 11.5 percent by 2026. Source: Fintech Industry in India: The Digital 2. Blockchain Transformation of Financial technology enables decentralized transactions without the involvement of a government entity or Accessibility and Inclusion: other third-party organization. The power of Fintech to democratize finance is Blockchain technology and applications one of its most enticing features. It empowers have been rapidly expanding in recent consumers and organizations by making financial years, and this trend is likely to continue. services more accessible, generally at a cheaper cost than traditional banking. Fintech, whether in the form of peer-to-peer lending platforms, digital wallets, or robo-advisors, has increased financial inclusion and allowed millions more people to engage in the global economy. Source: Columbia Engineering Boot Camps FinTech Trends: Fintech has evolved in reaction to advances in the broader technology sector throughout the years. Several dominant trends determined this rise in 2022: Innovation and Efficiency: Fintech companies thrive on innovation. They are constantly developing new solutions that 1. Digital banking is becoming more streamline processes, reduce bureaucracy, and popular. It is now easier to access digital enhance efficiency. Blockchain technology, for banking example, than ever before. Many customers currently handle their money, Bitcoin, underpins which not cryptocurrencies like only the challenges 89 conventional monetary system but also offers Regulatory Challenges and The Collaborative secure, transparent, and faster transactions. Smart Future: contracts, another Fintech innovation, are poised to revolutionize legal agreements, automating While Fintech brings remarkable benefits, it also processes raises complex regulatory issues. Striking the and reducing the need for right balance between innovation and consumer intermediaries. protection is an ongoing challenge. Regulators Accessible investment: around the world are grappling with how to ensure a level playing field, prevent financial Investing was once reserved for the wealthy and crimes, and safeguard data privacy in this financially adept. Fintech is making investment evolving landscape. more accessible. For example, robo-advisors utilize algorithms to provide personalized The rise of Fintech doesn't necessarily mean the investment advice and portfolio management at a end of traditional banking. We’re witnessing a fraction of the cost of traditional financial trend where established financial institutions are advisors. Apps such as partnering with Fintech firms to combine their Robinhood have popularized commission-free stock trading, making it more accessible to the general public. strengths. This collaborative approach can result in the best of both worlds: the stability and trust of traditional banks and the innovation of Fintech How Safe is FinTech? startups. Consumers trust FinTech enterprises in general; Conclusion: according to Forbes, 68% of individuals are eager to use financial instruments developed by nontraditional (e.g., non-financial, non-banking) institutions. However, many fintech applications are still in their early stages and are not subject to the same safety standards as banks. This is not to say that consumers should not trust fintech companies with their money; rather, caution can be advantageous. Most customers believe that the benefits of cooperating with a fintech company exceed the risks. Fintech is transforming finance by making it more accessible, efficient, and customer-focused. It is removing barriers, empowering people, and ushering in a new era of financial services. While challenges and risks persist, the potential benefits of Fintech are too substantial to ignore. As we move forward, a delicate balance between innovation and regulation will be vital to ensure a financial world that is both dynamic and secure. Fintech is not just a disruption; it's a transformation that has the potential to make 90 finance more accessible, efficient, and inclusive for all. 91 COMPUTER SCIENCE 92 COMPUTER SCIENCE TIMELINE – 2023 January 2023: • Microsoft releases ChatGPT-powered Bing, a new search engine that uses large language models to provide more comprehensive and informative results. February 2023: • OpenAI releases GPT-4, a new large language model that is significantly more powerful and capable than its predecessor, GPT-3. March 2023: • Google AI releases Imagen, a new text-to-image diffusion model that can generate realistic images from text descriptions. April 2023: • Meta AI releases CICERO, a new AI chatbot that can negotiate and collaborate with humans in a realistic and engaging way. May 2023: • DeepMind AI releases Gato, a new general-purpose AI agent that can perform a wide range of tasks, including playing games, translating languages, and writing different kinds of creative content. June 2023: • IBM announces the development of the new Osprey quantum computer chip with 1,121 qubits, the most powerful quantum computer chip ever built. July 2023: • Google AI releases Bard, a new large language model from Google AI, trained on a massive dataset of text and code. August 2023: • Microsoft announces the development of a new AI-powered code generation tool that can automatically generate high-quality code from natural language descriptions. September 2023: 93 • Amazon announces the development of a new cloud-based AI platform that makes it easier for businesses of all sizes to build and deploy AI applications. October 2023: • A team of researchers at Stanford University develops a new type of AI algorithm that can learn to perform tasks without any human supervision. 94 CYBER SECURITY: Most Common Cyber Security Threats: Muhammad Saad Asif Understanding prevalent cybersecurity threats is crucial for effective protection. Some of the most 247-BSCS-2022 common threats include: Introduction: ➢ Malware Attacks: Malware is malicious digital software designed to infiltrate systems, technologies, robust cybersecurity measures have unauthorized access, and cause harm or With the growing dependence on become essential. Cybersecurity refers to the steal sensitive data. Types of malware practice of defending computer systems, networks, include and data from unauthorized access, theft, and ransomware, and spyware. Malware can damage. In this digital era, where cyber threats are spread omnipresent, understanding the significance of compromised cybersecurity and adopting effective strategies to protect our online presence is crucial. viruses, through worms, email websites, Trojans, attachments, or malicious downloads. ➢ Phishing Attacks: Phishing involves deceptive emails, messages, or websites Importance of Cybersecurity: impersonating legitimate entities to deceive In our interconnected world, cybersecurity is more critical than ever. Consider a situation where your data, including financial details, falls into the wrong individuals into revealing sensitive information, such as passwords or credit card details. hands. The repercussions could be severe, leading to identity theft, financial loss, and emotional ➢ Social Engineering Attacks: These attacks distress. Cybersecurity acts as a barrier, shielding manipulate you from such scenarios. It includes various confidential information or taking actions measures, technologies, and practices to protect that compromise their security. They exploit your digital existence. Moreover, cybersecurity is human essential for maintaining the stability and integrity technological vulnerabilities. For instance, of an Indian engineer associated with a businesses, governments, and critical infrastructures. individuals psychology into revealing rather than sensitive organization was deceived by a supposed Pakistani spy who extracted According to Microsoft, nearly 80% of nation-state details of Indian missile development. attackers targeted government agencies, think tanks, and other non-government organizations, with 58% of nation-state attacks originating from Russia. ➢ Denial-of-Service (DoS) Attacks: DoS attacks disrupt the regular functioning of computer systems or networks by flooding 95 them with excessive traffic or requests, digital world. Whether you're a tech enthusiast, a making the system unavailable to legitimate business owner, or someone who values privacy, users. cybersecurity is essential. It's about protecting our ➢ Data Breaches: Data breaches involve unauthorized access to sensitive data, digital lives and maintaining the trust we have in the online realm. leading to potential misuse. They can result from weak security controls, software vulnerabilities, or human mistakes. In 2022, companies like Twitter and Optus experienced significant data breaches. The carding THE SIGNIFICANCE OF DATA SCIENCE Syed Usman Ali Bukhari 105-BSCS-19 marketplace, Biden Cash, released data of over 1.2 Data Science is one of the emerging disciplines and million cards for free. holds tremendous importance in the guidance of Measures for Enhancing Cyber Security: researchers and scholars. The more we dive deep 1. Use strong and unique passwords. and start exploring the landscape we come to know 2. Update software and systems regularly. about the critical value of data science. Today's 3. Implement two-factor authentication. world is data-driven; it simply means data is 4. Backup data regularly. everything. Data is generated with every keystroke. 5. Educate employees about cybersecurity The rate at which data is growing is unprecedented. The rate of generation per day is predicted to be 463 best practices. exabytes by the year 2025. Handling such an Conclusion: enormous amount of data is a giant challenge. The challenges are real, and the need for a secure However, the issue is not only to handle such data digital environment is universal. Everyone wants to but to ensure its reliability and integrity is also the use the internet, conduct online transactions, and responsibility of data scientists. The collection and communicate securely. Cybersecurity provides that storage of reliable data are crucial in establishing the assurance. It enables individuals and organizations basis for constructing systems that extract valuable to protect themselves against malicious threats, insights from raw data. After the confirmation of the ensuring data confidentiality, integrity, and availability. data's reliability, the next step is to structure the data for efficient manipulation by algorithms that will By adopting robust security measures, staying updated on the latest threats, and practicing good work to learn and extract trends, patterns and parameters from the data [1]. cyber hygiene, we can confidently navigate the 96 From the existing data, we can learn some valuable require such data that satisfies the requirements and insights and draw some conclusions based on the standards. It is also a crucial step as it requires available which is called solving an inference careful observation of every feature that is taken problem. Make predictions about a natural into account while preparing the dataset. There are phenomenon by understanding the historical data. many ways in which data can be collected and Make informed decisions. Uncover the hidden several program tools exist for patterns and relationships inside the data. We can apply some data science tools and techniques like decision trees, probabilistic models, classification models, and unsupervised learning algorithms that extract some patterns and insights from data. Data Science is not only limited to pattern finding and predictions, Data can also be used to explore new research problems, for the betterment of mankind. We can prove and disprove some facts. Employ data to train some models that work for the benefit of society. this purpose e.g., Web scraping is a method to extract the data from an online website and structure it. Data structures are employed to efficiently manipulate and explore the collected data. It must also be ensured that the data is derived from a reliable source to ensure the model's integrity and eliminate potential bias. Exploratory Data Analysis reveals certain characteristics of data such as the distribution of data which includes identifying the central tendency of the data. Some patterns like correlation. Some Data Science has vast applications in academia. elements like outliers and true outliers. Missing Students must educate themselves about Data features and null data. Some visualization tools are Science tools and techniques. The knowledge of also used to make a pictorial view such as scatter Data Science can be applied in various fields of plots, heatmaps, histograms, and box-plot. It also study. We can provide solutions to problems in helps in feature engineering where one is trying to interdisciplinary departments. It would not be identify the important features that have a great wrong to mention that data science is applicable impact on the data and removing the features which everywhere. However, it must also be under don't contribute to decision-making or proving a consideration that data science cannot surpass hypothesis. human intelligence, creativity, and intuition. We can simulate human intelligence but we cannot replace it as explained in [2]. After the preparation of data, a suitable model is selected for training. Choosing a specific model at the start cannot be determined easily so, one must start from a basic model and check the performance Data collection is the first and foremost step. As Machine Learning models are data-driven, we of the training by using test data. After that to increase the accuracy of prediction other models can 97 also be employed. The model must be evaluated 10(3), e1355. with a validation dataset which is also called an unseen dataset to test its generalizability. The realworld data is changing rapidly and the model needs CYBER SECURITY GUIDE: PREVENTING to adapt to the changes to make better predictions. ONLINE ATTACKS Different performance metrics like accuracy, F1- Muhammad Ihtisham score, and loss can be used to evaluate a model When one is sure about the performance of the model then it can be deployed on an application on the web or mobile. The trained model will make 0269-BSCS-19 Understanding Cyber Security predictions based on the provided features and help Cyber security is defined as the protection of in computer systems and networks from unauthorized decision-making, performing regression, classifying the objects, and many more services. access, Data science is one of the fastest-growing implementing measures to prevent hackers and disciplines. Data is being generated at an other online criminals from gaining access to exponential rate but to make it useful we need to sensitive information or causing harm. attacks, and damage. It involves employ tools and techniques from data science. Importance of Cyber Security in the Digital Age References 1. Gkeredakis, E., Fayard, A. L., & Levina, N. (2016). Data science as epistemic stance: The importance of cyber security in today's digital age cannot be emphasized enough. With increasing reliance on technology and widespread use of the advantages, risks, and opportunities for the pursuit Internet, individuals and organizations are more of knowledge. In Academy of vulnerable to cyber-attacks than ever before. Management Proceedings (Vol. 2016, No. 1, p. 16538). Briarcliff Manor, NY 10510: Academy of Management. 2. Romero, C., & Ventura, S. (2020). Educational data mining and learning analytics: An According to the Department of Homeland Security, cyber security can be described as the activity or process, ability or capability, or state whereby information and communication systems and the information contained therein are protected and/or defended against interception, unauthorized use or alteration, or exploitation. Cyber security is not updated survey. Wiley interdisciplinary reviews: limited to the protection of data but also extends to Data mining and knowledge discovery, the safeguarding of systems and networks. 98 Common Types of Cyber Attacks reduced productivity. In addition, cyber-attacks can also lead to the compromise of personal There are many common types of cyber-attacks that information, such as passwords or financial data, individuals and organizations should be aware of: which can be used for identity theft or fraudulent 1. Phishing and social engineering attacks: This includes deceptive tactics aimed at extracting activities. Preventive Measures Against Cyber Attacks sensitive personal information, like passwords or credit card details, through methods such as Given impersonating individuals and organizations need to take proactive trusted entities or employing psychological manipulation. the increased risk of cyber-attacks, steps to secure their internet presence. Here are some precautions you can take to reduce the risk of 2. Malware attacks: These include the use of cyber-attacks: malicious software, such as viruses, ransomware, or worms to obtain unauthorized access to systems or 1. Employ strong and unique passwords: Use damaged data. complex passwords that must contain a combination of numbers, letters (upper and lower case), and 3. Denial of Service attacks: This refers to a system special characters (i.e.! @$&%). And not using the or network that is overwhelming with requests or same password for multiple accounts and changing traffic, causing it to become unavailable to passwords every month. legitimate users. 2. Implement multi-factor authentication: Enhance 4. Exploitation of vulnerabilities: It includes security identifying and exploiting weaknesses in software, authentication (MFA) wherever feasible. MFA systems, or networks to gain unauthorized access or necessitates users to provide an extra layer of control. verification, like a code sent to their mobile device, implementing multi-factor alongside their password. How Cyber Attacks Impact Online Presence Cyber-attacks can have a significant impact on an individual or organization's online presence. They can lead to data breaches, where sensitive information is stolen or exposed. This can result in financial loss, reputational damage, and legal consequences. Additionally, cyber-attacks by 3. Keep software and systems up to date: Routinely keep your operating system, applications, and security software up to date. This ensures you have the most recent patches and safeguards against known vulnerabilities and potential exploits. can disrupt normal operations, leading to lost time and 99 4. Practice safe browsing habits: Be careful when 1. Monitor Regularly: Regularly monitor and clicking on suspicious links or downloading files analyze your network for signs of any irregularities from unknown sources. or unauthorized access. 5. Avoid Pirated software: Avoid downloading and 2. Have an Incident Response Plan: Be prepared for using pirated (crack) software, always try to any security incidents by having a predefined plan download from official websites or stores. in place. This will allow for a quick and efficient response to any breaches. Strengthening Online Security: Step-by-Step Guide 3. Stay Informed: Keep abreast of the latest in cyber threats and mitigation techniques. Join cyber 1. Educate and Train: Continuously educate security forums or groups that share such yourself and, if applicable, your employees about information. the latest cyber threats and best practices to combat them. Regularly attend seminars or webinars about online security. 2. Secure Physical Access: Ensure that computer hardware is physically secure. This means using locks on server rooms and logging any physical access to critical systems. 4. Avoid Oversharing: Be cautious about the amount of personal or company information you share online. This can be used for social engineering or other targeted attacks. 5. Use HTTPS: Ensure your website uses HTTPS, ensuring that any data transferred is encrypted and secure from eavesdropping. 3. Use Firewalls: Install and maintain a robust firewall to filter out malicious traffic before it reaches your system. 4. Back-Up Regularly: Make sure you have regular Cyber Security: Best Practices and Recommendations backups of your data. Store these backups in 1. Regular Audits: Regularly conduct security multiple locations, including offline ones, to protect assessments to check for vulnerabilities and ensure against ransomware attacks. compliance with security standards. 5. Limit User Privileges: Grant the least amount of 2. Collaborate: Work with other organizations in access necessary for users to perform their tasks. your industry to share knowledge about threats and For instance, not everyone needs administrative best practices. This collaborative approach can access. provide a broader insight into potential threats. Maintaining a Secure Online Presence 100 3. Stay Updated with Laws and Regulations: Cyber security laws and regulations can vary by region and are continuously updated. Be sure you are compliant Muhammad Zakariya Tariq 2021-1-816 and understand the responsibilities they entail. When Within the dynamic realm of technology's ongoing transmitting sensitive data, use encryption. This evolution, quantum computing emerges as a includes emails, chats, and other forms of phenomenon of both wonder and concern. While communication. holding the potential to lead us into a new era 4. Use Encrypted Communications: marked by unparalleled computational capabilities 5. Limit Remote Access: If you have remote and profound scientific discoveries, quantum employees or use remote tools, ensure they have computers also present a formidable threat to the secure connections, like VPNs, and that any remote bedrock principles of modern security. access is strictly controlled and monitored. So first understand what is a quantum computer. In Conclusion a classical computer, the smallest unit of data that a computer can process and store is called a bit. It can In the swiftly evolving landscape of the digital age, have two possible states 0 and 1, where 0 represents cyber security stands as the bedrock ensuring the low energy and 1 represents high energy. However, safety and continuity of our online interactions. As in quantum computers, there are qubits. Each qubit threats become more sophisticated, so too must our can be in any proportion of 0 or 1. This is called defenses. The journey to robust cyber security is superposition. It collapses into 0 and 1 only when it multifaceted, requiring a combination of strong is observed (just like Schrödinger's cat). technical safeguards, educated human behaviors, Four classical bits can have sixteen possible and proactive measures. For individuals and configurations and at a time we can use only one. organizations alike, understanding and prioritizing However, in the case of qubits, it can be in all online safety is not just a choice but a necessity. By possible states at once. Just imagine that you have implementing the practices and recommendations to find a phone number in a telephone directory. A outlined in this guide, we can collectively create a classical computer will go through each page one by safer digital environment for all. Whether you're an one. However, in the quantum computer approach, individual seeking to protect your data or an it's like checking all pages at once by creating organization striving to maintain trust, a secure instances such that each goes through only one page. online presence is a testament to foresight and This ability makes it super-efficient and hence responsibility in this interconnected world. supercomputer. QUANTUM COMPUTING: A THREAT TO These unmatched characteristics enable quantum MODERN SECURITY computers to efficiently solve certain mathematical 101 problems that form the basis of many encryption digital defenses against the formidable power of algorithms used today. For example, Shor's quantum adversaries. algorithm can factor large numbers exponentially faster than the best-known classical algorithms. THE This poses a significant threat to the security of data UNDERSTANDING THE CHALLENGES OF that relies on current encryption methods, including AI-POWERED LANGUAGE MODELS AND data transmitted over the internet and stored in THE NEED FOR HUMAN OVERSIGHT LIMITATIONS OF CHATGPT: various databases. Many secure communication systems rely on public key cryptography, such as RSA and ECC (Elliptic Malika Mujahid 0059-BSCS-21 Curve Cryptography). Quantum computers, when they become powerful enough, can easily factor in large numbers or solve discrete logarithm problems, From virtual assistants like Siri and Alexa to which are the foundations of these encryption chatbots on customer service websites, AI-powered methods. As a result, encrypted data and language models like ChatGPT are becoming communications can be decrypted, compromising integral to our daily lives. These models have the confidentiality of sensitive information. revolutionized how we interact with technology, Notably, if quantum computers can indeed breach enabling us to communicate more naturally and current encryption systems, they have the potential intuitively with machines. However, as these to unlock historical data that was once deemed models become more advanced and widespread, it's secure, thereby jeopardizing the confidentiality of crucial that we also understand their limitations and past communications and stored information. the potential risks they pose. Ever Since ChatGPT Moreover, the threat extends to impersonation has been accessible to the entire world, it has not attacks, where adversaries could exploit quantum stopped amusing people with its varied and vast computing's decryption capabilities to assume the capability of generating realistic and coherent texts, identities of legitimate users, opening avenues for which further molds its content according to the identity theft and unauthorized system access. tone and style of the input text. ChatGPT has served It is alarming for big tech companies and people with exceptional demonstrations, such as governments. That's why they are putting so much creating entirely new writing expressions that are time and money into it. Luckily, this is not affecting nearly impossible to distinguish either as human- our lives today but shortly, it can. A man is both, in written content or simple text powered by an AI love with and fearful of his creations. While we model. ChatGPT has refined the ways we interact navigate this uncharted territory, we must remain with technology, serving us with more productive vigilant, proactive, and dedicated to fortifying our and effective communication, which has led this AI- 102 powered model to be incorporated within the provide us with misleading data, who is responsible industries Education, and answerable for all these actions? Here comes Healthcare, and beyond. Where it seems so easy and the need to incorporate a proper and proactive smooth to assimilate AI models into our day-to-day approach in the development and deployment of jobs, simultaneously there is a massive stream of these AI-powered models. The need for Human challenges that these models have to deal with. oversight cannot be denied as it will allow the Considering ChatGPT as one of these AI-powered developers and the policymakers to encompass Language models, the major drawback or limitation transparency in their data collection and use, testing we can put forward by it is, its incompetence to of algorithms, filtering out the biased and offensive comprehend the nuances of human conversation and patterns, regular auditing, and appropriate testing of to understand it at a broader level. Even after the models. One of the key ways to ensure the safety training it over the vast corpus of data set it tends to and ethical use of AI-language models is through give a response that is completely irrelevant and mindful training and oversight. From selecting the illogical which causes the user on the other end to appropriate training data set to monitoring the lose their calm. As ChatGPT is trained over the models’ response to intervening when necessary to datasets that are present on the internet and very correct all sorts of errors or biases, the experience of readily available, the AI-powered Language model using AI models can be made smooth. tends to generate some highly offensive, biased, and Another way to deal with it is to keep an eye on the provocative responses which depicts the limitation ongoing research and development to improve the of AI-powered models. The model is prone to capabilities of these models to overcome the generate technically correct responses but is limitations. This can be done by investing more in unacceptable and nonsensical in context. As the technologies and techniques that can help the AI ChatGPT is so powerful when it comes to dealing models better understand the context and common- with academic and research-related affairs, it sense knowledge, as well as developing more consequently intellectual sophisticated methods for detecting and mitigating capability and creativity of a person. The bias. One thing to keep under consideration is that subsequent effect of this is the erosion of our ability to keep an eye on the AI models is not to stifle to cater to a healthy emotional and intellectual innovation and progress in the field of technology connection with each other. When these AI- and AI, but to make sure that these technologies are powered models are put forward to the masses the developed and deployed in such a manner that they concern of accountability and responsibility rises are safe, beneficial and ethical to the society. By above. working on the limitations of AI-powered language As ChatGPT is prone to facilitate irrelevant models like ChatGPT, we can unlock their full of customer affects the service, innate information, manipulate public information, and 103 potential while minimizing the risks and ensuring science is one of the most important things one can their responsible use. add to their skill set to enhance their problemsolving skills. WHY EVERYONE SHOULD LEARN COMPUTER SCIENCE Sahil Asif 42-BSCS-19 sahilasif40@gmail.com At its very core, computer science all is about breaking down complex problems into smaller, more manageable tasks, and then developing algorithms and solutions to address and solve those tasks. So naturally, the problem-solving skills acquired while learning computer science can be applied to a wide range of fields, from science and Computer science? That stuff is for nerds and geeks! engineering to business and law, and to even life That’s no longer the truth. In a rapidly modernizing itself. world, where technology continues to play an It Opens Up Career Opportunities increasingly important role in our lives, the benefits of learning computer science for everyone are The IT Industry is booming! In a rapidly becoming more apparent with each passing day. modernizing world, everything and everyone is digitizing themselves the demand for computer In this article, we will explore and demonstrate why science skills is increasing across all industries. everyone, regardless of their background or career path, should learn computer science. So, by learning computer science, individuals can open up themselves to a wide range of extremely Computer Science is Everywhere lucrative and high-paying career opportunities in the Computer science is no longer confined to the realm Information Technology field, from data analysts, of computer programming. It is everywhere. From web developers, and software engineers to cyber smartphones and social media to self-driving cars security specialists, product managers, and digital and smart homes, computer science is playing an marketers. increasingly important role in our daily lives. By learning computer science, we can better understand the technology that surrounds us and use it to our advantage. Even, say, if someone is not interested in pursuing a technical career and all the described opportunities, just having basic computer science knowledge and skills can be an asset in any field and go a long way It Enhances Problem-Solving Skills to improve your career, whichever that may be. Life is all about resilience and smartly tackling and It Fosters Creativity solving problems as they come.Learning computer 104 Computer science is not just about following rules step and start learning today? In conclusion, and solving problems, it is about having a deep everyone should learn computer science. insight into the problem itself and finding unique and out-of-the-box ways to solve that problem. Its essence is all about creativity and innovation. So, by learning computer science, individuals can develop their creativity and come up with new and innovative solutions to complex problems. Not just that, but bringing your idea and conception to reality, and creating a visual representation of what you thought in your mind, is a joy on its own. So, it ignites the passion for creativity and realizing your visions. Some of the most successful startups and companies in the world were founded by computer scientists with a passion for creativity and innovation. It Prepares Us for the Future Today’s world is changing at a rapid pace, and technology is becoming more and more important and playing an increasingly important role in our lives. By learning computer science, individuals can have a sense of vision and prepare themselves for the future and the challenges that come with it. Whether it is learning how to code or understanding the impact of technology on society, computer science skills are becoming increasingly important in today's world. Whether it is to better understand the technology that surrounds us, enhance problem-solving skills, open up career opportunities, foster creativity, or prepare for the future, the benefits of learning computer science are clear. So why not take the first 105 ECONOMICS 106 TIMELINE OF ECONOMICS 2023 JANUARY: The stock market ended 2022 on a very low note. During the year, the S&P 500 fell by 19%, the teach heavy NASDAQ composite by 33% and the Dow Jones Industrial average by 9%, their worst performance since 2008. In the market value, Apple shed $846 billion while Amazon $834 billion. Despite the big falls in March and September, the Britain’s FTSE 100 actually finished 2022 slightly above its mark at the start of the year. FEBRAURY: “The share of the renewable energy in the world’s power generation will rise from 29% to 35% in 2025”, said by International Energy Agency in its latest forecast. Although, the demand for electricity is expected to keep growing, and 70% of that increase will come from China, India and South East Asia, emissions from the power sector will “plateau”. MARCH: The Britain’s economy will shrink by just 0.2% this year and is doing much better than the last year according to the government’s budget; that is improvement on the contraction of 1.4% previously forecast. Some of the major measures unveiled in the budget are new but temporary regime for capital allowances and more generous childcare support. It also reduced alcohol taxes for pubs. APRIL: The International Monetary Fund has slightly reduced its estimate of growth in the world economy this year, to 2.8%. The fund is expecting the US GDP to increase by 1.6% and the euro’s area by 0.8%, though the Britain economy could shrink by 0.3%. The IMF in its statement said that the fog around the world economic outlook has thickened, in part because of the recent stress in financial markets caused by the collapse of Silicon Valley bank and Credit Suisse. MAY: In the first three months of 2023, Apple revenues from the iPhone grew much more as compared with the same time period in 2022. That has spread the fear among the investors that the last year lockdowns at the factories in China that assembles the device would impact income from Apple’s biggest money spinner. The overall revenue of the company dropped, as the sales of the MacBook’s and iPads fells. 107 JUNE: A major shift in the labor market as New York introduced a minimum wage of food delivery workers of $17.96 an hour, plus tips which rises to $19.96 in 2025. In other cities, the minimum wage for other workers in $15. But still the labor activists complained that the new rate is still too low and would not cover worker’s cost. Moreover, the food delivery companies like Uber and Grub said that New York had bitten off more than it could chew and that litigation is on the table. JULY: The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development published a report into the adoption of generative Artificial Intelligence in the workplace. According to the report, the impact of AI on jobs had been limited so far, but there remained a significant potential for disruption. The roles of the managers, engineers and Chief executives are more exposed to AI. The least exposed are the cleaners, collectors and the laborers. AUGUST: One of the major developments happened on the International Political Economy front is that BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) invited six new nations to join them including Saudi Arabia and Iran. Russian President Vladimir Putin did not attend the meeting in South Africa’s capital, Johannesburg, as he risked being arrested under a warrant of the International Criminal Court. But as per message being sent, Russia was ready to pick up the slack from Ukraine as a global supplier of grain. SEPTEMBER: BYD’s (Build Your Dreams) Motors net profit has surged by 205% in the first half of the year as compared to the first half of 2022. The production companies of China are making a big push in making of electric vehicles outside its domestic markets. In its production, 37% rests to EV sales into Europe. Most important of all, China is expected to overtake Japan as the world’s biggest exporter of cars this year. 108 PAKISTAN: IS THERE A WAY in Pakistan is a supply-side phenomenon, but FORWARD? monetary-side policymakers are unable to Waqar Ul Hassan understand it. Therefore, they raise interest rates 0109-MPHIL-ECON-21 to cater to inflation. Due to high-interest rates, investors put their money into banks for profit. When interest rates start to decline, they The Julis-Rabinowitz Center for Public Policy withdraw and Finance recently hosted an event at Princeton investment or hot money phenomenon. Investors University titled "Pakistan: Is There a Way their money, leading to a hot cannot convert their out investment into real Forward?" where former governor of State Bank investment, leading to a decrease in employment of Pakistan Dr. Raza Baqir and Professor & opportunities in the country. He highlighted the Director of Julis-Rabinowitz Center for Public Roshan Digital Account initiative as a potential Policy and Finance Atif Mian were invited to solution to this problem. Unfortunately, the speak about the challenges faced by Pakistan and current regime did not carry this initiative the possible solutions. forward after a vote of no confidence. Dr. Baqir Dr. Baqir highlighted the need to understand the viewpoint of the people of Pakistan when discussing the country's problems. According to him, the major problems of Pakistan are the current account deficit and fiscal account deficit. He believes that these issues are a result of macro instability, which includes factors such as uncertainty, high inflation, and low growth rates. believes that this is an example of political instability in Pakistan. Dr. Baqir also highlighted the low participation of women in the economy of Pakistan. He said that even compared to other Muslim nations, the inclusion of women in the financial system is lower. He believes that developing countries such as Pakistan need a proactive approach to increase their participation in the economy. Professor Atif highlighted the fragile tax system of Pakistan, pointing out that incentives for real investment are very low. People tend to invest in the real estate sector, which is dead capital, rather than sectors that can generate exportable goods and services. He also noted that the agricultural earnings of commercial farmers are also meager, just a few dollars in a quarter of a year. Dr. Baqir explained the issue of hot investment Professor Atif shed light on the downfall of the textile sector of Pakistan. He said that Pakistan has not attracted foreign direct investment in this sector, and only one Chinese company is working in the Pakistani textile sector. He suggested that the lack of diversity and innovation in the sector is preventing investors from showing interest. However, he gave credit to the private sector for and hot money. He stated that an inflation episode 109 the remarkable achievement of the Tyre sector, challenge for Pakistan to attract much-needed which can export its Tyres to the USA. investment. Therefore, the country must work Both speakers addressed the issue of the center of towards power in Pakistan. They argued that the center of trustworthiness to ensure a more stable economic power should be the people of Pakistan, rather environment. than just one or two stakeholders among all. The speakers discussed various issues facing General Syed Asim Munir, the chief of army Pakistan, including macro instability, low tax staff, recently stated in an in-camera session of incentives, low female participation in the the National Assembly that the center of gravity economy, the downfall of the textile sector, the in Pakistan is the people. He also emphasized that issue of the center of power, and the credibility there is no Old or New Pakistan, only one issue for investors. Pakistan that is Our Pakistan. In the end, the speakers emphasized the need for Professor Atif stressed the need for societal collective change to change the economy in the right stakeholders, where the rules of the game should direction for the sake of the people of Pakistan. be decided among all stakeholders. They were He pointed out that even Saudi Arabia has optimistic about the way forward for Pakistan, realized this phenomenon and has opened its noting that if Pakistan could overcome the society to modernization. Pakistani people must COVID-19 crisis, it could also come out of the have the moral authority to show patience, and current economic crisis through ownership tolerance, and remain cool, calm, and calculated realization, governors of mechanisms, unity, and to promote policy discussions, as Bangladesh has harmony. done. This is the only doable rule of civil Overall, the event shed light on the current discourse to promote growth and development in economic situation in Pakistan and highlighted the country. the need for collective action to address the issues Dr. Raza Baqir also emphasized the importance facing the country. It also provided some of Pakistani institutions and stakeholders in optimism for the future and demonstrated that instilling confidence in both local and external there is a way forward for Pakistan. improving decisions its credibility among and Pakistani investors. He stressed the need for security conditions to be up to par to attract foreign direct investment, and for uncertainty to be kept low. Unfortunately, many investors, especially external ones, perceive Pakistan to have a credibility issue. This lack of credibility among different stakeholders poses a APPLYING THE GRAVITY MODEL TO PAKINDIA TRADE CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITY Faheem Jabbar significant 110 1043-BH-ECON-20 Pakistan's GDP was USD 296 billion in the same year. India's larger economy indicates that it has Pakistan and India share a complex history of a greater potential to be a trade partner for political, economic, and social interactions. Pakistan. Pakistan and India share a long border, Despite being neighboring countries, their which spans over 2300 km. The proximity economic relationship has been limited due to between the two countries suggests that they various reasons, including political tensions, should have a significant trade relationship. terrorism, and trade barriers. However, there is potential for increased trade between the two Other factors that can affect trade flows between countries, given their economic size and Pakistan and India include trade barriers and geographical proximity. The Gravity Model is a restrictions, infrastructure, and cultural and useful tool that can help understand the factors historical ties. While the economic size of India that influence trade between countries. This blog makes it a more attractive trading partner for post aims to explore the challenges and Pakistan, political tensions and conflicts have opportunities of applying the Gravity Model to hindered their trade relationship. India has Pak-India trade. The purpose of this blog post is imposed high tariffs on several Pakistani to shed light on the potential for increasing trade products, while Pakistan has also imposed high between Pakistan and India, the challenges that tariffs on Indian products. Additionally, there are have hindered their economic relationship, and limited direct transport links between the two the possible ways to overcome these challenges. countries, which increases the cost of trade and makes it less attractive for businesses. The Gravity Model is a widely used economic model that predicts the flow of goods and services Despite these challenges, there is still significant between two countries based on their economic potential for trade between Pakistan and India. size, geographical proximity, and other factors. Both countries have complementary economies, Let's apply the Gravity Model to Pakistan and with India to understand their trade relationship. The agriculture, while India is a major producer of Gravity model states that the bilateral trade technology, between two countries is positively related to the Additionally, both countries are members of the product of the two countries’ GDPs and the closer South the two countries are, the larger the volume of Cooperation (SAARC), which aims to promote trade between them is expected to be. regional economic cooperation and integration. India has a larger economy than Pakistan, with a The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) GDP of USD 3.05 trillion in 2020, while could also provide new trade routes and Pakistan excelling in pharmaceuticals, Asian Association textiles and for and services. Regional 111 opportunities for increased economic cooperation has accused Pakistan of supporting terrorist between the two countries. The CPEC includes groups, which has resulted in strained diplomatic the development of infrastructure, such as roads relations and the imposition of trade barriers and and railways, to connect China's western regions restrictions. These political tensions and conflicts to the Pakistani port of Gwadar on the Arabian have resulted in the imposition of trade barriers Sea. This could potentially create new trade and restrictions, making it difficult for businesses routes and increase trade flows between Pakistan, in both countries to engage in trade. For instance, India, and China. India has imposed a ban on the import of goods from Pakistan, including textiles and agricultural While political tensions and conflicts have products. Similarly, Pakistan has imposed high hindered their trade relationship, the Gravity tariffs on Indian goods such as sugar and cotton. Model suggests that there is significant potential for increased trade and economic cooperation The political tensions and conflicts between the between Pakistan and India. Addressing trade two countries have limited the potential for barriers and investing in infrastructure can help increased trade and economic cooperation, unlock this potential and contribute to regional making it difficult to realize the benefits of their stability and prosperity. complementary economies and geographical proximity. The political tensions and conflicts between Pakistan and India have been the biggest Infrastructure and logistics are also significant impediment to increasing trade between the two challenges to increased trade between Pakistan countries. The two countries have had a and India. The lack of adequate infrastructure, contentious relationship since their independence including transportation and logistics networks, from British colonial rule in 1947, with disputes has hindered the growth of trade between the two over issues such as Kashmir and terrorism. countries. The Kashmir issue is a long-standing territorial There are limited direct transport links between dispute between the two countries, with both Pakistan and India, with the majority of trade India and Pakistan claiming the region as their taking place through third-party countries. This own. The dispute has resulted in several wars and increases the cost of transportation and logistics conflicts between the two countries, making it and makes it more difficult for businesses to one of the most contentious issues in the region. engage in trade. Terrorism is another major issue that has affected trade relations between the two countries. India 112 Despite the challenges, there are still several and poverty reduction, which would benefit both opportunities countries. for increased trade between Pakistan and India. In conclusion, the application of the Gravity The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) Model to Pakistan-India trade highlights the is a major infrastructure development project challenges and opportunities for increased between China and Pakistan. The project includes economic cooperation and trade between the two the development of roads, railways, and other countries. infrastructure to connect China's western regions to the Pakistani port of Gwadar on the Arabian Pakistan and Sea. The project has the potential to create new economies, geographical proximity, and cultural trade routes and increase trade flows between ties that suggest a significant potential for trade. Pakistan and China, which could also benefit However, political tensions and conflicts, trade India. barriers and infrastructure India could potentially use the CPEC route to India have restrictions, have complementary and hindered inadequate their trade relationship. access the Central Asian and Chinese markets, and Pakistan could benefit from India's market To unlock the potential for increased trade and access in return. This could lead to increased economic cooperation, there needs to be a economic cooperation and trade between the two concerted effort to address these challenges. This countries. includes reducing trade barriers, improving infrastructure, and promoting regional economic Pakistan is known for its agricultural and textile integration through initiatives such as the China- industries, while India is a major producer of Pakistan Economic Corridor and the South Asian technology, pharmaceuticals, and services. These Association for Regional Cooperation. sectors present an opportunity for increased trade between the two countries. Increased trade and economic cooperation between Pakistan and India can benefit both Pakistan could export textiles and agricultural countries and contribute to regional stability and products to India, while India could export prosperity. It is time for policymakers to technology and services to Pakistan. This could recognize the potential for economic cooperation help increase trade and promote economic growth and act to address the challenges and seize the in both countries. Furthermore, increased trade in opportunities for Pak-India trade. agriculture and textiles could lead to job creation 113 OPPORTUNITIES, SECOND CHANCES CAPABILITIES, AND YOUTH A FRAMEWORK FOR POLICY The situation today presents unprecedented opportunities for the youth and the investment will likely have a huge return- as they are considered to be the biggest asset of any nation. Asfandyar Akbar It is the achievement of the past development decades that the child of the past and now the Young people and their families make the most of the decisions but it’s the policymakers and the potential institutes that affect the policies through their way of delivering the public. The potential “Youth lens” there are three strategic directions young has survived childhood diseases and has gone through primary schooling making for a huge impact of resilience and nation building atmosphere. for reforms: Opportu nities 1. Opportunities: It is the broadening of the opportunities for the youth bulge in terms of education and health services as the basics. Expanding the base for working, improving their citizenship, and giving them a voice so that they could also Second Chances A Policy Framework Capabilities participate in the articulation of the policies. 2. Capabilities: Developing the capabilities of the youth by recognizing them as decision-making agents and by helping them as their decisions are wellinformed, adequately resourced, and judicious. The future is in the hands of the young people. They will determine the future economies and their incomes. Their potential will have the opportunities to go longer to achieve the competencies in the comity of nations. 3. Second Chances: To catch up from the bad choices, bad results, and bad What Policy? experiences- it is to give them a second chance so that they can receive the By Whom? potential opportunities to thrive in their fields of performance. Who will direct the Policy? Implementation? 114 How it will be influenced? The model of the youth lens assures to the fact that despite the enrollment ratio getting higher, What is the potential policy? still the children and the adults coming out of the education system are not well trained to be Where lies the gap? focused in the labor market. Simply focusing on These are some of the basic questions that primary education will not deliver to the national underline the base for the potential policy for the economies. In many parts of the world, there has young people of any country-especially those of been an enormous gap between the numbers the developing world. These suggest some of the graduating from the schooling system and the major chunks that put the policy base on the table relevant skills required for the proper labor of any policymaker. market. It is the sectoral policies that affect the opportunities for human capital investment. The Public financing, provisions, and regulation of the education system have largely determined the “School is … like an island, where there are all kinds of people and you learn a lot from them. However, I know that real life is not going to be quality of workers and their skills. like this, it will be difficult, we will have to face If we have to test the economic theory- and its that, but at school, you start learning how . . . to value is longevity, the model of the human capital be prepared.” passes it with flying colors. An individual will invest in his or her human capital until the additional level of education, health, or the “Many parents fear for their children and would acquisition of the skills marginal benefit passes ‘ask’ them to follow their way of doing things, the additional added cost. without allowing youth to try new things, for fear One of the assumptions of the model is it is who of the danger.” that makes the investment decisions in human So, there are opportunities. How one should capital. The model assumes that a young person select among them? This is one of the basic makes his or her own decisions. The models questions that arise in most of the developing assume household world. They have the opportunities but there is a capital lack of capabilities in the young people that how members the to bargaining determine among human investments. In some phases of life, it is the adults they will survive this whole. who make the investment decisions and in some of tase, it is the parents who have to say all. 115 At the very start of the age, the adults, parents, cost of their actions. Whether youth would say the and guardians make more of the decisions same of economists is another matter. The affecting the general well-being of the students. economists apply the different lens of models in But as the children age, they start to recognize three ways: Traditional Economic analysis, that their life could be well settled by their own Development decisions framing the quality of the outcome they Economics. Psychology, and Behavioral want to enhance. After the broadening of the opportunities and the The independence in the decision of the young people likely to seek out the capabilities schooling and the health behaviors, which are base, there are many scenarios where there very difficult for the adults to monitor and happens to be a gap between the availing of the control. By applying the youth lens- meant to opportunities and the capabilities range. There apply the policy addressing the parents and the comes the most important aspect- to give a guardians needs to account for the behavior of chance to the young so that they can make well- young people, even when they are very young or informed decisions about their life. living in what are seemingly traditional settings. So how one can complement the policy to the Bad outcomes are a part of the journey- as young young people? It is the access to information, people make inexperienced decision making they their command over the resources, and the skills are less averse to risk-taking. The adults and the to decide. youth are not that well experienced to make much better decisions in risky situations which leads to Before acting upon a certain decision after the the misrepresentation of the journey towards information has been received and assessed. The availing the broadening opportunities base. filtration part of the information is one of the most critical parts- as most of the young people are not “The system in my country … does not track down well trained on how to cope with the decision- those [who] ‘drop-out’ in time to ensure that they making in that case. Educational systems that do not end up becoming a liability to the world. focus on rote learning and memorizing the facts That is what is happening here; thousands of only fail to inculcate critical thinking in the young young people walking aimlessly in the streets people which leads to the further lowering of [with no] jobs, no social services, and therefore well-informed decisions. nothing.” Economists would generally say that youth are probably quite rational, given their preferences, the resources they command, and the perceived 116 The undesirable outcomes are partly a legacy of perspectives. Offering the opportunities base and the past policies and practices that have failed to developing the capabilities of the youth, there has deliver the basic services so important to the been an enormous potential in the policy foundations for better youth outcomes. The framework that has been applied to the context of failure to spend properly has an enormous mitigating the world of second chances for all implication that has already been documented. those who have been not well-informed. There has been a wonderful clue to the fact that youth The mainstream programs need to be flexible so policy plays a pivotal role in the embarking of the that early mistakes do not run into permanent national economies- leading to the multi- liabilities. The second chance would ensure the dimensional geographic and socio-economic fact that all those who were not well informed diversity in the region. The investment in the before dare to take action again and start the youth has an immense rate of return as it develops journey of integrity once again. the whole region with the making of the mind, Pakistan is located in South Asia- a country with knowledge, and geographic fulfillment. 65 percent of its youth residing in the country as CULTURAL ECONOMICS: PRESERVING it is one of its big resources. But the matter of the THE HERITAGE OF OUR WORLD fact is that its government does not have that much potential to increase the opportunities base Waleeza Rafiq for its young youth and adults- offering the capabilities range and the offering of second 0917-BHE-ECO-20 chances in case there are not well-informed decisions. With the higher education budget of 65 billion rupees, there could be no expectations besides the fact that the universities will perform In a society that is rapidly becoming more globalized, cultural legacy is essential for forming not to the optimum level in terms of research and innovation. Due to this fact, it has been noted that there is an enormous level of brain drain happening in the country- as its talented and professional people are going abroad in search of better opportunities nod build their capabilities base. Since we have developed a wonderful scenario of discussing the youth lens from different 117 companies. Cultural heritage preservation not only draws tourists but also generates job Identities, creating diversity, and fostering social possibilities. Heritage preservation supports a cohesion. The field of cultural economics studies wide range of specialized and semi-skilled jobs, how society's tradition, culture, and art have an including conservators, archaeologists, tour economic impact. It is impossible to exaggerate guides, and craftspeople. Governments and how crucial it is to protect cultural heritage organizations can support economic growth and because it not only enhances the human lower experience but also has a big impact on regional investments in cultural preservation. unemployment rates by making and international economies. In this article, the importance of preserving our cultural legacy and The arts, including the performing, literary, and its financial advantages are discussed. Cultural craft industries, are all supported by cultural legacy includes both material and intangible heritage. In addition to boosting a country's GDP, components, places, these sectors also act as a soft power strategy to languages, promote that nation's voluminous cultural folklore, and artwork. These features are heritage abroad. In addition to bringing in money, evidence of the imagination, inventiveness, and the creations of artists and craftspeople spur knowledge of earlier generations. Preserving innovation and creativity in other industries, cultural heritage not only helps us stay connected which to our roots but also gives future generations a Sustainable development depends heavily on feeling of continuity and identity. Additionally, it cultural heritage. Communities can keep their promotes tolerance and collaboration on a cultural identity while addressing contemporary worldwide scale by fostering respect for different issues by preserving traditional traditions and cultures and mutual understanding. knowledge. Indigenous agricultural knowledge, monuments, such artifacts, as historical customs, further boosts economic growth. for instance, can guide and shape contemporary Cultural tourism is one of the economic farming methods, enhancing both environmental advantages of protecting cultural assets that is protection and food security. A nation's soft most obvious. Tourists from all over the world power and cultural diplomacy are strengthened flock to historical sites, museums, galleries, and when its cultural heritage is preserved. It cultural events. The local economies benefit promotes greatly from the money spent by these tourists on understanding by allowing countries to interact lodging, local transportation, gifts, and diverse culturally. cultural activities. Cultural tourism has grown to international visibility, trade, and bilateral ties. be an important component of economic growth Countries having a strong cultural legacy are international Cultural cooperation diplomacy and improves in many areas, creating jobs and assisting small 118 frequently viewed as desirable locations for heritage preservation are two aspects of collaboration and investment. education and awareness. 3. Investing in conservation means Cultural heritage is threatened in many ways allocating funds for the upkeep and repair despite its importance. Significant threats exist of historical buildings and artifacts. for historical sites and traditions as a result of 4. Using sustainable tourism strategies to rapid urbanization, environmental change, war, reduce the negative effects on cultural and neglect. In some instances, cultural items are assets. forcibly stolen and sold on the black market, destroying irreplaceable cultural heritage. Cultural sites are also at risk from natural 5. Digital preservation is the process of recording and preserving cultural assets in digital form for future generations. disasters and climate change and need immediate protection measures. Cultural heritage loss has a Cultural heritage is a priceless resource that huge financial impact in addition to eroding a improves our quality of life and makes a huge community's Reduced impact on the world's economies. Its preservation tourism earnings, employment losses in the fosters mutual understanding and respect among cultural and tourism industries, and fewer other cultures in addition to helping local prospects all communities and businesses. Keeping our destruction. cultural heritage alive is an investment in our Furthermore, the loss of cultural identity can shared identity and a sustainable future as we cause negotiate the difficulties of the modern world. We for consequences social collective memory. economic of growth heritage discontent that are undermines communal harmony and well-being. can work together to ensure that the legacy of our world remains for future generations by realizing Collaboration between governments, NGOs, local communities, and the economic significance of cultural heritage. international organizations is crucial for preserving cultural INCOME DISPARITY AND ITS THREATS heritage. Implementing efficient preservation IN PAKISTAN techniques entails: Rida Zia 1. Legal Protection: Strengthening and implementing laws to guard against the 1042-BH-ECON-20 destruction, looting, and illegal trading of Many nations, including Pakistan, struggle with cultural heritage. 2. Promoting cultural awareness and educating the populace on the need for severe income disparity. The difference in wealth or income between the richest and poorest people 119 or families serves as a proxy for inequality. of the main effects of economic inequality. The Pakistan has some of the greatest levels of income wealthiest in Pakistan have access to the best disparity in the world, and this hurts the country's facilities, while the poor have limited access to economy. education, healthcare, and other necessities. This results in a poverty cycle that is difficult to In Pakistan, the problem of income inequality is escape. The effects of income disparity on the not a recent development. The gap between the economy are extensive. It significantly affects rich and the poor has been widening over the past social mobility and poverty. The opportunities few decades as a result of it. According to accessible to the rest of the population are UNDP's Human Development Reports on constrained when a tiny percentage of the Pakistan, over 46% of the nation's total income is population controls a significant portion of the earned by the top 20% of people, which includes wealth and resources. As a result, there is a company owners, elected officials, and rich concentration of poverty among people who are people. Yet, just around 6% of the overall income least able to achieve their fundamental needs. goes to the poorest 20% of the population, which Poverty also limits access to education and includes the most disadvantaged and vulnerable healthcare, which are crucial for social mobility. groups like farmers, laborers, and daily wage workers. Due to the large income gaps, wealth Political instability can also result from income and resources are distributed unevenly, which inequality. The impoverished may resort to causes societal unrest and instability. extremist groups or political parties that promise dramatic changes if they feel they have no interest In rural areas, where the majority of the in the system and do not profit from the nation's population lives below the poverty line, the economic prosperity. Political upheaval and income difference is particularly pronounced. instability may result from this, which over time The urban-rural split is particularly relevant since could be detrimental to the economy. Moreover, resources and wealth are concentrated more in income metropolitan regions. People from rural areas expansion. The purchasing power of the economy have moved to urban centers in quest of better is constrained when a sizable section of the economic prospects, resulting in a substantial population is impoverished. As a result, there is a urban-rural movement. However, this has decrease in the demand for products and services, resulted in overcrowding and a strain on already which slows economic growth. Additionally, it limited resources in urban areas, exacerbating the reduces problem of income inequality. companies are less inclined to make investments The unequal distribution of opportunities is one inequality investment slows down opportunities economic because in regions with limited purchasing power. In 120 contrast, a more equitable distribution of wealth businesses and consolidate power, income and resources would increase overall purchasing disparity can also contribute to the mergers and power, leading to increased demand for goods acquisitions that lead to industry consolidation. and services, and a boost in economic growth. This can make it difficult for new companies to get started and eventually result in the formation Moreover, income disparity can result in a of monopolies, aggravating the problem of concentration of economic power in the hands of income disparity in the nation. When there are a small number of people or businesses. fewer companies in a given market, consumers Monopolies, price-fixing, and other deceptive have fewer choices and are more likely to be practices that hurt customers and small firms may subjected to higher prices and lower-quality come from this. The emergence of monopolies products or services. can be influenced by income disparity in several different ways. First, when a small number of In Pakistan, there are several causes for income people or businesses own a sizable amount of the inequality. The absence of progressive taxation wealth, they can have more clout and sway over systems is one of the causes. In Pakistan, the the market. Due to the ability of market leaders to wealthy do not pay adequate taxes, which causes utilize their resources to stifle competition or them to amass riches far more quickly than the engage in anti-competitive behavior, this might poor. The dearth of opportunity for the make it more challenging for new enterprises to underprivileged is another factor. Due to their enter the market. This significant income restricted disparity has led to a concentration of wealth and underprivileged population finds it difficult to power in the hands of a few individuals and land well-paying work. To alleviate income companies, which can contribute to the formation disparity, the Pakistani government has adopted of monopolies and limited competition in the several actions. The Benazir Income Support market. Program, which gives cash transfers to the access to education, Pakistan's underprivileged, is one such measure. The For instance, a few big players control the market government has also increased the minimum in including wage and provided subsidies for essential goods telecommunications and energy, making it harder such as food and fuel. However, these measures for new companies to participate and reducing have not been sufficient to address the issue. several industries, competition. To preserve their dominance, these businesses may also engage in anti-competitive The government of Pakistan must put in place a behavior fixing. comprehensive set of policies to alleviate income Furthermore, as wealthy people and corporations disparity. This entails expanding the revenue utilize their resources to acquire smaller base, implementing a progressive tax system, like collusion or price 121 spending money on healthcare and education, and The growth of human capital is an important offering assistance and support to start-ups and factor in the modern-day paradigm of economic small enterprises. Also, the government needs to development. Human capital growth needs some put laws in place to encourage inclusive growth explanation. Often the meaning of growth comes and make sure that the advantages of economic to the mind as the increase in the numbers, but progress are shared fairly across all facets of contrary to it the human capital growth means society. In conclusion, income inequality is a how well the individuals of any respective nation significant challenge for Pakistan, and its are trained. What kind of skills do they have? And implications on the economy and society are how effectively they are using these skills to severe. The widening gap between the rich and participate poor has led to a concentration of wealth and development? The developed nations of the power in the hands of a few individuals and world have always given more importance to corporations, contributing to the formation of human capital, and they are investing in human monopolies and limited competition in the capital by providing better health and education market. This has resulted in economic and facilities to individuals. In this regard, the success political instability, reduced social mobility, and story of many developed nations can be seen, limited opportunities for the poor. To address this where individuals have been given more issue, the government of Pakistan needs to take importance than machines. in the process of economic bold steps to promote inclusive growth and ensure that the benefits of economic growth are distributed evenly among all segments of society. Such policies include implementing a progressive tax system, investing in education and health care, and providing support for entrepreneurs and small businesses. Only by taking comprehensive measures can Pakistan create a more equitable and prosperous society for all of its citizens. PAKISTAN AND POPULATION INFLUX Pakistan is an ideal example of population mismanagement. In the last couple of decades, the population has been increasing at a rapid pace. The evidence is the population growth rate in the census of 2023, which is above 2 percent, and more importantly, it is the highest in the region. There are various reasons behind this higher population growth rate. Although the policymakers had started to make policies to cater Author: Hassam Waheed to this issue in the late 90’s, they failed to implement these policies in true spirit. One of the Lecturer at the department of economics, GCU basic reasons behind this failure to cater the Lahore population growth is religion and religious parties. Most of the religious parties are against 122 the use of contraceptive items and the political opportunities. A growing population can lead to a elite for the sake of support never discourages this larger labor force, which, if matched with kind of practice from the religious parties. Hence adequate job opportunities, can drive economic the conclusion can be drawn that Pakistan is growth by increasing production and output. This lagging due to some vested interests and weak can be especially beneficial in industries that implementation of the policies. Population is a require a substantial workforce. vital component when it comes to human capital development. As the number of people increases The rapid increase in population can pressurize it becomes difficult for the government to invest natural resources i.e., land, water, energy, and in such a way that every individual can get food. benefit. Hence population growth, human capital environmental degradation, and a decline in development, and economic prosperity are very overall living standards. On the other hand, the much linked with each other. population also negatively impacts employment This leads to resource scarcity, levels in the country. If economic growth does not The developing nations have been facing this keep pace with population growth, it can result in problem of increased population growth for the higher unemployment or underemployment rates, last many years. The population is also increasing especially among young people. This can lead to in Pakistan with every passing day. As a social and economic instability. A swiftly developing nation, this is a big challenge for growing population can strain public services Pakistan. According to the recent census in the such as healthcare, education, and infrastructure. year 2023, the total population in Pakistan is This can negatively impact the quality and 241,492,917. This makes Pakistan the fifth accessibility of these services, affecting overall largest nation in the world, with a population well-being. In the end, it can be concluded that increase of 2.10 percent. The association between the high growth rate of the population is creating increase in the population and economic problems. prosperity is intricate and multifaceted. The economic development of Pakistan. A high rate increase in the population can present both of population growth in Pakistan means a rise in opportunities and challenges for economic poverty, illiteracy, and low living standards. Now prosperity; these two concepts are affected by a the future lies in the hands of policymakers, range of social, economic, and policy factors. which should first acknowledge that population Sustainable always influx is a problem. Let’s hope that the odds may requires cautious consideration of population favor the mango people of Pakistan and that dynamics, natural resource management, good policymakers adopt a policy that reduces health, and education facilities with more job population growth. economic development It is negatively impacting the 123 THE STATUS OF HIGHER EDUCATION mathematics score was 27 out of 100, while 34 IN PAKISTAN: CHALLENGES AND THE out of 100 in science. WAY FORWARD In the global context, universities are about Wajahat Usman professors who are deeply engaged in research and innovation. Overall, professors in social 1001-BH-ECON-20 sciences and other disciplines are 0.54% and Higher education is one of the most important 5.34% respectively of the total faculty size. pillars through which the nation builds its Comparing, the University of Yale has about knowledge base and establishes its modern 18.62% of professors in social sciences and economy. To transform the 63 percent of youth 33.85% of professors in other disciplines. into real wealth requires establishing a highquality and market-driven higher education system in the country. There is also a big debate on the quality of graduates from these Higher education institutions. Only 2 percent of the students get th To achieve the 4 SDG’s goal is the optimum jobs once they graduate. According to the 2022 target through different policy initiatives. There Report by the Pakistan Institute of Development are about 235 universities in 160 districts, of Economics, over 31 percent of youth with which 55 universities have 119 campuses. Few degrees are unemployed. districts have many universities and few don’t have a single campus out there. Access to higher education has become one of the political issues as the establishment of the new university has become the main desire to achieve the ballot outcomes. As per higher education statistics, there are about 2.25 million students enrolled in these universities. About 56 thousand faculty members are associated with these Higher education institutes. One of the other main challenges is the very low academia-industry linkages. In one of the seminars, the Rector of Ghulam Ishaq Khan University (GIKI) revealed that our university decided to make internship compulsory in 1993. Right after 25 years of our decision, the HEC decided to make internships compulsory for all. As per the report shared by Technical Director Nimir Industries, they spend about 1.2 million rupees per newly hired employee and they return One of the big problems of Higher education the same investment in the next three years, institutes is the influx coming from the school making it a total of four years to equip the level. The nationwide study conducted in grades employee as per demand. five, six, and eight by the faculty at Agha Khan University’s Institute for Educational Development (IED) revealed that the average The curriculum taught is also outdated and does no match with industry’s demand lacking both 124 quality and relevance. There is also less attention towards 21st-century fields like AI, ICT, and other emerging technologies. Out of 2.2 million students, only there are 2.2 lakh students enrolled in these studies. As per the calculations of Systems Limited; a Pakistani tech company, there is a need for 30,000 trained computer scientists each year to increase IT exports by $1 billion. Source: Higher Education Commission Since its establishment, quantity has remained the focus of HEC. As per the HEC Annual Report, more than 26500 research papers were published in the year 2020-21. The point of concern was that only 297 papers were top-cited. There are 354 locally published journals in different disciplines but these are not well peer-reviewed as well as carry less significance in industry adaption. This large production of research papers is based on the HEC policy of promotion from one grade to another. Number of Local Journals The relationship between the production of the research papers and innovation is very alarming and there is a point to ponder about the creativity of the researcher. Pakistan ranked 99th among 132 countries in the Global Innovation Index, lagging behind India, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Iran. The lower ranking in the freedom of expression, religious practices, and performance in academics raises a very serious concern about the performance of HEC. Higher Education Commission (HEC) is an independent body whose chairman is appointed 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 with autonomy and authority to make the right policies. The removal of the former chairman Dr. Tariq Banuri has raised several questions on the appointment and the authority. The appointment criteria for such institutions should be strict and carefully monitored as this institution is very sensitive as far as the country’s future is Source: State of Pakistan Economy 2022-23, IBA Karachi concerned. Before jumping into the critical policy recommendation part, there is an ample need to assess and evaluate where we went wrong 125 because those who are ignorant of the past are chamber of commerce, research groups, policy condemned to repeat it. think tanks, and academia. This will enhance the To connect the dots in real context, there is a need for well reformed primary and secondary education system in the country with a focus on skill development and creating a taste for education and research so that you have good brains in higher education. technical knowledge of the students. Moreover, communication and soft skills are also the center of attention. The university-level clubs and societies could help in this regard. Sports is considered one of the best activities to bring discipline and teamwork in the individual. As businesses predict that 44 percent of worker’s skills will be disrupted by 2027, and with technology moving faster, the World Economic Forum has set five essential skills for graduates including Analytical thinking, creative thinking, AI and big data, leadership, curiosity and lifelong learning. The fields related to IT should be given special There is an urgent need for us to shift our policy focus as they produce a growth multiplier effect. paradigm from “brick and mortar” to the 21st- Pakistan being the 3rd top country in freelancing century demand. The establishment of the new shows the level of potential in the masses of this university or sub-campus should be reflected in country. The Coursera report 2023, covering a the demand of the specific territory rather than hundred countries revealed that in the science, any political influence. technology, The system of the professor hiring program should be clearly defined to bring foreign professors at market value to spend time in engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) skills category, Pakistan has the total contribution of 642,562 learners on the platform, and the fourth highest, only behind India, United Pakistani universities. Foreign professors should States and Nigeria. This shows the taste of be demanded to translate the culture of the best learning in the people of Pakistan. Critically universities in terms of research, innovation, and heading the same, Business Incubation centers skill building. should be established in each university with the The linkages between academia and industry are key to the skill enhancement of the students. The Memorandums of Understanding (MoUs) should be signed with the relevant industry, businesses, goal of more startups, generating employment, bringing the culture of Innovation, and abolishing the traditional “Sarkari Naukri Syndrome”. The Office of Research, Innovation, and 126 Commercialization should step up to fuel this startup culture through its newly found data, analysis, and reports for better impact. There should be a strict system of research publication. Like the model followed in most of the developed countries, for promotion, the faculty member must win an industry project or write a paper that could be translated into the practical world. The HEC Vision 2025, has set an ambitious research agenda to boost Higher education institutions as the principal drivers of knowledge-based economy in Pakistan. The professional future outlook in the image of this vision is the real policy that one can recommend for better work. The already built Quality Enhancement Cells (QEC) in universities should be restructured as per international standards. The Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) system should be renovated to properly assess the quality of teaching, examination, employees’ performance, and dayto-day working of the institutions. This whole structure should be digitalized for time efficiency and cost control. 127 Electric Engineering 128 Timeline of 2023 January 2023: - Advancements in renewable energy storage technologies. February 2023: - Developments in AI-driven power grid optimization. March 2023: - New breakthroughs in high-temperature superconductors. April 2023: - Launch of innovative consumer electronics. May 2023: - Progress in quantum computing for electrical simulations. June 2023: - Advancements in wireless charging technologies. July 2023: - New semiconductor materials for more efficient devices. August 2023: - Smart grid implementations for energy management. September 2023: - Sustainable energy sources integration into power grids. October 2023: - Ongoing research into improving battery technologies for electric vehicles and renewable energy storage. 129 SMART GRID TECHNOLOGY Literature Review: Extensive research was conducted to identify scholarly articles, research Syed Jalal Haider papers, and reports related to smart grid Introduction: technology. By analyzing existing literature, we The 21st century has witnessed a remarkable transformation in the way we generate, distribute, were able to identify the key trends that are currently shaping the field. and consume electricity. Conventional power Case Studies: Real-world case studies were grids, designed for a different era, are facing examined unprecedented challenges such as increasing implementation and impact of various smart grid demand, integration of renewable energy sources, technologies. These case studies provided and the need for improved reliability. As a valuable insights into the challenges faced, response to these challenges, the concept of smart solutions applied, and outcomes achieved in grid technology has emerged as a promising different contexts. solution to revolutionize the energy sector. to understand the practical Expert Interviews: Interviews were conducted Smart grid technology involves the integration of with experts in the field of electrical engineering digital sensing and smart grid technology. These discussions technologies, and real-time data analytics into provided firsthand perspectives on the trends, power grids. This integration empowers grid challenges, and opportunities within the industry. communication, advanced operators with the tools to monitor, control, and optimize the flow of electricity in ways that were previously unimaginable. By enabling two-way communication between consumers and the grid, smart grids offer numerous benefits including enhanced efficiency, reduced energy wastage, and improve overall grid reliability. Methodology: To gain insights into the emerging trends in smart grid technology, a comprehensive approach was adopted to gather relevant information. A combination of literature review, case studies, and expert interviews formed the foundation of By triangulating information from these three sources, our research aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the emerging trends in smart grid technology. The following sections delve into the results of our research, highlighting the key trends that are shaping the future of energy distribution. Results and Discussion: The research conducted on emerging trends in smart grid technology has revealed several significant developments that are poised to transform the energy landscape: our research methodology. 130 Grid Automation: Automation has become a optimize energy distribution, predict equipment cornerstone of modern smart grids. Advanced failures, and enhance energy efficiency by sensors and control systems enable real-time analyzing vast amounts of data in real-time. monitoring of grid components, allowing operators to detect and respond to issues quickly. This trend enhances grid reliability and reduces downtime by enabling faster fault detection and isolation. Microgrids and Decentralization: The concept of microgrids is gaining traction, allowing localized energy generation, distribution, and consumption. This trend enhances grid resilience by reducing dependency on centralized power Demand Response: Smart grids facilitate demand response programs, allowing consumers to adjust their electricity usage based on real-time price signals. This not only helps balance supply and demand but also empowers consumers to make informed decisions about their energy consumption. plants. Cybersecurity and Data Privacy: With increased digitization, ensuring the security and privacy of grid data is paramount. Emerging trends include robust cybersecurity measures and data encryption to safeguard against potential threats. Renewable Energy Integration: The integration of renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind, presents a complex challenge due to their intermittent nature. Smart grids enable better management of these sources by forecasting generation and adjusting distribution in response to fluctuations. These trends collectively illustrate a paradigm shift in the energy sector, where smart grid technology plays a pivotal role in building a more sustainable, efficient, and resilient energy infrastructure. The integration of these trends is leading to a future where electricity grids are more adaptable, responsive, and capable of Energy Storage: Energy storage technologies meeting the evolving demands of a changing play a pivotal role in mitigating the variability of world. renewable sources and optimizing grid performance. From batteries to pumped hydro Summary and Conclusions: storage, advancements in energy storage are The journey of smart grid technology from enabling concept to reality marks a pivotal moment in the smoother grid operations and evolution of energy systems. The integration of facilitating energy trading. Artificial Intelligence (AI) Applications: AIdriven analytics and predictive algorithms are revolutionizing grid management. AI can digital technologies, data analytics, and renewable energy sources has given rise to a dynamic and intelligent electricity grid that is 131 poised to redefine how we produce, distribute, electricity, the famous War of Currents, and the and consume power. enduring legacy they left behind. The journey is not without its challenges. Step into the realm of Thomas Edison and Nikola Technical complexities, regulatory frameworks, Tesla, and you will encounter two individuals and financial considerations must be navigated to whose names are synonymous with innovation. fully harness the benefits of these trends. Edison, an American inventor and businessman, However, the demonstrated successes of pilot etched his name in history with his revolutionary projects and real-world implementations offer a inventions such as the phonograph and the glimpse of the immense possibilities that lie practical electric light bulb. A self-made man ahead. known for his unyielding work ethic and In conclusion, the emerging trends in smart grid technology hold the promise of a cleaner, more efficient, and adaptable energy landscape. The continued collaboration of researchers, engineers, policymakers, and stakeholders will play a pivotal role in driving these trends forward, shaping the future of electricity grids for generations to come. entrepreneurial spirit, Edison's indomitable drive propelled him to unimaginable heights. On the other hand, Nikola Tesla, a Serbian-American inventor and engineer, possessed an unrivaled brilliance and eccentricity that paved the way for groundbreaking contributions to alternating current (AC) transmission, systems, and a wireless plethora power of other revolutionary inventions. The dynamic duo of Edison and Tesla is WAR OF CURRENTS characterized by their contrasting views on the Abdul Rehman Ijaz nature of electricity. Edison ardently championed In the realm of electrical engineering, two towering figures emerged as pioneers and visionaries: Thomas Edison and Nikola Tesla. The magnitude of their contributions to the field is truly remarkable, but it is their clash of ideas and approaches that continue to capture the imagination of many. Prepare yourself to delve into the captivating and intriguing clash between Edison and backgrounds, Tesla, as divergent we explore perspectives direct current (DC), which involved the flow of electric charge in a single direction. In stark contrast, Tesla fervently advocated for alternating current (AC), where the flow of electric charge periodically reverses direction. It is this fundamental difference in opinion that laid the foundation for the epic clash that would inevitably ensue. their Enter the stage of the "War of Currents," a fierce on and unrelenting battle between Edison's DC system and Tesla's AC system, as they vied for 132 dominance in the burgeoning field of electric countered by staging elaborate demonstrations to power distribution. Edison, backed by the might highlight the safety and efficiency of his AC of General Electric, launched a relentless system. campaign to discredit AC, emphasizing its alleged dangers, including its association with a series of public electrocutions conducted using AC as a means of execution. Tesla, undeterred, championed the unparalleled efficiency and safety of AC power transmission. Beyond the realm of technological differences, the clash between Edison and Tesla was also fueled by their divergent personalities. Edison, characterized by his tireless work ethic, marketing prowess, and stubbornness, clashed with Tesla's visionary and dreamer persona. Edison's DC system relied on generators and Tesla, often focused on grand ideas, found direct current to power electrical devices. While himself lacking in business acumen. It was their effective for short distances, its long-distance contrasting personalities that influenced their transmission capabilities were hampered by strategies significant energy losses over extended cables. perception of their respective endeavors. Despite its limitations, Edison staunchly defended DC, vigorously arguing against the perceived dangers of AC while simultaneously attempting to discredit Tesla's revolutionary alternating current system. In stark contrast to Edison's DC system, Tesla's AC system boasted a multitude of advantages, particularly in the realm of long-distance power transmission. AC could be effortlessly transformed to different voltages and ultimately shaped public The legacy and contributions of both Edison and Tesla have left an indelible mark on the field of electrical engineering. Edison's inventions and innovations transformed the world as we knew it. His practical electric light bulb revolutionized the way we illuminate our lives, replacing antiquated gas lamps and candles. Additionally, Edison's pioneering using transformers, enabling efficient distribution Edison's inventions and innovations transformed across vast distances. Tesla's system also the world as we knew it. His practical electric facilitated the use of polyphase AC motors, which light bulb revolutionized the way we illuminate would our lives, replacing antiquated gas lamps and go on to revolutionize industrial machinery and power generation. The battle for electrical supremacy intensified as supporters on both sides engaged in a heated and passionate public debate. Edison launched smear campaigns, openly electrocuting animals with AC to showcase its supposed perils, while Tesla candles. Additionally, Edison's pioneering efforts led to the development of the phonograph, an early sound recording and playback device that laid the foundation for modern audio technology. Furthermore, his instrumental role in establishing the first electric power distribution systems paved 133 the way for the electrification of cities and homes, engineering, shaping the modern world we live in bringing the marvel of electricity to the masses. today. Edison's practicality, business acumen, and On the other hand, Tesla's contributions were nothing short of groundbreaking and farreaching. His development of the alternating current (AC) system revolutionized the transmission and distribution of electric power. AC's ability for efficient long-distance transmission made electricity accessible to a broader population. Tesla's invention of the relentless pursuit of innovation led to numerous inventions that transformed society. Meanwhile, Tesla's brilliance, unwavering vision, and groundbreaking ideas pushed the boundaries of scientific and technological possibilities. Together, their work laid the foundation for the electrical systems we rely on, from illuminating our homes to powering our industries. induction motor, based on AC principles, enabled The clash of Edison and Tesla serves as a the widespread use of electric motors in industrial powerful applications, thereby contributing to the growth innovation, competition, and the relentless of manufacturing and automation. pursuit of knowledge. Their rivalry, though Tesla's visionary work extended beyond power distribution. His pioneering efforts in wireless power transmission and radio communication laid the foundation for modern wireless technologies. Tesla envisioned a world where electricity could be transmitted through the air, eliminating the need for wires. While his wireless power transmission experiments were not fully intense, reminder of the ultimately importance propelled of electrical engineering forward, leading to advancements that continue to shape our lives in profound ways. We owe a debt of gratitude to both Edison and Tesla for their immense contributions, as their legacies continue to inspire generations of scientists, engineers, and dreamers to push the boundaries of what is possible. realized during his lifetime, they served as inspiration for future advancements in wireless charging and communication systems, propelling us toward a more connected future. In conclusion, the clash between Thomas Edison Revolutionizing Water and Wastewater Management: How Artificial Intelligence is Solving Global Challenges Abdur Rehman Ijaz and Nikola Tesla was not merely a battle of ideas, technologies, and personalities. It was a clash that Introduction: captivated the public's imagination, with their Since water scarcity and environmental pollution differing views on electricity and the famous War continue to be major problems on a global scale, of Currents as the backdrop. Both inventors made the application of artificial intelligence (AI) in immense contributions to the field of electrical water and wastewater management has grown in 134 popularity. Water and wastewater management performance of pumps, valves, and other network systems have benefited from developing and components. The occurrence of water hammer applying AI technologies including machine incidents, which can harm pipelines and shorten learning, neural networks, and natural language their lifespan, can also be predicted using AI- processing. This essay will go through the uses of powered models. AI in water and wastewater management as well as their advantages. Optimizing wastewater treatment By increasing the treatment facilities' AI in Water and Wastewater Management effectiveness and lowering their discharge's Applications: environmental impact, AI technology can be utilized Real-time water quality monitoring using AI technologies enables the early detection of contaminants and the avoidance of potential health risks. For example, machine learning algorithms can recognize patterns in water quality data, enabling more precise and prompt detection of contaminants, including bacteria, viruses, and poisons. To continuously monitor water quality identify changes optimize wastewater treatment operations. Data from sensors installed in Water quality monitoring and to that could signal contamination, AI-powered sensors can also be treatment facilities can be analyzed using machine learning algorithms to optimize the performance of pumps, blowers, and other equipment. The concentration of contaminants in the effluent can also be predicted using AIpowered models, which can then be utilized to tailor the treatment procedure. This can lessen the impact of the effluent discharge on the environment and the quantity of energy and chemicals consumed in the treatment process. installed in water treatment facilities and Water demand forecasting distribution networks. Water demand forecasting using AI technologies is essential for efficient water management. To Water distribution network optimization By lowering water losses, strengthening pressure control, and increasing operational effectiveness, AI technology can also be used to optimize water distribution networks. To forecast water consumption and find leaks, machine learning algorithms can be used to analyze data from sensors placed throughout the network. To cut down on water losses and energy usage, this forecast future water demand, machine learning algorithms can be used to analyze previous data on water usage trends, weather, and other factors. To satisfy the anticipated demand, this information can be utilized to operate water treatment facilities, distribution networks, and other water system components as efficiently as possible. information can be utilized to optimize the 135 Smart irrigation Improved water quality AI innovations can enhance irrigation systems' By enabling early detection of impurities and effectiveness by lowering water waste and rapid action to avoid potential health risks, AI increasing water use efficiency. To forecast technology can aid in improving water quality. agricultural water demand and optimize irrigation This could enhance the general quality of life and scheduling, machine learning algorithms can be safeguard public health. used to analyze data from soil moisture sensors, meteorological stations, and other sources. This can help reduce water use by up to 30%, improve crop yields, and reduce the environmental impact of irrigation. Reduced environmental impact By maximizing resource utilization and minimizing waste, artificial intelligence (AI) technology can assist in reducing the environmental effects of water and wastewater Benefits of AI in Water and Wastewater management systems. Management Better ability to make decisions Thanks to AI technologies, water, and wastewater Increased Effectiveness management can make better decisions by having Artificial intelligence (AI) technology can aid in access to more precise and timely information. enhancing the effectiveness of water and This can lead to better performance and lower wastewater by costs by optimizing the operation of water maximizing the performance of pumps, valves, treatment facilities, distribution networks, and and other elements of the water system. This other water system components. could improve the system's overall performance Limitations and Obstacles by lowering energy usage and water loss. Despite the potential advantages of AI in Cost Savings managing water and wastewater, some various By maximizing the use of resources like obstacles and restrictions need to be overcome. electricity, chemicals, and water, AI technology These consist of: can also assist in lowering the cost of water and Data reliability and accessibility wastewater financial AI technologies largely rely on high-quality data sustainability of water and wastewater utilities to produce precise predictions and insights. can be improved, and operational expenses can be However, in some areas, particularly in poor decreased as a result. nations, data availability and quality might be a management management. procedures The problem. 136 Cost and complexity: others laugh hard. She didn’t find it fun, “Stupid AI technology deployment can be costly and brainless shallows”. While saying this she rolled complicated, requiring large hardware, software, her eyes and couldn’t unsee what she saw. After and knowledge expenditures. Especially for small an hour someone entered the house and headed and medium-sized water and wastewater utilities, towards the lounge. She could hear the sounds of this could be a roadblock to implementation. laughter, spoons hitting the plates, puns, and small talk. Conclusion Water and wastewater management could be “Oh my beautiful Darla, where have you been?” revolutionized by AI technology, enabling more “What are you carrying in this trolley?” effective, efficient, and sustainable operations. AI has many uses in water and wastewater “Come meet your cousins.” management, from smart irrigation to monitoring She answered nothing, walked straight towards water quality. But some obstacles and constraints the uncle she was watching earlier, with her must be overcome, including issues with data trolley, and said, “Hang this in the center of room, availability and quality, cost and complexity, Joker.” He couldn’t say a word and stood up as an security and privacy, and morality. To ensure that obedient child. AI solutions are effective in addressing these issues, cooperation wastewater utilities, between technology water and providers, legislators, and other stakeholders. Everyone stopped doing what they were doing, looking at the huge round magnet hung by the uncle. When he stepped down the ladder, he slightly looked at her and moved the ladder away. WATT’S THE BUZZ? AN ELECTRIFYING She stepped forward with a hoola hoop in her ODYSSEY hand. There was something uncommon about it. Rutba She was a weird child, everyone said this. She would listen to them as if she were an alien and then roll her eyes back. Every evening she would lock herself in the annexe of her house and no one would see what she did there. It was Christmas. Her house was full of relatives whom she had never seen before. She was looking at them from It wasn’t a plastic colorful hoop. It was metallic with a wire of chili lights wound around it. She stood right under the magnet. The height of the magnet from the floor was movable by the rope the uncle was holding, standing aside. “Move it up and down slightly.” She instructed him. He nodded as if it was the only option he had. the window of the annex. They were having fun. She put the loop exactly under the magnet on the One of the uncles was playing Joker making floor and stepped back. The uncle started moving 137 the magnet up and down and then what happened performance successfully, ready to receive some amazed everyone. The ice cream of Anna was appreciation. The granny was going to start the melting down from her spoon into the bowl and clap but she pointed towards her, saying, “From she was looking with her mouth open. The hoola the electricity that lights up your home to the hoop was dancing up and down without any power that runs your gadgets, they all owe a bit support as the magnet above was moved. The of their magic to this phenomenon.” She pulled chili lights around it were also turning on and off her pointed finger back as if allowing her to clap as if they were dancing too. now. Everyone started clapping with smiles on “Faster”, she said. The dance of the hoop and the lights became faster too. She let this all happen for 5 minutes and then asked the uncle to stop. He pulled the magnet and put it away. She came forward, stood in the middle of the hoop, and started speaking. She looked like a professor from Harry Potter. “This isn’t just a magic trick! It’s the foundation of how many their faces. Folding her arms back with a slight smile of success on her face, she received applause. Uncle, standing there, asked, “What is it called?” “Electromagnetic Induction! Joker.” DATA: THE NEW CURRENCY Abdur Rehman Ijaz things in our world work. Here’s how it works. Imagine a world where an Artificial Intelligence When you move the magnet near this loop, Bot installed inside your device knows more something amazing happens. The loop starts about you than your parents ever could have. AI feeling a bit lazy and decides to wake up. It becomes a remedy for every problem you ever generates electricity! The magnet’s movement faced or ever going to face. For instance, let’s say wakes up the electrons in the wire, making them you had an emotional breakdown as your dance and create an electric current. “ boyfriend Jeremy dumped you. Instead of a She took a pause to look at her proud mother and continued with a clap, “But here’s where the real magic comes in: the faster you move the magnet, the stronger the electric current becomes. It’s like the hoop gets excited when the magnet is in a hurry and produces more electricity to keep up with the pace.” friend, you discuss the matter with an AI who has already constructed your personality’s insecurities and flaws. Based on data AI can determine what soothes you. AI can recommend you take a trip with your loved ones so it may help during the grief phase. But, let me ask you, is it a recommendation? AI has collected enough data to subtly convince you to follow his commands, this She bent her knees a bit, opened her arms wide, sounds more like a manipulation than a and bowed like a performer who ended the recommendation. 138 AI constitutes every possible algorithm and risks of the atomic bomb, Oppenheimer still outcome of your decisions and based on different created it because it was inevitable. If he hadn’t circumstances predicts countless futures. In early invented it someone else would have become 2023, An experiment was performed where Oppenheimer therefore Improvising and adapting scientists retrieved data from a model. After a few to trends is the only way of moving forward. days, AI was able to predict every possible History is proof that Change is the only Constant. response of the model to every question asked. This is a disturbing fact. Can AI mirror us if they receive data? Can they predict our future? Can AI BILLIONAIRES, manipulate us into their interests and suddenly THE TITANIC: DEEP POCKETS DIVE conquer the world? DEEP There is a common misconception that if AI SUBMARINE, AND Asma Arshad receives our data, it will be a doom for humanity. The ultra-rich are quite literally delving This is not possible, because AI is not conscious. deeper into their bucket lists. As the rest of us It’s not AI we have to be scared of, it’s the people ponder whether to upgrade to the latest who control it. Social media applications are the smartphone or invest in a slightly fancier powerhouses of the extraction of data. You might blender, the elite are out there have experienced a scenario where you were engineering experiences that whisk them to the talking to your friend Jules about how you want bottom of the ocean. to spend your budget on shoes and later on, you’ll Recently, a submarine filled with billionaires be seeing advertisements of shoes in your feed. decided to acquaint themselves with the No, we are not being watched or heard by social Titanic wreckage. For those out of the loop, media developers all the time. It’s the algorithm this isn’t a modern retelling of Jules Verne’s that had gathered so much data that it constituted “20,000 Leagues Under the Sea.” Think of it the need for shoes. What if they use this data as the 21st-century billionaire version – against us? What if they subtly incept the idea that cheekily titled, “20,000 Bitcoins Below Sea we have to vote for conservatives and hate Level.” liberals? Democracy will be ruined. The Titanic stands as an iconic testament to After hearing risks of data extraction, one might think that AI shouldn’t be accepted. It has such high risks and if the data of leaders or politicians gets into the wrong hands, it can alter the future. But, back in the 20th century, after hearing high human ambition – and a reminder that perhaps, just maybe, we shouldn’t go around claiming ‘even God can’t sink it’. The ability to even approach this monumental shipwreck speaks volumes about engineering advancements. It’s mind-blowing, on par with discovering that your 139 grandparents are Snapchat pros. sea venture or space exploration is, directly or But the real kicker? While billionaires like indirectly, a nudge forward in Musk and Bezos show us that the ‘sky’s not the technological understanding. limit’ with their space adventures, some prefer their thrills underwater. And sure, visiting the In conclusion, while the recent submarine Titanic might be on par with buying a sports car escapade might have provided some chuckles and during a mid-life crisis, only a tad wetter. a dash ofenvy, it serves as a reminder. The realms However, this isn’t just about one-upping each of science and engineering, when fueled by other at elite parties. The union of affluence and wealth, have the potential to change the world. cutting-edge tech has spurred innovations that And as for our deep-sea adventurers, here’s eventually find their way to us common folks. hoping their next escapaderemains buoyant. After Today’s billionaire’s plaything might just be all, while “money might not buy happiness”, it tomorrow’s household item. Remember when the should at least ensure your submarine doesn’t first computers seemed like a luxury? Now, become a permanent part of the ocean’s floor. they’re pocket-sized essentials for many. There is, however, a flip side. The dangers of such deep- WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE sea exploits are real. Without a broader goal, are (AI)? these risks just an extravagant dance with “natural Shahzaib Ali selection”? Artificial intelligence (AI) is a wide-ranging branch of computer science concerned with building smart machines capable of performing tasks that typically require human intelligence. While AI is an interdisciplinary science with multiple approaches, advancements in machine learning and deep learning, in particular, are Credits: The search for Titan | Cartoon Movement creating a paradigm shift in virtually every sector of the tech industry. There’s an inherent responsibility that comes Artificial intelligence allows machines to model, with immense wealth. It should ideally drive or even improve upon, the capabilities of the advancements in science, engineering, and human mind. From the development of self- technology that benefit not just a select few but driving cars to the proliferation of generative AI the larger community. Every billionaire’s deep- tools like ChatGPT and Google’s Bard, AI is 140 increasingly becoming part of everyday life and and machine learning algorithms, these vehicles an area companies across every industry are can navigate, make judgments, and adjust to investing. shifting road conditions without the need for a In the realm of technology, Artificial Intelligence driver. (AI) has emerged as a transformative force, The use of autonomous cars has the potential to revolutionizing various industries and aspects of reduce our and consumption. They have the potential to continuously evolving, promising to reshape the revolutionize urban mobility by enhancing the way we work, live, and interact with the world. In security and effectiveness of transportation. lives. Its applications are vast this article, we will delve into four key AI applications, each with its unique potential and impact. traffic jams, and fuel Finance: Risk management, fraud detection, and trading have all undergone significant changes as a result of AI in the financial sector. AI systems APPLICATIONS: can instantly analyze enormous volumes of Healthcare: AI has advanced the field of healthcare significantly, strengthening patient care and advancing scientific inquiry. Analysis of medical images is one of its important uses. Medical pictures such as X-rays, MRIs, and CT scans can be deciphered with astonishing accuracy by AI-powered systems. Radiologists may identify diseases like cancer early thanks to these collisions, technologies, which improve the effectiveness of treatment. financial data to spot anomalies that might be signs of fraud. As a result, transactions are now more secure, and fraud-related financial losses have decreased. CONCLUSION In conclusion, there are plenty of uses for AI that are always growing. AI is transforming many facets of our lives, from transforming healthcare and economics to enabling driverless vehicles and improving communication with NLP. We Additionally, AI is crucial in the drug discovery may anticipate many more cutting-edge uses for process. Massive datasets can be analyzed by AI as the field develops, which will improve machine learning algorithms to find prospective productivity, efficiency, and quality of life in medication candidates and forecast their efficacy, general. As we travel along this revolutionary greatly accelerating the drug development path into the future, it will be crucial that we process. embrace AI's promise responsibly and ethically. Autonomous Vehicles: Self-driving automobiles AI, A DOUBLE-EDGED SWORD are a revolutionary use of artificial intelligence in the transportation sector. With the help of sensors Malaika basit 141 0019-Bsc-Engg-22 AI, an artificial intelligence. This term was first invented by John McCarthy in 1950. AI is the stimulation of human intelligence processes by machines with computer systems installed within them. Intelligence is something that human is anxiety, and a high risk of suicide in society. In modern subway stations, most of the tasks are being done by a robot which is no doubt increasing the efficiency at stations. Convenience stores with AI technologies have been built up that provide 24/7 service to the customers. bestowed with. It involves critical thinking, AI is not only about robots, there are several analysis, and reasoning. The core concept of computer-programmed systems of AI. All of us inventing an AI system was to use human are familiar with ChatGPT. It is a natural intelligence as a prototype and develop a system language processing tool. It carries out human- integrated through machine learning algorithms, like conversations and assists with tasks such as natural language processing, and computer writing an essay, emails, and codes. The pros of vision. Unimate was the first digitally operated ChatGPT and programmable robot, invented in 1954 by Sometimes ChatGPT also bullies students by not George Devol. Sophia is the first robot innovation giving them the required answers as it has low EI. ambassador for the United Nations Development Programme. Sophia’s invention is orbiting around robot-human interaction. Sophia has been to Jimmy Fallon’s show. Now Sophia is eyeing a career in the music industry and working on are time-saving and assistance. With all these pros it also has cons. ChatGPT is making students less productive in their homework. Students do not understand the concepts clearly and completely rely on AI to find solutions to their problems. several works in a project called ‘Sophia Pop’. All of this is fascinating on the one hand but on AI requires a high cost for creation and is the other hand, is a threat to the media industry. expensive to implement. It lacks creativity, AI is taking over the jobs of influencers, bloggers, difficult to implement ethics, and is more likely music artists, and actors. to increase human laziness. There was a myth that AI would take over the world so far this fictional Because of robots unemployment rate is getting higher each year which is causing depression, notion has not come to realization. AI will take the lead only if we fail in self-discipline. 142 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 143 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE TIMELINE 2023 ➢ January The UN calls for massive financial support for Pakistan; Brazil backs the fight against climate change; The UK records its warmest year since records began. ➢ February Scientists in the United States say Antarctica sea ice levels have reached a record low. The National Snow & Ice Data Center’s data shows that on 13 February sea ice extent fell to 1.91 million square kilometers, the second year in a row that it has fallen below 2 million square kilometers ➢ March global Recycling Day is celebrated on March 18 every year and encourages us to rethink what we throw away by seeing it as an opportunity instead of waste. By recycling, we lessen our energy use, improve air and water quality, and combat climate change, all while saving money and natural resources ➢ April As we approach April, there are several significant environmental days to be aware of, including World Health Day, Earth Day, and Stop Food Waste Day. Each of these events presents an opportunity for individuals, communities, and governments to come together and make a positive impact. ➢ May Global temperatures are likely to surge to record levels in the next five years, fueled by heat-trapping greenhouse gases and a naturally occurring El Nino. According to this report issued by the World Meteorological Organization, there is a 66% likelihood that the annual average near-surface global temperature between 2023 and 2027 will be more than 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels for at least one year. ➢ June Climate change is taking a major human, economic, and environmental toll on Europe, the fastest-warming continent of the world. The year 2023 was marked by extreme heat, drought and wildfires ➢ July “The global average temperature for July 2023 is confirmed to be the highest on record for any month,” said Samantha Burgess, Deputy Director at the European Commission’s Copernicus Climate Change Service. ➢ August The “crazy” extreme weather rampaging around the globe in 2023 will become the norm within a decade without dramatic climate action, the world’s leading climate scientists have said. 144 THE HOT TOPIC OVER THE WORLD The urgent need to address climate change is “CLIMATE CHANGE” (A MYTH OR A acknowledged by a significant number of FACT?) climatic specialists. The Intergovernmental Panel Hamdia Mahmood on Climate Change (IPCC), a global team of specialists, has been studying the problem for 0440-BH-ENV-20 many years. A recurrent subject in their articles is hamdiamahmood697@gmail.com the connection between human activities, particularly the combustion of fossil fuels and deforestation, and the rise in global temperature. Introduction: One of the most pressing issues of the present day The Myths is climate change, which is the subject of intense discussion and attention all over the world. Although, the majority of scientists agree that climate change is nothing but a fact just a small percentage of doubters still debate whether it’s a fiction or an obvious truth. Well, we will review 1. The earth’s climate is always changing. 2. Plants need CO2 (carbon dioxide). 3. Global warming is not a real case. 4. Climate change is not a problem for the present world. the evidence, the consensus among experts, and the arguments put out by skeptics in this article. 5. Renewable energy is just a money-making phenomenon. Understanding Climate Change: 6. Animals will adapt to climate change. ‘Climatic change’’ refers to long-term variations 7. Getting rid of humans is the only solution. 8. China is only responsible for climate change. in earthly climatic trends, including those linked to temperature, precipitation, and wind patterns. These changes can be attributed to natural processes, but the current dispute centers on how human activities, particularly carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, affect the climate of the world. The Evidence: The last century’s temperature data reveal an increasing tendency, with each succeeding decade being warmer than the one before it. As predicted by climate models, extreme weather Scientific Consensus: phenomena including hurricanes, heatwaves, and 145 wildfires have increased in frequency and cycle. While it is true that natural factors can intensity. influence climate, extensive research shows that Ice core samples, which give a historical record human activities are primarily responsible for the recent rapid warming. of Earth’s climate, are another important source of poof. These cores show that the level of greenhouse gas concentration in the atmosphere 2. right now is unparalleled in the last 800,000 Cherry-picked data: Skeptics may selectively choose data to highlight short- years. term fluctuations or cherry-pick locations to suggest that global warming is not uniform. However, considering the complete set of The Main Cause (Anthropogenic Activities): data and analyzing global trends reveal an The amount of greenhouse gases in the undeniable warming pattern. atmosphere has dramatically grown as a result of the burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, industrial operations, and agriculture. These 3. Climate-Gate Controversy: In 2009, gases cause the greenhouse effect by capturing hacked emails from climate scientists were the solar heat and preventing it from escaping into misinterpreted to suggest manipulation of space. As a result, climate change is brought on data to support global warming. Numerous by subsequent investigations have found no an increase in the planet’s average temperature. evidence of scientific misconduct, and the consensus on climate change remains unaffected. Debunking Climate Change Myths: While there’s a scientific consensus on climate change skeptics have put forth various arguments to question its reality. Let’s address some of the common myths they cite. 4. Miss-Information and Industry Influence: Another factor contributing to the climate change debate is the spread of misinformation. Campaigns to cast doubt on climate change and its causes have been 1. Natural climate variability: Skeptics often deliberately supported by some interest claim that the Earth’s climate has always organizations with vested interests in the undergone natural fluctuations, implying fossil fuel industry and other polluting that current changes are just part of a natural sectors. These initiatives have complicated 146 the situation making it difficult for the Sullivan, Emma Schwartz, and Fritz Karmer. The general population to distinguish truth from production is directed under the supervision of miss- conception Mr. Brent E. Huffman, Mrs.Katerina Monevassitis, and Mr. Rick Young. The credit for broadcast is to the production company Public Conclusion: Broadcasting Service (PBS). The documentary is A vast majority of climatic experts worldwide certified for TV.PG broadcast. The episode can agree that climate change is a proven scientific be seen through the provided link, reality. Extreme weather occurrences, melting ice caps, and rising global temperatures are all (https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/docume clearly demonstrated by the data. The main ntary/plastic-wars/) causes of this phenomenon are human actions, particularly the combustion of fossil fuels. The key issue highlighted in the documentary is the adverse effects of plastic pollution on every While only a small percentage of doubters living being and the attitude of people towards continue to deny climate change, the scientific plastic in terms of manufacturing, usage, community has carefully considered and rejected disposal, and recycling of plastic. their claims. We must accept the existence of climate change and act quickly to lessen its SUMMARY effects. To protect our world for future generations, we must move toward cleaner The documentary opens with awful news covered energy embrace and broadcasted by almost every News channel sustainable lifestyles, use green technologies, go in the USA and worldwide. The news is about an green, and promote international collaboration. agonized sea turtle who was bleeding and REVIEW ARTICLE (THE PLASTIC WARS) suffering from intense pain because of a plastic and renewable sources, straw lodged into its nose. Nehsoon Tahir This asserts an assumption that plastic pollution 0451-BH-ENV-20 is a planetary crisis as it is deteriorating and compromising the stability of everything in the environment and nature. It is expressed that "The INTRODUCTION underwater paradise is a plastic nightmare." Not A 54-minute filmed documentary is written by only turtles, but gigantic whales endure the same Mr. Rick Young. It was aired on 31st March pollution of plastics as it is demonstrated in the 2020. The production credit goes to Mrs. Laura documentary that huge whales were dead and 147 about 48.5 pounds of plastic was found in their resilience since the uprising of people against stomach. plastic. The main motto of the protest was “Save Hence, plastic is declared as the enemy number 1 of nature. Some estimations and assumptions are made as the USA is the world's largest plastic producer. It invests about $10 billion in new our earth before it's too late.” Parallel to this protest, some iconic ad campaigns were launched with an impulsive message, “People start pollution, People can stop it.” plastic plans and for the growth of new inventions However, many industries and stakeholders used and promotions of plastic. It is estimated that by the term recycle just to keep the product in the about 2050, the production of plastic will triple market. Stakeholders in the region where plastic and the nightmare of plastic becomes a super- was banned promoted recycling only to promote intense night terror. The issue with the plastic plastic products. The work of recycling was to get waste mentioned is primarily mixed plastic leniency in using and selling plastic. The situation waste. Much of the time and wealth is invested in was called a “win-to-win”. China took initiatives the segregation of that mixed plastic waste. for recycling to a mass extent which was later In addition to this another issue which is highlighted is that not all types of plastic are recycled. Plastics come in many forms such as nylon, P.E.E.T, Polystyrene etc. A glimpse of information regarding the chasing arrow symbol of recycling is presented in the episode. The symbol has a number with it, indicating which type of plastic is recyclable and which is not. Looking into the history of plastic comes the Era when the first time a town was declared a PLASTICTOWN. Most of the things in that town were made up of plastic. From utensils to large flooring and roofing material, everything was plastic, unaware of its upcoming consequences. seen to be just verbal recycling not practical. Every work on recycling was groundless. Only a small fraction of waste plastic imported by China was recycled. Other was going to landfills for environmental media degradation. Soon China refused to import plastic waste. So, the next destination of enormous plastic waste from the USA was Indonesia. Many companies claim to be engaged in recycling plastic but most of them are deceptive. A lot of this waste terminates in water bodies such as lakes, rivers, seas, and oceans. Approximately, 60% comes from Asia as there are mostly developing countries, producing and importing plastic waste. After exploring the catastrophic In 1970, a protest against the use and consequences of production, usage of plastic, and manufacturing of plastic was seen and it was mismanagement of plastic waste it is critically declared as the largest mass protest in the history acclaimed to Rethink for the deeds, especially by of the USA. The plastic industry has faced developed nations like the USA. 148 ➢ CONCLUSION Climate change denotes a crucial and urgent difficulty of our time; one that generates broad- Everything in its excess is dangerous, so explosive use of plastic will also have negative drawbacks. The number of types of plastic either recyclable or non-recyclable should be defined. It would be profitable in a couple of ways. It would ultimately reduce the burden and impact of plastic pollution. It will also result in the conservation of petrochemical resources which could be utilized as energy resources and can help us meet our energy needs and may eradicate our energy crisis. Considering the factor of the population in a similar regard is also necessary to manage the resources. A controlled population will undoubtedly assist in proper management and sustainable development. Basic awareness about solid waste segregation at the source level should be made mandatory. The education of environmental protection and its perks should be taught at basic levels. The use and waste of plastic reaching consequences for ecosystems, economies, and societies. As we confront the complexities of this global phenomenon, technology has emerged as a potent instrument in our pursuit of understanding, predicting, and reducing the adverse effects of climate change. In particular, machine learning, categorized under artificial intelligence, has received a lot of attention recently thanks to its potential to use data and algorithms to simulate and improve human learning. In this article, I will be presenting the role machine learning can play in climate change efforts. I would also refer to some real-life case studies where machine learning has been utilized to tackle climate change. Finally, I would conclude the article by writing on the challenges of using machine learning to tackle climate change. should be minimal. This is not only for our present and future but for our future futurity. Exploring the Complexities of Climate Change Using Machine Learning Machine THE ROLE OF MACHINE LEARNING IN TACKLING CLIMATE CHANGE Bamidele Segun Samuel learning techniques have been demonstrated to possess substantial pragmatic significance when examining the complexities of climate change. Recently, the International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) and the International Student from Nigeria National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) collaborated to use artificial intelligence bamidelesegunsamuel@gmail.com (AI) technology to extract new insights from NASA's vast collections of Earth and geospatial 149 science data. This collaborative effort will it a highly fitting tool for refining climate models leverage AI foundation model technology to in the face of new data. This dynamic adaptation analyze NASA's Earth-observing satellite data is particularly advantageous given the perpetually for the very first time. The collaboration became evolving nature of climate phenomena. a necessity to assist researchers in analyzing and interpreting insights from the large datasets Informing Climate Policy and Decision- obtained through the acquisition of earth Making Using Machine Learning observations. IBM's foundational model technology has the potential to hasten the discovery and analysis of such data, thereby expediting the scientific comprehension of Earth and the response to climate-related concerns. Machine Learning in Climate Machine-learning-powered climate models possess the capacity to facilitate data-driven policy choices. The provision of precise forecasts concerning forthcoming climate circumstances allows policymakers to execute strategies that Pattern tackle specific obstacles presented by climate change. To illustrate, urban planners may Recognition and Enhanced Accuracy leverage predictive models to construct resilient One of the primary strengths inherent in machine cities equipped to endure severe weather learning lies in its capacity for discerning occurrences. Furthermore, agricultural policies patterns. Machine learning algorithms can may benefit from machine learning's capability to recognize recurring trends, correlations, and anticipate changes in growing seasons and adjust anomalies through the thorough analysis of to evolving circumstances. In addition, machine historical climate data. For example, researchers learning heightens disaster preparedness and at Stanford University leveraged machine response, aiding communities in preparing for learning techniques to anticipate coral bleaching and minimizing the impacts of climate-related incidents. Their model precisely predicted coral calamities. bleaching occurrences up to eight months in advance by scrutinizing past ocean temperature Challenges with the Use of Machine Learning statistics and coral health markers. to Tackle Climate Change Such invaluable insights serve to facilitate the Although machine learning has significant creation of predictive models that surpass linear potential to assist in the fight against climate approximations and more accurately reflect the change, several obstacles must be overcome to intricate nuances of Earth's climate system. fully harness its capabilities. These challenges Moreover, consist of the following: the real-time processing and adaptation capabilities of machine learning make 150 One challenge is the issue of data quality and change efforts, this technology has the potential quantity. To achieve precise outcomes, machine to be a major player in the fight against climate learning algorithms rely on significant amounts change. of high-quality data. Climate data is often intricate, diverse, and dispersed throughout various sources. The irregularity of facts misplaced statistics, and prejudices can hinder the THE NEED TO MITIGATE THE EFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE effectiveness of artificial intelligence algorithms. Zakariyahu Shinkafa Abdullahi Another challenge is data bias and representativeness. Biases inherent in past climate data can impact the results of machine learning. If the training data is not a precise representation of the entire climate system or includes implicit biases, models may not be successful in generalizing effectively to new regions or conditions. Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto. Sokoto state, Nigeria. zakariyahuabdullahi@gmail.com Climate action is a global responsibility. This is against the background that the world is so connected, as one would see it as a unit. Climate change is the changes in the weather conditions Finally, machine learning models, particularly of a place which may be brought about as a result those that are deep, can impose a considerable of anthropological activities or a natural computational burden. Given the enormity and phenomenon. Anthropological activities like intricacy of climate data, a significant number of deforestation, computational resources and infrastructure is transportation among others. industrialization, and essential. Therefore, smaller research groups or organizations with limited resources may be constrained from accessing advanced machinelearning techniques. These activities would translate to the pollution of the atmosphere with toxic chemical compounds, e. g. Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) and Conclusion Carbon dioxide (CO2). These two chemical compounds affect both human being and animals Machine learning possesses the capability to alike and also contributes to the pollution of the enhance our comprehension of climate change, environment. Too much consumption of these predict the effects of climate change, and develop compounds can damage the lungs and respiratory solutions to climate change. While there are organs used by animals. This would make challenges to using machine learning in climate breathing very difficult for these species because 151 they cannot survive without breathing. Industrial may find it difficult to survive on land. It also wastes are also emptied into the waterways, causes flooding. As the level of water rises, it thereby threatening marine life. The wastes from would find its way on land, thereby causing the the industry also form debris around the water water to spread over the land and destroy body. This is another obstacle to the survival of buildings, and bridges and causing loss of aquatic life. properties, with the threat to human life. Another major issue to contend with is Transportation also contributes to the pollution of deforestation. Deforestation is an issue that needs the atmosphere, as the car or airplane exhaust to be dealt with. Deforestation can be said to be releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. It is an act of cutting down a tree. Afforestation is the estimated that airplane exhaust plays a major part opposite of deforestation and it is the planting of in the pollution of the atmosphere. Because it a tree. Deforestation threatens the diversity of releases large amounts of carbon dioxide into the plant species, as it renders some species to atmosphere. become extinct or threatened species. In this scenario, plant species reduce in numbers and this would translate to pollution of the atmosphere because carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is used to make food by the plants. In addition, once these plants that convert carbon dioxide to food are no longer in existence, life on Earth will be threatened. Both plants and animals Deforestation, industrialization, and transportation are the major causes of global warming which are mostly human activities. However, studies have shown that some natural phenomena are also major contributing factors to global warming and subsequently climate change. are interdependent. Deforestation also needs to be tackled because of its impact on curtailing the These activities if left un-tackled will continue to effects of climate change. have a devastating effect on the planet Earth. It has been stated that deforestation causes the reduction of plant species which would make the Rising sea levels also make marine lives uncomfortable, because they change their habitat, thereby rendering them unproductive and may later cause their death. This is because the anatomical structure of the marine species can only make them survive in aquatic medium and atmosphere accumulate large amounts of carbon dioxide. This, in turn, causes the depletion of the ozone layer. The ozone layer is known to shield the earth from the devastating effect of ultraviolet light-which if left unhindered would cause the heating up of the planet-Earth, thereby increasing 152 the temperature of the Earth. This would Industry should find ways to recycle their wastes, eventually cause global warming. instead of releasing them to pollute the air, land, and water. All waste should be recycled. If these can be done, we will be halfway to solving the Industrialization and factory chimney also global menace called climate change. releases carbon exhaust that would cause pollution of the atmosphere. Aside from this, the industry also releases some plastic waste which THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON pollutes the water body. The aquatic life is killed BIODIVERSITY in the process. SERVICES AND ECOSYSTEM M. Ali Fayyaz Global leaders need to step up in their efforts to 0437-BH-E-ENVSC-20 curtail the effects of climate change. Advocacy has been going on. The climate action has been incorporated into the SDG (Sustainable Abstract: Development Goal) goals. There should be an incentive apart from the certification of the Climate change is one of the greatest threats to advocates. This would serve as a motivation for the environment and human well-being. Its the advocates and also an inspiration to those who impacts are already being felt across the globe, have not joined in the advocacy. Sensitization of and they will continue to worsen in the coming people about the causes, effects, and dangers of years. The most significant impacts of climate climate change should be prioritized. change are on biodiversity and ecosystem services. This research article reviews the latest scientific research on the impact of climate So that individuals can take action. This is the change on biodiversity and ecosystem services. It reason climate action is goal number 13 of the covers the causes and effects of climate change, SDG goals. Deforestation without subsequent its impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem afforestation should be discouraged. Adoption of services, and potential adaptation and mitigation the use of electric vehicles as against the use of measures. diesel-petrol-powered encouraged and transportation. vehicles used as a should be means of Introduction: Climate change is the gradual increase in the average temperature of the Earth's atmosphere 153 due to human activities, such as burning fossil flowering and migration, leading to mismatches fuels and deforestation. The impacts of climate between species that depend on each other for change are far-reaching, and they affect every survival. aspect of the environment, including biodiversity and ecosystem services. Biodiversity is the variety of living organisms in an ecosystem, and Impact of Climate Change on Ecosystem Services: ecosystem services are the benefits that people Climate change can also have significant impacts derive from ecosystems, such as clean water, air, on ecosystem services. Changes in temperature and food. Climate change threatens both and biodiversity and ecosystem services, and their distribution and abundance of species that loss can have severe consequences for human provide ecosystem services, such as pollinators well-being. and predators. Changes in the timing of life cycle Causes and Effects of Climate Change: precipitation patterns can affect the events can also affect the timing of ecosystem services, such as crop pollination. Climate change The primary cause of climate change is the can also affect the provision of regulating increase in greenhouse gas emissions, such as services, such as water regulation and air carbon dioxide and methane, resulting from purification. human activities. The effects of climate change are varied and can be felt across the globe. They Adaptation and Mitigation Measures: include rising sea levels, more frequent and Adaptation severe weather events, and changing precipitation necessary to address the impacts of climate patterns. profound change on biodiversity and ecosystem services. implications for biodiversity and ecosystem Adaptation measures include protecting and services. restoring These changes have Impact of Climate Change on Biodiversity: and habitats, mitigation managing measures species, are and developing new agricultural practices. Mitigation measures include reducing greenhouse gas Climate change affects biodiversity in many emissions and promoting the use of renewable ways. One of the most significant impacts is the energy sources. Both adaptation and mitigation loss of habitats due to rising temperatures and measures are essential to ensure the resilience of changing precipitation patterns. This loss of biodiversity and the provision of ecosystem habitat can lead to the extinction of species that services in the face of climate change. are unable to adapt quickly enough to the changing climate. Climate change can also cause Conclusion: changes in the timing of life cycle events, such as 154 Climate change is one of the most significant management refers to the execution of recycling, threats to biodiversity and ecosystem services. Its composting, and waste-to-energy techniques to impacts are already being felt, and they will reduce the amount of waste sent to landfills, continue to worsen in the coming years. This minimize the environmental impact of waste, research article has reviewed the latest scientific increase sustainability, and promote a clean research on the impact of climate change on environment. biodiversity and ecosystem services, highlighting the causes and effects of climate change, its impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem services, Implementing smart waste management practices and potential adaptation and mitigation measures. has the potential to significantly reduce the The findings emphasize the urgent need for amount of waste that ends up in landfills. By action to address the impacts of climate change adopting on the environment and human well-being. composting, and incineration, cast-off recreation strategies such as recycling, can be achieved, eventually prima to a decrease in the measure of cast-off that inevitably faints off in landfills. This approach not only helps extend SMART WASTE MANAGEMENT the lifespan of existing landfills but also reduces the need to open new landfills. In addition, the Ajmal-Khan incorporation of technology such as smart bins and sensors can further optimize waste collection 0435-BH(E)-ENVSC-20 routes and schedules, reducing transportation costs and associated emissions. Smart waste waste management also brings economic benefits management can be felt everywhere, be it the which include potential revenue streams from the increasing volume of landfills, hazardous waste sale of recycled materials, reduced costs causing severe pollution, or even the harmful associated with waste disposal, and the potential effects generated by gases and chemicals emitted for job creation in the waste management and The consequences of inadequate during the process. Improper waste disposal has severe implications for the environment, and it is critical to address the negative consequences before it's too late. One executable mixture for mitigating the damaging contact of cast-off recycling industries. Overall, smart waste management practices can make a significant contribution to reducing the amount of landfill space needed to dispose of waste, while providing several economic and environmental benefits. By direction is done with smart and comprehensive implementing these strategies we can move discarded direction practices. Smart waste towards a sustainable, waste-free future. 155 can range from simple actions like recycling and By utilizing technology to sort waste into different categories based on their nature and potential environmental harm, waste that can be recycled, reused, or repurposed is separated from hazardous waste such as chemical waste, medical composting to the use of more environmentally friendly products and technologies. As we move forward we must continue to prioritize waste reduction and management to defend our planet and future generations. waste, and electronic waste. A proper power of risky waste, for illustration by burning and deep burial, is crucial to forestall the merchandise of pollutants to air and water sources. This is important because hazardous waste has been shown to cause serious environmental damage, including the release of toxic substances into soil, groundwater, and the atmosphere. Aside from proper waste disposal smart waste management programs include public instruction and awareness campaigns to promote responsible waste disposal and reduce littering. These Smart waste management is a total game changer in the world of garbage. Why, you ask? Well, it can help us cut down on how much we throw away. With fancy-pants tech like IoT sensors, we can put these special trash cans in public spots to figure out where we're generating the most waste. Then we can launch targeted campaigns telling folks and companies to stop being so wasteful. Plus, these smart cans can remind us to recycle by giving us instant feedback on what we're throwing away and how we can recycle better. programs can help educate the public on the importance of waste reduction as well as the noxious effects of pollution caused by hazardous And that's not all! Smart waste management also waste. waste makes garbage collectors more efficient. They management practices, we can ensure a cleaner can save gas by only coming when they need to environment for future generations. Overall by empty a can, rather than prowling around all the ensuring that waste is properly sorted and time. And they can take the most efficient routes, disposed of, we can effectively reduce pollution cutting down how much time and gas they need caused by hazardous cast-off and make progress even more. This saves waste management towards a cleaner, healthier environment. companies money, too. Through the implementation of effective waste But wait, there's more! Smart waste management management practices, we can significantly can also help protect our planet. We can use solar reduce the negative impact of improper waste power to run garbage trucks and other cool stuff, By implementing smart disposal on our celestial body. These practices 156 which means we're not pumping out as many greenhouse gases. And we can make new things out of old stuff, which cuts down on how much we need to make from scratch. 1. Drought When a region experiences an extended period with below-average rain and snowfall, it's usually called a drought. This phenomenon can drastically affect the area's ecosystem and Sure, there are some problems with smart waste management. Like, it can cost a lot of cash to get all the new gear. And there's a chance someone might steal our data. But if we're careful and make good rules for using this stuff, we can have agricultural output. While some droughts may last for years, even short but intense droughts can cause severe harm to their respective local economies. No matter its length or severity, all types of droughts are incredibly detrimental. a cleaner planet and a happier life. So, let's give it a try! Salient Features ➢ During a drought, temperatures may rise ABIOTIC CALAMITIES FOR PLANTS IN PAKISTAN, THEIR IMPACT ON THE ECOSYSTEM, AND HOW TO TACKLE THIS ISSUE Hamdia Mahmood 0440-BH-ENV-20 above average; the soil becomes dry, and crops cannot grow or become stunted with insufficient water. ➢ A lack of soil moisture or insufficient water in the soil characterizes drought. ➢ Arid and semi-arid regions are far more vulnerable to drought than humid Introduction Abiotic stress is the adverse impact of non-living environments, making them particularly susceptible. factors on living organisms. Abiotic stress can adversely affect soil, plant, and human health. It Impact on Local Ecosystem can also damage the agricultural economy. The severe lack of water caused by drought can Therefore, effective methods must be used to diminish the development and fitness of flora, control or prevent these abiotic stresses. Pakistan causing a shift in the kinds and placement of is facing these stresses severely. In this article, vegetation across an ecosystem. However, these we'll discuss the salient features of these abiotic kinds of droughts can decimate the resources stresses and the Pakistan government's policies to available to animals, finally changing their tackle them. behavior and population size. Because of this, 157 they may be forced to migrate in search of water limit nutrient availability in the soil, affecting or food. plant growth and reducing biodiversity. Furthermore, flooding caused by waterlogging can lead to the displacement of animals and even 2. Water Logging death due to drowning. Waterlogging occurs when there is excess water in an area, and it results in saturated soil and stagnant water. This can occur when the soil 3. Salinity cannot absorb water due to its high clay content Salinity measures the amount of salt in a body of or when there is excess precipitation or water water, typically expressed as parts per thousand from other sources. Such as a flood or a broken (ppt) or per million (ppm). It is essential in water main. determining the biological characteristics physical, chemical, of and aquatic environments. Plus, it has huge implications for Salient Features ➢ The plants find it difficult to grow in the water-logged soil. The movement of the plants and animals that inhabit these habitats - not to mention human endeavors such as agriculture and industry. animals is hindered because of water saturation with the soil. ➢ The stagnant water in water logged-land ranges from a few inches to several feet. Salient Features ➢ Exchangeable sodium levels often reach ➢ Water-logged land has poor drainage, 15% or higher due to this the excess water does not ➢ The pH can vary from 8.5 to beyond, drain away easily and instead remains in depending on the exchangeable sodium the area. and soluble salts. ➢ The electrical conductivity typically exceeds 4 mmhos/cm with a generally Impact on Local Ecosystem measurable content of 0.1%. Water logging has a significant impact on local ecosystems. The extra water accumulating in soils due to runoff or other factors can lead to Impact on Local Ecosystem anaerobic conditions. This can cause oxygen Salinity in the soil can prevent nutrients from depletion and emit harmful substances into the being environment. Another impact is that it can also susceptible to malnutrition and disease. Salt also absorbed by plants, making them 158 affects the water cycle, leading to an increase in THIS evaporation and, thus, a decrease in available CAPITALISM VS. THE CLIMATE - (A freshwater COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW) resources. This is especially CHANGES EVERYTHING: problematic in arid climates as the water table can drop rapidly due to the lack of rain and irrigation. Hamdia Mahmoood In addition, animals that depend on plant life for food and habitat may be negatively affected when the vegetation is weakened from salinity. As I picked up "This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. the Climate" by Naomi Klein, I Strategies / Policies to Tackle these Abiotic Stresses The use of naturally water-stress tolerant plants in landscaping and gardening can assist in conserving water and reducing the need for irrigation during drought. These plants have knew I was in for a thought-provoking read. The title made me curious about the relationship between capitalism and climate change. As someone highly concerned about the state of our planet, I was excited to dive into this book and learn more about this critical topic. managed to thrive in areas having limited water availability, so that’s why they are well-suited for drought-prone regions. Cactus plants are wellknown for their capacity to thrive in dry conditions. Klein's introduction lays out the urgency of the issue and the need for immediate action. She argues that climate change is an environmental problem and a fundamental challenge to our They are native to desert regions and have world's economic and social systems. This book developed thick, fleshy stems that store water for clarifies that the time for incremental change has extended periods. The government of Pakistan is passed. We must fundamentally rethink our planning to go for molecular biology approaches economic system and relationship with the to elevate crop salt tolerance. Exploiting naturally natural world to create a more sustainable and just occurring future. She narrates: inter- and intraspecific genetic variability through the hybridization of salttolerant genotypes with high-yielding varieties well adapted to the target environment has been "The pursuit of corporate profits, economic proposed as a fruitful means to increase crop growth, and the material trappings of affluence production. is systematically eroding the life-support systems of the planet." 159 As someone who has long been skeptical of if we hope to address the urgent issue of climate capitalism's ability to address environmental change. I recommend this book to anyone curious problems, I found Klein's argument compelling. I about the intersection of climate change and was passionate about how she would develop her capitalism and to those interested in social justice argument and what evidence she would present to issues more broadly. support it. While I found "This Changes Everything" Klein's book is structured around the central compelling and thought-provoking, I found a few argument that climate change results from aspects of the book problematic. One of the capitalism's fundamental flaws. She presents a significant issues I had with the book was its need robust case that our economic system, based on for concrete solutions to its identified problems. the pursuit of infinite growth and profit, is While Klein thoroughly analyzes the root causes inherently at odds with our planet's finite of climate change and the flaws of capitalism, she resources. Throughout the book, Klein weaves a offers compelling narrative that combines scientific recommendations or examples of successful data, historical analysis, and personal anecdotes grassroots movements. relatively few concrete policy to illustrate the devastating impact of climate change and the urgent need for action. Another difference of opinion I had with the book was its occasional use of overly simplistic One of the book's strengths is its focus on the language or metaphors. While I appreciate intersections between climate change and other Klein's efforts to make complex concepts social justice issues, such as economic inequality accessible to a general audience, the language and racial injustice. Klein argues that these issues sometimes felt too simplistic. It needed to capture are intertwined and that solutions to one cannot the complexity of the issues at hand fully. be achieved without addressing the others. This interdisciplinary approach makes the book especially relevant for readers interested in the Finally, I felt that the book could have intersection of social and environmental justice. enlightened me with a more nuanced discussion of the role of technology in addressing climate change. While Klein acknowledges the potential Klein presents a compelling case for why we of renewable energy and other technological must fundamentally rethink our economic system innovations to help address the problem, she is 160 often critical of the idea that technological recommendations and a more nuanced discussion solutions alone will be sufficient. While I agree of that we need a more holistic approach to contribution to the ongoing conversation about addressing climate change, technology is vital in climate change and its relationship to our creating more sustainable and equitable societies. economic and social systems. Despite these critiques, I found "This Changes E-WASTE RECYCLING Everything" compelling and essential book. technology, it remains an essential Zara Shabbir Klein's passionate and engaging writing style makes the issue of climate change accessible to a 0427-BH-ENV-20 broad zarashabbir427@gmail.com audience, approach and her interdisciplinary underscores the importance of addressing social justice issues in the fight against climate change. While the book could Introduction: have been more vital in some areas, it remains essential to the ongoing conversation about climate change and its relationship to capitalism. The amount of waste that needs to be handled locally and worldwide can be decreased by sustainably managing electronics by lowering the number of materials used, boosting reuse, "Climate change can be a people's shock, a refurbishing and extending the life of devices, blow from below. It could disperse power into and recycling. the hands of the many rather than consolidate it The biggest and fastest-expanding commercial in the hands of the few.” sector in Europe is the production of electrical and electronic equipment (EEE). This rise in EEE production and demand could be linked to a rise In conclusion, "This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. the Climate" is a powerful and in the use of a certain class of EEE goods, namely ICT Products. urgent call to action on one of the most concerning issues of our time. Klein's analysis of One of the biggest and fastest-growing waste the root causes of climate change and its streams is electronic waste (e-waste). The intersection with capitalism is compelling and management of this expanding waste stream has well-supported. While the book could have been become problematic, particularly in under. more Managing E-waste: vital in terms of concrete policy 161 Management of harmful leaks into the E-waste recycling is known to take place in environment, as well as the recovery of rare several districts in Lahore. E-waste is frequently precious metals. Furthermore, it offers secure broken down and repurposed in enclosed spaces working circumstances for employees and with business participants. Gujranwala, and Peshawar also engage in e-waste Only a small number of wealthy nations can adequately recycle or dispose of the e-waste they produce. inadequate ventilation. Faisalabad, recycling, disassembly, and rehabilitation. Recycling of E-waste: Recycling is one of the finest options for proper Therefore, only a small portion of the created e- management of the e-waste stream and for waste is appropriately recycled. It has been recovering precious metals. Both formal and demonstrated that a nation like the US, which is informal recycling methods can be used to one of the biggest e-waste generators and recycle e-waste. Recycling of paperwork is formally recycles 13.6% of its e-waste, according preferred because it promotes worker safety and to the Take Back Coalition. Britain recycles 17% makes use of cutting-edge technology for e-waste at most. 60 percent of waste in the EU is recycled processing. It can get back as much as 80% of the through recycling formally. Owners either store materials and 15% of the energy found in e-waste. the remaining items disposed of or deliver them Just about in the waste stream, 5% of the to emerging nations as recycling of componentry. resources are lost. There is evidence suggests that Thus, e-waste presents a significant barrier in 95% of the metals (gold, silver, copper, nickel, terms of its recycling and disposal in both iron, developed and developing nations. aluminum is feasible. The majority of these zinc, and with current technology, extraction methods take place in affluent nations Generation of E-waste in Pakistan: where stringent rules guarantee the management India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh are some of the of environmental pollution. countries most severely impacted by e-waste. The report claims that Pakistan generated 433 kilotons Steps of Formal Recycling: of electronic garbage in the previous year. India, 1) Collection one of the top three producers of digital recycling, 2) Dismantling of waste manually generated 3,230 kilo tons of e-waste, however on 3) Shredding of the waste and then a smaller scale than Pakistan’s e-waste processing it. generation. India has regulations for the 4) Processing by metallurgy. management of e-waste but in Pakistan, e-waste 5) Recycling by CRT (Cathode Ray Tube). recycling is not very efficient. 162 6) Recycling of plastic materials present in E-waste. Formal recycling developed country from where the waste is imported for complete formalism of e-waste. is expensive and only developed nations afford to carry formal recycling properly. In developing countries, ewaste is commonly recycled informally. Steps of Informal Recycling: Conclusion: Complete formal recycling of e-waste can also be introduced in Pakistan but it’s not too effective in countries like Pakistan as compared to informal and partially formal recycling. 1) Dismantling of e-waste There is a need to fill the gaps in the legislation at 2) Extraction of precious metals both national and international levels for 3) Recovery of copper from the cables suppressing the harms of e-waste recycling. All As informal recycling is carried out by simple and basic processes and tools, it is more dangerous for the environment as well as human health as compared to the impacts of formal recycling. the important stakeholders should participate in formal and informal recycling of waste and Corporate Social Responsibility CSR should be efficient and improved for handling electronic waste in developing as well as developed How E-waste recycling can be Improved: countries. Many developed countries export their e-waste to developing countries and Pakistan is a significant importer of e-waste because of the need for MICROPLASTICS CAN BREACH THE second-hand accessories and for having great BLOOD-BRAIN value in third-world countries. DEMENTIA-LIKE CONDITIONS There should be proper legislation on e-waste in Iman Fatima BARRIER, CAUSING developing countries so the impacts of e-waste can be reduced. In the case of informal handling of e-waste, stakeholders should be responsible for 0444-BH-ENV-20 fatimaiman8989@gmail.com the production of harmful impacts. Introduction: For improving problems related to e-waste the system in Pakistan should be partly or completely Microplastics appear as one of the world’s formalized. In the process of partial formalization environmental main concerns. Plastic pollution is of waste, necessary material is dismantled increasing day by day and is of great concern manually and harmful material is returned to the because plastics are non-biodegradable and it takes thousands of years for the breakdown of 163 plastics resulting in microplastics that are Alzheimer’s disease. Microplastics can cause disposed of in the oceans every year. These several neurological disorders in humans. The microplastics are ultimately affecting humans microplastics can enter the food chain via food causing a lot of diseases. Microplastics are packaging, inhalation from textiles, and synthetic defined as plastics having a size less than 5mm. rubber tires. Scientists have found that these Microplastics mainly come into existence as a microplastics have both behavioral changes as result of the breakdown of larger plastics by well as the changes in immune system. The in mechanical degradation. These microplastics are vitro experiments showed that microplastics have directly and indirectly affecting human life and adverse effects on human health mainly causing the environment as well. The latest research was inflammation and stress and neurotoxicity as well made on microplastics in April 2023 according to in humans. which microplastics are rupturing the blood-brain The methodology used by the researchers to barrier. identify the microplastic effects Microplastics breaching the blood-brain barrier: The researchers realized the microplastic’s effects on the brain-blood barrier by giving the According to the latest research of 2023, micro and nano plastics to the mice from microplastics can breach the blood-brain barrier polystyrene which is the type of plastic which may cause dementia-like conditions in commercially used for food packaging and the humans. Microplastics are becoming a major last they examined the mice. concern nowadays. In the last year, scientists have discovered that these minute particles can easily enter the bloodstream and can accumulate in the organs with time. According to the new research of 2023 that confirms that these plastic particles can breach the brain-blood barrier which is the protective layer that protects the brain from toxins and causes madness in humans. Effects of microplastics in humans and movement of microplastics in the human body The microplastics can have adverse effects on the human body and this may cause the conditions of According to a scientist at the University of Debrecen in Hungary named Oldamur Holloczki, “With the help of computer models, we discovered that a certain surface structure was crucial in enabling plastic particles to pass into the brain”. How the problem of microplastics can be solved? Not only solid foods but also liquids play an important role in the microplastic’s entrance into the body. According to one research, anyone who is drinking water 1-2 liters from plastic bottles 164 will end up ingesting about 90000 plastic important to limit the exposure and restrict the particles a year. To limit the potential effects of use. There is a need for further research on it microplastics it is important to limit exposure and according to the scientists. It is observed that restrict the use so that the effect of it can be during the last 80 years, plastic pollution minimized. Various actions have been taken to increased by 1.5 million tons to 367 tons. the production of microplastics. According to the latest research microplastics are • causing the conditions of madness in humans. So, The UK government banned the use of microbeads used in face scrubs and there is a need to control the microplastics so that their effects can be reduced. shower gels in 2018. • • • In 2021 North American multinational Note: additives began It cannot be right to manufacture millions of developing alternatives to petroleum- objects like plastics that are used by humans in a based microplastics. matter of minutes and then are with us for The best way to reduce the microplastics millions of years as they are non-biodegradable is to reduce them at the source. and everything starts with us and we can stop it. manufacturers The least priority of plastics should be disposal. Conclusion Shortly, the need of hour is to limit the use of plastics which is increasing day by day. It is very Microplastic can trigger the other body tissues which may cause inflammation that could be dangerous Microplastics also release toxic chemicals in the body which could be dangerous Microplastics could induce oxidative stress too in human body resulting in DNA damage Absorption through gastrointrestinal tract to blood Ingestion through food and water into gastrointestinal tract 165 intermediate 166 TRANSFORMING PLASTIC WASTE bags) and polypropylene (commonly found in INTO BLACK GOLD: A SUSTAINABLE thermos plastics), can be transformed into a SOLUTION TO A GROWING CRISIS liquid oil through a process called pyrolysis. This thermal decomposition method subjects M. Yousaf Riaz plastic waste to high temperatures, breaking down the long hydrocarbon chains within the 0279 -1 - 22 plastic to yield a liquid oil, often referred to as The Rising Tide of Plastic Pollution pyrolysis oil. This remarkable substance falls on the spectrum between Diesel and Kerosene, Plastics have become an inescapable facet of and with further refinement, it matches their modern life, offering unparalleled convenience output efficiency. In essence, pyrolysis oil can and utility. Yet, this convenience comes at a be used as a potent alternative fuel for motor tremendous vehicles, offering a sustainable solution to our environmental cost. Plastic pollution has surged to alarming levels, posing dependence on fossil fuels. a significant threat to our planet. Even if we were to cease all plastic production today, the The Pyrolysis Process dilemma of dealing with the vast quantities of existing plastic waste would persist. The pyrolysis process involves sealing plastic waste within a container to prevent the entry of This seemingly indestructible material can take oxygen, which would hinder combustion. A up to four and a half centuries to decompose heat source is then applied to induce the thermal fully. Shockingly, a recent survey reveals that a decomposition of the plastic mixture into staggering fifty percent of the total plastic hydrocarbon produced from 1950 to 2021 was manufactured subsequently condensed using a cooling jacket, in just the last thirteen years. The problem is resulting in the formation of pyrolysis oil. This growing at an exponential rate, necessitating raw form of crude oil, once purified and innovative solutions. subjected to an appropriate catalyst, can be gases. These gases are seamlessly integrated into conventional motor Turning Waste into Wealth engines. Remarkably, this process operates in reverse to the polymerization process used to In the face of this mounting crisis, a create revolutionary solution has hydrocarbon fuels are used to form plastic emerged: the conversion of plastic waste into a valuable plastics like polyethylene, where polymers. resource known as "Black Gold." Studies have shown that challenging-to-decompose plastics, At present, this conversion process operates on such as polyethylene (used in items like plastic a relatively small scale, with one kilogram of 167 plastic waste producing one kilogram of fuel. However, the potential for scaling up this Looking Towards a Sustainable Future process is immense. With the right investments and support from government bodies, it could The conversion of plastic waste into pyrolysis yield embracing oil offers a ray of hope in the face of the plastic pyrolysis on a larger scale, nations can not only pollution crisis. By addressing the dual contribute to global efforts to combat plastic challenges of plastic waste and fossil fuel pollution but also secure substantial economic dependence, this innovative solution aligns benefits. In the context of Pakistan, a nation with global sustainability objectives. As we grappling with environmental challenges, this stand at the intersection of environmental solution holds particular promise. stewardship and economic prosperity, it is significant output. By crucial for governments, industries, and Empowering Pakistan's "Clean Green" individuals alike to embrace this transformative Vision technology. Pakistan has embarked on an ambitious journey To fully realize the potential of pyrolysis, it is toward environmental sustainability with its imperative "Clean campaign. This prioritize and incentivize investments in initiative seeks to tackle various environmental research, development, and implementation of issues, including the mounting plastic waste this technology. Collaboration between public crisis. By adopting pyrolysis as a viable means and private sectors, coupled with public of converting plastic waste into valuable awareness campaigns, can drive the adoption of resources, Pakistan can make substantial strides pyrolysis as a practical solution to the plastic toward achieving its environmental goals. In waste predicament. Green Pakistan" that governments worldwide the long run, this approach could also lead to a substantial reduction in the nation's dependence In conclusion, the journey from plastic waste to on imported crude oil. "Black Gold" is not just a theoretical concept but a tangible pathway to a more sustainable Currently, Pakistan spends a substantial $6.7 future. As nations grapple with the escalating billion on oil imports, a significant drain on its plastic crisis and the imperative to reduce their economy. Embracing pyrolysis as a means of carbon footprint, pyrolysis represents a beacon recycling plastic waste at scale could result in of hope—a chance to tackle two pressing issues annual savings of up to $335 million. These with one ingenious solution. It is time for the funds could be reinvested in vital sectors such world to recognize the potential of this as healthcare, education, and infrastructure, innovative technology and unite in our ultimately fostering economic growth and commitment to produce "Black Gold" from stability. 168 plastic waste, paving the way for a cleaner, Furthermore, the study of galaxy clusters greener, and more prosperous future for all. revealed gravitational lensing effects caused by the presence of massive, unseen matter. The bending of light around these clusters provides DARK MATTER: UNVEILING THE INVISIBLE UNIVERSE compelling evidence for the existence of dark matter on large scales. Additionally, the cosmic microwave background radiation, the afterglow Ahsab Zaka of the Big Bang, also supports the notion of 0176 dark matter by revealing patterns in the distribution of matter in the early universe. Introduction Recent experiments have focused on directly The existence of dark matter has been one of the detecting dark matter most intriguing puzzles in the field of underground detectors, such as the Large astrophysics for several decades. While it does Underground Xenon (LUX) experiment and the not interact with light or other electromagnetic XENON1T experiment, have been constructed radiation, its presence is inferred through its to search for weakly interacting massive gravitational effects on visible matter. Dark particles matter constitutes a significant portion of the candidates for dark matter. Although no universe, and unraveling its mysteries is crucial conclusive detection has been made thus far, to our understanding of the cosmos. In this these experiments have placed stringent article, we will explore recent research, constraints on the properties of potential dark opinions, and the future scope of studying dark matter particles. (WIMPs), particles. one of Various the leading matter. Nature Of Dark Matter Evidence for Dark Matter Over the years, numerous observations have The nature of dark matter remains elusive, provided substantial evidence for the existence leading to a multitude of theories and opinions of dark matter. One of the earliest indicators within was the study of galactic rotation curves. researchers propose that dark matter consists of Astronomers noticed that the visible matter in yet-undiscovered particles, such as WIMPs or galaxies, such as stars and gas, was not axions, which interact weakly with ordinary sufficient to explain the observed rotational matter. Others suggest modifications to the velocities. gravitational laws of gravity on cosmic scales, such as influence of dark matter was necessary to Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND), as an account for these observations. alternative The additional the scientific community. explanation for the Some observed phenomena attributed to dark matter. 169 Another intriguing possibility is that dark observations from telescopes like the James matter could be composed of exotic objects like Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and the primordial upcoming black holes or ultra-compact Nancy Grace Roman Space minihalos. These objects would not only Telescope (formerly WFIRST) will provide a explain the gravitational effects but also open deeper understanding of the complex interplay up new avenues for studying the interactions between dark matter and visible matter. between dark matter and visible matter. Conclusion Future Prospects Dark matter continues to captivate the minds of scientists and researchers worldwide. While its Advancements in technology and observational existence techniques are key to unraveling the mysteries compelling observational evidence, the precise of dark matter. Researchers are continually nature of dark matter remains a profound refining existing experiments and designing enigma. Through ongoing research, theoretical novel detection methods. Upcoming projects, explorations, and technological advancements, such as the XENONnT experiment, the Super we inch closer to unravelling the mysteries of Cryogenic Dark Matter Search (SuperCDMS), the invisible universe. By comprehending dark and the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope matter, we will unlock a deeper understanding (LSST), hold promise for shedding light on the of nature of dark matter. understanding of the universe and its formation. Furthermore, particle accelerators like the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) are crucial for exploring the properties of potential dark matter particles. By colliding particles at high energies, scientists hope to produce and detect new particles that could be associated with dark matter. The ongoing research at the LHC and future upgrades, such as the High-Luminosity the is well cosmos, established rewriting our through current The future holds great promise for unveiling the secrets of dark matter and charting new frontiers in astrophysics. DIY PROJECTS Saadan Hassan 0165 LHC, will provide valuable insights into the properties of dark matter particles. 1. Home-made Crystals Additionally, astrophysical Crystals can be a unique decoration for any phenomena, such as the formation and environment and are an absorbing project to evolution of galaxies and galaxy clusters, can undertake. Made of common household items, offer valuable clues about the distribution and many surfaces can be coated with these crystals behaviour to give them a unique look. of the study dark of matter. Sophisticated computer simulations and high-resolution 170 Items needed: • Magnesium Sulphate (Epsom salt) - Items Needed: (This can be substituted with table salt) • 1.5 Liter Bottle • Water-beaker • DC Motor • Food Coloring (Optional) • Battery Plug • Hot Glue • Cutter Procedure: The water must be very hot, preferably boiling, for the crystals to form. First, we mix Procedure: magnesium sulfate or table salt into the water, Cut a square into the side of a 1.5-liter bottle, until no more of the salt can dissolve. A close to the center point of its height. Using a supersaturated solution has been formed. To bit of hot glue, fix the motor inside the bottle color the crystals, you can add food coloring at such that the rotating end faces the neck of the this stage. The liquid can now be poured into its bottle. Attach a fan to the end of the motor so final destination. For example, it can be poured that it can produce a force to push or pull the into a mug, and an empty eggshell can be placed material. Wrap both wires extending from the in the mug as well, which will cause the crystals battery connector to the two terminals of the to grow on the eggshell, giving it a unique look. motor. Connect a battery to the battery plug and watch the air being sucked up by the rotating Once the supersaturated solution has been fan! placed in its destination (or left in the beaker), it must be placed in an area to cool. If using 3. Homemade Potato Battery: Magnesium Sulphate (Epsom Salt), it must be placed in a fridge for a few hours, as fast as Items Needed: possible, before the solution temperature falls • 2 large potatoes too low. If using table salt, it can either be • 2 copper nails or pennies placed out in the sun or in the fridge. • 2 zinc-coated nails or galvanized nails • 3 alligator clip wires • LED light bulb • Small knife or wire stripper D.C. Motors are useful in a variety of • Sandpaper (optional) applications. From converting electrical power • Salt (optional) 2. Handheld Vacuum to mechanical movement and vice-versa, such technologies have limitless possibilities for Procedure: small-scale implementation. And home-made Take one potato and insert a copper nail or vacuums are one example of such projects. penny into one side and a zinc-coated nail into 171 the other side. Make sure the metals do not fourth cup or so of vinegar and food coloring. touch inside the potato. Repeat the same Mix them. Slowly pour the vinegar and food process with the second potato, using the same coloring solution into the oil. Finally, if you types of metals and keeping them separated. have a flashlight, turn off the lights and watch your lava lamp in action! If the nails have a coating on them, you can use sandpaper to remove it to ensure better MYTHOLOGY conductivity. Connect one end of an alligator Ammar Nizami clip wire to the copper nail of one potato and 0120 the other end to the longer leg of the LED bulb. Connect one end of another alligator clip wire 1. Myth: We only use 10% of our brain to the zinc-coated nail of the same potato and the other end to the shorter leg of the LED bulb. Fact: This is a common misconception. In Repeat the steps with the second potato and reality, humans use a significant portion of their LED bulb. Connect the third alligator clip wire brains throughout the day. Advanced imaging to the copper nail of one potato and the zinc- techniques, such as functional magnetic coated nail of the other potato. When you resonance imaging (fMRI), have shown that complete the circuit, the LED bulb should light different regions of the brain are active during up, demonstrating how a potato can generate various tasks and activities. While it is true that electricity through a chemical reaction. not all parts of the brain are active simultaneously, there is no scientific basis for the claim that we only use 10% of our brain. 4. Homemade Lava Lamp: 2. Myth: The Great Wall of China is visible Items needed: from space • A clean plastic bottle or glass jar • Vegetable Oil Fact: Contrary to popular belief, the Great Wall • Baking Soda of China is not visible from space with the • Food Coloring naked eye. Astronauts have confirmed this, and satellite images from space also debunk the Procedure: myth. The wall is relatively narrow and blends Add a couple of inches of baking soda to the with the surrounding landscape, making it bottom of your bottle or jar. Fill the rest of the difficult to distinguish from space without the bottle or jar up with vegetable oil until it is aid of telescopic lenses or high-resolution almost full. Use a funnel if you have one. Notice satellite imagery. how it stays separate. In a separate cup, add a 3. Myth: Bats are blind 172 Fact: Bats are not blind; in fact, most bat Fact: Bulls are not enraged by the color red. species have excellent vision. However, some They are color-blind to red but are sensitive to species of bats rely heavily on echolocation, a the movement of the matador's cape. The red biological sonar system, to navigate and locate color is traditionally used in bullfighting prey in the dark. This has led to the because it is visually striking. misconception that bats are blind. While their vision may not be as acute as some other 7. Myth: Sugar causes hyperactivity in animals, however, they are far from being blind children and can see quite well. Fact: Numerous scientific studies have shown 4. Myth: Cracking your knuckles leads to no direct link between sugar consumption and arthritis hyperactivity in children. The perception that sugar leads to hyperactivity is likely due to the Fact: The belief that cracking your knuckles excitement associated with consuming sugary leads to arthritis is a widespread misconception. foods. Studies have shown that knuckle cracking does not increase the risk of developing arthritis. The 8. Myth: Shaving makes hair grow back sound produced when cracking knuckles is thicker and darker. caused by the release of gas bubbles in the joint fluid, and it does not have any long-term Fact: Shaving does not affect the thickness or negative effects on joint health. color of hair. When hair grows back after shaving, it may appear thicker or darker 5. Myth: A penny dropped from a tall temporarily due to the blunt edge of the cut hair, building can kill a person but it does not alter the actual hair growth. Fact: This myth is often perpetuated, but it is 9. Myth: The tongue has specific taste zones. not true. A penny dropped from a tall building does not have enough mass or aerodynamic Fact: The idea that different taste sensations are properties to cause fatal injuries. While it could experienced in specific areas of the tongue (e.g., potentially cause minor discomfort if it were to sweet at the tip, sour on the sides) is a common hit someone, the chances of it being lethal are misconception. In reality, taste buds are extremely distributed across the entire tongue, and all taste low. Falling objects can be dangerous, but for something as light as a sensations can be detected in all areas. penny, the risk of serious harm is negligible. 10. Myth: Lightning never strikes the same 6. Myth: The color red anger bulls place twice. 173 That was about how science has made Fact: Lightning can strike the same place everything seem so easy on the eye and has also multiple times. Tall structures, such as brought us great comfort. Like traveling, for skyscrapers and lightning rods, are often struck example. We go from one place to another in a repeatedly during storms. Lightning follows the flash as compared to days, months, and weeks path of least resistance and can strike the same in the past. We go to the airport check in our location if it provides the most efficient route. luggage and get seated and the next thing you know the wheels are touching down at the Note: destination. That is science! It is important to separate scientific facts from common myths and misconceptions. By relying What is NASA? on scientific evidence and research, we can gain Well, to begin with, it stands for National a better understanding of the world around us. Aeronautics and Space Administration. It was formed to invest more time and resources into UNVEILING SPACE: THE MYSTERIES OF research and development in the world LATEST surrounding our precious earth. It is responsible EXCITING for science and technology related to air and NASA'S BREAKTHROUGHS AND PROJECTS space. The space age started in 1957 with the launch of the soviet satellite Sputnik. Ali Arif Khawaja We all know something about what NASA does 0295 Before I get to the purpose of this article let’s first answer the question: What is science? but most of us are not aware of how vast their work is. They send astronauts into the solar system to study it and send information back to the Earth. In addition to this, they are sent to the In the modern world or 21st century, we have moon and Mars to discover their habitat and seen exponential growth of technology and its understand it better. Moreover, they release use in our daily lives. It has made our life so space probes and study the solar system and easy and things that seemed to take an eternity beyond. The agency also shares what it learns now are a question of mere seconds. with the inhabitants of Earth in an attempt to make the world a better place. Secondly, accessing information is one of these major steps that have seen a huge upgrade in processing speeds. Smartphones and daily appliances have made communication and tasks significantly easier. What has NASA done? When NASA started, it began a program of human spaceflight. The Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo programs helped astrologists and people to understand better how space travel works. 174 These missions laid the groundwork for further Its purpose was to observe the distant stars and space travel. galaxies and view their conditions. It has been designed to explore the universe in visible, NASA has also developed space probes which have visited every planet in the solar system and many celestial bodies. This has enabled in infrared, and ultraviolet wavelengths. It is not the first space telescope invented, but is one of the most versatile and largest ones out there. better interpretation of the weather patterns and made it possible to predict the future in terms of It is also the only telescope to be maintained by these conditions. astronauts during its flight. All of its five major components have been replaced by various NASA has also developed cutting-edge technology to upscale the progress they have space missions. It completed 30 years in April 2020 and is predicted to last until 2030 to 2040. made. This includes telescopes that have shot numerous pictures and given researchers back Hubble Telescope data transmission home more ideas on the landscape that surrounds these planets. Not just the Milky Way, but many other galaxies have been mentioned to underline the vastness of our beautiful space. The concept of a black hole First of all, let us define the black hole. A black hole is a place where gravity pulls so much that even light cannot get out. It downloads information twice daily using a 18m radius antennae which then sends the information to NASA headquarters. In a day it can download 140 GB of data. James Webb Telescope Currently, NASA has released the James Webb telescope in orbit. This particular telescope can see the universe about 100 million years after the Big Bang. Its purpose is to find the first stars Just a few months back the latest telescope that formed galaxies after the Big Bang. called the Hubble telescope sent back images of Moreover, it gives us an idea of what stars the black hole which gave the impression of a developed planetary structures. black hole tossing up a galaxy between a tussle with two other black holes. So far, it has found traces of water vapors on a red-hot planet approximately 10 light years Hubble Telescope from Earth. This particular planet is also almost twice the size of Jupiter (the largest planet in the Scientists came to know about the ultraviolet solar system). waves that have been emitted from various planets. The Hubble telescope was the first The breakthrough of this telescope is that it was telescope that could capture readings of able to see never-before-seen images of waves ultraviolet waves and also get their images. being emitted from galaxies or stars. While the Hubble telescope could not look beyond the 175 debris and rubble, the James Webb telescope not persist and is removed as soon as it starts to was able to provide images of the binary system form. Yet, the main reason why some that formed the Nebula (It is a cloud or dust in individuals even have cancer is merely BAD the night sky that is visible either as a bright LUCK. patch or dark Silhouette). Cancer cells mutate if they are given the chance. The first mutation may be their Concluding the discussion formation among the cells, and the next may be To end, I would like to add a few science words. to disguise themselves, hiding from the body In short, I think it has helped shape us into who cells which may dismantle them. The next, we are today, and quite frankly the growth perhaps, is their way of multiplying, and the shown by civilization over the last 50 years is next is to canal the resources towards simply phenomenal. NASA and its projects will themselves, all these lead to an incontrollable tell the untold mysteries about our magical multiplication of cells which harm the body. world. Cancer cells are basically a defect in the gene of a DNA, an antagonist pairs up in the gene which may fix the defect caused in the PETO’S PARADOX – THE STUDY OF respective gene, however, these sometimes fail, CANCER and the mutation is sometimes so rigorous and rapid that cancer cells become fatal. But what Mohammad Omer is Peto’s paradox? A common notion that 0118 might seize a common man’s mind is: that the larger the body size the larger the chance of one Your body mutates every minute, every gene in getting cancer. The negation of this idea is your DNA incorporates a new alteration as you presented by Peto’s paradox, which explains read through this paragraph. The large number that larger and long-lived animals like whales of cells coexist in the body on the idea of and elephants have an extremely minute chance division of labor, each cell behaves as a part of of getting cancer as compared to smaller a community rather than as an individual. organisms like dogs. Therefore, the welfare of the collective cells is put forward by each cell before its own personal gain, unfortunately, this is not always true. There are two main reasons for this: A. Evolution or mutation: The size of Cells that put their personal interest and start cells is almost the same in all using resources for their own benefit, form multicellular organisms however, the cancer cells. The immune system of the body difference occurs in the number of cells kills cancer cells every minute, the continuous occurring in respective bodies. A larger action of the caretaking cells is why cancer does number of cells means that a larger number of genes in the DNA. Animals 176 like whales having a larger amount of which are ultimately disposed of by the DNA require a greater number of “hyper tumors”. mutations in their cells as compared to smaller animals with fewer genes, like mice which have a greater probability of dying from cancer. Secondly, the larger number of DNA This suggests why animals with a larger body mass have a reduced chance of getting cancer while smaller animals frequently die due to this mysterious blob of treacherous cells. results in more caretaking genes incorporated into them. A higher probability of the detection of harmful mutating cells is efficiently catered by these genes in larger organisms. B. A Tumor for a Tumor: Cancer cells are a tumor formed on a specific part of QUANTUM COMPUTING: UNLEASHING THE POWER OF QUANTUM MECHANICS Ahsab Zaka 0176 a body. These may originate from any Quantum computing is a rapidly developing cell of the body may that be nerve cells, field that has the potential to revolutionize the muscle cells, or erythrocytes, and way we compute. Quantum computers use the hence become uncontrollable. The principles of quantum mechanics to perform interesting thing about cancer is the calculations that are exponentially faster than cancer-killing tumor, which cancer classical computers. This could lead to forms itself. A tumor forms on a part of breakthroughs in a wide range of fields, the body, and the recurring mutation in including cryptography, drug discovery, and the tumor fuels its persistence. Yet, materials science. sometimes during the mutation a cell may step out of its “harmful” What is Quantum Computing? community and term itself as an individual same as its ancestors did. Classical computers store and process This new independent cell forms its information in bits, which can be either 0 or 1. copies on the already formed tumor. Quantum computers, on the other hand, use The new tumor takes resources from quantum bits, or qubits, which can exist in a the mass of tumor cells over which it superposition of both 0 and 1 at the same time. forms, weakening the pre-existing This property allows quantum computers to group of dangerous cells. In elephants perform calculations that are impossible for and whales, many small tumors form at classical computers. multiple, different parts of the bodies 177 help researchers develop new materials The Power of Quantum Computing with improved properties. The power of quantum computing comes from ➢ Finance: Quantum computers could be the fact that qubits can be entangled. used to solve complex financial Entanglement is a phenomenon where two problems, qubits are linked together in such a way that optimization and risk management. such as portfolio they share the same fate. This means that if you measure one qubit, you will instantly know the The Future of Quantum Computing state of the other qubit, even if they are The field of quantum computing is still in its separated by a great distance. early stages, but it is rapidly developing. In the Entanglement allows quantum computers to coming years, we can expect to see significant perform calculations that are exponentially progress in the development of quantum faster than classical computers. For example, a computers. As quantum computers become classical computer would need to search more powerful, they will have a major impact through an entire database to find a match, on a wide range of industries. while a quantum computer could search through the entire database in parallel. Research and Opinions Potential There is a lot of research being done in the field Applications of Quantum of quantum computing, and there are several Computing different opinions on the future of this The potential applications of quantum technology. Some experts believe that quantum computing are vast and far-reaching. Some of computers will eventually become mainstream, the most promising applications include: while others believe that they will remain a niche technology. ➢ ➢ Cryptography: Quantum computers could be used to break current It is still too early to say for sure what the future encryption standards, which would of quantum computing holds. However, there is have a major impact on cybersecurity. no doubt that this technology has the potential Drug Discovery: Quantum computers to change the world. could be used to simulate the behavior of molecules, which could help researchers develop new drugs more quickly and efficiently. ➢ Materials Science: Quantum computers could be used to simulate The Future Scope of Quantum Computing The future scope of quantum computing is vast and far-reaching. Some of the potential applications of quantum computing include: the behavior of materials, which could 178 Artificial ➢ ➢ Intelligence: Quantum 0028 computers could be used to develop The man in this world was sent about 10,000 new AI algorithms that are more years ago and Allah Almighty has blessed man powerful and efficient than current AI with many powers the most important power is algorithms. knowledge and if there is a little blend of Climate Change: Quantum computers wonder with the knowledge it leads to the could be used to simulate the behavior ultimate form of Supreme Power called of the climate, which could help “WISDOM”. researchers develop more effective ➢ ways to mitigate climate change. The concept of sea ships: Space Quantum From the start of life on earth, human beings computers could be used to develop have started to get better, stronger, and wiser. unprecedented new navigation systems These traits are built in for human beings. The and communication technologies for aspect of using the intellect and revolutionizing space exploration. with every fraction of a second is the most exploration: primitive characteristic of us humans. If we The potential applications of quantum glance at our past, all the advancements are computing are endless. As quantum computers based on some natural phenomena i.e., the become more powerful, we can expect to see concept of the bird gave us the idea of an even more innovative and groundbreaking aeroplane, the communication system was applications of this technology. based on the pigeons, and the horsepower of our Conclusion engines is derived from the concept of horses and so on. Similarly, by the concept of Quantum computing is a promising new cetaceans, the human mind got the idea of technology with the potential to revolutionize underwater the way we compute. The field is still in its early mathematician William Bourne got the idea of stages, but it is rapidly developing. In the the submarine in 1578 but practically the first coming years, we can expect to see significant submarine was built by a Dutch inventor progress in the development of quantum Cornelis Drebbel in 1620. computers. As quantum computers become With time, these concepts of sea voyages were more powerful, they will have a major impact advanced which ultimately led to the great on a wide range of industries. inventions of sea ships like Titanic, Santa Maria submarines. First, a British USS Maine, etc. THE COLLAPSE OF THE SUBMARINE TITAN Titanic history: Titanic was a British passenger liner, operated M. Mohid Sajid by the White Star Line that sank in the North 179 Atlantic Ocean on 15 April 1912 after striking column pressure when the submarine is under an iceberg during her maiden voyage from about 6,000 psi of water pressure. However, the Southampton to New York City. Of the founders used the material carbon fibre in the estimated 2,224 passengers, more than 1,500 middle joint of the Submarine Titan. Although died, making it the deadliest sinking of a single it is stronger than the Titanium element maybe ship up to that time. It remains the deadliest it is not able to retain its strength with time. peacetime sinking of an ocean liner or cruise However, the first successful mission of Ocean ship as it claimed to be one of the strongest and Gate to the Titanic wreck was in 2021 and then safest ships for a five-star travelling experience in 2022. These were successful visits to the but it got wrecked during her first journey. Titanic wreck an expenditure of $250,000 per person. The idea of Ocean Gate: This is the visual of the submarine Titan: With time, a wrecked location not only holds a mystery within it but also submerges emotions, memories, feelings, and the charm of the affected ones. A visit to such a wreck can allow us to reimagine and feel the chaos of that incident and ultimately a thrillful, unique, and antique visit in one’s life. To make the people feel the same rush of fear and thrill an American company named Ocean Gate was founded in 2009 by Stockton Rush and Guillermo Söhnlein. Their motive was to prepare a submarine that would take the people fond off the historical and mystery places to visit almost 12,500 feet down to the wrecked site of the sunken Titanic cruiser ship. expedition to view the sunken Titanic, 5 passengers were included in the submarine along with the CEO of Ocean Gate Stockton Rush, and out of these 5 explorers Shahzada were also on board. It used a modified Logitech The founders were willing to prepare a submarine that had different, lighter, and more body On June 18, 2023, during its scheduled Dawood and his son Suleiman from Pakistan Unique factor of submarine Titan: unique The collapse of Titan: material than the ritual submarines. In all the successful submarines “Titanium” is the metal mostly used for making the outer body of a submarine as the element Titanium can bear the maximum external water F710 wireless game controller as a control steering device It is assumed that the submarine reached half of its depth to Titanic but due to an increase in the water pressure column, the submarine collapsed and pinched down from that Carbon fibre joint within no time it also got demolished by the 180 water pressure and unfortunately all 5 0279 -1 - 22 passengers of this voyage died along the mysterious wrecked bodies of Titanic Pollution has become an everyday concern, passengers. May their souls Rest in Peace! with air pollution being one of the most It has been confirmed by a Remotely Operated significant threats we face. It adversely affects Underwater destroyed the air we breathe, posing serious risks to both fragments of the submarine were found about human and environmental health. In this article, 1,600 feet down from the bow of the Titanic. we will explore the different forms and sources Vehicle that the of air pollution, the dire consequences it has on Causes of implosion: our well-being, and the urgent need for According to Ocean Gate, Titan had several sustainable solutions. Moreover, we will delve backup systems intended to return the vessel to into the surface in case of emergency, including surrounding this critical issue. ballasts that could be dropped, a balloon, thrusters, and sandbags held by hooks that the personal opinions and beliefs Understanding Air Pollution: Types and Sources dissolved after a certain number of hours in saltwater. Ideally, this would release the Air pollution can be categorized into two main sandbags, allowing the vessel to float to the types: visible and invisible. Visible air surface. But, after all these emergency backups pollution, such as smog, is easily observable, the Titan could not withstand the pressure hull while invisible pollutants like sulfur dioxide which led to implosion. and carbon monoxide can be more toxic. These pollutants stem from both natural and man- Out of all the causes of the implosion of the made sources. Titan the most accepted one is that the centre joint of carbon fibre instead of titanium caused The Causes and Consequences of Air the submarine to implode from that point when Pollution there was a significant increase in the water Human activities are major contributors to air pressure due to the depth of the ocean. Perhaps, pollution. Combustion of fossil fuels, emissions I think that it is one of those mysteries that we from industries, agricultural practices, and will never solve. One of the mysteries we read improper about. harmful chemicals into the air. The devastating waste management all release effects of air pollution are far-reaching, THE URGENT NEED FOR ACTION: resulting in respiratory and heart conditions, COMBATING AIR POLLUTION FOR A cancer, premature births, and even the SUSTAINABLE FUTURE impairment of brain development in children. M. Yousaf Riaz Moreover, air pollution contributes to global 181 warming, sea level rise, and the depletion of the significantly decrease our energy consumption ozone layer. and contribute to a cleaner environment. Personal Perspective: The Urgency of 4. Embracing the Concept of Reduce, Reuse, Taking Action and Recycle: Every individual has the power to make a difference by reducing waste, reusing Air pollution is not just a scientific or environmental issue; it is a matter of personal concern and moral responsibility. As individuals, we must recognize that our actions contribute to this crisis. We need materials, and promoting recycling. By making conscious choices and minimizing our consumption, we can mitigate pollution and its environmental impacts. to acknowledge the urgency of the situation and 5. Prioritizing Clean Energy Resources: take immediate steps to address it. The Governments and individuals must prioritize consequences of inaction are dire and will have the transition to clean energy sources such as long-lasting impacts on future generations. solar, wind, and geothermal. Investing in renewable energy technologies and providing Sustainable Solutions: Empowering Change 1. Utilizing Public Transportation: Encouraging the use of public transportation and carpooling can significantly reduce air pollution. By choosing these eco-friendly options, we can contribute to cleaner air and minimize our carbon footprint. incentives for their adoption are crucial steps toward reducing air pollution. 6. Supporting Green Building Practices: Constructing environmentally responsible and resource-efficient structures can significantly minimize the carbon footprint of buildings. By employing sustainable materials, energy- 2. Adopting Better Household Practices: efficient designs, and proper insulation, we can Replacing traditional heating methods with gas contribute logs, avoiding the burning of waste or dry environment. leaves, and using eco-friendly cleaning to a healthier and cleaner Conclusion products are simple yet effective ways to reduce indoor air pollution. These small changes in our The fight against air pollution requires daily lives can have a substantial positive collective impact. commitment from individuals, governments, and 3. Conserving Energy: The excessive consumption of energy leads to the burning of fossil fuels and increased air pollution. By adopting energy-saving habits such as turning action organizations and a deep-rooted worldwide. The consequences of inaction are too severe to ignore, as they impact not only our health but also the future of our planet. By embracing sustainable solutions and making conscious off lights and fans when not in use, we can 182 choices in our daily lives, we can pave the way towards a cleaner and healthier world for ourselves and generations to come. It is our responsibility to take action now and ensure a sustainable future for all. 183 184 MICROBIOLOGY 185 MICROBIOLOGY TIMELINE 2023 February ➢ 9th World Conference on Applied Micro Biology and Beneficial Microbes. March ➢ International Conference on Dental Science and Advanced Dentistry (ICDSAD)Science Leagues April ➢ International Conference on Cosmetic and Classical Dentistry May ➢ Recent Developments in Cryo-electron Microscopy June ➢ International Conference on Medical, Biological, and Pharma Sciences with Scopus publication. July ➢ International Conference on Pro-Biotics and Gut Nutrition August ➢ 11th World Congress and Expo on Applied Micro-Biology September ➢ 18th International Conference on Virology, Emerging Diseases and Vaccines 186 RESURRECTION OF DYING ORGANS technology expands the donor pool. Multiple THROUGH ORGAN-EX TECHNOLOGY organs can be reanimated even after several hours of the donor's death with the help of this Arooj technology. The process includes the passage of sapphire blue solution- Ogan Ex through the Organ transplant is considered to be the only option for patients suffering from end-stage organ failure. According to the World Health Organization, only 10% of patients could get organ transplants because of the unavailability of donor organs as well as limiting ways to preserve them. In Pakistan alone, 135000 patients need organ transplants every year and thousands of people lose their lives due to end-stage organ circulatory system of the dead organism. Organ Ex solution contains amino acids, metabolites, vitamins, and a drug cocktail of 13 different chemical compounds that promote cellular health, delay cell death, and suppress inflammation. Sapphire blue solution gets mixed with the host's blood with the assistance of a perfusion device like an ECMO heart-lung device. The perfusion device delivers an Organ Ex solution by keeping the shredding of capillaries. Not only does Organ failure. Ex circulate blood and oxygen and reverse rigor A neuroscientist named Nenad Sestan and his mortis better than ECMO, but tissues in organs team accidentally introduced a revolutionary like the heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, and pancreas technology that could help extend the life of remain intact, cells don’t die, and remain human organs, reanimate the dying organs, and metabolically active. Organ-Ex also prevents expand the availability of donor organs for porcine transplant. Nenad Sestan used a mixture of switches that lead to the death of cells, activates proteins, nutrients, and some drugs to recover genes that are involved in DNA repair and brain function in pigs. His intention was not to metabolism, and suppresses those that are reanimate the brain but to study its wiring but his involved in injury and death. In the final step, the experiment single-cell RNA sequencing provides a real real- gave rise to a revolutionary cells from tripping inflammatory technology. time snapshot that shows the recovery of Normally, when the heart stops beating, a cascade molecular processes in a cell like DNA repair and of biochemical reactions activated by lack of maintenance of cell structure and integrity. blood flow, nutrients, and oxygen begins to The discovery of Organ Ex technology opens a disrupt body cells and organs. So, the organ must window for transforming our understanding of be harvested for transplant and preserved at low when and how our cells, tissues, and organs die. temperatures to slow down its metabolism and It also helps reveal different ways to keep the cellular dead cells viable for longer periods. Its potential death. However, the Organ Ex 187 applications extend the life of organs in patients health. The probiotics known as "psychobiotics," as well as lengthen the availability of donor which may have advantages for mental health, organs for transplant. In addition, it may assist have doctors in counteracting the effects of aging on microbiology and psychology. This article will the human body and help treat organs that get delve into the interesting world of psychobiotics, damaged by ischemia during stroke or heart examining their methods of action, prospective attacks. applications in mental health, and the fascinating Since the technology is not yet under clinical practice, scientists are trying to test Organ Extreated organs in recipient pigs to estimate how well these organs perform in living cells. The purpose of using pigs is that the size of their heart is the same as that of human beings. Once this technology passes the clinical trials in pigs as well as human beings, it will play a very important in saving the lives of organ failure patients. In addition to medical benefits, this technology is also economical for patients of developing countries like Pakistan as it just requires a flow of cell-protective fluid (Organ-Ex) through the circulatory system of the host to restore blood circulation and cell functions. gained attention at the nexus of breakthroughs in research that have sparked hope for new treatments. Mind-Body Connection The gut microbiome, a huge and varied population of microorganisms found in the human gut, is referred to as such. These tiny occupants are crucial for the regulation of the immune system, metabolism, and digestion. Recent studies have, however, shown an even more intriguing function for the gut microbiome: its impact on the brain. A bidirectional communication pathway between the gut and the brain is known as the gut-brain axis. Numerous routes, including neurological, PSYCHOBIOTICS: UNLOCKING THE hormonal, and immunological signals, are used MIND-GUT CONNECTION by this connection to function. New research Mariyam Siddique reveals that the composition and activity of the gut microbiome have a significant impact on how Introduction the brain, emotions, and behavior. This discovery opened the door for the investigation of Our mental health and the trillions of bacteria that live in our gut are connected by a new thread that psychobiotics as a viable strategy for improving mental health. is being woven by the developing field of psychobiotics in the complex tapestry of human Unveiling of Psychobiotics 188 acting on the gut-brain axis, which Probiotics, which are live bacteria with affects mood and behavior. demonstrated health benefits when ingested in sufficient doses, are a subset of psychobiotics. Mental Health Applications The ability of psychobiotics to influence mental health through altering the gut-brain axis sets ➢ There are a variety of conditions for them apart. Numerous kinds of bacteria, which psychobiotics may be used, and especially those from the genera Lactobacillus these and Bifidobacterium, are among these helpful psychobiotics microbes. symptoms of depression and anxiety, uses are may diverse: A few help with the according to preliminary investigations. How Psychobiotics Function These bacteria may serve as supplementary therapies or preventative Psychobiotics affect mental health in a variety of measures by affecting the immune ways that are not fully understood. But numerous system and neurotransmitter synthesis. ➢ Management of Stress: Psychobiotics crucial routes have surfaced: The production of neurotransmitters in the gut, may improve people's ability to handle including serotonin and gamma-aminobutyric stress. They may lessen the likelihood of acid (GABA), has been observed with some stress-related mental health issues by psychobiotics. Mood and anxiety levels may be modifying the body's stress response. ➢ Current studies are looking into how the impacted by these neurotransmitters. 1. Immune System Modulation: gut microbiota may play a role in Psychobiotics can control how the neurodevelopmental disorders like immune system reacts, which lowers autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and inflammation, which has been connected attention-deficit/hyperactivity to mood disorders including depression (ADHD). The use of psychobiotics may disorder 2. Gut Barrier Function: Psychobiotics open up fresh possibilities for treating assist in maintaining the integrity of the symptoms and enhancing the quality of gut barrier, which prevents the leaking of life in people with ASD or ADHD. hazardous substances into the ➢ Cognitive Function: As concerns aging bloodstream, which can have an impact population on brain health. cognitive decline, psychobiotics may be 3. Brain Communication: Psychobiotics raises the about able to maintain and improve cognitive can communicate with the brain by 189 function while also perhaps lowering the between our gut and mental health is constantly risk of neurodegenerative illnesses. expanding. As scientists work to understand the intricate relationships between the gut and the Various Obstacles and Future Directions brain, psychobiotics hold promise as a cuttingedge strategy for improving mental health. While Although the potential of psychobiotics in mental there are still obstacles to overcome, the health is promising, several issues need to be possibility of using these advantageous microbes resolved: to treat depression, anxiety, and other mental ➢ The effects of psychobiotics may vary health issues provides a ray of hope for a time depending on the strain, therefore not all when the mind-gut connection will be used to probiotics will have the same positive improve human mental health. The potential for effects on mental health. Finding the psychobiotics in mental health is limitless as we strains that work best for various set out on this path of discovery; they present circumstances is a difficult undertaking. fresh vistas for investigation and the hope of ➢ Dosage and Length of Treatment: better times to come. Research is still being done to determine the ideal dosage and length of psychobiotic therapy. ➢ Regulatory authorization: Regulatory authorization for the use of psychobiotics in the treatment of mental PLANT-BASED BIOPLASTIC – AN EMERGING FUTURE Shazel Ilyas 0602-BH-MB-20 illness is pending additional studies and clinical trials because they are not yet universally acknowledged as therapeutic Plastic has become a part of our daily lives. This medicines. modern and ever-revolutionizing world cannot ➢ Due to the very idiosyncratic nature of sustain itself without using plastic in construction, the gut microbiome, different persons packaging, may respond differently to the same electronic appliances, and for nearly every aspect psychobiotic. Individualized methods of of our life. It is evident from the fact that psychobiotic therapies worldwide production of plastic was 359 million transportation, electrical, and tonnes in 2018 and it produced 29 million tonnes Conclusion per annum of waste. The new discipline of psychobiotics is evidence of how our awareness of the complex relationship 190 The need for the synthesis of bioplastics came neurotoxicity, and hepatotoxicity. It is equally when humans began to suffer from the disastrous harmful to humans and animals. effects of conventional plastic i.e., greenhouse gas emissions, water pollution, land pollution, danger to aquatic life, and contamination of our food. As bioplastic is made from natural and renewable resources, it is not toxic and provides almost similar applications. PHA, PHB, and PLA are commonly used bioplastics. It is not widely available for commercial use because of its high Keeping in view these harmful side effects, biologists came forward to produce safer, biodegradable, and eco-friendly bioplastic. It is claimed that it is non-toxic and better than conventional plastic. Currently, bioplastic is synthesized by either using microorganisms, plants, or algal sources. cost. A lot of work is still needed to overcome the Production of bio-plastic low biomass and cultivation difficulties. The production of bioplastic from plants is a There is an increasing shift in the use of single- relatively cheaper idea but it should not affect use plastic products which means that such food security. That’s why work is in progress to plastic products are disposed of after one use. genetically produce such plants which not only Plastic is made from essential polymers later provide food but also a precursor for bio-plastic. mixed with additives called plasticizers. These There are two methods used to produce plastic additives are poorly bonded to the chemical chain from plants i.e., fermentation or turning plants of polymer and it is released under suitable into plastic factories. conditions. It later becomes part of our Researchers environment and enters through skin, food, or engineered plant, Arabidopsis thaliana. It water into the body. contains certain enzymes that are used by the Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) is frequently bacteria to produce plastic. These plants are used as a plasticizer. It bounds by non-covalent harvested and later plastic is extracted by using a interactions with the plastic and leaches out after solvent. But this process is not very energy repeated use, cooking, or heating. This toxic efficient, which also results in the emission of substance is produced by around 2 million greenhouse gases. annually. It is more commonly known as an Types of Plant-based Bioplastic have produced a genetically endocrine disruptor (ED). It brings hormonal changes to the body which also poses serious complications to the progeny of the organism. It is also related to the cause of testicular and ovarian toxicity, endometriosis, renal toxicity, Currently, there are different types of bioplastics synthesized from plant sources. Let’s enhance our understanding by looking at each of them PLA (Polylactic acid) 191 This is a low-molecular-weight biodegradable up. Now this can be easily degraded by bacteria. polyester. It is usually prepared by using starch- During the production of PLA, about two-thirds rich plant sources which are later polymerized. It less energy is used than conventional plastic and has benefits over conventional plastic due to its it accounts for 25% less greenhouse gas mechanical strength, thermal stability, and good emissions. barrier properties. Disadvantages It has vast medical applications in tissue engineering, wound treatment, drug delivery systems, and orthopedic devices. One of the most significant risks of using plantbased bioplastic is that it competes with our food supply and is a threat to food security. Corn is an PHA (Polyhydroxyalkanoates) excellent source for producing biofuels and Polyhydroxyalkanoates are biopolymers that are synthesized from living sources such as bacteria or genetically engineered plants. They are stored as water-insoluble inclusions in the cytoplasm of their cells. PHAs are also known as ‘’green plastic’’ as they are safe for the environment too. bioplastic but if we continue this practice, we will not have enough corn to eat. Similarly, most of the agricultural land will be wasted in growing transgenic plants instead of food crops. There is not sufficient biomass produced from plants and it takes a long duration for production. It is used for animal nutrients, biofuels, industrial Bioplastic is always commercialized as safe and fermentation, and various purposes of bioplastic. sustainable plastic. However, several researches have revealed that it is also toxic and contains Cellulose-based Bioplastic harmful chemicals. It causes more ozone Cellulose is a biopolymer that is naturally found in plants. It is an excellent alternative to petrochemical-based plastic as it also has good depletion than regular plastic. Future Prospects mechanical strength and is environmentally The future of bioplastic-based products is very friendly. Waste paper from any paper source can promising. be converted into bioplastic. biodegradability, its demand is increasing. The Due to its sustainability and price of fermentative PHA production per unit Advantages polymer is estimated to be $2/kg prices which is As these plastics are biodegradable, they are twice the price of polyethylene. Even though completely of bioplastics are expensive they are still considered microorganisms and become a part of the soil. For as a viable option to improve environmental example, when cornstarch-based bioplastic is sustainability. decomposed, these cells absorb water and swell technological advances aim to improve its degraded by the action Ongoing research and 192 various qualities to make it useful in other kind of environment. There are severe applications. Apart from this, conventional threats for humans also. plastic should also be changed into bioplastic and become a part of the circular economy. ➢ Many scientists believe that greenhouse gases, pollution, Deforestation, and per capita ROLE OF MICROBES IN GLOBAL WARMING Sana Muqadus 1292-BS-MB-22 carbon emissions including Volcanoes are some major causes of Global warming. ➢ Volcanos are affected in the sense that they spew too much Carbon Dioxide in the air that remains stuck in the atmosphere GLOBAL WARMING: An unusual rapid increase in Earth's surface temperature over the past century primarily due and increases the temperature of Earth resulting in global warming. It’s dangerous because it disturbs the overall ecology of the planet. to Greenhouse gases released by anthropogenic activities, is global warming. Facts and figures: Here is some data to understand the reality of Global warming: ➢ Today the average temperature of the world as compared to the start of the Industrial Revolution is 1.5 °C higher. But now there is a gradual increase in this number and if affecting the planet's health. Damages of Global warming have direct and adverse effects on both Flora and Fauna. ➢ 6 billion Tons of Carbon Dioxide was emitted in 1950 which had ➢ As Global warming is increasing day by quadruped in volume till 1990. But day, wildlife is in danger because its after 40 years, it reached 22 billion increase causes climatic change which it Tons. Remaining unchecked, today difficult for animals to survive in such Carbon dioxide emissions have reached a whopping 35 billion Tons. 193 ➢ The Global Annual temperature ✓ Risks to Infrastructure ✓ Increase in Ocean Acidity increased at an average rate of 0.8°C ✓ Increase in Wild-fire ✓ Heat Waves ✓ Insect Outbreaks ✓ Tree Diseases per decade since 1880 and over twice that of 0.18°C since 1981. Microbial Ecology: Note: According to research, the last 2 years 2021 and 2022 are not ranking among the five warmest years on record. • Microbes are involved in many environmental They play a great environmental changes. This role in may include Carbon Dioxide is the major greenhouse nitrogen fixation and the carbon cycle. They play gas that is contributing to the increase of an efficient role in the consumption and Global warming. production of powerful greenhouse gases such as Nitrogen Oxide is a critical greenhouse Carbon dioxide and Methane. gas. It is a major cause of ozone depletion. Car exhausts are a major cause of its • their environment is known as microbial ecology. processes. Causes: • The relationship of microbes with each other and Role of microbes in global warming: production. It is also a major pollutant for As it is the modern era of advancements, death worldwide. scientists and researchers are trying their best to Somehow, Plastic is also responsible for use microorganisms to reduce global warming. almost 4 % of the world's total Some uses of microbes in this effect are as greenhouse follows: gas emissions. Some companies like Coca-Cola, PepsiCo, Nestle, and Unilever are contributing to Global warming by Plastics. Problems: ✓ E-coli: Some efficient systems are developed to use a modified form of E. coli to consume Carbon dioxide and either store it or produce biofuels and foodstuffs ✓ Sea-Level rise from it. However, work on increasing the ✓ Erosion bacterial efficiency keeps going to ✓ Flooding 194 consume more atmospheric carbon dioxide. Laraib Sohail ✓ Methanotrophs: Methanotrophs are bacteria that use methane for their food due to the presence of the INVITRO MEAT PRODUCTION enzyme Methane monooxygenases. It is used as an energy source they possess high effects and are efficient in consuming mechanism 40 to 60% of the methane produced is consumed by methanotroph S in wetland environments. Now they are used as biocatalysts in agricultural soils and landfills ultimately leading reduction in atmospheric methane levels. ✓ Rhizobia and azotobacter: These bacteria can convert atmospheric nitrogen into a form that plants can use Introduction Animal tissue culture meat is quite eminent in the field of research and developmental projects yet still not the participant of commercial race. Advanced research-based steps are being taken to get high-quality yields. This step has been taken regarding overcoming the meat supply shortage and environmental protection. The idea for cultured meat production was reported by British statesman Frederick Edwin in 1930. He exclaimed, “It will no longer be necessary to go to the extravagant length of rearing a bullock to get its steak. From one ‘parent steak’ of choice tenderness, it will be possible to grow as large as desired”. this process is called nitrogen fixation and it is critical for plants’ growth and the Intricate cells and tissues growth invitro ecosystem’s health. The structural complexity of meat comprising various tissue types and intricate cellular patterns Conclusion: render the process of getting in vitro meat access No doubt greenhouse gases are increasing difficult. Meat from different sources endure Earth's temperature day by day but this increase varied muscular and fiber patterns and thus the is gradually disturbing Earth's ecosystem health. task varies accordingly. Complete understanding So, to keep a balance, some microbes interact of replicating different types of lab-grown meat with the environment with their activities products involved in the reduction of these gases to keep identification of adipocyte and skeletal cells or fat Earth healthier. They are contributing to tissues. At present, “stem cells” have made it maintaining ecosystem balance. With their small possible to grow meat in a lab, owing to their effort, they are trying to keep safe this large planet. unique attributes. and for better formulation and 195 “Cultured meat production from stem cell engineering. Another type, induced pluripotent technology” stem cells(iPSCs), is derived from reprogramming cells being separated from somatic tissue to a pluripotent state. Quite recently in 2018, the stable culture of bovine ESCs was potentially reported for differentiating into skeletal muscle development necessary cell types. Fig Stem cells isolation from animal source Fig Lab-grown food burger created at Maastricht University Stem cells are grouped under unspecialized cells in the body possessing their ability to selfgeneration. The two main stem cells are grouped as “embryonic cells and stem cells”. ESCs are obtained during the early developmental stage (blastocyst), can be cultured in the laboratory, and get differentiated into any cell type in the body and invitro meat cultivation (pluripotent).On the other hand, adult stem cells(ASC), observed in adult tissues, are far rarer and have limited ability to differentiate into many specialized tissues (unipotent or multipotent). Owing to their potential to differentiate into various types precisely adipocyte tissues and skeletal muscle, stem cells from different development stages have been suggested as viable cells for meat culturing. ASCs as satellite cells are potentially linked with skeletal muscles, which get to differentiate into myofibrils and myotubes and tend to specialize as skeletal muscle fibers this suit best for skeletal muscle Multipotent adult stem cells, Mesenchymal cells (MSC), tend to present in many tissues, playing a key role in muscle development, and serving as good starter cells. Post selection process, stem cells are either taken from muscle tissues or directly from embryos, differentiating into muscle cells, and transferred to a scaffold, where they grow into larger tissues. During this process, the cells are provided with an ideal growth environment as well culture medium, and its selection is quite critical. 196 Concerned technological challenges is needed to perfuse through cultured tissue The cultured meat production process is branched into three parts: cell collection, cell culture, and cultured meat production; where every step presents its methodical challenge. Cell collection refers to obtaining living cells, cell culture refers to maintaining mass-producing culture media and the processing method refers to meat culturing. Many non-profit meat culturing organizations report challenges in mass-producing culture mediums. Heading towards the cell cultivation efforts by meat cultivating industries, numerous hurdles are being faced including the development of cell lines that could be maintained for indefinite propagation, making culture media cheaper, enduring cell lines with palatable features, and many more. Maintenance of scalable bioprocesses along with reduction in configure. Nutritive value From a nutritive point of view, cultured meat comprises natural polymers to organize in the cell environment, and aim to sustain cell-induced contractions and tissue alignments. The fat content in meat is markedly influenced by livestock species or breed type and they cocultured adipocytes derived from stem cells to synthesize saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Cultured meat is a rich source of dietary minerals such as selenium, zinc, and iron and also ensures a good source of bioactive compounds such as taurine (free amino acid) for critical metabolic activities. Its nutritive value is adding to its worldwide acceptance. the cost of biomanufacturing on a large scale is also causing hindrances in the way forward. GUT When talking about the issue of culturing HEALTH challenges are even bigger. The complexity of Shazel Ilyas MICROBIOTA AND HUMAN recreating tissue structure with bioprinters and interlinked cost of tissue structuring and 0602-BH-MB-20 requirement for cultivation equipment. Tissues endure complex patterns in the body on nanoscales making the bioprinting systems face replicating difficulties. Additionally, a delivery system for nutrients and oxygen transport to cells is inevitable as passive diffusion tends to be ineffective in tissue depth of about 100 micrometers, or an alternate perf-usable system You must have come across the word ‘’Microbiome’’ very often. With advancements in research on the interaction of microorganisms and humans, this concept is the talk of the town. Let’s dive deep into understanding the fascinating microbial world and its impact on our lives: 197 Microbiome refers to the populations of different coli produces vitamin K and B-complex in the microorganisms living in and on different parts of large intestine. This type of vitamin K produced the human body including bacteria, fungi, viruses, by bacteria is called menaquinone. Essential etc. The number and diversity of these microbes amino acids and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) vary according to their location site. Most byproducts i.e., butyrate, propionate, and acetate commonly several genera of bacteria are present are also produced by this gut microbiota. on the skin, ear, upper respiratory tract, urinogenital tract, and gastrointestinal tract bacteria in the human body is the gastrointestinal a of Gut Microbiota in Disease Development Out of all these sites, the major colonization of tract. The stomach has Role highly acidic environment, which is why less than 10 viable bacteria are present per milliliter of the gastric fluid. Only the acidophilic bacteria can survive here. An astonishing relationship has been found between the gut microbiota and the development of several metabolic diseases. The changes in the composition of these microorganisms have assisted in the onset of obesity, type 2 diabetes, inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), several types of autoimmune diseases and dermatitis, The large intestine specifically the colon hosts the metabolic heart diseases, and non-alcoholic liver largest bacterial community in the body. More disorders. than 1,000 bacterial species have been identified in human feces. About 1012 organisms are present per gram of human feces including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoans. The predominant bacterial groups present here are gram-negative cocci, Lactobacilli, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Enterobacteriaceae. For instance, the patients having inflammatory bowel disease have a smaller number of Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and other bacterial diversity. Eventually, they produce less amount of short-chain fatty acids including butyrate. These short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)are regarded as anti-inflammatory, regulate anti-diabetes, These gut bacteria are present as commensals or anti-obesity, opportunistic These cardiovascular activities. These SCFAs are also microorganisms play an important role in several responsible for strengthening the intestinal cells, metabolic processes, digestion of food, immunity, which makes the gut barrier and makes it maintaining overall health, and producing several impermeable. microorganisms. and anti-cancer, immune and metabolic byproducts. For example, Escherichia 198 Bacteria Basic features Associated Associated disease states physiologic changes Lactobacillus spp. Gram-positive SCFA facultative anaerobe Bacteroides spp. production; Attenuate IBD anti-inflammatory rod- and shaped activities Gram-negative Activate anti-cancer CD4 + T Increased abundance in IBD obligate anaerobe cells rod-shaped; variable motility Clostridium spp. Gram-positive Promote the Several spp. are pathogenic obligate anaerobe generation of TH17 causing tetanus, botulism, gas Escherichia coli rod-shaped; spore- cells gangrene, or pseudomembranous forming colitis Gram-negative TLR-activation facultative anaerobe Increased abundance in IBD gastroenteritis, rod- UTI, and meningitis shaped Table 1: An overview of different bacterial genera that are a part of gut microbiota and their role in physiological changes and diseases. Importance of Gut Microbiome These bacteria live in a symbiotic relationship with host cells. They acquire nutrients from the maintaining human health at several levels. Some of their advantageous roles are discussed as: Nutrient Metabolism human body and in return provide essential metabolic byproducts. They play a vital role in 199 The gut microorganisms i.e., Bacteroides, produce enzymes that degrade and reduce the Roseburia, Bifidobacterium, Fecalibacterium, effect of these xenobiotics. and Enterobacteria use carbohydrates present in our diet as their energy source. These Immunity carbohydrates are fermented to produce other These bacteria are helpful in the maturation of our metabolites. It also includes the production of immune short-chain fatty acids microorganisms helps our immune system to Some species of Bacteroides help in carbohydrate metabolism. Lactobacillus Oxalobacter species, formigenes, and Bifidobacterium species degrade the oxalate produced in the intestine, which reduces the risk of kidney stone formation. system. Exposure to these distinguish between harmful and harmless species. The gut microbiota assists T cells and B cells in balancing the immune response. An exaggerated immune response results in inflammation and auto-immune disorders. These bacteria provide de intestinal barrier which prevents the entry of pathogenic microorganisms The proteinases and peptidases produced by bacteria help metabolize the protein present in our diet. Vitamin K and B-complex are also and their toxins into the bloodstream. Mental Health synthesized by them. These bacteria produce a It is proven with extensive research that our brain diverse range of organic acids which are helpful and gut are related to each other. The gut is also in high energy-yielding metabolic processes. called the ‘’second brain’’ because it plays a major role in our mood and irritability. The Xenobiotics and Drug Metabolism changes in our feelings and moods are largely The gut microbiome plays an essential role in the related to the microbiota present in our gut. They activation, inactivation, toxicity, acceptability, are also responsible for managing our mood, pain, and response to a specific drug/medication. depression, and anxiety. Owning a poor diet and Xenobiotics are substances that are foreign to the sedentary lifestyle, our gut microbiota is not human body. They can be endogenous i.e., diet, healthy. It results in inflammation which affects drugs, environmental pollutants, antibiotics, and our mental well-being. exogenous i.e., the substances which are produced within the body after metabolism. Conclusion These xenobiotics need to be removed from the The fetus is sterile in the mother’s womb. Our body and microbiota establishes right after birth either carcinogenic. Human gut microbes and the liver through the mother’s vagina or immediate otherwise they can be toxic handlers. As we age, this microbiota is 200 strengthened by our gender, diet, lifestyle, Metagenomic studies are carried out for a deep environmental factors, stress, and antibiotic understanding of this gut microbiome. Our treatment. The most important and regulatory healthy microbiota in this regard is the gut microbiota. dependent on the composition and diversity of Trillions of bacteria present here are responsible our gut microbiota. growth and survival are largely for controlling almost all of our functions. 201 PHYSICS 202 PHYSICS TIMELINE 2023 September 1, 2022 • • • James Webb Space Telescope released its first full-color images of the universe. A team of physicists at the University of Chicago developed a new type of quantum computer that is significantly faster than previous models. Researchers at the University of California, Berkeley, published a study in the journal Nature that showed that it may be possible to use quantum entanglement to teleport information. October 2, 2022 • • • The Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Alain Aspect, John Clauser, and Anton Zeilinger for their groundbreaking work on quantum entanglement. A team of physicists at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) announced that they had discovered a new subatomic particle, which they named the pentaquark. Researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) published a study in the journal Science that showed that it may be possible to use light to control the behavior of electrons in materials. November 3, 2022 • • • Physicists at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) announced that they had observed a new type of particle decay that could help to shed light on the nature of dark matter. A team of researchers at the University of Maryland developed a new type of material that could be used to create more efficient solar cells. Physicists at the University of California, Santa Barbara published a study in the journal Nature that showed that it may be possible to use light to create artificial intelligence systems that are more efficient and powerful than current models. December 4, 2022 • • A team of physicists at the University of Oxford developed a new type of quantum sensor that is significantly more sensitive than previous models. The new sensor is based on a phenomenon called "quantum entanglement," which occurs when two quantum particles are linked together in such a way that they share the same fate, even if they are separated by a large distance. The researchers used quantum entanglement to create a new type of sensor that can detect even the smallest changes in magnetic and electric fields. This new sensor could be used in a wide range of applications, including medical imaging, navigation, and environmental monitoring. January 5, 2023 • A team of physicists at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) announced that they had developed a new type of material that could be used to create batteries that are much more energy-dense than current models. 203 • Researchers at the University of Cambridge published a study in the journal Nature that showed that it may be possible to use quantum mechanics to develop new types of drugs that are more effective and less harmful than current treatments. February 6, 2023 • • A team of physicists at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) announced that they had discovered a new type of Higgs boson, which could help to shed light on the nature of dark matter. Researchers at the University of Stanford published a study in the journal Science that showed that it may be possible to use light to create a new type of computer chip that is much faster and more energy-efficient than current models. March 7, 2023 • • A team of physicists at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) announced that they had developed a new type of solar cell that is significantly more efficient than current models. Researchers at the University of Chicago published a study in the journal Nature that showed that it may be possible to use quantum mechanics to create new types of materials that are stronger and more durable than current materials. April 8, 2023 • • A team of physicists at the University of Oxford announced that they had developed a new type of quantum computer that is significantly more powerful than previous models. Researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) published a study in the journal Science that showed that it may be possible to use light to create a new type of microscope that can resolve images at the atomic level. May 9, 2023 • • A team of physicists at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) announced that they had discovered a new type of particle that could be the first evidence of dark matter. Researchers at the University of California, Berkeley, published a study in the journal Nature that showed that it may be possible to use quantum mechanics to create new types of sensors that are much more sensitive than current sensors. June 10, 2023 • • A team of physicists at the University of Maryland announced that they had developed a new type of battery that is significantly more energy-dense and longer-lasting than current batteries. Researchers at the University of Cambridge published a study in the journal Science that showed that it may be possible to use light to create a new type of quantum July 11, 2023 204 • • • A team of physicists at the University of Chicago discovered a new way to manipulate quantum particles that could lead to the development of more powerful and efficient quantum computers. The new technique is based on a phenomenon called "dynamic sympathetic resonance," which occurs when two quantum systems are coupled together and begin to oscillate in sync. The researchers used dynamic sympathetic resonance to create a new type of quantum gate, which is a basic building block of quantum computers. This new gate is much faster and more efficient than traditional quantum gates, and it could be used to build quantum computers that are capable of solving problems that are currently intractable for classical computers. The discovery of dynamic sympathetic resonance is a significant breakthrough in the field of quantum computing. It has the potential to revolutionize the way we solve complex problems, and it could lead to the development of new technologies that have a profound impact on society. August 12, 2023 • • New type of solar cell developed: A team of researchers at the University of California, Berkeley, developed a new type of solar cell that is significantly more efficient than current models. This new solar cell could help to reduce our reliance on fossil fuels and accelerate the transition to clean energy Researchers at the University of California, Berkeley, published a study in the journal Science that showed that it may be possible to use light to create a new type of transistor that is much faster and more energy-efficient than current models. 205 FROM STRINGS TO DIMENSIONS: A MULTIVERSE MANIFESTO The Extra Dimensions: Hidden Worlds String theory proposes the possibility of additional dimensions—six or more—along with Laiba Muskan (0539-BH(E)-PHY-19) the traditional three dimensions of space. These additional dimensions are compressed or twisted Abdul Rehman (0535-BH(E)-PHY-19) up to a microscopic scale, rendering them invisible at our macroscopic level. Consider them to be delicately folded dimensions concealed The concept of the multiverse has evolved as one inside the fabric of our world. of the most mind-boggling and awe-inspiring ideas in the field of contemporary physics, where The Multiverse Emerges mysteries abound and the frontiers of human This is when the multiverse enters the picture. comprehension are continuously stretched. It The many ways in which these additional calls into question our fundamental beliefs about dimensions may be compacted result in a large the world, asking us to consider a universe panorama of possibilities, each corresponding to considerably more complicated and interwoven a separate world with its own physical rules. The than we could have imagined. To begin this multiverse is created by the different ways we cosmic voyage, we must first explore the universe may "fold" the additional dimensions in string of string theory and the dimensions it reveals, as theory, resulting in a plethora of worlds, each these are the foundations of the multiverse with its own set of physical constants and manifesto. attributes. String Theory: The Weaving of Reality Many Worlds, Many Possibilities String theory dubbed the "Theory of Everything," Each world in the multiverse may have its own proposes that the fundamental building elements set of physical laws and constants, as well as of the world are microscopic vibrating strings diverse types of matter and energy. Because of rather than particles. When these strings are the amazing diversity of universes, somewhere joined in various ways, they produce the particles out there, in one of these parallel realms, the and forces that control the universe. String theory conditions may be just ideal to support life as we proposes the presence of extra spatial dimensions know it, while in others, the rules of physics may hidden from our everyday awareness, in addition be completely foreign. This notion has far- to the known three dimensions of space and one reaching ramifications for our view of reality. dimension of time. 206 The Anthropic Principle: Our Cosmic physical rules and possibilities. While the Address multiverse is still a theoretical idea, it adds to our When we ponder why we find ourselves in a knowledge of the universe we live in and reminds world capable of supporting life, the anthropic us that reality is considerably more complex and principle comes into play. It implies that our interwoven than we can ever comprehend. We go existence as observers is inextricably linked to from threads to dimensions in our quest to fathom the conditions of the cosmos, we live in. In other the mysteries of the universe, discovering the words, we are here because the characteristics of infinite fabric of existence itself. the cosmos allow for our existence. The multiverse provides a framework within which the anthropic principle makes sense, QUANTUM TELEPORTATION: BEAMING INFORMATION ACROSS THE UNIVERSE by explaining why our world appears to be fine- Laiba Muskan (0539-BH(E)-PHY-19) tuned for life. Abdul Rehman (0535-BH(E)-PHY-19) Challenges and Possibilities While the notion of the multiverse is intriguing, it is still a theoretical framework with its own set of problems. It is currently beyond our technical capabilities to test and prove the presence of other worlds in the multiverse. Critics claim that the multiverse concept lacks empirical proof and may be more philosophical than scientific. Teleportation has always been a fascinating topic in science fiction. For decades, authors, filmmakers, and dreamers have been captivated by the concept of traveling from one area to another without crossing the gap in between. While the teleportation of people or objects remains a fantasy, there is a real and remarkable Nonetheless, the multiverse manifesto reminds us phenomenon known as quantum teleportation of the extraordinary power of human imagination that allows the instantaneous transmission of and our never-ending drive to unravel the secrets quantum information across vast distances, all of the universe. It pushes us to think beyond our thanks to the fascinating principles of quantum observable universe's borders, testing the limits mechanics. of what we can grasp. The Enigma of Quantum Entanglement Finally, the multiverse manifesto challenges us to consider the richness and variety of the cosmos, from the complex realm of string theory to the hidden dimensions that weave the fabric of our reality. It piques our interest in the existence of parallel universes, each with its own set of Quantum teleportation is inextricably linked to quantum entanglement. The unique behavior of quantum particles such as electrons or photons is at the heart of entanglement. When two particles get entangled, their characteristics become 207 coupled in ways that are difficult to explain using Step 2: Measurement and Entanglement Alice traditional physics. measures both her particle and the quantum Consider two entangled particles, A and B, which are separated by a large distance. When particle A is measured, its quantum state becomes directly reliant on the measurement result, and this change information she wishes to transport. This measurement compresses her particle's state, which is immediately mirrored in Bob's entangled particle, regardless of their physical separation. is mirrored in particle B, regardless of their Step 3: Transmission of Classical Information distance. This immediate link, which Albert Alice uses traditional communication means to Einstein famously referred to as "spooky action at inform Bob of the results of her measurement. a distance," is the cornerstone of quantum Because it utilizes classical information transfer, teleportation. which cannot surpass the speed of light, this The Quantum Bit (Qubit) and Information Transfer To comprehend quantum teleportation, one must first understand the idea of quantum bits, or qubits. Information in traditional computing is stored in bits, which can have values of 0 or 1. Qubits, on the other hand, may exist in a superposition of states, which means they can represent both 0 and 1 at the same time. Because transmission does not contradict the rules of relativity. Step 4: Bob's State Reconstruction Bob executes various quantum actions on his entangled particle communicated depending information on after the receiving Alice's classical information. These processes essentially change his particle into a perfect clone of Alice's quantum information. of this feature, qubits are perfect for encoding and There you have it: quantum teleportation in conveying quantum information. action. Alice's quantum information has been The transmitter, receiver, and an entangled pair of particles are the three key components of quantum teleportation. Let's go over the steps: transported to Bob's particle without any physical particles flowing between them. It's a mindboggling phenomenon that demonstrates quantum physics' weird but powerful nature. Step 1: Entanglement Creation The transmitter (Alice) and receiver (Bob) each have one particle Applications and Challenges of an entangled pair in the first stage. Because of While quantum teleportation is an intriguing entanglement, these particles have associated notion with far-reaching ramifications, it is characteristics. Alice also possesses the quantum critical to understand its limits and practical information she wishes to transport, which she applications. wishes to be received by Bob. 208 The demand for carefully regulated settings to real-world applications of quantum teleportation preserve the delicate state of entanglement is a are emerging and hint at a future in which considerable problem. Minor interactions with quantum information can be beamed across the the surrounding environment might cause the universe, revolutionizing computing and secure entangled communication as we know it. Who knows what particles to become disrupted, rendering quantum teleportation unfeasible. Quantum teleportation, on the other hand, has interesting applications in quantum computing, where it may be used to transport quantum states other amazing discoveries and technological improvements await us in the domain of quantum teleportation as we continue to probe the depths of quantum physics? across various components of a quantum computer. This is critical for the development of increasingly complicated and powerful quantum circuits. Furthermore, quantum teleportation is important in the growing subject of quantum EXPLORING UNLOCKING THE THE MULTIVERSE: MYSTERIES OF PARALLEL UNIVERSES cryptography, providing the possibility for secure communication systems that are potentially unbreakable due to quantum entanglement's Muddasira Sarwar 0403-MPHIL-PHY-21 unique features. The Ongoing Quest Introduction: Quantum teleportation is not a commonplace The concept of a multiverse has captivated the technique. It is still the subject of considerable imagination of physicists and cosmologists for study and testing as scientists try to overcome decades. It proposes the existence of a vast technological hurdles and realize its full ensemble of parallel universes, each with its own potential. The concept of constructing a quantum set of physical laws and conditions. The internet, in which quantum information may be multiverse theory arises from deep inquiries into safely transferred between distant places, remains quantum physics and cosmology and holds the a pipe dream. potential to revolutionize our understanding of To summarize, quantum teleportation is an the cosmos. In this article, we delve into the enthralling and mind-expanding notion that fascinating world of the multiverse, exploring its exhibits quantum physics' remarkable powers. origins, theoretical foundations, and implications While we may not yet be teleporting objects or for our understanding of the universe. people across the universe as in science fiction, 209 Origins of the Multiverse Theory: question of why our universe possesses the The idea of a multiverse finds its roots in the specific values it does. Some physicists argue that fundamental principles of quantum mechanics. the anthropic principle, which states that the According to the famous Schrödinger's equation, properties of the universe must be compatible particles can exist in a superposition of states with the emergence of intelligent life, could until measured, implying the existence of provide an explanation for these observed values. multiple possibilities. This concept was further Probing the Multiverse: developed by the physicist Hugh Everett in the 1950s, who proposed the many-worlds While direct observational evidence for the interpretation of quantum mechanics. Everett multiverse suggested that every quantum event spawns exploring various avenues to test and validate the multiple universes, with each outcome occurring theory. One approach involves studying the in a separate universe. cosmic microwave background radiation, the Types of Multiverses: There are several proposed mechanisms that could give rise to a multiverse. One prominent idea is the inflationary multiverse, which stems from the theory of cosmic inflation. Inflation suggests that the universe underwent a rapid expansion in its early stages, leading to the remains elusive, scientists are afterglow of the Big Bang. By analyzing the patterns and fluctuations in this radiation, researchers hope to find evidence of the inflationary multiverse. Another avenue is through particle physics experiments, such as the search for exotic particles or the detection of gravitational waves, which may provide indirect clues about the existence of parallel universes. formation of "bubbles" within which different universes can exist. Another concept is the string Philosophical and Ethical Considerations: theory landscape, which posits that the fabric of The multiverse theory also raises profound reality encompasses a vast number of possible philosophical questions about the nature of reality configurations, each representing a different and our place within it. It challenges our universe. traditional notions of uniqueness and raises the Implications for Cosmology: The multiverse theory has profound implications for our understanding of the cosmos and the fundamental constants of nature. It suggests that the physical laws and constants we observe in our universe may not be unique but rather one among possibility of infinite variations of ourselves and our choices. Additionally, the ethical implications of the multiverse theory are thoughtprovoking. If there are multiple universes, each with its own history and outcomes, how do we define notions of responsibility, free will, and moral accountability? many possible combinations. This raises the 210 Future Prospects: ever built to analyze space. It aims to get While the multiverse theory is still in the realm of information about the early universe. Due to its theoretical speculation, it represents a fascinating high-resolution infrared cameras, it can see the avenue for scientific exploration. Continued galaxies made at the beginning of the universe. It advancements in cosmology, quantum physics, uses infrared light. As the light goes farther, it and particle physics may provide the tools spreads in those portions which the human eye necessary to probe and understand the multiverse cannot see. This property is called Red Shift. better. As our technological capabilities improve, When the light strikes and comes back, we get the we may uncover observational evidence or approximate age of the object with which the develop new theoretical frameworks that shed light struck. The more redshift means the farther light on the existence and nature of parallel the light has traveled. universes. JWST can look into 13.5 billion years back. Conclusion: Astronomers agree on the fact that the universe is The concept of a multiverse stretches the 13.7 billion years old. This means that JWST boundaries of our imagination and challenges our cannot see the universe right after the Big Bang perception of the universe. While still a subject of but is very close to that. It discovered 500 to 700 active scientific investigation, the multiverse million years old galaxies. They are found to be theory offers a promising framework for very large, developed, and mature galaxies. Due understanding quantum to such massiveness, they cannot be compared mechanics, cosmology, and the fundamental even with the 99.9% model. JWST has detected 6 nature of reality. such galaxies that came into existence half a the mysteries of billion years after the Big Bang and they are 10 times bigger than our Milky Way galaxy. The JAMES WEBB TELESCOPE SHATTERS question that arises here is, how do these galaxies THE FOUNDATION OF ASTROPHYSICS become so large just after the Big Bang? Because Fizza Imran we know that it’s a slow and gradual process that happens over billions of years. Galaxies need 0744-BH-PHY-20 time to accumulate matter and grow into the majestic structures we see today. It takes billions of years to create a galaxy like our Milky Way James Web revolutionizes the Astronomy galaxy with 100 billion stars that are billions of Telescope, which is years old. However, the shocking discoveries of considered to be the successor of the Hubble James Webb have changed our understanding of Telescope, is the most powerful telescope that is the universe. “We might have to re-write our James Webb Space 211 textbooks of astronomy because all we knew till Another beautiful thing that James Webb has today was a lie”, says theoretical physicist Michio done is capturing the ever-first exoplanet, a rocky Kaku. Researchers are trying to find out its world about the size of the Earth. More answer but nothing authentic is found yet! specifically it completes an orbit in 2 days and it’s Moreover, JWST has revealed the supermassive black hole at the center of the Nascent Galaxy. It came into existence after 570 million years of the Big Bang and is 10 million times heavier than our Sun which makes it brighter and easier to detect. It is 55 million light years away. Astronomers were expecting comparatively small black holes at the start of the universe but such results have left them surprising. In this regard the Space Telescope Science Institute that manages JWST has given a statement, “It is still difficult to explain how it formed so soon after the universe began”. They suggest that the universe might be twice as old as we previously believed. a 99.9% diameter of the Earth known as LHS 475b. It lies 41 light-years away in the constellation of Octans. Webb’s data has not yet explained whether this exoplanet exhibits an atmosphere. Webb is bringing us closer and closer to the study of Earth-like exoplanets. JWST has found traces of water vapors in the atmosphere of a huge superhot gas exoplanet that is 400 light years away from the Earth. This gas giant exoplanet named WASP-18b is 10 times more massive than the largest planet Jupiter of our galaxy, the Milky Way. This finding suggests the potential for habitable conditions beyond our solar system. It has also uncovered the existence of organic molecules in the atmosphere of distant Webb has captured breathtaking images of the exoplanets that open up exciting avenues for iconic “Pillars of Creation”. They lie in the heart exploration in search of extraterrestrial life. So of what astronomers called Messier 16 or Eagle cool it is to hear. Astronomers believe that there Nebula. This is known for active star-forming is more to come about exoplanets so keep in touch regions. The so-called pillars of creation are 6500 with Webb’s advancement. light years away. James Webb’s infrared image shows the whole scene in high definition. Glowing, bright, red, wavy lines at the edge of some pillars reveal the area where the stars are ejecting materials as they form. This will surely help researchers to find a better understanding of James Webb has the potential to revolutionize our understanding of the universe through its groundbreaking discoveries. It can help answer the biggest questions about the ultimate reality of the universe and our place in the cosmos. the formation and evolution of stars by identifying counts of newly formed stars and the quantity of dust and gas in that region. NANOTECHNOLOGY; A PATHWAY TO FUTURE ENERGY SUSTAINABILITY 212 Mr. Muhammad Kashif Raza The natural reconfiguration tendencies of twodimensional shapes (2D) nanomaterials, which kashifraza3110@gmail.com drastically limits the way they can be used, undercuts the rapidly expanding interest in these For more than 200 years, fossil fuel has been the primary source of energy, enabling the Industrial Revolution and technological advancement of society as a whole. Shortly, fossil fuels, particularly oil, will continue to play a significant As consumption reaches its peak and consumer demand rises, the world must either discover new energy supplies or substantially improve existing energy technologies. The world has come to comprehend that using fossil fuels excessively the planet's New porous hetero-structures combining mono-layered mesoporous substrates with two-dimensional can significantly innovative increase substances nano-sheets the selection of in battery-based electrochemical energy technologies. role in the global economy. threatens materials. ecosystems. The advancement of green energy is one of the most Many additional two-dimensional materials, including nanosheet-like structures, such as transition metal oxides (TMO), dichalcogenides, and transition metal carbides (TMCs) or transition metal nitrides i.e., MXene have gained more attention as graphene was initially experimentally separated in 2004. pressing global challenges due to the demand for Unlike conventional materials, nanostructures alternative, sources, and have many more tiny molecules or atoms on their the preservation of the environment. There is no interfaces. This boosts excitability and the easy dispute that for the globe's economy and climate availability of working spots for energy-related to have an environmentally friendly future, instances, such as the electrochemical processes renewable energy must account for a sizable in clean energy batteries and fuel cells. share of renewable energy consumption. Nanomaterials have the potential to completely transform techniques rendering them for superior, storing energy, accessible, and sustainable. Thanks to their special nanoscale features, they can significantly improve many energy storage systems, eventually leading to a more environmentally friendly future. Figure 1: (A hasty approach to the significant applications of 2D nanomaterials in Energy sustainability, storage, and conversion) 213 Due to the use of lithium-ion batteries in portable studied in August 2023 at nanomaterial lab IOP- and light electric products, backup energy storage GCU Lahore) components, and hybrid electric automobiles, the demand for these batteries has significantly expanded. The given figure shows the electrochemical properties of the proposed sample of material. The CV characterization for this nanomaterial Researchers are striving to enhance the energy was density, power density, durability, and reliability Supercapacitor and other storage devices. These of lithium-ion batteries through the integration of peaks show the sample’s behavior for different nanomaterials into all of these different elements. scan rate that was provided voltage to this process These properties are essential for their wide to check the cyclic stability of this device. adoption in a variety of applications, including portable electronics, electric vehicles, and grid storage of energy. Despite having a low particular power rating (372 mA h/g) and a poor rate capability due to a low Li+ transfer factor, materials made from carbon are still the preferred anode materials used in done for an Asymmetric Hybrid Understanding the characteristics, structure, and functioning of nanomaterials at the nanoscale is essential. - Scanning Electron Microscopy or SEM, creates high-resolution photographs of the material's topography by scanning a sample's surface using electron beams. commercial lithium-ion battery technology. With a very high hypothetical power rating of 4200 mA - Transmission Electron Microscopy or TEM, per gram (based on Si and related to compound high-resolution photographs of the interior Li22Si4), silicon is thought to be the material with structure of nanomaterials are created employing the greatest potential for future anode materials. TEM, which transfers electrons across a thin sample. - X-ray Diffraction or XRD, the diffraction pattern created when X-rays interact with a material's crystal structure can be determined by X-ray Diffraction. - Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy or Figure 2: (Sample of a nanomaterial Ag-Mn-Co- FTIR, analyses a sample's functional groups and NGO-PVP/Act-C, the material’s electrochemical chemical bonds through measuring an infrared properties i.e light's absorption, reflection, and transmission. It Cyclic Voltammetry-CV was 214 addresses the chemical makeup of nanoparticles nanoparticles put on their innovation capes and and their surface functional groups. pave a sustainable route while revolutionizing - Raman Spectroscopy, analyses chemical energy technologies. movements' inflexible dispersion of photons to What might appear to be a whisper at the reveal a sample's structure and chemical bonds. nanoscale becomes a roar of innovation when describes the chemical makeup, flaws, and seen from a macro perspective. Scientists use structural characteristics of tiny particles. nanomaterials to create marvels, much like - UV-visible spectroscopy, determines how much ultraviolet and visible light is absorbed or reflected, giving data on semiconductor changes and optical characteristics. Through it, the bandgap, absorption spectra, and optical characteristics of nanomaterials are determined. painters do on miniature canvases. These minute strokes have the potential to transform the energy landscape, enlighten the medical field, and build a sustainable future. There is a journey into the nanoscale that lies beyond the horizon of ordinary materials. In this context, nanomaterials take on the role of cosmic explorers, laying the These methods provide a thorough understanding foundation for a new era in energy, medicine, and of the characteristics, composition, and behavior sustainability. The blueprint for tomorrow's of nanomaterials, allowing scientists to modify legacy resides inside the tiny structures of their properties for particular uses in industries nanomaterials. Their pioneering attitude inspires including the quest for sustainable energy, revolutionary energy electronics, conversion energy and storage catalysis, and healthcare, and an innovatively driven world. pharmaceuticals. References: In conclusion, one can say, that nanomaterials are the little titans altering our technological [1], [2],[3],[4],[5],[6],[7],[8],[9],[10],[11],[12, environment in the field of materials science. 13],[14],[15, 16], [17] Despite their tiny size, they are incredibly powerful, holding the potential to advance 1. Philibert, C., The present and future use energy, medicine, and other fields. A world of of solar thermal energy as a primary whispered miracles, where nanoparticles dance source of energy. International Energy with atoms, is hidden from observation. They Agency, 2005: p. 1-16. hold the pathway to energy revolutions, medical 2. Sayed, E.T., et al., Renewable energy and wonders, and a sustainable future with their quiet energy storage systems. Energies, 2023. influence. Scientists go across the nano-realm 16(3): p. 1415. like pioneers in the world of Lilliput. Here, 215 3. 4. Olabi, A. and M. Abdelkareem, Energy 6. 7. supercapacitors: status, challenges, and Elsevier. p. 119634. prospects. Chemical Society Reviews, Dostál, Z. and L. Ladányi, Demands on 2020. 49(18): p. 6666-6693. 9. 10. 13. Doped 2018. 18: p. 250-255. Nanocrystals with Controlled Dopant CdS/ZnS (Core/Shell) and Concentration and Spatial Distribution governance of nanomaterials: potential and the Dynamics of Excitons and and risks. Technology in Society, 2010. Energy Transfer between Co‐Dopants. 32(2): p. 137-144. Nano letters, 2018. 19(1): p. 308-317. Delgado, G.C., Economics, Zhuang, X., et al., Two‐dimensional soft 14. Zeledón, J.A.Z., et al., Engineering nanomaterials: a fascinating world of metal–metal oxide surfaces for high‐ materials. Advanced Materials, 2015. performance oxygen reduction on Ag– 27(3): p. 403-427. Mn Kong, X., et al., The shapes of Environmental Science, 2022. 15(4): p. synthesized two‐dimensional materials. 16111629. 15. electrocatalysts. Energy & Gao, P., et al., The role of cation Rao, C.N.R., Transition metal oxides. vacancies in electrode materials for Annual Review of Physical Chemistry, enhanced 1989. 40(1): p. 291326. storage: Maekawa, S., et al., Physics of transition characterization, metal oxides. Vol. 144. 2004: Springer Advanced Science & Business Media. 10(14): p. 1903780. Wu, Z., et al., Transition metal oxides as 16. electrochemical synthesis, Energy and energy advanced fundamentals. Materials, 2020. Evans, C.A., Encyclopedia of materials supercapacitor materials. Nanomaterials characterization: surfaces, interfaces, in thin films. 1992: Gulf Professional Advanced Batteries and Publishing. Supercapacitors, 2016: p. 317-344. 11. Lee, W., et al., Synthesis of Ag/Mn Co‐ sources. Journal of Energy Storage, SmartMat, 2023. 4(3): p. e1152. 8. Hu, M., et al., Emerging 2D MXenes for storage systems towards 2050. 2021, energy storage for renewable power 5. 12. Panda, S., et al., MXene based emerging 17. Rao, C. and A. Cheetham, Science and supercapacitor technology of nanomaterials: current advances, status and future prospects. Journal of challenges, and future perspectives. Materials Chemistry, 2001. 11(12): p. Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 2022. 2887-2894. materials applications: for Recent 462: p. 214518. 216 superfluid its atoms lose all their randomness and move in a coordinated manner. This causes a lack SUPERFLUIDS: THE QUANTUM of all inner friction: It can overflow a cup, flow MARVELS THAT CLIMB WALLS WITH out through very small holes, and exhibit a whole FRICTIONLESS GRACE series of other non-classical effects, and these Bisma Ishaq very cold liquids are termed as quantum liquids contributing knowledge for describing matter at 1409-BS-PHY-21 the microscopic level. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has Whirlpools and Resistance: The Intriguing decided to award the 1996 Nobel Prize in Physics Dual Nature of Superfluids to Professor David M. Lee, Professor Douglas D. Osheroff, and Professor Robert C. Richardson, for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3. Quantized vortices in a superfluid are the result of the fluid's response to rotation. These swirling Superfluids are extraordinary states of matter characterized by their frictionless flow, and ability to climb a wall without resistance. In these quantum fluids, there is no energy loss as they move, even at temperatures close to absolute zero. Helium-3 and helium-4 exhibit distinct behaviors due to their unique properties, offering captivating insights into the mysteries of quantum mechanics. entities possess central cores with reduced Breaking Boundaries: Superfluids and Their density, each exhibiting a stable quantization of Exceptional Phase Transitions Setting Them angular momentum around a central axis, Apart from Ordinary Liquids reflecting the inherent quantum behavior. Their Helium-4 and helium-3 are notable liquids, with helium-4 becoming superfluid below 2.17 Kelvin (-271.98°C). When the temperature sinks on a cold winter’s day water becomes ice. These phase transitions can be described with classical presence within superfluids underscores the harmonious interplay between the subatomic world and the macroscopic stage of superfluidity, unveiling the elegance of nature's underlying quantum choreography. physics. The situation becomes different when the temperature sinks and approaches absolute zero, -273.15°C. When a liquid becomes Unlocking the Quantum Mysteries: BoseEinstein Statistics and Bosons in Superfluids 217 In the core of superfluid liquid lies the enigmatic temperatures within a hair's breadth of absolute behavior of particles known as bosons, which zero. Superfluid helium-4, plays a pivotal role in obey the principle of Bose-Einstein statistics. this domain. Its unique properties, such as zero These viscosity statistics dictate that at ultracold and exceptional heat transport temperatures, these bosons condense into the capabilities, make it an ideal coolant for lowest quantum state with integer spin, forming a experiments in particle physics and astrophysics. collective entity with quantum coherence. Helium-4 is an example of a bosonic superfluid. Charting Uncharted Waters: The Versatile Navigation with Superfluid Gyroscopes Without the slightest resistance, particles move in harmonious synchrony, revealing a symphony of Superfluid helium exhibits zero viscosity and quantum waves and vortices. infinite thermal conductivity, making it a perfect medium for gyroscopic applications. These superfluid gyroscopes are employed in spacecraft to maintain stable orientations and directions during maneuvers in microgravity environments. These gyroscopes enable precise navigation in outer space, exemplifying the captivating synergy between quantum physics and advanced Fermions, particles with half-integer spin, like navigation technology. electrons can also form superfluids, but their Quantum Computing Potential Unleashed: behavior is distinct. Helium-3 is an example of a Harnessing fermionic superfluid. This statistic allows Techniques Superfluids for Next-Gen particles to fulfill electronic properties, such as forming Fermi energy distinguishing it from Superfluids have emerged as pivotal contenders in the quest for quantum computing. Their bosonic superfluids. quantum coherence properties, in the form of Exploring the Cryogenic Versatility: From Bose-Einstein condensates, of a fer platform for Quantum quantum bit (qubit) storage and manipulation. Phenomena to Cutting-Edge Applications The One of the most practical uses of superfluids is in environment to maintain delicate quantum states, cryogenics, where they serve as the cornerstone for the stability of qubits. Additionally, the for the development of marvelously efficient absence coolers designed for the coldest of experiments. interactions and decoherence, enhancing their These superfluid coolers enable to reach potential as a quantum computing medium. ultra-cold of temperatures viscosity reduces create an unwanted 218 groundbreaking applications in quantum sensors, The Enigmatic Role of Superfluidity in Astronomical Objects: Unveiling Cosmic ultra-sensitive detectors, and perhaps even the realization of fault-tolerant quantum computers. This territory is a path toward a future where Matter at the Quantum Frontier quantum technologies revolutionize our world. Superfluidity, a captivating quantum phenomenon, finds a place of intrigue within the depths of astronomical objects, unveiling the extraordinary behavior of matter under extreme cosmic conditions. In the cores of massive stars, superfluid neutrons arise, shaping the dynamics of stellar evolution and the dramatic events of supernovae. Deep within the enigmatic realm of neutron stars, the superfluidity of neutrons becomes paramount, influencing their cooling processes and manifesting as pulsar glitches. Theoretical quark matter superfluid within the core of quark stars or strange stars( while yet to be confirmed) promises to redefine References: 1. Additional background material on the Nobel Prize in Physics 1996 Superfluid helium 3, by N.D. Mermin and D.M. Lee, Scientific American, December 1976, p. 56. our understanding of the densest objects in the universe. The presence of superfluids in these 2. NASA's Introduction to Superfluids - NASA's explanation of superfluidity in space. cosmic arenas serves as a testament to the profound interconnectedness of quantum physics 3. National High Magnetic Field Laboratory - and astrophysics, inviting us to explore the Superfluidity - Educational resource explaining quantum frontier within the cosmos. the concept of superfluidity. 4. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) - Ultra-Cold Atoms and Molecules - Superfluids: A Versatile Frontier in Physics and Beyond From NIST provides information on their research and experiments involving ultra-cold atoms and simulating exotic condensed matter molecules. systems to unveiling the mysteries of hightemperature superconductivity, Superfluids are poised to play a pivotal role, from zero viscosity Unraveling the Fabric of Time: A Journey to Through the Physics of Time Travel coherence preservation, they promise 219 phenomenon where time moves at different rates for observers in relative motion. This profound Abdullah Imran discovery shattered our intuitive notion of time as 1410-BS-PHY-22 an absolute entity and paved the way for contemplating the physics of time travel. In the halls of academia, the concept of time travel has long been a favorite topic of discussion, sparking curiosity and imagination across various departments. While often relegated to the realms of science fiction, the physics of time travel is an intriguing subject that transcends disciplinary boundaries, inviting scholars from diverse backgrounds to explore its possibilities and paradoxes. In this article, we embark on a multidisciplinary journey through the fascinating To grasp time dilation, envision a scenario where two observers, one stationary and the other in motion, experience time differently. If you were traveling at a significant fraction of the speed of light, your time would pass more slowly relative to the stationary observer. This relativistic effect has been experimentally confirmed and has practical applications, such as the synchronization of global positioning system (GPS) satellites. world of time travel, drawing on insights from physics, philosophy, and even literature to shed light on this enigmatic concept. The Twin Paradox: A Thought Experiment Now, let's dive into the famous thought The Foundations: Einstein's Theory of Relativity experiment known as the Twin Paradox, a mindbending illustration of time dilation. Imagine two Our voyage begins with the groundbreaking work twins, one stays on Earth while the other embarks of physicist Albert Einstein, who reshaped our on a journey through space at near-light speed. understanding of the fundamental nature of the Upon their reunion, the traveling twin would have universe. relativity, aged significantly less than the twin who consisting of two main branches - Special and remained on Earth. This paradox not only General Relativity, serves as the cornerstone for showcases the real-world implications of time any discussion of time travel. dilation but also invites us to question the nature Einstein's theory of of time itself. Time Dilation: The Relativistic Time Warp Special Relativity, formulated in 1905, Wormholes: Bridges Through Spacetime introduced the concept of time dilation, a 220 From Special Relativity, we transition to General The Grandfather Paradox: A Time Travel Relativity, which introduces the concept of Conundrum wormholes, also known as Einstein-Rosen bridges. These hypothetical tunnels through spacetime capture the imagination of physicists and science fiction enthusiasts alike. Wormholes, if they exist, could serve as shortcuts through the vast fabric of spacetime, potentially connecting distant points in both space and time. The physics of wormholes relies on the intricate equations of General Relativity, which describe how massive objects warp spacetime. To traverse a wormhole, one would need to manipulate the spacetime curvature around its entrance and exit. However, the challenges are immense, as theoretical requirements for stable wormholes involve exotic forms of matter with negative energy density, substances that remain purely theoretical at this As we venture deeper into the physics of time travel, we encounter the perplexing Grandfather Paradox. This age-old dilemma proposes that if time travel were possible, one could travel back in time and inadvertently alter the course of history, potentially preventing their existence. For example, you might travel back in time and prevent your grandfather from meeting your grandmother. The resolution of the Grandfather Paradox remains a subject of lively debate among physicists and philosophers. Some suggest that the universe would "self-correct," preventing changes to the timeline, while others propose that alternative timelines or parallel universes might be created to accommodate the changes. point. As Quran says in Surah Ar-Rahman (55:33) on portals: Quantum Mechanics: The Quantum Leap in َ ‫ط ْعت ُ ْم أَن ت َنفُذُوا مِ نْ أ َ ْق‬ َ َ ‫ست‬ ‫ط ِار‬ ْ ‫نس إِ ِن ا‬ ِ ‫اْل‬ ِ ْ ‫يَا َم ْعش ََر ا ْل ِج ِن َو‬ َ ‫س ْل‬ ‫طانًا‬ ِ ‫اوا‬ َ ‫ض فَانفُذُوا ۚ ََل ت َنفُذُونَ ِإ ََّل‬ َّ ‫ال‬ ِ ‫ت َو ْاْل َ ْر‬ َ ‫س َم‬ Time Stepping beyond the confines of classical physics, we enter the realm of quantum O company of jinn and mankind, if you can pass mechanics. beyond the regions of the heavens and the earth, intriguing possibilities for time travel, as it then pass. You will not pass except by authority challenges our conventional understanding of [from Allah]. causality and the nature of reality. Quantum Quantum physics introduces entanglement, a phenomenon where particles become interconnected in such a way that their This verse emphasizes that beings, whether from among humans or jinn, cannot traverse the realms of the heavens and the earth except by the permission and authority of Allah (God). properties are correlated, offers a tantalizing glimpse into potential time-manipulating devices. Some researchers have explored the idea that manipulating quantum entanglement could lead 221 to the creation of a quantum "time machine." curiosity. As we continue to probe the mysteries However, the practicality and feasibility of such of time, we find ourselves at the intersection of a scientific inquiry, philosophical reflection, and device remain highly speculative and controversial within the scientific community. creative imagination. Whether we ultimately unlock the secrets of time travel or not, our collective exploration of this concept underscores Interdisciplinary Explorations the profound interconnectedness of knowledge While the physics of time travel provides a across disciplines, making it a topic that truly captivating framework, it is important to resonates with everyone, from physicists to recognize philosophers, historians to dreamers. that this topic transcends the boundaries of physics alone. Philosophers ponder the implications of time travel on the nature of free will and causality, while writers and filmmakers have crafted compelling narratives that explore the moral and existential dilemmas posed by time travel. Moreover, scholars from various departments can collaborate to approach time travel from diverse perspectives. Historians might investigate how time travel narratives reflect cultural attitudes toward the past and future, while ethicists can engage in discussions about the responsible use of time-altering technologies. Conclusion: The Multidisciplinary Quest In our multidisciplinary journey through the physics of time travel, we have glimpsed the profound implications and paradoxes that arise when we contemplate the manipulation of time. While time travel remains a subject of speculation and intrigue, it serves as a testament to the enduring human spirit of exploration and 222 PSYCHOLOGY 223 PSYCHOLOGY TIMELINE 2023 • January: Scientific studies have confirmed that smiling, even when forced, can trigger the brain to release pleasure-inducing chemicals like endorphins, leading to an enhanced mood. • February: A cognitive quirk known as the "Halo Effect" causes people to assume that physically attractive individuals possess other positive qualities, such as intelligence or kindness, even when no evidence supports these assumptions. • March: The "Zeigarnik Effect" suggests that our minds remember incomplete or interrupted tasks better than completed ones, contributing to our tendency to dwell on unfinished matters. • April: The belief in the effectiveness of a treatment, even if it's inert, can sometimes result in genuine symptom improvements. This highlights the profound influence of the mind on physical well-being. • May: Individuals experience discomfort when their beliefs or actions conflict with each other. Typically, they are more inclined to adjust their beliefs than to admit they were wrong, revealing the human drive to preserve a positive self-image. • June: People have a natural inclination to seek and remember information that supports their existing beliefs while disregarding or discounting contradictory information. This phenomenon plays a significant role in the spread of polarization and misinformation. • July: 224 Although not conclusively proven as initially claimed, some research suggests that listening to Mozart's music may temporarily enhance spatial-temporal reasoning skills. • August: The "mere-exposure effect" demonstrates that individuals tend to develop preferences for things they encounter repeatedly, be it familiar faces or brand logos. • September: The "Flynn Effect" reveals that over time, the average IQ of a population tends to rise, underscoring the role of intellectual stimulation and access to education in cognitive development. 225 YOUR LIFE WAS A LIE: AN INSIGHT memories, as our memory is malleable, and is INTO FALSE MEMORIES. bound to changes making it unreliable. The notable causes Hajra Asad that have been pointed out by psychologists for 2853-BH-PSY-21 this phenomenon are misinformation, Have you ever experienced locking the door, but misattribution, inference, OCD, and emotions. when you go check again, it is not locked? Have Some people might get convinced that the false you ever told your friends about that one time information they are being fed, is true, creating a when you were lost at the mall during your false memory-for example, someone telling you childhood, and later found out from your parents that your friend stole a book when in reality she that such a thing never happened? What if had not. Sometimes, the mind may combine someone told you that in that famous romantic details from different events to create a single movie that you love so much, the actor had said, event and that leads to a false memory-like you're "I will think about it", instead of, "I will wait for seeing a red mask, and a robbery later on, and you"- and this was shocking since you had spent after a few days, your mind combines the events your whole life believing the latter. Have you to tell you that the robbers were wearing a red ever been scolded by your mother for not turning mask. The different questions that you may be the stove off, even when you remember that you asked by people, followed by them prompting did turn it off? Well, if the answer to all the above you for details, in a way create false memories by questions for you was in the affirmative, do not inference-for example, your mother asking you worry; I assure you that neither have you gone whether your brother had broken the vase, and mad nor is it a supernatural activity. This is what you agree, even while knowing that he had not. false memories can do to you. It is just the power People with OCD are not very confident about of your mind manipulating you, or the mind itself their memory and are likely to fall prey to its is manipulated. distortion, thereby creating false memories. According to the American Psychological According to research, negative emotions often Association, false memory, illusory or pseudo lead to false memories. All these examples memory, is the distorted recollection or an revolve around insignificant events in a person's imaginary fabrication of an event. The research everyday life. However, false memories may instituted by Sigmund Freud and Pierre Janet, dangerously disturb the normal functioning of a followed by the work of Elizabeth Loftus, greatly person's life. False Memory Syndrome is a contributed to the study of false memories. There condition in which a person's identity and can be various causes for the creation of false relationships are vastly influenced by the 226 existence of false memories. It is termed as a while disturbingly significant for others. It is syndrome since the orientation of a person's life certain to give you a good laugh once you think is distorted, and he believes the influential about all the false memories you have. memories to be true. One interesting thing to note regarding this syndrome is that the false memories of people suffering from this syndrome DID are usually recognized through memory recovery. COMPANIES MAKE YOU BUY MORE This technique is used as a way for people to find THAN YOU WANT) suppressed memories, which lie in their YOU GET TRICKED? (HOW Asif Sultan subconscious minds; these memories may be usually traumatic, like childhood sexual abuse. 2427-BH-PSY-20 So far, the examples were concerned with a single individual; however, even more, intriguing is the fact that the masses can believe in the same false memory. This concept is identified as the Mandela Effect. A famous example of this effect is Fiona Broome, who was also the same person known to have coined this term in 2009. She was at a conference talking to others about how she remembers Nelson Mandela dying in prison in the 1980s. Shockingly, Nelson Mandela died in 2013 and was not in prison. However, many people around her believed to have the same memory in context with the press coverage and his widow's speech. Another example that will surely shock you is from the movie Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. You would be astonished to hear that instead of "Mirror, mirror on the wall"; the phrase originally was "Magic mirror on the wall". Have you bought anything in the last 30 days? I bet you have. And if you think you were thoughtful and clever with your spending, think again. Because you might have been tricked into buying things you don’t want. Oxford Languages defines marketing as the activity or business of promoting and selling products or services, including market research and advertising. The history of modern marketing goes back at least two centuries. Some studies have found instances of advertising even in the ancient world (Matić, 2014). As the field of psychology advanced, marketers incorporated its principles into their messages to attract buyers. One of the most important findings about how people make money-related decisions came at the turn of the century. The Israeli-American psychologist Daniel Kahneman made history To sum up, it is evident that false memories are when he received the Nobel Memorial Prize in not rare. The bottom line is that everyone has Economics. His prospect theory suggested that them, although they may be trivial for some, we are not completely rational when making 227 decisions (Kahneman & Tversky, 1979). Earlier, priming. This is how our mind makes sense of the Tversky and Kahneman (1974) also detailed world: by grouping ideas into categories. several cognitive biases—systematic errors in Simply put, priming is the phenomenon in which thinking—that cloud our judgments. Later, the first idea affects subsequent ideas. Research another Israeli-American psychologist, Dan suggests that positively framed messages work Ariely, wrote his famous book Predictably more effectively in product advertising (Chang, Irrational, where he explores how people think, 2008). Visit an online clothing shop, and you are mostly about financial decisions. Another notable likely to see visuals that activate your ideas about name in the field is Robert Cialdini, famous for luxury, glamour, and a sense of pride. Colours his and fonts are also used to induce specific moods book Influence: The Psychology of Persuasion. and emotions. Companies are increasingly using the findings of these and other psychologists in their marketing 3. Decoy effect and sales. To make better decisions, you have to This is probably the sneakiest and cleverest hack. be vigilant. Here are the five most interesting If you look at Netflix’s pricing page. The "mind hacks" you should be aware of when premium package is priced at PKR 1,100. But if making purchases. you look at the features; the only difference between the Premium and the Standard packages 1. Novelty is that you get 4K streaming with the Premium. It Our brains love novelty. When we come across doesn’t seem reasonable for an average customer new stimuli—anything we perceive through our to pay Rs. 300 extra just for this one feature. And senses—or we expect a reward, our brain releases that’s exactly the point. The premium package is dopamine, which makes us feel good (Costa et al., just a decoy—an item that’s not attractive to the 2014; Salimpoor et al., 2011). customer compared to the other ones. In Companies exploit this by signalling novelty with comparison, the standard package looks much their products. Visit any website that sells more attractive, and you feel like you are saving clothing items and you will see the label "NEW." Rs. 300. And we just don’t want to miss out on new stuff due to loss aversion (I’ll explain it later.) 2. Priming If I say "Pakistan," what comes to mind: the map of Pakistan, the spectacular crescent star flag, or maybe the melodious national anthem? It’s called This is called the decoy effect. It works because our brain makes sense of the world by making comparisons (Ariely & Wallsten, 1995; Mao & Oppewal, 2012). 4. Loss aversion 228 "A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush," as The second type of scarcity is time. You’ll see the old saying goes. The pain of losing is more limited-time offers such as “Eid sales” or Daraz’s powerful than the joy of acquiring something famous 11.11 sale. A potent way to create (Kahneman & Tversky, 1979). maximum scarcity is by using both quantity and time scarcity together. Ever wonder why we get free trials with almost every online service? Say I get a one-month trial Although it sometimes becomes almost from Netflix. It serves two purposes, and both are impossible to make your decisions free of these linked to loss aversion. First, it reduces the risk of “mind hacks” and biases, the best way to be wise losing money if you don’t like Netflix. There’s no with your money is to be mindful and aware of risk in trying. Second, when I have used Netflix these tricks that organizations use. Ask yourself for a month and have enjoyed binge-watching if you are purchasing only because you feel Breaking Bad, I wouldn’t want to lose access. I excited about it. If yes, you are most likely will start watching "Better Call Saul". Suddenly, making an emotional decision. Think twice. this daily dose of entertainment became a basic need for me. So I won’t cancel my subscription at the end of the month and keep paying. FROM CONFLICTS TO CLOSENESS: HOW TO MAINTAIN HEALTHY RELATIONSHIPS IN 5. Scarcity COLLEGE/UNIVERSITY Adeel Sarwar One of the ways we evaluate the worth of an item 1436-BH-PSY-20 is by judging its availability. Rare seems more valuable, and we rush to seize what’s rare. Zhao Many potential factors contribute to relationship and Tomm (2018) suggest that scarcity causes failure among college and university students. myopic and impulsive behaviour, leading to bad Factors that have been identified in research choices. studies include ineffective communication, personality differences, jealousy & infidelity. We Companies use two types of scarcity to push customers to purchase if they are indecisive. One is the limited quantity. Words like "limited stock" or "only 5 items left" are common on e-commerce websites, which create a sense of urgency to buy the products that are still available. will look at these, one by one but it’s worth noting that relationships are complex, and many of these factors may interact with one another in unpredictable ways. Communication is a key factor in any relationship, and college and university students are no exception. Effective communication is essential for any successful relationship, but it 229 can be especially challenging for young adults affect who are still developing their communication communication style in a relationship. For skills. Differences in communication styles or a example, one partner may value independence lack of practice in active listening can lead to and alone time, while the other may prioritize misunderstandings, feelings of being unheard or constant communication and togetherness. These unsupported, and a breakdown in trust between differences partners. misunderstandings between partners, which can Research communication has skills, shown such as that poor ineffective their ultimately can lead behaviour, lead to to values, conflicts decreased and and relationship listening or difficulty expressing emotions, can satisfaction and even relationship termination. lead to relationship problems and ultimately Some couples thrive on differences and find ways relationship failure. to complement and balance each other. However, Therefore, Effective communication is one of the it's important for young adults to be aware of their most and personality traits and preferences, as well as those maintaining a healthy relationship and reducing of their partners, and to work together to find conflict. This includes being honest and open common ground and build a strong foundation for with your partner, actively listening to their needs the relationship. Communication, empathy, and and concerns, and expressing your thoughts and willingness to compromise can help bridge feelings respectfully and assertively. Regular personality differences and promote relationship check-ins and discussions can help address any satisfaction. potential issues before they become more serious. Jealousy is a common emotion in romantic Research who relationships, and it can stem from a variety of communicate effectively are more likely to report sources, such as a lack of trust, insecurity, or fear higher levels of relationship satisfaction and of losing one's partner. In college and university lower levels of relationship distress. (Amato & settings, jealousy can be exacerbated by factors Booth, 1995; Baucom, Epstein, Rankin, & such as a highly social environment, increased Burnett, 1996). opportunities for partner interactions with others, Secondly, Differences in personality traits, such and the pressure to establish a social identity. as extroversion/introversion, agreeableness, and Jealousy can lead to a range of negative neuroticism, relationship outcomes, such as increased anxiety, decreased outcomes among college and university students. relationship satisfaction, and infidelity. Infidelity Research has shown that couples who are too involves a breach of trust in a committed similar or too dissimilar in their personalities may relationship. Infidelity can cause significant be at increased risk of relationship failure. Every emotional distress and can lead to feelings of individual has a unique personality, which can betrayal, loss of trust, and reduced relationship important has factors shown can also in that building couples impact 230 satisfaction. Infidelity is also associated with an increased risk of relationship termination. Addressing these issues often requires open and honest communication between partners, a SELF ACTUALIZATION_ A PARADOX Rafia Qadir commitment to rebuilding trust, and a willingness to work through the underlying issues that may be 1412-BH-PSY-19 contributing to the problem. Moreover, Trust is a critical component of healthy relationships. Research has found that perceived trust is a strong Since humankind has evolved, it is trying to predictor and figure out its impetus. The diverse nature of commitment. Honesty and integrity have also Homo sapiens and their tribes lead to the diverse been linked to relationship satisfaction and trust. concepts of ultimate purpose. Even different Seeking support from friends, family, or mental individuals of the same clan comprehend the very health professionals can help couples cope with idea subjectively, based on their concerns and stress relationships. needs. According to Maslow, the highest of Research has shown that social support is a human needs is self-actualization which refers to protective relationship the individual's desire for self-awareness and self- dissatisfaction and divorce. Additionally, seeking fulfillment. Here arises the paradox of the couples therapy has been found to improve unachievable relationship satisfaction and reduce relationship because not even a single human being is free distress. from the gradual and continual process of It's important to note that while these factors can evolution. A man seeks a point P i.e., say the peak contribute to relationship failure, they are not of stability of his life. In the course of the very deterministic. Many relationships can overcome journey, he unconsciously takes over the core these challenges with effective communication, thought of reaching point P instigating another empathy, and a willingness to work together to pursuit of another level. Ultimately, the whole find solutions. Addressing these issues often process rules out the pre-existing notion of the requires a commitment to understanding oneself truth which defined the reality of self- and one's partner, as well as a willingness to make actualization in his life. Thus, the question compromises changing remains unanswered till the end. The conclusions circumstances. By doing so, individuals can build make the concept vague and unauthentic, which strong, healthy relationships that can withstand in turn questions the life elements of free will and the challenges posed to relationships of college enthusiasm, with which, one opts to seek the and university life. highest of needs i.e., the need for self- of and relationship maintain factor and satisfaction healthy against adapt to nature of self-actualization, 231 actualization. After realizing this reality, one whose universally acclaimed diary was written might submit himself to the stimuli offered by in, and facilitated by, conditions of extreme mother nature; inculcating the idea that "whatever danger, these blatant exceptions do not render is going to happen will happen." The acceptance Maslow's theory insensitive. He observed that in and realistic tendencies of such individuals can certain people, the hunger to be productive is so lead them to become the self-actualized version great that it overrides other needs, even those that of themselves, proving the paradoxical truth. are thought of as pre-potent in most people. Although he chose to refrain from saying so, he The achievement does not come fluently on its own, rather one has to go through events of all types ranging from painful to pleasure-giving, says theorists. The theory asserts that selfactualization is the ultimate need that requires primary and pre-potent needs to be met first. And the journey demands resilience. Being resilient means having the ability to recover from difficult life events. Being resilient also entails getting back up and carrying on after suffering a setback. Thus, opposing the fact that self-actualization cannot be achieved until or unless pre-potent needs like safety and self-esteem are met, which does not fit in the case of many popular personalities. There are numerous examples of individuals living in states of poverty, loneliness, and low self-esteem who nonetheless seem to self-actualize through their work. This is proof of setting another paradox implying that hardships prove as hurdles to achieving basic needs, which is necessary to reach the pinnacle of all the needs called self-actualization, but we have several was open to the idea that self-actualization can still happen in the context of unfulfilled needs. In some cases, trauma imparts resilience which proves to be an aid to produce the work of art. It is an aftermath of traumatic experiences that instils a sense of safety and well-being as a defence mechanism. Resilience is a trait most people have; however, this trait is glowing in most who have survived childhood trauma. Individual, situational, and career characteristics, support, and a sense of safety from parents, friends, family, school, and community are all factors that foster resilience after traumatic exposure. Additionally, several psychosocial elements support resilience that work on many different levels and are important both before and after trauma. Mindfulness, relaxation techniques, exercise, and cognitive strategies (ranging from distraction to reframing), are the integral components to impart resilience after trauma and PTSD. That, in turn, leads to a very debatable topic i.e., self-actualization. cases of self-actualized people who got it as a result of their trauma and sufferings. For instance, In conclusion, the intricacy of the human mind Vincent van Gogh; whose life and suicide suggest encourages reflection on a variety of phenomena a deep well of unmet needs, and Anne Frank, that appear to be persistent and systematic in their 232 occurrence but cannot be understood without even research. Even after meticulously examining "Stockholm syndrome" was first coined after the them, an ample portion of these remains vague. 1973 bank robbery in Stockholm, Sweden. The Self-actualization is one of those complicated hostages, who were held captive for six days, concepts that are difficult to grasp. The topic developed positive emotional bonds with their disproves to captors during their ordeal. Since then, this experimentally support the exact hypothesis. syndrome has been observed in various situations Similar to the angle of 360 degrees, it appears as of captivity, such as prisoner of war camps, cults, both infinity and zero at the same time. The cycle, and abusive relationships. the current hypothesis affection towards them. The name therefore, continues, with the failure, to discover the ultimate truth, succeeding each time. Early research on Stockholm syndrome was conducted by psychiatrist Frank Ochberg and his STOCKHOLM SYNDROME: THE DARK SIDE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL SURVIVAL RESPONSE (A TO CAPTIVITY) Muhammad Abdullah. colleagues in 1982. They studied the case of Patty Hearst, a woman who was kidnapped by a radical group in 1974. During her captivity, Hearst participated in several illegal activities with her captors and even defended them in court after her rescue. 1500-BH-PSY-20 Another well-known case of Stockholm “I am not proud of that today, but I did what I had syndrome occurred in 1991 when 11-year-old always done... tried to survive an impossible Jaycee Lee Dugard was kidnapped by a couple, situation.” Phillip and Nancy Garrido. Dugard was held (Jaycee Lee Dugard in her memoir; A Stolen captive for 18 years, during which time she Life) developed a bond with her captors. In her memoir, Dugard wrote about how she felt guilty Stockholm syndrome is a perplexing and for wanting to escape and eventually came to intriguing psychological phenomenon that has view her captors as her family. garnered significant attention within the field of psychology yet remains one of the least explored The psychological mechanisms underlying topics due to its complexity. It describes the Stockholm syndrome are multifaceted and not intricate situation in which a hostage or captive entirely understood. However, it is believed to be develops an emotional bond with their captor, a coping mechanism that the hostage develops to often displaying feelings of loyalty, trust, and survive and cope with the stress and trauma of 233 captivity. In a state of helplessness, the hostage It is essential to note that Stockholm syndrome is may begin to view their captor as a source of not a disorder or mental illness, but rather a safety and protection, even identifying with the complex psychological phenomenon that occurs captor's beliefs and values even after being in certain situations. Nevertheless, it can have rescued. long-lasting effects on the victim's mental health and well-being, making treatment for Stockholm Several factors can contribute to the development syndrome challenging. Treatment strategies such of Stockholm syndrome, as identified by various as cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) and studies. The degree of control that the captor other forms of psychotherapy may focus on exerts over the hostage is one of the significant helping factors, as those who feel they have little or no psychological mechanisms behind their feelings control over their situation may begin to rely on and develop coping strategies to deal with the their captor for basic needs and survival, leading trauma of captivity. Support from family can also to feelings of gratitude towards the captor. play a crucial role in the individual's recovery, as Additionally, the degree of perceived threat or the lack of social support can be an important danger that the hostage experiences is another factor significant factor, as those who feel that their life susceptible to this condition. the individual exposing understand individuals to be the more is in danger may become more susceptible to developing feelings of dependency and Stockholm syndrome has also been used to attachment towards their captor. explain the Furthermore, the personality traits of the hostage underlying domestic abuse, particularly in cases can also play a crucial role in the development of where victims remain in abusive relationships Stockholm syndrome. Individuals who are more despite opportunities to leave. This identification prone to anxiety, low self-esteem, and a need for with the abuser is similar to how hostages approval from others may be more likely to develop positive emotional bonds with their develop Stockholm syndrome in response to captors. captivity. Individuals who experience Stockholm intermittent positive reinforcement, alternating syndrome may exhibit a range of psychological between abuse and kindness, which can create a symptoms, including anxiety, depression, and sense of unpredictability and lead the victim to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). They may cling to the hope that the abuser will change their also experience confusion and ambivalence behaviour. This hope, coupled with feelings of towards their captors, feeling both positive and loyalty and attachment, can make it difficult for negative emotions towards them. the victims to leave the relationship, even if they The psychological abusers mostly mechanisms engage in recognize the abuse as harmful. However, it is 234 important to note that not all victims of domestic are somehow unable to give our best. This guilt abuse develop Stockholm syndrome, and there may lead to a cycle of paralysis where we end up may be other psychological factors at play. doing nothing at all. In conclusion, Stockholm syndrome is a multifaceted psychological phenomenon that manifests in cases of captivity. A comprehensive comprehension of this syndrome can aid us in providing optimal support to individuals who have undergone traumatic experiences and captivity, along with developing efficacious treatment strategies for their recovery. Moreover, additional research on this syndrome is necessary to formulate effective preventive measures for those vulnerable to developing Stockholm syndrome. People usually get entangled in the web of productivity guilt, when they overtax themselves by creating lengthy to-do lists for each day or establishing unrealistic goals. However, what happens is that people end up constantly switching their attention from one task to another, which wears them out. As a result, they become demotivated and get caught up by intrusive thoughts of guilt or not being productive enough. This is how productivity guilt sabotages our maximum working potential. The saying "Excess of everything is bad" holds when it comes to glorifying the idea of THE PRODUCTIVITY GUILT TRAP: UNDERSTANDING AND OVERCOMING THE PRESSURE TO ALWAYS BE PRODUCTIVE productivity and hustle. According to Hustle’s survey about the mental health of entrepreneurs, 65 % reported that they are going through the phase of burnout and 59 % have gone through anxiety. Mariyum Shehzadi Productivity can turn into toxic productivity 1490-BH-PSY-20 when it hinders your body’s inherent capacity to work efficiently. Shame and additional guilt of not giving enough adds up stress. This stress can Nowadays productivity has become a buzzword lead to other physical and mental health that everyone seems to be chasing. There’s a flip problems, including depression, headaches, side to this relentless pursuit of productivity that somatic problems, difficulty focusing, etc. So, the often goes unnoticed – productivity guilt. vicious circle of negative emotions and the Productivity guilt is the feeling of shame and body’s incapacity to function effectively keeps on anxiety when we think we’re not doing enough. going. It cultivates the mindset of feeling bad when we Let me help you to tackle this; 235 • productive people believe in smart and Setting realistic goals quality work. To overcome productivity guilt, it’s important to ii. set realistic goals and expectations for yourself. multitasking and believe it would be Break down your tasks into manageable chunks beneficial for them, but the reality is and prioritize the most important ones. Learn to that the brain is not designed this way. say no to tasks that are not essential or can be People who are productive focus delegated to others. And remember, it’s okay to shift to the next day or week if you are exhausted. • Take breaks Busy people often take pride in intently on one task at a time. • Focus on quantity over quality Shift your focus from quantity to quality. Take breaks and practice self-care. It’s essential Productivity isn’t about how much you can do in to take time to recharge yourself and avoid a day; it’s about how effectively you can burnout. Remember, productivity guilt is not a complete tasks. Prioritize your tasks, set realistic badge of honour. It’s a sign that you need to take goals, and focus on doing your best work, rather a step back, reassess your priorities, and make than trying to do everything at once. positive changes in your work and personal life. Researchers have made it clear that taking breaks is necessary to keep yourself energized. Even moving away from your working desk for a short span can boost productivity. • • Celebrate your achievements Acknowledge small wins and make time to celebrate them. Try to appreciate yourself for what went well rather than getting depressed over what went wrong. The most important thing is, to allow yourself to be your biggest cheerleader Differentiate busyness and productivity It's important to remember that productivity is not the same as busyness. Being busy doesn’t necessarily mean you’re being productive. Being too busy can hinder your productivity and prevent you from achieving your goals. • Focus on progress, don’t chase perfection Recognize that progress is better than perfection. Identify your small wins, where you getting better rather than chasing societal standards of success. Develop the habit of self-catharsis to recognize Here are some key differences between being your areas for improvement. Then, concentrate busy and being productive: on making little progress towards your ultimate aim. Your dopamine levels may also be increased i. Busy people keep indulging in by using this strategy. everything offered to them, but this just serves to burn them out. Whereas, 236 In conclusion, productivity guilt is one of the serve as a basis for good interpersonal prevailing relationships, issues of this fast-paced and healthy societal communication, harmony. achievement-orientated society which can have overall drastic effects on mental health. But, embracing a interpersonal connections empathy serves to balanced approach to life, one that acknowledges bridge the emotional gaps, nurture and solidify the importance of both productivity and personal existing fulfilment, can lead us to live more authentically understanding thrive. Empathy allows one to step and joyfully. Let go of the guilt, trust in your in the shoes of the other and watch the world with abilities, and allow yourself to flourish with a their eyes. relations, Persisting and and make in genuine newfound sense of unshakable confidence. Remember, you are more than your productivity, and you deserve a life filled with happiness, Empathy, as perceived and mostly regarded as being entirely emotional and psychic, does have complex neural connections and enchanting brain purpose, and contentment. chemistry that involves various brain chemicals and delicate regions working in harmony. These neuronal networks work to process and respond THE NEUROSCIENCE OF EMPATHY UNRAVELING EMPATHY to the experiences of others. In this regard, neural mirroring through the Mirror Neurons plays a key role in responding through empathy and Fatima Saleem. 0409-BH-PSY-20 understanding other perspectives. Neural people and Mirroring is their the Picture this: a moment of shared laughter with a simultaneous firing of the Mirror Neurons when friend, the quiet nod of understanding in a time of an individual performs an action and observes the sorrow, or the surge of compassion when same action being performed by someone else. witnessing someone's struggle. These instances This in turn, not only helps in the imitation of that are not just fragments and the basis of human action connection; they are windows into the intricate comprehension of what the other person might be patterns of our brains – patterns illuminated by feeling and experiencing, commonly regarded as the empathy. complex and captivating field of but also helps Neuroimaging in the thorough techniques and neuroscience, unravelling the secrets of empathy. elaborative research have revealed several brain This empathy is the capacity to understand and structures share the emotions and perspectives of others empathetic behaviour. Functional Magnetic with the way they see it and not how we look at Resonance Imaging (FMRI) and Diffusion it. Empathy is a significant component that may Tensor Imaging (DTI) showed heightened responsible for contributing to 237 activity in brain regions such as the amygdala and professionals and people in emotionally- the anterior insula when individuals are exposed demanding roles to empathetic interactions or emotionally charged exhaustion and sometimes even to decreased situations. This deep human capacity is therefore empathetic responsiveness due to prolonged not localized to a single brain area but runs exposure to sufferings and distress of others. neurons throughout the brain circuits. People who continue to overwhelm themselves experience emotional with the sentiments and aches of others may Being Empathetic or simply having an affinity with other people comprises both cognitive empathy and affective empathy. Cognitive empathy is also referred to as "metalizing" or "perspective taking" which is the intellectual capacity to understand and mentally stimulate the experiences of others and see the world from their vantage point. Different brain regions including the medial prefrontal cortex and temporoparietal junction help develop cognitive empathy by making it possible to predict and understand the emotional state of others. Affective empathy also called "emotional empathy" involves emotional resonance in which one genuinely feels the suffer from empathy fatigue and tend to have emotional numbness, irritability, insomnia, headaches, and overall life dissatisfaction. Overactivity in the anterior insula and amygdala due to repeated and continuous exposure to distress may also lead to emotional fatigue. Sensitization to such cognitive fatigue may impact the overall mood and mental contentedness. Mitigation techniques involving setting self-care and healthy boundaries, seeking support and help from family, health care professionals, and friends, and prioritizing whom to give your selfless love and devotion to can help lessen the overall impact of empathy fatigue. emotions the other person might be feeling. Affective empathy helps have a deeper sense of Several psychological compassion and sympathy but sometimes can Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) and also lead to distress and unwanted mental fatigue Autism in response to having felt the emotions and characterized by disruption in receiving and stressors of others to such a profound level. giving empathy. In BPD the individual fluctuates Spectrum disorders Disorder including (ASD) are between intense emotional responsiveness and This might be incredibly startling for you to know that while empathy and being overly solicitous help maintain relationships and emotional bonds, it may also lead to its dark side or what we call "compassion fatigue" which is a purely psychological phenomenon that occurs when intense emotional detachment. In ASD too, the individual struggles to form meaningful social connections and interpersonal relations due to the lack of the ability to interpret and understand social and emotional cues. Anti-social personality disorder comprising Psychopath is another individuals particularly caregivers, healthcare 238 condition referring to a lack of remorse and guilt neuromarketing is to bring insights from in response to the sufferings and pain of others. neuroscience into the realm of marketing to crack the code of consumer behaviour. Companies are Research regarding empathy has now surpassed the idea of mere probing and has now led to the development of the design of virtual agents and robots with empathetic abilities. These robots with the help of AI agents will be able to develop cognitive as well as affective empathy which will in turn allow the users to communicate emotionally and obtain emotional resonance in return. on a mission to dive into our subconscious minds to uncover the triggers that steer us toward making purchasing decisions. This involves measuring brain activity, tracking eye movements, and even gauging skin responses. It's not about wielding a magical tool that makes us buy things we don't need, despite what brands might wish for. Instead, it's a quest for understanding, enabling brands to fine-tune their Delving deeper into the understanding of strategies empathy makes us realize that the phenomenon of connections with customers and boost their empathy plays a key role in making and revenue. developing sound and healthy relationships and environments. But empathy, as it may seem, is not a mere practice but is profoundly related to overall life satisfaction, brain chemistry, and fostering and maintaining harmonious relationships. Empathy, in short, is the thread that weaves us all into the fabric of humanity and could be harnessed to survive in this everevolving world. and offerings to build strong Neuromarketing brings something distinctive to the table compared to traditional marketing. Rather than relying solely on what people tell us, which might not always be the most accurate reflection of their thoughts, it taps into the unconscious workings of the brain. This allows for a more unbiased understanding of consumer behaviour. We often say one thing and think another, and this is where neuromarketing shines. By directly exploring the inner workings of consumers' minds, it provides a clearer, more NEUROMARKETING Author: Faraz Imran (Ex-Ravian) objective view for brands to craft their marketing plans. Research suggests that a significant chunk; up to 85% of our buying decisions is made Neuromarketing has caught my attention as a without us even consciously realizing it. thrilling emerging discipline that sits at the intersection of marketing and neuroscience. It's So, how do brands manage to influence us to buy like a bridge between the art of marketing and the more of their products? Let me illustrate with a science of the human brain. The idea behind couple of examples. Our brains work in two 239 modes: System 1 and System 2. System 1 is like could cost them 1% of sales – that's a billion- a quick, automatic response that doesn't require dollar loss stemming from just a tiny fraction of a much thought. Think of it as when someone asks second. This brings home the saying "Time is your name – you don't need to ponder to respond. money." On the other hand, System 2 is more deliberate and analytical. It kicks in when you have to solve a challenging problem, like calculating a complex multiplication. When we're faced with a multitude of decisions, like during a supermarket spree, our mental energy gets drained, pushing us Neuromarketing's future implications are a puzzle waiting to be solved. How will this evolving field shape our choices as consumers? Will our awareness of these tactics affect how we respond to them? to rely more on System 1. This is why those While we anticipate what's next, it's a great time tempting snacks are often placed right where you to delve into the intricacies of our brains and pay at the checkout – they trigger impulsive behaviour. Armed with this knowledge, we can decisions when we're mentally worn out. Brands play a significant role in navigating the marketing also have a knack for keeping us on a perpetual landscape with better insight and making more hunt for the next big thing. The excitement of a conscious and well-informed decisions for our new purchase fades quickly, making us yearn for benefit. the next experience. This phenomenon is called the hedonic treadmill. Imagine getting the latest FIFA game – the joy of having it diminishes as BREAKING THE SILENCE: THE STIGMA the next version looms, driving us to want the OF SEEKING MENTAL HEALTH (THE "coolest" one again. INVISIBLE BATTLES FOUGHT BEHIND Real-life examples of neuromarketing in action are eye-opening. Every time you click on a CLOSED DOORS) Fatima Saleem Google ad, you're contributing to Google's profit. They dug deep into the psychology of colour, 0409-BH-PSY-20 testing 50 different shades of blue to see which “There’s a crack in everything, that’s how the one prompted more clicks. It might sound minor, light gets in” but adopting that specific shade resulted in a whopping $200 million revenue boost for Google. Then there's Amazon, a giant in the corporate world. They realized that a mere 100millisecond delay in their website's loading time ~Leonard Cohen Mental health refers psychological, and encompassing one’s to the cognitive emotional emotional, well-being stability, 240 cognitive function, and the ability to cope with frequently linked mental health problems to the challenges of life; its ups and downs. It is one supernatural causes for ages, perceiving those of the basic components of being healthy and who suffered as being possessed or cursed. Such living a life you are content with. Just like when ideas you have a lenient fever or get diagnosed with any procedures lethal disease such as cancer you seek help from appeared throughout the Middle Ages, although a physician or a specialized person, similarly, one they frequently served as settings for cruelty and should have the liberty to seek mental health and neglect only. New insights into mental disease emotional well-being independent of the fear of emerged throughout the Enlightenment, but being prone to the stigmas attached with getting social exclusion and incarceration continued. help. Seeking help for mental health refers to the Though scientific discoveries at the turn of the intentional act of reaching out to mental health 20th century deepened our understanding of professionals, resources, support systems, and mental health, stigma persisted. Today, initiatives centres to address and manage emotional and to eliminate stigma are still essential because they psychological issues including mere stress and dispel long-held myths and promote greater situational anxiety to bigger forms of mental inclusiveness and empathy. stoked fear like and encouraged exorcisms. Asylums cruel first health disruption like depression, anxiety, insomnia, narcissism or other Neurodevelopmental disorders such as Autism, Obsessive Compulsive disorder (OCD), Attention-Deficient Hyperactivity Disorder and many more. The stigma associated with seeking treatment for mental health problems is influenced by several factors; stereotypes and misconceptions present people as helpless or unstable. People may hesitate to seek assistance out of fear of being stigmatized. The stigma is strengthened by The term "Mental Health Stigma" refers to societal expectations of emotional fortitude and unfavourable attitudes, prejudices, and ideas that independence. A lack of knowledge about mental society holds about people who struggle with or health issues also supports discrimination and have conditions related to their mental health. It unfavourable attitudes. The stigma surrounding can be difficult for those afflicted to receive mental health is heavily influenced by societal support, seek assistance, and fully participate in views, cultural norms, and media representations. society without fear of discrimination or biases, Social which can also result in prejudice, social independence and emotional fortitude while isolation, and social discrimination. The stigma viewing asking for assistance as a sign of around mental health historically has its roots in weakness. Cultural influences may play a role misinformation and fear. Diverse cultures have because some cultures stigmatize or see mental attitudes frequently emphasize 241 health problems as a source of shame. campaigns, school programs, and community Stereotypes engagement. are frequently reinforced by sensationalized or erroneous media portrayals of mental illness. For instance, in Hollywood, people with mental health issues are occasionally portrayed as dangerous or unstable which in turn makes it immensely difficult to normalize discussions related to issues about mental health. You may be surprised to know that, Junaid Jamshed, a well-known musician and popular figure in Pakistan, is one example of people who were the first ones to raise awareness regarding the importance of mental well-being and its apparent treatment. He sought assistance after For several reasons, eradicating stigma around going through a personal crisis and was honest mental illness and increasing awareness are about his battle with depression. His willingness essential. It promotes open dialogue and lessens to talk about his experience with mental illness the stigma and secrecy that can surround mental broke through stigma, inspired others to get help, health issues. It encourages compassion and and started vital discussions about mental health empathy, creating a helpful environment for in the nation. people who require assistance. It ensures that people feel secure seeking treatment by eradicating preconceptions and discrimination, which ultimately improves mental health outcomes and lessens the cost of untreated disorders on people and society. In the US, campaigns, educational initiatives, and advocacy activities are carried out by groups like "NAMI" (National Alliance on Mental Illness) and "Mental Health America" to lessen the stigma surrounding mental illness. "Time to Change" is a well-known campaign in the UK that aims to combat prejudice and stereotypes. Organizations in Pakistan like "Umang" and "Rozan" are attempting to break down stigma by spreading awareness and offering mental health help. To remove barriers, facilitate conversations, and advance understanding of mental health issues, these efforts combine public In conclusion, the stigma surrounding mental health continues to prevent a great number of people from being happy and recovering. Encouragement of empathy, education, and candid dialogues are crucial in the fight against this pervasive problem. We can build a more accepting society where seeking mental health care is viewed as a sign of strength, not weakness, by collaboratively fighting preconceptions and prejudices. It’s high time that the world becomes a better place for people who are already struggling and highlights the sense that even in imperfections and vulnerabilities there is room for understanding, compassion, and healing which would ultimately break the barriers of stigmatization leading to a healthier, progressive and comparatively tender society. awareness 242 PSYCHOLOGY OF PROCRASTINATION: driven by a subconscious attraction to the THE THRILL OF THE DEADLINE excitement and challenges that come with completing tasks at the last minute. This Muhammad Abdullah hypothesis suggests that for some individuals, the adrenaline 1500-BH-PSY-20 rush and heightened focus experienced when racing against the clock may be a motivating factor behind procrastination. “To tell the chronic procrastinator to ‘just do it’ would be like saying to a clinically depressed person, ‘cheer up’.” ~ Joseph Ferrari To understand the neuroscience behind this phenomenon, we must consider the brain's reward system. When we complete tasks, our Procrastination, or the notorious habit of putting brain releases dopamine, a neurotransmitter things off until the last possible moment, has long associated with pleasure and reward. This process intrigued psychologists and researchers. It's a reinforces the behaviour, making us more likely behaviour that many of us are familiar with, but to repeat it. In procrastinators, this reward system what if there's more to it than simply poor time is triggered more strongly when facing a looming management or a lack of discipline? Recent deadline. The prefrontal cortex, a region of the research suggests that procrastination might have brain responsible for executive functions such as a deeper psychological and even neurological planning and decision-making, also plays a basis, shedding light on why some individuals crucial role. Studies using functional MRI (fMRI) seem to thrive under the pressure of a looming have shown that procrastinators often exhibit deadline. heightened prefrontal cortex activity as the deadline approaches. This increased activity At its core, postponement procrastination of tasks that involves need the might indicate a sort of "deadline-induced focus" to be that intensifies concentration and cognitive effort. accomplished, often in favour of more immediate and potentially less important activities. For Beyond the neuroscientific explanations, the years, it has been viewed as a counterproductive psychology of procrastination offers valuable behaviour linked to self-control issues and a insights into why individuals engage in this tendency to avoid discomfort or effort. However, behaviour. It's not merely a matter of succumbing a study published in the journal 'Psychological to the allure of excitement; there are intricate Science' challenged this conventional wisdom. psychological factors at play. One key element is the human tendency to favour immediate rewards The researchers from the study proposed a rather over delayed ones, a phenomenon known as intriguing theory: that procrastination is, in part, temporal discounting. Procrastinators often 243 prioritize short-term comfort or pleasure over important to note that procrastination remains a long-term benefits, which can lead to the double-edged sword. The thrill of racing against postponement of tasks that require effort or don't time can lead to bursts of creativity and provide immediate gratification. innovative problem-solving but can also result in lower-quality work due to time constraints and Another psychological facet of procrastination is the interplay between fear of failure and perfectionism. Many procrastinators harbour a fear of not meeting their high self-imposed standards, which can lead to avoidance behaviour. The anticipation of falling short of expectations can be paralyzing, causing added stress. For individuals who rely on procrastination-induced excitement, the downside becomes apparent when it comes to consistent productivity. Tasks that don't offer the same rush might be continuously postponed, leading to missed opportunities, increased stress, and a reduced overall quality of life. individuals to delay starting a task indefinitely. Additionally, some tasks are inherently aversive, Understanding the perceived as boring or unenjoyable, and procrastination and procrastination serves as a coping mechanism to individuals better manage their time and avoid these unpleasant experiences. This aversion productivity. By recognizing when they are most can be linked to the psychological concept of likely to procrastinate and why, individuals can "task aversion," where individuals instinctively take avoid tasks that induce discomfort. consequences. Strategies such as setting self- steps to connection excitement minimize the between can help negative imposed deadlines, breaking tasks into smaller, Understanding the psychological dimensions of procrastination is crucial for addressing this behaviour effectively. Procrastinators often grapple with inner conflicts and emotional more manageable parts, and seeking external accountability can help strike a balance between harnessing the excitement of procrastination and maintaining consistent productivity. struggles that require nuanced therapeutic interventions. By recognizing the psychological In conclusion, while procrastination has long patterns procrastination, been viewed as a behaviour stemming from poor psychologists can tailor strategies to help self-control or avoidance, emerging research individuals yet suggests that it may have deeper psychological challenging habit and move toward more and neurological roots. The thrill of the deadline, productive and fulfilling lives. driven by heightened excitement and challenge, that underlie overcome this common can motivate some individuals. However, it's While the prospect of harnessing the excitement of procrastination may sound appealing, it's crucial to strike a balance between harnessing this excitement and maintaining consistent 244 productivity to achieve long-term success and well-being. Understanding the brain's role in procrastination sheds light on the complexity of human behaviour and the ongoing quest to unlock our full potential. 245 Statistic s 246 TIMELINE OF STATISTICS DEPARTMENT Jan: One of the most important trends in 2023 will be the continued empowerment of the entire workforce to put analytics to work. This is giving rise to new forms of augmented working, where tools, applications, and devices push intelligent insights into the hands of everybody to allow them to do their jobs more effectively and efficiently. Feb: AI allows businesses to analyze data and draw out insights far more quickly than would ever be possible manually, using software algorithms that get better and better at their job as they are fed more data. This is the basic principle of machine learning (ML), which is the form of AI used in business today. AI and ML technologies include NLP, which enables computers to understand and communicate with us in human languages March: Cloud is the platform that enables data-as-a-service technology to work. It means that companies can access data sources that have been collected and curated by third parties via cloud services on a payas-you-go or subscription-based billing model. This reduces the need for companies to build their own expensive, proprietary data collection and storage systems for many types of applications. April: When digging into data in search of insights, it's better to know what's going on right now – rather than yesterday, last week, or last month. This is why real-time data is increasingly becoming the most valuable source of information for businesses. Working with real-time data often requires more sophisticated data and analytics infrastructure, which means more expense, but the benefit is that we’re able to act on information as it happens. This could involve analyzing clickstream data from visitors to websites to work out what offers and promotions to put in front of them, or financial services, it could mean monitoring transactions as they take place around the world to watch out for warning signs of fraud. May: 247 Data governance will also be big news in 2023 as more governments introduce laws designed to regulate the use of personal and other types of data. In the wake of the likes of European GDPR, Canadian PIPEDA, and Chinese PIPL, other countries are likely to follow suit and introduce legislation protecting the data of their citizens. Analysts at Gartner have predicted that by 2023, 65% of the world’s population will be covered by regulations similar to GDPR. June: Augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) are expected to become more prevalent in 2023. This will lead to the development of new consumer interfaces that are more immersive and engaging July: Big Data for Climate Change Research: Big data is expected to play a significant role in climate change research in 2023. It will help scientists better understand the impact of climate change on our planet. Backing up the views and predictions of climate change organizations (IPCC, 2018) like the UN Intergovernmental Climate Change (IPCC) with solid data will put the raging climate change debate to rest. In the aftermath, nations will finally work together to execute the requisite actions needed to save the planet August: While fully autonomous driving is still a long way from truly taking off, there have been significant and notable developments in the field. For instance, Apple conducted more testing on their selfdriving cars and saw an improvement in disengagement rates, from 8.35 disengagements per 1,000 miles in 2019 to 6.91 disengagements per 1,000 miles in 2020 (9to5Mac, 2021). In October 2020, Waymo introduced full-level autonomous driving vehicles that customers can use to hail a ride (Unite.ai, 2020). At the start of 2021, Walmart expanded its use of driverless trucks to deliver items from a Walmart Supercenter to a Walmart pickup point (Walmart, 2020). September: Digital transformation goes hand in hand with the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning, and big data. With IoT-connected devices expected to reach a staggering 25.44 billion devices in 2030 from 10.07 billion in 2021 (Statista, 2021), it’s easy to see where that big data is coming from. 248 APPLICATIONS OF STATISTICS IN REAL- data to gain a competitive edge. For instance, in LIFE SCENARIOS (SPORTS, FINANCE, basketball, statistics help teams optimize shot selection MEDICINE AND BEYOND) and identify the most efficient offensive plays. Similarly, in soccer, analytics assist in player Affan Shakoor positioning, passing accuracy, and defensive strategies. Introduction: Finance and Investments - Managing Risk and Statistics is a powerful tool used to analyze and interpret Returns data, making it an indispensable aspect of modern life. In the world of finance, statistics plays a critical role in From sports to finance, medicine, and various other understanding market trends, assessing risks, and fields, statistics plays a pivotal role in providing making informed investment decisions. By analyzing valuable insights, guiding decision-making, and shaping historical data, financial professionals can estimate asset our understanding of the world. In this article, we will returns, evaluate portfolio performance, and develop explore how statistics is applied in real-life scenarios, risk management strategies. Statistical models like the specifically focusing on sports, finance, medicine, and Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) help investors several other domains. understand the relationship between risk and expected returns. Additionally, statistics is used for financial modeling, such as Monte Carlo simulations, to assess Sports Analytics Social Sciences the uncertainty surrounding investment outcomes. Finance Medicine and Healthcare - Improving Patient Statistics Quality Control Outcomes Medicine In medicine and healthcare, statistics plays a pivotal role in clinical trials, disease diagnosis, and treatment Market Research effectiveness studies. Researchers utilize statistical methods to analyze patient data, identify risk factors, Sports Analytics - Gaining a Competitive Edge In recent years, Statistics have revolutionized the world of sports. Sports analytics has revolutionized how athletes, coaches, and teams approach the game. Statistics enable the evaluation of player performance, strategizing for opponents, and understanding game and assess the impact of interventions. It helps in identifying potential correlations between genetic factors and diseases, enabling personalized medicine approaches. Moreover, statistical techniques aid in evaluating the safety and efficacy of new drugs, medical devices, and therapies. dynamics. With the advent of advanced data collection methods, like player tracking systems and wearable technology, sports teams can analyze vast amounts of 249 Market Research - Understanding Consumer Environmental Science - Analyzing Climate and Behavior Ecological Data Market research heavily relies on statistical analysis to Environmental scientists utilize statistical analysis to gather and interpret data about consumer preferences, study climate patterns, assess pollutant levels, and buying patterns, and market trends. Surveys and opinion monitor ecological changes. Statistical models are polls are statistically designed to provide reliable and employed to predict environmental trends, such as representative data. Through statistical methods like temperature rise and sea-level change. Data analysis regression analysis and conjoint analysis, market helps identify environmental threats and supports researchers can predict consumer behavior and tailor conservation efforts and sustainable policies. marketing strategies accordingly. This data-driven Economics - Evaluating Economic Indicators approach aids businesses in launching successful Economics heavily relies on statistics to analyze products and improving customer satisfaction. economic indicators, such as inflation rates, GDP growth, and unemployment. Econometrics, a branch of Quality Control and Process Improvement - economics that uses Ensuring Product Excellence economists build models to understand complex In manufacturing and production industries, statistics economic are crucial for quality control and process improvement. outcomes. These insights aid policymakers in devising Statistical process control (SPC) helps monitor effective monetary and fiscal policies. relationships statistical and methods, forecast helps economic production processes, identify variations, and maintain product consistency. By analyzing production data, Weather Forecasting - Predicting Meteorological companies can detect defects early, reduce waste, and Events enhance overall efficiency. Additionally, Six Sigma, a Meteorologists rely on statistical models to predict statistical methodology, is employed to streamline weather patterns and assess the likelihood of extreme processes and minimize errors in manufacturing. weather events. Through historical weather data and numerical weather prediction models, meteorologists Social Sciences - Understanding Human Behavior can provide accurate forecasts and warnings, thus In psychology, sociology, and other social sciences, helping communities prepare and respond to weather- statistics is fundamental for analyzing survey data, related emergencies. Weather forecasting combines conducting experiments, and drawing meaningful historical data with real-time information to generate conclusions about human behavior and attitudes. Social accurate predictions, helping communities prepare for scientists potential disasters. use statistical methods to examine correlations, infer causation, and test hypotheses. These insights contribute to a deeper understanding of social Education - Enhancing Learning Outcomes phenomena and aid in making evidence-based policy Statistics is utilized in education to analyze student decisions. performance, evaluate teaching methodologies, and make improvements to the educational system. 250 Educational researchers use statistical techniques to enhancing our understanding of complex systems, and study the impact of various factors on student guiding progress in diverse fields. From sports to achievement, such as class size, teaching methods, and finance, medicine, market research, and beyond, the resource allocation. This data-driven approach aims to applications of statistics continue to shape and improve optimize learning outcomes and improve the overall our daily lives. As data collection and analytical quality of education. techniques advance further, the impact of statistics will undoubtedly continue to grow, transforming the way we Conclusion approach challenges and opportunities in the future. Statistics serves as a powerful tool in various real-life scenarios, enabling data-driven decision-making, STATISTICS 101 extremely complex data sets and created many of the techniques that are still in use today. Additionally, he Ayesha Noor established the Rothamsted Statistics Department, where Genstat was created. Today, statistics are used 1320-BH(E)-Stat-20 in a wide range of academic disciplines, including science, engineering, agriculture, medicine, and the In this article, "Statistics 101" refers to an introduction to statistics in everyday life. Statistics is a method for transforming data into a set of equations that might help in problem-solving. We can use this science to understand the past and forecast the future. We can use statistics to examinedata from various fields to track arts. It is commonly utilized in politics, with one wellknown instance being when American statistician Nate Silver successfully predicted the outcomes for all 50 states in the 2012 U.S. presidential election using a forecasting system, he derived from one of Fisher's theories. evolving patterns, and then utilize the results of this study to form inferences and forecasts. In this blog, we quickly go over the development of statistics from II. SOME PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF STATISTICS ancient times to the present to comprehend how they affect our daily lives. Even though we may not be aware of it, statistics play a significant role in our daily lives. Hereare a I. INTRODUCTION: few illustrations. Census: "Statistics" gradually evolved between the 17th and 18th centuries, and a lot of work was finished and published at the end of the 19th. One of the founding figures of contemporary statistics, Sir Ronald Fisher, A census is performed to gather data about a population's members. Although a survey of exact, tiny populations can also be referred to as a census, the phrase is most often used to refer to national data. demonstrated how statistics can be used to evaluate 251 For instance, we may conduct a census of pig farmers underachieving major league baseball team, in Thailand's northern region, musicians in Europe, or making them one of the best in the country. Japanese citizens 80 years of age and older. The yearly economic census is one instance that has an III. THE VALUE OF STATISTICS IN EVERYDAY LIFE impact on trade. Data are gathered from various More information about our daily lives is being firms, compared, and then summarized. When trends gathered than ever before in the twenty-first century. are measured and estimates and projections are made We can readily examine and interpret ever-larger using this knowledge, firms and policymakers can datasets thanks to the advancement of computing plan their operations for several years in advance. power. Many study domains are placing an increasing emphasis on statistical analysis since it enables us to completely comprehend concepts and Sampling: communicate them to a wider audience than simply Since it is not always feasible to gather data from our colleagues. We'll demonstrate this idea in a few the entire population, a smaller sample is instances. frequently taken. For instance, the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Food Medical sciences: and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations As I type this in March 2020, the global media is (FAO) gather statistics on human health and providing us with regular updates on the outbreak of agricultural goods in various nations every few the Coronavirus Covid-19 and its fatality rate. News years. These government institutions strive to stories on health and disease frequently reference understand the characteristics of the entire statistics demonstrating the terrible impact on people. population by using smaller, random samples. The number of persons with the sickness or who have passed away as a result, if all that is reported in the Prediction: news, is intriguing information, but it might not have Regression-based prediction is a technique for much bearing on your life. People are better able to forecasting based on historical data. Both the understand how a sickness may affect them independent (predictor) and dependent (target) personally when data are included. For instance, variables are recorded by researchers. The according to the WHO[i] (2018), there were 422 relationship between the variables is then million cases of diabetes worldwide in 2014, up from demonstrated using a best-fit model, where one 108 million cases in 1980. According to data from the variable predicts the values of the other. In the WHO, diabetes was the seventh-leading cause of 2011 film "Moneyball," a striking example is death in 2016. According to this research, a good diet, presented. In this fictionalized account of actual frequent exercise, and keeping a normal body weight events, Billy Beane uses predictive analytics to can prevent between 85 and 95 percent of diabetes significantly raise the performance of his cases. 252 Social Sciences: Social science statistics are both a science and an art. Histograms, pie charts, and other graphs are used to visually show and compare data. Within a company organization, it is used to keep an eye on and enhance the quality of both processes and products. The development of social science theories relies heavily how to utilize one or more statistical software programs to helpwith analysis and interpretation. The use of statistical software for data analysis is a necessity in all study fields. How can you pick the best statistical method implementation programmed for you or your company out of the wide choice of free and paid options available? on statistical analysis, which is used to thoroughly examine data from the real world to test the theories' Reference: plausibility. In political science, statistics are used to • World Health Organization. 2018. assess and forecast data on presidential elections, Diabetes. political parties, public opinion, and voting, social https://www.who.int/news- media use for policy promotion, etc. Candidates for the room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes presidency and the prime ministerial position (October 30th, 2018). undertake polls to develop their marketing plans. • Available from: http://www.biosci.global/customer-stories- Numerous political consultants have created models to en/statistics-in-daily-life/ forecast election results. The uses are endless. Agriculture: Data Research and development in biology and Visualization Enhancing Understanding through Graphs and Charts agriculture have traditionally depended heavily on statistics. New statistical analysis techniques have Ahmed Saleem, been created as a result of the dataset’s expanding size and complexity. For instance, genomic selection is the 1539-BH-Stat-20 process of choosing superior individuals based on breeding values anticipated from the analysis of DNA Introduction marker loci in plant and animal breeding. A very large Data visualization is a powerful tool that plays a pivotal number of markers and numerous observations are role in conveying complex information in a clear and used in statistical analysis. Breeders may now evaluate concise manner. In an era dominated by vast amounts of the effectiveness of genomic selection and utilize that data, the ability to present information visually through information to direct phenotypic selection. graphs and charts has become essential for making Large datasets are difficult to evaluate manually, but in recent years, the advent of statistical tools has improved the convenience of data processing. The majority of basic statistics courses instruct students on informed decisions, communicating identifying insights effectively. patterns, This and article explores the importance of data visualization, its benefits, and how it enhances our understanding of datadriven concepts. 253 trends, and outliers in large datasets, making it The Power of Visual Representation easier to draw meaningful conclusions and Visual representation is a powerful communication tool make informed decisions. that uses graphical elements to convey information, ➢ Storytelling: Visuals can be a powerful tool for data, or ideas. It leverages the human brain's ability to storytelling. Whether it's in presentations, process visual information more efficiently and advertisements, effectively than textual or verbal information alone. combining visuals with narratives can evoke ➢ Enhanced Understanding: Visuals can simplify complex concepts by presenting them in a visually appealing and easily digestible or educational materials, emotions and create a deeper connection with the audience. ➢ Persuasion and Influence: Well-crafted visual format. They can break down intricate representations relationships, processes, or structures, making it impactful. By presenting data or arguments in a easier for the audience to grasp the key points. visually compelling manner, it can sway ➢ Improved Memory Retention: Visuals have can be persuasive and opinions and influence decision-making. been shown to enhance memory retention. ➢ Accessibility: Visuals can make information When we see images or charts alongside textual more accessible to individuals with certain information, it creates dual coding in our brain, disabilities. For example, infographics can be reinforcing the memory of the content. This can helpful for people with dyslexia, as they rely lead to better recall and understanding of the less information presented. understanding. on reading and more on visual ➢ Engaging and Captivating: Visuals can In short, the power of visual representation lies in its capture attention and engage the audience more ability to make information more understandable, effectively than plain text. Whether it's an memorable, and engaging. Whether it's in education, infographic, an illustration, or an interactive data analysis, communication, or storytelling, visual chart, visually appealing content can keep representations play a crucial role in enhancing people interested and encourage them to communication and understanding across various explore further. domains. ➢ Universal Language: Visual representations can transcend language barriers and cultural Simplicity and Clarity differences. They provide a common ground for Data visualization simplifies complex datasets, making communication, enabling people from diverse it accessible to a wider audience, regardless of their backgrounds to understand and interpret the technical background. Instead of poring over rows and information. columns of raw data, charts and graphs distill ➢ Data Analysis and Insights: Visualizations are information into easy-to-understand visuals, allowing essential in data analysis and decision-making viewers to quickly discern essential information. This processes. They can help identify patterns, 254 simplicity and clarity are particularly valuable when information rapidly, enabling them to assess situations communicating with stakeholders or the general public. accurately and devise appropriate strategies. Whether it's devising marketing campaigns, budgeting, or Identifying Patterns and Trends resource allocation, data-driven decisions backed by Graphs and charts offer an efficient means of identifying clear visualizations result in more effective outcomes. patterns and trends in data. Through visualization, one can observe the rise or decline of trends, detect Encouraging Data Exploration anomalies, and recognize correlations that may Interactive data visualizations open doors to exploration otherwise go unnoticed in raw data. This enables data and discovery. Users can interact with the graphs and analysts, researchers, and decision-makers to draw charts, filter data, and delve deeper into specific aspects meaningful conclusions and take appropriate actions of the dataset. This interactivity fosters a deeper based on these insights. understanding of the data and encourages users to ask more questions, leading to further insights and Comparison and Contrast revelations. Data visualization facilitates comparisons between different data sets or categories. Whether it's comparing Conclusion sales figures, demographics, or performance metrics, Data visualization is an indispensable tool for charts and graphs enable side-by-side evaluations, understanding complex data and communicating helping to spot differences, similarities, and outliers. insights effectively. By leveraging the power of visual This ability to contrast data aids in understanding representation, simplicity, and storytelling, graphs and relative performance and assists in making data-driven charts allow us to identify patterns, compare data sets, decisions. and make informed decisions. As data continues to grow exponentially, the importance of data visualization will Storytelling with Data only become more pronounced, helping us navigate the Data visualization goes beyond presenting numbers; it vast sea of information and uncover valuable knowledge tells a compelling story. Visual representations can for better decision-making and problem-solving. depict the progression of events, historical data, or forecasts. By combining text with graphs and charts, Interpretation of Big Data Using Statistics data storytelling becomes engaging and persuasive, allowing viewers to understand the context and Muhammad Khubaib Younis, implications of the data being presented. 1315-BH(E)-Stat-20) Enhanced Decision-making In business, research, or any data-driven domain, making informed decisions is crucial. Data visualization empowers decision-makers to absorb 1. Introduction: critical 255 In the modern digital landscape, the phrase "Big Data" confidence intervals help validate assumptions and has become synonymous with the exponential growth make predictions with a certain level of confidence. of data generated across various domains. This colossal influx of information presents both challenges and Regression Analysis: opportunities for extracting meaningful insights. Enter In the realm of big data, understanding relationships the realm of statistics – the art and science of analyzing between variables is paramount. Regression analysis and interpreting data. This article embarks on a journey reveals how one variable depends on one or more through the intricate process of interpreting big data predictor variables. It helps identify patterns and predict using statistical methodologies, shedding light on its outcomes, essential in fields like economics, marketing, significance, techniques, challenges, and real-world and social sciences. applications. Cluster Analysis: 1. The Essence of Statistical Interpretation in the Era of Big Data: With the diverse range of data types within big data, identifying patterns and grouping similar data points Amidst the sea of raw data, the true value lies not merely becomes crucial. Cluster analysis helps uncover in its magnitude, but in the potential knowledge and inherent structures, enabling businesses to segment actionable customers and customize strategies. insights hidden within. Big data, characterized by its volume, velocity, and variety, calls for a systematic approach to navigate its complexities. Autocorrelation: This is where statistical interpretation takes center stage. Autocorrelation in big data aids interpretation by identifying temporal dependencies and patterns within 2. Understanding the Techniques: Descriptive Statistics: Descriptive statistics offer a preliminary understanding of the data. Measures like mean, median, and standard deviation provide insights into the central tendencies vast datasets. Analyzing how past data points relate to present ones helps uncover hidden trends and cyclic behaviors. This insight is crucial for making accurate predictions, optimizing processes, and understanding complex relationships within the data. and dispersion of the data points. Histograms and box plots visually represent data distributions, aiding in identifying outliers and patterns. Inferential Statistics: Inferential statistics enable us to draw broader conclusions from a sample that represents a larger population. Techniques such as hypothesis testing and Time Series Analysis: For data with a temporal dimension, time series analysis is pivotal. This technique uncovers trends, seasonality, and cyclic patterns, enabling predictions and informed decision-making over time. 3. Challenges on the Path to Interpretation: 256 Volume and Velocity: disease prediction models, and drug discovery, The sheer volume of data generated daily can revolutionizing healthcare delivery. overwhelm conventional statistical tools. Additionally, the rapid velocity at which data is produced demands Business Insights: real-time or near-real-time analysis, necessitating Businesses harness statistical interpretation to advanced computational resources and techniques. comprehend customer behavior, enhance marketing strategies, optimize supply chain operations, and Variety and Complexity: predict demand patterns, leading to increased Big data is characterized by its diverse nature, competitiveness and growth. encompassing structured, unstructured, and semistructured data. This variety requires adapting statistical Financial Insights and Risk Management: techniques to handle different data types, integrating Financial institutions leverage statistical models to tools like natural language processing and image predict market trends, assess risk, and optimize analysis. investment portfolios, enhancing financial decisionmaking in an unpredictable market environment. Veracity and Data Quality: Data quality issues are prevalent in big data scenarios. Urban Planning and Smart Cities: Inaccurate or incomplete data can lead to skewed Statistical analysis of urban data aids in designing insights. Ensuring data veracity through data cleansing, efficient transportation systems, managing resources, validation, and quality control processes is paramount. and making informed decisions for urban development, ultimately leading to the creation of smart cities. Value Extraction: Extracting meaningful value from the data deluge is a challenge. Statistics plays a vital role in filtering noise, 5. The Path Forward: Embracing the Power of Interpretation: identifying significant patterns, and transforming data into actionable insights that drive informed decision- Interpreting big data through statistical methodologies making. is not a destination; it's a continuous journey. As data continues to flood in, the role of statistics becomes even 4. Realizing the Transformative Impact: more crucial. To effectively navigate this journey, The organizations and individuals must: synergy between big data and statistical interpretation has catalyzed transformative changes across diverse domains: Invest in Skill Development: Equipping professionals with the necessary statistical Healthcare Revolution: skills is vital to extract accurate insights and drive Statistical analysis of medical records, genomic data, innovation. and patient outcomes has led to personalized medicine, 257 Adopt Advanced Tools: Embracing advanced analysis in predictive modeling, exploring its key statistical software and components, advantages, and applications. technologies enables efficient analysis of big data and facilitates real-time decision-making. Understanding Regression Analysis Focus on Data Quality: Regression analysis is a statistical method that examines Ensuring data quality through rigorous data validation the relationship between a dependent variable (the and cleaning processes is fundamental to generating outcome we want to predict) and one or more reliable insights. independent variables (the factors that influence the outcome). It aims to establish a mathematical equation 6. Conclusion: that best describes this relationship and can be used to make predictions for new data. In the era of big data, interpreting information goes beyond deciphering raw numbers; it's about unveiling Simple Linear Regression patterns, discovering correlations, and transforming data into actionable wisdom. Statistics serves as the Simple linear regression is a statistical method used to compass guiding us through the intricate labyrinth of model the relationship between two variables: a information. With the right techniques, challenges dependent variable (usually denoted as "y") and an addressed, and real-world applications understood, we independent variable (usually denoted as "x"). The goal can harness the true potential of big data and statistical is to find a linear equation that best fits the data, interpretation, propelling us toward a future enriched allowing us to make predictions for the dependent with variable based on the independent variable. informed decisions and transformative advancements. The equation for simple linear regression is typically The Role of Regression Analysis in Predictive Modeling written as: Ashir Zaheer where: Introduction y = mx + b y is the dependent variable (the one we want to predict) x is the independent variable (the one we use to make Predictive modeling is a powerful tool used across various fields to forecast future outcomes based on historical data patterns. Among the multitude of techniques available, regression analysis stands out as a fundamental and widely used approach. In this article, predictions) m is the slope of the regression line, representing the relationship between x and y b is the y-intercept, which indicates the value of y when x is 0. we will delve into the importance and role of regression 258 To find the best-fitting line, the method of least squares multiple independent variables collectively influence is commonly used, which minimizes the sum of the the dependent variable and make predictions based on squared differences between the observed y-values and their relationships. It's widely used in various fields, the predicted y-values on the regression line. including economics, finance, social sciences, and In simple, Simple linear regression is a straightforward machine learning. and commonly used technique in data analysis and predictive modeling Non-Linear Regression Multiple Linear Regression Nonlinear regression is a statistical method used to model relationships between variables when the data Multiple linear regression is an extension of simple doesn't follow a linear pattern. In contrast to linear linear regression, where instead of having just one regression, where the relationship between the independent variable (x), there are multiple independent dependent and independent variables is assumed to be variables (x1, x2... xn) used to predict a single dependent linear, nonlinear regression allows for more complex variable (y). and flexible relationships. The equation for multiple linear regression can be The general form of a nonlinear regression model is: expressed as: y = f(x, β) + ε y = b0 + b1 .x1 + b2 .x2 + ... + bn .xn where: where: y is the dependent variable y is the dependent variable x is the independent variable(s) x1, x2... xn are the independent variables β represents the parameters of the nonlinear function f() b0 is the y-intercept (the value of y when all independent ε is the error term, representing the discrepancy between variables are 0) the model's predictions and the actual data b1, b2... bn are the regression coefficients for each The function f() can take various nonlinear forms, such independent variable, representing their respective as exponential, logarithmic, polynomial, sinusoidal, or contributions to the dependent variable. any other curve that best fits the data. Similar to simple linear regression, multiple linear Finding the optimal values for the parameters (β) in regression aims to find the best-fitting line by nonlinear minimizing the sum of the squared differences between optimization algorithms to minimize the sum of squared the observed y-values and the predicted y-values based errors or maximize the likelihood of the data fitting the on the given independent variables. model. regression typically involves using Nonlinear regression is useful when dealing with Multiple linear regression is a powerful tool in statistics complex relationships in data, and it is commonly and data analysis, allowing us to understand how applied in various fields, including engineering, 259 physics, biology, economics, and environmental ➢ Economics and Finance: Regression models sciences, where linear models might not be sufficient to are commonly employed in predicting stock capture the underlying patterns in the data. prices, analyzing economic trends, and forecasting financial indicators. Advantages of Regression Analysis in Predictive Modeling ➢ Marketing Marketers and use Customer regression to Behavior: understand customer behavior, predict purchase likelihood, ➢ Interpretability: Regression models offer a clear understanding between variables, of the allowing relationships analysts and optimize pricing strategies. ➢ Healthcare and Medicine: Regression helps to predict patient outcomes, assess risk factors for interpret the impact of each independent diseases, and understand the impact of medical variable on the dependent variable. treatments. ➢ Flexibility: Regression can handle various ➢ Environmental Science: Regression models types of data, including continuous, binary, and can forecast climate changes, assess categorical variables, making it a versatile tool environmental risks, and predict species' in predictive modeling. population dynamics. ➢ Feature Selection: Regression analysis can aid ➢ Social Sciences: Regression is utilized in fields in identifying the most relevant features that like psychology, sociology, and education to significantly influence the outcome, helping understand social phenomena and predict reduce dimensionality and improve model behavioral patterns. performance. ➢ Assumptions Testing: Regression analysis Conclusion provides various diagnostic tools to test Regression analysis is a cornerstone of predictive assumptions like linearity, homoscedasticity, modeling, playing a vital role in various domains. Its and normality, ensuring the validity of the ability to establish relationships between variables, model. handle different types of data, and offer interpretability makes it a preferred choice for analysts and researchers Applications of Regression Analysis in Predictive alike. As technology advances, regression analysis Modeling continues to evolve, making it an invaluable tool in predicting and shaping the future based on the insights gleaned from past data. 260 Zoology 261 Zoology Timelines 2023 January, 2023 The Portuguese man-of-war (Physalia physalis) is among the most recognizable members of the neuston, relying on long tentacles and a powerful sting to paralyze prey in the open sea. February, 2023 Previously, it was thought that a complex ecosystem would need five to ten million years to evolve after an extinction. However, the researchers found that the specimens in the Guizhou region evolved much quicker than that by using radiometric dating to date the rocks where the fossils were discovered. All of this has implications for our understanding of how quickly life can respond to extreme crises. It also necessitates a re-evaluation of early Triassic Ocean conditions," says Perrot, whose research focuses on earth sciences and geochronology. March, 2023 Yellow-bellied marmots halt aging while they hibernate. If you picked up a hibernating yellow-bellied marmot, it would feel “like a cold, fuzzy rock,” With its metabolism slowed dramatically, the squirrel’s body temperature drops to a near-freezing 41 degrees Fahrenheit. April, 2023 Researchers create embryo-like structures from monkey embryonic stem cells. Investigators now report on the creation of embryo-like structures from monkey embryonic stem cells. The investigators also transferred these embryo-like structures into the uteruses of female monkeys and determined that the structures were able to implant and elicit a hormonal response similar to pregnancy. May, 2023 Junk food may impair our deep sleep. In a new study, researchers have investigated how junk food affects sleep. Healthy participants consumed an unhealthier as well as a healthier diet in a randomized order. After the unhealthier diet, the quality of the participants' deep sleep deteriorated, compared with those who had followed the healthier diet. June, 2023 262 Catnip repels mosquitoes. Catnip and silver vine leaves host a cocktail of chemicals called iridoids, which induce a cat’s endorphin “high” as they play. But iridoids also repel mosquitoes. After a cat simply rubs against or rolls in the plant, its fur becomes coated in these chemicals, warding off the blood-sucking insects. July, 2023 The secret to an elephant trunk’s dexterity is its skin. Using its trunk, an elephant can smell, communicate, store water, gather food, and eat. The appendage can forcibly tear foliage from branches or nimbly pick up a blade of grass. The key lies in the animal’s wrinkly skin. August, 2023 ‘Immortal jellyfish’ thwart aging by being born again. The biologists from the University of Oviedo in Spain compared the species to one of its jellyfish relatives, revealing that the so-called immortal jelly has twice as many genes that repair and protect DNA. With these genes, the jellyfish can produce more restorative proteins. Telomeres, or chromosome-protecting bits of DNA, typically shorten with age. But the immortal jellyfish has genetic mutations that slow this shrinking. September, 2023 Bull sperm traveling in groups have better luck. In a study of bull sperm, researchers from North Carolina A&T State University and Cornell created a fluid-filled environment that mimicked the conditions of a cow’s cervix, uterus, and oviduct. Their analysis revealed bull sperm that swim in groups are better equipped to navigate a cow’s reproductive system than sperm traveling alone. October, 2023 Caterpillar spit breaks down plastic. Wax worms—the caterpillar larval stage of the wax moth—might revolutionize our response to plastic waste. November, 2023 Springtails always land on their feet. To escape danger, they hurl themselves into the air, traveling at a speed of 280 body lengths per second. As they fly, they perform rapid twists and flips—and, like tiny gymnasts, they stick the landing. December, 2023 263 Snakes have Clitorises, after all, Study Finds. Researchers visualize the snake clitoris in detail for the first time, finding evidence that the organ may be evolutionarily important for snake sex. 264 THE BLIND INDUS DOLPHIN Muhammad Haris 0732-BH-E-ZOO-20 Introduction In the flow of the Indus River, where history and ecology come together, amazing creatures navigate a world shrouded in darkness. The Figure 1; The long jaws and deep brain pan of the Indus River dolphin are visible from this skull cast. blind Indus dolphin (Platanista minor) is a species of freshwater cetacean that has I. The Blind Indus Dolphin: A Unique fascinated researchers, conservationists, and Species nature lovers alike for centuries. Physical Characteristics The Indus River Dolphin also known as Bhulan The blind Indus dolphin, distinct from its in Urdu and Sindhi, is a species of toothed marine whale in the family Platanistidae. It is endemic characteristics. Its most striking feature is its to the Indus River Valley of Pakistan and blindness, with small, non-functional eyes that northwest India. This dolphin was the first lack lenses. These eyes, vestiges of its cetacean to be discovered swimming sideways. evolutionary past, tell a story of adaptation to He is distributed patchily into five small life in the murky waters of the Indus. The subpopulations, separated by irrigation dams. dolphin's body is elongated and streamlined, From the 1970s until 1998, the Ganges dolphin designed for agile movement in its aquatic (Platanista gangetica) and the Indus dolphin realm. A pronounced hump on its back and a were considered separate species. However, in large, triangular dorsal fin are key features that 1998 their classification was changed from two set it apart. Its skin is typically a pale greyish- separate species to a subspecies of one species. brown, blending seamlessly with the river's However, recent studies have shown that they muddy waters. cousins, boasts unique physical are separate species. It is designated as the national mammal of Pakistan and the national aquatic animal of the Indian state of Punjab. Figure 2; Dolphin’s leaping 265 Habitat and Range consequences for the health of the blind Indus The blind Indus dolphin is an exclusively dolphin, making them more susceptible to freshwater species, found solely in the Indus diseases and reproductive issues. River system, which flows through Pakistan and India. Historically, they roamed widely, from the Himalayan foothills to the Arabian Sea. However, due to habitat degradation and fragmentation, their current range is more restricted. Fisheries Bycatch Commercial fisheries operating in the Indus River inadvertently capture these dolphins in their nets. Such entanglements result in injuries and fatalities among the already dwindling population. III. Conservation Efforts for the Blind Indus Dolphin The Indus River dolphin is listed by the IUCN as endangered on their Red List of Threatened Species and by the U.S. government National Figure 3; Ranges of the Indus River dolphin and Marine Fisheries Service under the U.S. Ganges River dolphin Endangered Species Act. It is the second most endangered cetacean in the world. As of 2017, II. The Challenges Facing the Blind Indus Dolphin it is estimated that only about 1,800 individuals remain (up from 1,200 estimated in 2001). A Habitat Degradation demonstrable increase in the main river The Indus River has undergone extensive population of the Indus subspecies between modification due to human activities. The 1974 and 2008 may have been driven by construction of dams, irrigation canals, and permanent barrages has drastically altered the river's flow tributaries, where the species no longer occurs. dynamics, leading to the degradation of the Today, the species is only found between the dolphin's natural habitat. Reduced water flow, Jinnah and Kotri barrages of the Indus. disrupted migration patterns, and diminished prey populations have all contributed to the species' decline. immigration from upstream Research and Monitoring Dedicated researchers and conservationists have embarked on extensive studies to unravel Water Pollution the mysteries of the blind Indus dolphin. These The Indus River faces severe pollution efforts aim to better understand their behavior, challenges, stemming from industrial and habitat preferences, and the various threats they agricultural runoff, sewage discharge, and the face. A deeper understanding forms the basis use of pesticides. The accumulation of toxins for more effective conservation strategies. and heavy metals in the water has dire 266 Habitat Restoration continued existence of a diverse range of Conservation initiatives have prioritized habitat species within the region. restoration as a critical component of preserving the species. Activities include the removal of illegal fishing nets, efforts to improve water quality, and the establishment of protected areas along the river where the dolphins can thrive free from human interference. Cultural and Ecological Significance The blind Indus dolphin holds cultural and spiritual significance for indigenous communities residing along the Indus River. It has been revered for centuries, and its wellbeing is deeply intertwined with the traditions and beliefs of these communities. Public Awareness Raising public awareness is a cornerstone of conservation efforts. Local communities, along with national and international organizations, have engaged in educational programs to foster an understanding of the importance of preserving the blind Indus dolphin and promoting responsible use of the river's resources. Policy and Legislation To safeguard the blind Indus dolphin, policies and legislation have been put in place. These measures include stricter regulations on fishing practices, the creation of legal frameworks for the conservation of this endangered species, and the enforcement of penalties for those who violate conservation laws. Economic Impact A thriving population of blind Indus dolphins can have economic implications as well. The presence of these unique creatures can attract eco-tourism, which can benefit local economies and provide employment opportunities for the communities living along the river. Conclusion The blind Indus dolphin, with its unique adaptations and indomitable spirit, symbolizes the intricate dance of life in one of the world's most challenging environments. It is a species that has not only survived but thrived in the face of adversity. As we navigate the complexities of our modern world, it is our responsibility to ensure that this remarkable creature continues to grace the waters of South Asia. IV. The Significance of Preserving the Blind Indus Dolphin The plight of the blind Indus dolphin serves as a stark reminder of the consequences of habitat Biodiversity degradation, pollution, and overexploitation of The blind Indus dolphin is an integral part of the natural resources. By addressing these issues complex Indus River ecosystem. Its presence and embracing a sustainable approach to river serves as an indicator of the river's overall management, we can secure a future for not health. By preserving this species, we also only the blind Indus dolphin but also countless protect other aquatic life and ensure the 267 other species that call this unique ecosystem on the smallest species found in the seas and home. oceans. Zooplankton, phytoplankton, krill, The blind Indus dolphin is more than a symbol of resilience; it is a call to action. It beckons us to recognize our role as stewards of the environment and to safeguard the biodiversity that enriches our world. In doing so, we ensure that this enigmatic creature's journey through shrimps, crustaceans, and small fish are among their favorites. Different species of them eat different diets. Right whales often eat zooplankton and Blue whales mostly eat krill. Nature has its way of making the survival of these huge animals possible. murky waters continues for generations to come, inspiring wonder and reminding us of the beauty and fragility of life on Earth. ALL ABOUT THE FEEDING HABITS OF TOOTHLESS OCEAN GIANTS, BALEEN WHALES Qudsia Noor The earth has always been full of wonderful Figure 1. A humpback whale feeding creatures from giants like dinosaurs to microorganisms. It is said that most mysterious creatures inhabit waters and many of them are Baleen whales lunge feed. They spend about 4 still undiscovered due to the great depths of to 6 months feeding in the summer. Most of the oceans. In similar waters are found the world’s time, they travel and hunt in groups. They make largest mammals, the Baleen Whales. We are their prey gather at a point and then invade them well familiar with whales. Some people may with their mouth open at 90 degrees, gulping a fear them because of their gigantic sizes and large amount of water along with the prey. Food associated mythical stories of hunting and intake increases during the feeding season. killing. But the fun fact is that there exist a class While in winter they do not eat much and spend of whales with throat size 4 to 8 inch and no their time in migration and breeding. It is teeth. These are Baleen whales, the world’s estimated that a whale can eat 4% of its body largest group of mammals, and the ocean weight every day in the feeding season. For giants. Now you must be wondering, what they example, a blue whale can eat 3600 kg of krill eat and how. each day and it takes 1000 kg of the food to fill its stomach fully. Gray whales can eat 1089 kg Being the world’s largest mammals, the diet of these whales must be by their huge size to meet up their needs. These mightiest creatures feed of food daily during the feeding season. Excess energy is stored in the blubber layer in the form of fat. Gray whales can gain about 16 to 30 % 268 weight in their feeding season. It is important way and strategy to capture food, the view because this energy can be used in the future looks mesmerizing too it has been captured by when there is little food. drones many times. The throat of these whales is not large and is In their mouth is a baleen that comprises baleen considered the smallest when compared to the plates in place of teeth. These plates are present body mass. There are 90 known species of in rows in their upper jaw and are the reason for whales on earth out of which only sperm whales their name. Baleen is used as a sieve to retain (that are not baleen) technically have large the prey and filter water out. Over the baleen enough throats to swallow a human. Baleen plates are bristles that resemble the teeth of a whales are never able to swallow larger food or comb and are very hard. There may be 150 to humans even if they get stuck into their mouths. 400 baleen plates on each side of the mouth of They have the smallest throats about 4 to 8 a baleen whale depending on the species. inches in diameter which is one of the main Baleen wears and tears similarly to human nails reasons for feeding on small organisms. An and hair. New ones keep on replacing the old interesting fact is that the size of the aorta of a ones. Once the food is trapped in baleen the blue whale, which is 9 inches, is larger than its whale pushes the water out of the mouth as its throat. throat pouch deflates. There is a unique flap and fat at the back of the mouth to Figure 3. baleen in the mouth of a whale Figure 2. bubble net of humpback whale Different species of baleen whales use different methods to herd their prey. Most of the whales work in groups to gather their prey, and humpback whales weave a bubble net. They dive deep down and start to move spirally while blowing bubbles through their blowholes. These bubbles while coming to the surface make a tubular net, and then the whale surfaces right in the middle with its mouth wide open to eat without choking on water. According to a report in the New York Times this structure was never seen in any animal before. Then the throat groove contracts and the water is forced the leave the mouth from the sides. The tongue is used as an accessory organ to push food towards the throat for swallowing. In this way, water is pushed out and trapped food is taken in. gulp the entrapped prey. Besides being a unique 269 Due to the presence of baleen and small throat, they are loyal to their family. They share their baleen whales can only rely on small food. One food with their family and relatives and after could have never imagined that the largest the fledging of the young chicks they feed them mammals on earth feed on such small creatures, for months so they are friendly large birds. yet they are enough to provide nutrition to their These black birds are social because they form huge bodies. Baleen whales are not harmful at family units with their kin and extend their all and considered friendly. One can go swim family. It is observed that the average lifespan with them and they are often seen interacting of a blackvulture is 10 years and some of them with people. No reported cases have been found live upto 25 years. Tropical and temperature of deaths by them. Only a few reported cases of zones are the main areas where these black injury are found that occurred due to the vultures live. These large black birds are negligence of a diver who went too close to mainly distributed from Southern Canada these whales during diving. Apart from this, to the south of South America. They are people are always eager to see these also distributed in some parts of us. Some mesmerizing huge whales when there is a chance. BLACK VULTURE FRIENDLY BIRD of the species that live in the north range usually migrate to the southern areas during – NATURE- the fall season. They return to north-range areas in the spring season. According to their distribution, it is noticed that black vultures Ahmad Nawaz prefer an open habitat environment. 0623-BH-E-ZOO-19 Most of the vultures are carnivores but the black vultures are mainly scavengers and carnivores. They eat up the carcasses of the Among the species of vultures, the American larger animals and sometimes eat the leftovers black vultures are the only ones that are most of the small dead mammals. So,they are abundant in the New World. The scientific nature-friendly birds. Black vultures usually name of the black vulture is “Coaragyps hunt their prey in the late morning with the help atratus”. Like other vultures, the American of their sight. In the dietand nutrition of the black vulture also has a featherless head and black vulture, they Mainly hunt and eat neck. The head and neck of the black vulture domestic ducks, newborn calves, small birds, are black and grey. The overall body colour of and mammals. It is an interesting feature of the black vulture is black with the special white black vulturesthat they kill the babies of the patches present on the wingtips. The white herons in their nest colonies in addition these patches can be seen when the vulturespreads its species also eat rotten vegetables, fruits, and wings and flies. The black vulture is the only young turtles. species that is considered a socialbird because The American black vultures are 270 monogamous species in which both male in the ecological niche of the environment and female pair mates are present. During as they eat up dead animals and remove the season of the breeding the male and them. The nutrients are also recycled by female form an aerial courtship display. In these blackvultures and used by the plants. this display, both males and females chase This means that the black vulture is a eachother and circling flight and after that, nature-friendly bird. they alight on the land for mating. Some of SYDNEY FUNNEL WEB SPIDER the pairs of black vultures spread their Rimsha Ashraf wings jumped in front of each other and 0810-BH-Z-19 made yapping noises to attract the other mates. The breeding season of the southern black vultures starts early in January. The breeding seasons of the northern black vultures start from March to June. It is a very interesting fact that black vultures do not build their nests. These vultures use natural cavities such as caves, trees, and Spiders are the beautiful creatures of nature. The most prevalent and diversified group of terrestrial predators on the planet is the spider inhabiting six out of seven continents. There is a huge variety of hollow logs for laying their eggs. After amazing spiders on this planet. Some breeding these species only lay two eggs in spiders are like mirrors known as mirror natural cavities. The incubation period of spiders belong to the genus thwaitesia, these eggs is 438 to 45 days. These eggs some are called peacock parachute spiders are incubated by both parents by taking having purplish blue colored metallic legs, turns every day. After hatching the parents some are called zebra siders, some are feed thechick with liquefied food. After two called ladybird spiders, and so on. Among weeks When a chick becomes young, it is the most intelligent fed with solid food. The chick is fed by the parents20 times a day. After 10 to 14 weeks the chick fledged and depends on the parents foreight months. According to IUCN the population of the black vulture is about 20 million and IUCN included this species in the red list because their population is increasing day by day. 8%of the species lives in Mexico and 9% The beauty of the mirror spider reflects silver plates on the abdomen of this species lives in North America. successful and beautiful creatures, the Black vultures also play an important role spiders are also denigrated as being nasty 271 and frightful. They are also called bites, serious sicknesses, and deaths in poisonous arthropods belonging to the class people are due to the venom of the male arachnid. There are approximately more spider if left untreated. Atrax Robustus is than 45,000 species of spider out of which one of the most dangerous species of 40 different species could be fatal to people Sydney funnel-web spider globally due to because of their venomous nature. The the presence of the unique component world’s largest and most dangerous spiders Robustoxin in its venom. Scientists have are found in Australia and South America been perplexed by the fact that these toxins named as Sydney funnel-web spider. These are so fatal to people. Although this spider’s spiders appeared 400 million years ago. All fangs are merely an inch long, its jaws are spiders can produce silk which is used for highly developed. The Sydney spider can birds to bind their nests. These spiders are bite down with its heavily muscled jaws named so because they produce long silk with such ferocity that its teeth can threads and funnel into the burrow to form penetrate the skull of a small animal and funnel-shaped webs and due to their inject venom into the victim’s brain. presence in the Sydney region of Australia. These aggressive black spiders have a solitary nature and females live in funnelshaped burrows, in rocks throughout their lives. These burrows are 30cm-60cm deep in the ground. The males are more active and are Nocturnals. Since 1920, several fatalities caused by these ferocious spiders have been documented in the Sydney region of Australia. A total of 13 fatalities Sydney funnel web spider: showing its were caused by the Sydney spider, and it impressive venomous fang killed seven children at that time. Out of 45000 species, 2000 species of Sydney web One interesting thing is that this creature spider are present in Australia. has substantially much larger fangs than the The males leave their webs only when they become mature. The venom of the male spider is five times more poisonous than the female funnel-web spider which is why all fangs of a brown snake. Fangs are deep red in color and body color is black shiny and dark brown. They extend their hind legs and expose their teeth while fighting. This is usually done to show their aggressive 272 behavior to predators. The body size, shape, their life span the female Sydney funnel body color, and web pattern vary from web spiders may live up to 20 years or species to species. The body size ranges longer but males have shorter life spans. from 5cm to 10 cm and females are Larger Despite their deadliest nature, the Sydney than male Sydney funnel-web spiders The funnel-web spiders are kept as exotic pets chemical neurotoxin Atratoxin found in the by some people. venom of Sydney funnel-web spider targets the nervous system of humans and monkeys. It has also adverse side effects on different body organs. The venom from the Sydney funnel-web spider can incur death in just 15 minutes without treatment. Their sharp fangs can pierce objects like softsoled shoes, fingernails, and toenails. Bites from the Atratoxic venom cause breathing difficulty, swelling around the bite and in the mouth, unconsciousness, Deadliest Sydney spider venom droplets cramps, abdominal pain, hives on the body, shivering, and vomiting. One amazing thing THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON ANIMAL BEHAVIOR is that antivenom is present and is prepared Ammarah from the spider’s venom which helps in Introduction: faster recovery of the victim. The antivenin was prepared in 1980. Each year 30-40 bites have been recorded. Sydney funnel- Human activities are causing rapid and significant transformations in environments worldwide. The destruction of natural habitats, web spiders prey upon small vertebrates the such as beetles, cockroaches, lizards, and pollution, climate change, and overharvesting snails. Unlike some jumping spiders, the are altering the living conditions of various funnel web spider does not jump but moves species (Blowes et al., 2019; Ceballos et al., fast and sometimes jumps. One interesting 2015). These changes have both direct and thing is that Sydney web spiders use energy indirect to produce their venom, so they use it very interactions with other affected species and carefully and bite only when they are threatened. The deadliest Sydney spider venom is like water droplets. Discussing introduction impacts of on non-native species, species, including changes in non-living environmental factors (Gilman et al., 2010; Tylianakis et al., 2008a). The resulting impacts on population dynamics 273 can affect the structure, function, and stability species (Ellison, 2019). Such species are known of ecosystems. Ecosystem stability is the ability as 'biotic multipliers' (Urban et al., 2017; of an ecosystem to resist change or return to its Zarnetske et al., 2012). Studying these species original state following a disturbance (Ives & and their behavioral responses can provide Carpenter, 2007). valuable Changes in the environment often affect populations through the behavioral responses of individuals, especially in the early stages of insights underlying the into effects the of mechanisms environmental disturbances on ecosystems (Urban et al., 2017). environmental change, before evolutionary The purpose of this article is to present an changes occur (Tuomainen & Candolin, 2011; overview of our current understanding of how Wong & Candolin, 2015). These responses can changes in the behavior of ecologically be direct, such as moving away from disturbed significant species impact species interaction areas, or can result from changes in physiology networks, ecosystem structure, function, and or life history traits, such as increased stress stability. A conceptual framework is provided levels or reduced size at maturity. These to establish a connection between behavioral behavioral changes can also impact other responses species in the community, creating cascading communities, and ecosystems, while also effects species discussing the variables that influence these interactions (Bartley et al., n.d.; Hoover et al., connections. The focus is on the critical role of n.d.; Palkovacs et al., n.d.; Tylianakis et al., behavioral responses from biotic multipliers in 2008b). These indirect effects can often have a mitigating the effects of environmental change greater impact on species than the direct effects on ecosystems. The article then outlines the of environmental change (Ockendon et al., effects of different environmental changes on 2014). Feedback among species and time lags species behavior and how they influence can further complicate the impact of these species behavioral responses, resulting in complex composition. The article also describes how changes to the species community. alterations in individual behavior and species that propagate through The effects of behavioral responses of individuals on ecosystem function and community structure vary depending on the species' abundance and traits, with certain species having a more significant impact than and species interactions and interactions, community interactions can impact ecological processes, including biogeochemical cycles, biodiversity, ecosystem stability, and services. Finally, the article concludes by identifying critical research areas and priorities for the future. others, such as dominant species (Avolio et al., Climate 2019), keystone species (Paine, 1966; Power et Behavior: Change Affects on Animal al., 1996), ecosystem engineers (Jones et al., 1994; Wright et al., n.d.), and foundation 274 A group of researchers from the University of Along with climate change, the researchers also Helsinki and Lancaster University conducted a considered other types of environmental study to determine the behavioral traits of changes caused by humans such as changes in animal species that are most affected by human- the levels of carbon dioxide and nutrients, induced environmental changes. They collected introduction of non-native species, and other data on over one hundred animal species, biotic changes caused by human activities. including fish, birds, crustaceans, mammals, They also examined the direct impact of human insects, amphibians, and lizards, and analyzed activities such as urbanization and other which changes in the environment had the most disturbances (Gunn et al., 2022). significant impact on their behavior. The researchers studied the sensitivity of the animals to human-induced environmental changes, ranging from the largest to the Alterations in the behavior of animals, such as their level of activity, are frequently the first signs of change initiated by climate change (Gunn et al., 2022). smallest organisms (Gunn et al., 2022). "Behavioral change can serve as a buffer with The University of Helsinki and Lancaster University jointly conducted a research study on over one hundred animal species to identify which behavioral traits are most sensitive to environmental changes caused by humans. The study comprised a variety of organisms ranging from fish, birds, crustaceans, mammals, insects, amphibians, and lizards. The researchers found which animals avoid the immediate negative effects of environmental change. For instance, such change can compensate for low reproductive success or increased mortality caused by environmental change. By changing their behavior, animals can also gain more information on the altered environment."(Gunn et al., 2022) that all behavioral traits, such as aggression, activity, boldness, sociability, and exploration, In September 2021, a study was published in underwent significant changes due to human- the OIKOS international journal series as an induced environmental changes (Gunn et al., open-access publication by researchers from 2022). the University of Helsinki and Lancaster University. The study was based on a survey of "The biggest change was seen in the animals' activity in exploring their environment. Animals have a strong response to all forms of environmental change, but climate change more than a thousand scholarly, peer-reviewed publications, from which data were collected on a little over a hundred animal species for analysis (Gunn et al., 2022). engendered the greatest change in animal behavior," says Postdoctoral Researcher Petri Conclusion: Niemelä from the Faculty of Biological and More research is needed, but existing studies Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki have shown that climate change will have an (Gunn et al., 2022). impact on animal health and welfare. Global 275 warming, extreme weather events, and droughts disease surveillance systems. To mitigate the caused by climate change may lead to heat impacts of climate change on animal behavior, stress, high air temperatures, and other factors we must take action to reduce our greenhouse that could adversely affect the health and gas emissions and limit global warming. This welfare of animals. These effects may be can be accomplished through a variety of caused by direct or indirect mechanisms. It is means, including transitioning to renewable necessary to develop and employ tools and energy sources, improving energy efficiency, techniques to create an animal disease and implementing policies that incentivize surveillance system that incorporates relevant conservation and sustainable resource use. By climate conditions. To improve the prevention working together to address this urgent of diseases, as well as the mitigation and challenge, we can help to protect the rich adaptation responses of animals to heat stress, biodiversity of our planet and ensure a it is important to create and implement a sustainable future for all (Lacetera, 2019). methodology that connects climate data with 276 EDITORIALS ASSOCIATE EDITORS’ NOTES BIOTECHNOLOGY I am humbled to address you as Associate Editor of the Scientific Ravi. In this role, I am entrusted with the responsibility to present the most compelling narratives in science. Scientific journalism bridges the complex gap between a seasoned scientist and curious minds through data which is more relevant and accessible. The Scientific Ravi embodies the essence of scientific journalism and its profound impact on the university community and the broader audience beyond these walls. I have had the privilege to work with my advisor Dr. Muhammad Tayyab Akhtar, collaborators and the editorial team who worked hard to ensure that every piece of article acquired the highest accuracy and quality. Aqsa Khalid Associate Editor BOTANY Frequently, students seek a platform to express their creative thoughts and share their viewpoints. Fortunately, Scientific Ravi has not only granted me this opportunity but has also done the same for countless other passionate writers. Serving as an associate editor at Scientific Ravi was a genuinely honourable experience. In this particular edition, you'll come across compelling articles that delve into new discoveries, cutting-edge techniques, and fascinating insights across various Botany subfields. I am hopeful that everyone will derive great enjoyment from the articles by botany students. Lastly, I would like to extend my gratitude to my teachers for believing in me for this prestigious work. Syeda Shehwar Zahra Associate Editor CHEMISTRY As the associate editor for Scientific Ravi's chemistry section, I'm honoured to introduce this issue by exploring the intricate world of molecules and reactions. Chemistry, often called the "central science," connects the physical and fundamental forces shaping our universe. I'm grateful for my supportive team and extend special thanks to my advisor, Dr. Mushtaq, and editor, Mr. Shahzaib Ali. My Alma Mater, Govt. College University, holds a special place, providing invaluable lessons, opportunities, and cherished memories. Nehal Fatima Associate Editor COMMERCE AND FINANCE As a GC University student, I'm at the nexus of knowledge and exploration. This institution fuels intellectual growth and personal development. This magazine showcases diverse talents and groundbreaking ideas from our campus. It's a testament to our commitment to academic excellence, reflecting the depth of research and creative spirit our students bring. Join me on this journey of discovery. Happy perusing! Naila Arshed Javad Associate Editor COMPUTER SCIENCE Computer science is a dynamic and vital field, driving rapid innovation. It's reshaping our world profoundly. As practitioners, we hold a duty to apply our expertise for the greater good. This means crafting tech solutions for real-world issues, nurturing the next wave of computer scientists, and championing ethical tech use. Together, we forge a future where computer science fosters equity, sustainability, and prosperity for all. Ashna Baig Associate Editor ECONOMICS Since I took the responsibility of an Associate Editor, it has been a year of exciting and trying moments. Thanks to the countless blessings of Almighty Allah, he chose me for this job. From the very start, the journey has been the amalgam of a consistent learning process, experiences, and excitement to work on new dimensions. Besides the contribution to this holistic magazine of the university, the journey has added valuable traits to my personality, as I discovered new horizons of communication and leadership. The invaluable contribution of my teachers has been the key element of my professional growth. I would like to particularly thank my eternal mentor Dr. Alvina Sabah Idrees for putting trust in my abilities. As I reflect, it has been a wonderful interaction with all the authors who sent their writings to get published. I alongside my Advisor have put in a lot of effort in reviewing the articles thoroughly, and I want to assure you that we have tried our best to get full transparency in the process. I pray for the timely publication of the magazine and aspire that merit and excellence be its core features. May Allah Almighty have His mercy and blessings upon us. Ameen. Wajahat Usman Associate Editor ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING As the Associate Editor of Scientific Ravi Magazine, I oversee the Electrical Engineering section. In a world of rapid change, this initiative is a vital tool for staying abreast of new technologies, ensuring that our readers remain informed and empowered for the future. Abdur Rehman Ijaz Associate Editor ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE As I sit down to pen this editorial note, I am truly privileged, honoured, and overwhelmed with gratitude that I got an opportunity to be recognized as one of the associate editors of “The Scientific Ravi”. With your continued support, we are excited about the journey ahead. Here's to many more exciting issues and memorable moments. Happy Reading! Hamdia Mahmood Associate Editor INTERMEDIATE Being the youngest member on board, I can safely say it was the most unexpected and transformative part of my journey within GCU. The Scientific Ravi serves as an amalgamation of multiple aspects, a tapestry or stained-glass window that annually depicts the tireless efforts of the students and faculty. I thank Miss Mina and our editor, Mr. Shahzaib whose constant guidance served as the foundation of the Magazine. M. Yousaf Riaz Associate Editor MICROBIOLOGY Exploring the world of microbes has been a privilege. Microbiology reveals the hidden impacts of these tiny entities. They're both allies and challenges, emphasizing our interconnectedness. Let's celebrate these stories and stay curious. Mariyam Siddique Associate Editor PHYSICS Education is the foundation of a civilized society and the key to unlocking our full potential. Excellence is the pursuit of the highest standards in all that we do, and determination is the unwavering commitment to achieving our goals, no matter what obstacles we may face. Physics is essential for many fields and solving the world's problems. As an associate editor of a physics journal, I am committed to promoting excellence in physics research and education. I believe that education, excellence, determination, and exceptional work are essential for success in any field. I am committed to these values, and I am proud to be a part of the academic community. Talha Shehzad Associate Editor PSYCHOLOGY As the Associate Editor of the long-established “Scientific Ravi,” I had a chance to integrate my love for understanding the complexities of the human mind and behavior and for enhancing my literary abilities. I have tried my best to gather and draft articles that would help the readers view the subject of Psychology in a rather rational and reasoned way. I feel immensely honored to be a part of this prestigious magazine and the esteemed traditions of Government College University. Fatima Saleem Associate Editor STATISTICS It is with great enthusiasm and pride that we, the Statistics Department, welcome you to the latest edition of our university magazine, The Ravi magazine. Statistics, often called the science of uncertainty, holds a significant role in our lives. Join us on this thrilling journey through the world of statistics. We can't wait to share our passion for data and its remarkable impact on our world. Rimsha Ali Associate Editor ZOOLOGY I am immensely proud to be the Associate Editor of the Scientific Ravi magazine, where I honed my thinking and writing skills by curating articles from fellow Zoology Department students. Witnessing a decline in reading interest among students, I encouraged them to write and engage with literature. My gratitude goes to my advisor, Professor Dr. Atif Yaqub, and Editor Mr. Shahzaib Ali for their unwavering support. Thanks to all contributing students, our collective efforts aim to empower young zoologists. M. Haris Associate Editor