Collisions and Trajectories

o Sã 4 202 at io ns of throw n t o g et h / s/ / s an Ev zale n Go o/ / Lu ve r Su Yu e g on Xi rn / es s eati v OLLIS I O N Cr o ccupa tions as mani fes t e aul P o E J A R T I N S E C I R O T C University College London Development Planning Unit (DPU) Building & Urban Design in Development (BUDD) - MSc Programme TRAJECTORIES IN COLLISION Creative occupations as manifestations of throwntogetherness Supervised by: Giovanna Astolfo Giorgio Talocci Laia García Fernández Dina Mneimneh Finlay Evans María José Gonzales London, UK. May, 2024. Jiayi Luo Surabhi Surve Bo Yu Zhangqi Xiong This work is dedicated to all the trajectories we encountered in São Paulo, to those who shared their time and stories with a group of strangers from London. We deeply appreciate everyone from the MSTC and MTST movements, and all their partners and allies who gave us insight into their collective struggle. Additionally, we extend our gratitude to FESPSP, our facilitators, and Glenda, who helped us immensely with the language barrier. We also thank our professors, who faced the first year of this research alongside us, a project we hope will continue to prove fruitful and have a positive impact. Finally, we thank our cohort and the DAP students; without them, our time and learning in Brazil would not have been the same. TABLE OF CONTENTS DISCOVERING SÃO PAULO 6. GUIDING QUESTIONS��������������������������������������������������������������������42 6.1. REFLECTING ON OUR ROLE IN SÃO PAULO������������������������������44 7. ADDRESSING OUR QUESTIONS�����������������������������������������������������46 7.1. WHAT IS THE ACTUAL ROLE OF CREATIVE OCCUPATIONS? ������46 7.2. WHICH ARE THE TRAJECTORIES IN THIS CONTEXT OF THROWNTOGETHERNESS?������������������������������������������������������60 OBSERVED TRAJECTORIES������������������������������������������������������ 60 LIST OF FIGURES ACRONYMS SUNDAY LUNCH��������������������������������������������������������������������� 64 7.3. MAIN QUESTION: WHAT IS THE LEGACY OF CREATIVE OCCUPATIONS & TRAJECTORIES IN A CONTEXT OF THROWNTOGETHERNESS?������������������������������������������������������68 7.4. REFLECTING ON THE POSSIBILITIES OF AN INTERVENTION�������69 GLOSSARY EXECUTIVE SUMMARY INTRODUCTION 1. SETTING THE RESEARCH���������������������������������������������������������������16 BUILDING OUR FRAMEWORK CREATING SPACES OF COLLISION 8. CREATING SPACES FOR TRAJECTORIES TO COLLIDE �������������������������72 8.1. INTERVENTION 1: “PLAYING BY PHASES”����������������������������������74 INSPIRATION�������������������������������������������������������������������������� 74 GENERAL DESCRIPTION��������������������������������������������������������� 74 PHASE 1��������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 76 PHASE 2��������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 80 2. DEFINING CONCEPTS�������������������������������������������������������������������20 PHASE 3��������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 82 2.1. THROWNTOGETHERNESS������������������������������������������������������� 20 8.2. INTERVENTION 2: “RECIPE BOOK OF TRAJECTORIES”���������������84 2.2. LEGACY���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 21 INSPIRATION���������������������������������������������������������������������������84 2.3. CREATIVE OCCUPATIONS�������������������������������������������������������� 22 GENERAL DESCRIPTION����������������������������������������������������������84 2.4. MECHANISMS OF PROTECTION����������������������������������������������� 23 INTERVENTION A���������������������������������������������������������������������86 3. CURRENT CONTEXT����������������������������������������������������������������������24 INTERVENTION B���������������������������������������������������������������������87 3.1. ORGANIZING IN THE CITY�������������������������������������������������������� 24 INTERVENTION C���������������������������������������������������������������������88 3.2. LINKAGES & PARCERIAS���������������������������������������������������������26 INTERVENTIONS A, B & C���������������������������������������������������������89 3.3. THE PROCESS OF TOGETHERNESS����������������������������������������� 28 4. THE MAKING & REMAKING OF THROWN-TOGETHERNESS���������������30 5. MOVEMENTS, MIGRATIONS AND DISPLACEMENTS���������������������������36 FINAL THOUGHTS REFERENCES LIST OF FIGURES F. 1. Districts in São Paulo City Center.��������������������������������������������������������24 F. 26. Shared Laundry at the Lélia Gonzalez�������������������������������������������������57 F. 2. Occupations in the city������������������������������������������������������������������������25 F. 27. Creative practices at the Ocupação 9 de Julho������������������������������������58 F. 3. Map of linkages & parcerias����������������������������������������������������������������� 27 F. 28. Sunday Lunch�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������59 F. 4. The process of occupation�������������������������������������������������������������������29 F. 29. Colliding trajectories in the Occupation���������������������������������������������61 F. 5. The making & remaking of throwntogetherness�������������������������������������31 F. 30. Identified links of trajectories in the Occupations and Movements�������63 F. 6. International Migrant populations & displaced to Brazil�������������������������36 F. 31. Sunday Lunch Activities at the Ocupação 9 de Julho����������������������������65 F. 8. Origin of foreigners residing in Brasil from 2005 onwards.����������������������37 F. 32. Sunday lunch activity�������������������������������������������������������������������������66 F. 7. Map of movements, migrations & displacements����������������������������������37 F. 33. Sunday Lunch Activity: Open Question and Responses�����������������������66 F. 9. Internal Migrations to São Paulo (in number of immigrants)������������������38 F. 34. Sunday Lunch Activities at the Ocupação 9 de Julho����������������������������67 F. 10. Do you know that we’re infinite?���������������������������������������������������������39 F. 35. Intervention One: Phase One: Car Park Conversion ����������������������������76 F. 11. Initial approach to engagement (pre São Paulo) - activities and planning��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������44 F. 36. Intervention One: Phase One: Mapping the Radius of Recognition��������77 F. 12. Perspective Sketch of the Ocupação 9 de Julho�����������������������������������46 F. 38. Intervention in Occupation next to praça Ouvidor Pachêco e Silva, 102 79 F. 13. Community Garden at the Ocupação 9 de Julho����������������������������������48 F. 39. Intervention One: Phase One: Intervention in Occupation at R. Conselheiro Crispiniano, 370�������������������������������������������������������������79 F. 14. Composting Area at the Ocupação 9 de Julho�������������������������������������48 F. 40. Intervention One: Phase Two: Opening up the Staircase����������������������80 F. 15. Old Sealed Entrance at the Ocupação 9 de Julho ��������������������������������49 F. 41. Intervention One: Phase Three: Connecting Both Accesses of the Site �82 F. 16. Sunday Lunch Open Kitchen at the Ocupação 9 de Julho���������������������50 F. 42. Intervention One: opening the playground�������������������������������������������83 F. 17. Sunday Lunch at the Ocupação 9 de Julho������������������������������������������50 F. 43. Intervention Two: Phase One: Sharing recipes amongst members of occupation and organisers of kitchen ������������������������������������������������86 F. 18. Sunday Lunch at the Ocupação 9 de Julho������������������������������������������51 F. 19. A Perspective Sketch of the Lélia Gonzalez������������������������������������������52 F. 20. Community Kitchen at the Lélia Gonzalez ������������������������������������������54 F. 44. Intervention Two: Phase Two: Sharing recipes at Sunday Luncha and Community Workshops���������������������������������������������������������������������87 F. 21. Community Kitchen at the Lélia Gonzalez�������������������������������������������54 F. 45. Intervention Two: Phase Three: Sharing Recipes and Documenting them in a Magazine with Artists����������������������������������������������������������88 F. 22. Kitchen Space at the Lélia Gonzalez���������������������������������������������������55 F. 46. Intervention Two: Envisioned Reognition, Outreach and Impact�����������89 F. 23. Medicinal Herb Garden at the Lélia Gonzalez��������������������������������������56 F. 47. Intervention Two: Magazine “Recipe Book of Trajectories” �������������������90 F. 24. Kitchen Garden at the Lélia Gonzalez��������������������������������������������������56 GLOSSARY ACRONYMS CECASUL Centro de Cidadania e Ação Social Zona Sul MSTLV Movimento Sem Teto do Centro MSTRN South Zone Citizenship and Social Action Center CMP FLM Homeless Movement of the Center Movimento Sem Teto Lutar e Viver COZINHA DA OCUPAÇÃO 9 DE JULHO Homeless Movement Fight and Live KITCHEN OF THE JULY 9 OCCUPATION Movimento Sem Teto da Região Norte Northern Region Homeless Movement MSTRU Frente de Luta por Moradia Movimento Sem Teto do Centro Movimento Sem Teto pelo Reforma Urbana Homeless Movement for Urban Reform Housing Struggle Front Center Homeless Movement MTST FOMMAESP Fórum de Moradia e Meio- Ambiente do Estado de São PauloSocial Zona Sul POVO EM ACAO Associacão Povo Em Ação MMC Movimento de Moradia do Centro PSOL Partido Socialismo e Liberdade MMCR União dos Movimentos de Moradia de São Paulo PT Partido dos Trabalhadores Movimento de Moradia de Jardim Ipanema TNG Movimento de Moradia Terra de Nossa Gente Movimento de Moradia da Luta por Justiça ULC Movimento dos Trabalhadores rurais Sem Terra UMM Movimento Sem Teto do Centro UMMSP Refugees and Homeless Immigrants Center Housing Movement Project of political, academic, and professional articulation for research and action on housing conditions and grassroots technical assistance initiatives, which consists of professionals and students. MINHA CASA MINHA VIDA Ministry of Housing social program which subsidized financing to families for the production of urban housing units. Housing Struggle Front Center Homeless The Workers’ Party Unificação das Lutas de Cortiço Unification of the Cortiço Fights Housing Movement of the Struggle for Justice MY HOUSE MY LIFE PARCERIA (Portuguese) Parcerias are mutually beneficial agreements between two or more parties, with shared responsibilities at various levels. They are collaborative relationships between entities working together to achieve common goals through an agreement on the division of tasks. PARTNERSHIP União dos Movimentos de Moradia Union of Housing Movements Landless Rural Workers’ Movement MSTC PEABIRU Land of Our People Housing Movement Jardim Ipanema Housing Movement MST SOLIDARITY KITCHEN People In Action Association Union of Housing Movements of São Paulo MMLJ A social initiative run by the MTST, designed to provide free meals to combat hunger and food insecurity. It operates by setting up community kitchens in various locations and is staffed by volunteers. Homeless Workers’ Movements Grupo Refugiados e Imigrantes Sem Teto MMJI COZINHA SOLIDARIA Movimentos dos Trabalhadores Sem Teto São Paulo State Housing and Environment ForumSocial South Zone GRIST Community kitchen in São Paulo, part of MSTC, offering meals and social programs to support low-income residents and raise awareness about housing issues. Homeless Movement in the Center União dos Moradias Movmentos de São Paulo Union of Housing Movements of São Paulo 10 11 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The report ‘Collisions and Trajectories: Creative Occupations as Manifestation of Throwntogetherness’ outlines a research study on the housing movements and occupations in São Paulo, guided by the concept of ‘throwntogetherness’ as conceptualized by Doreen Massey. The study focuses on how these occupations illustrate the collision of diverse trajectories and examines the creative practices within these communities, highlighting their ongoing struggles for legitimization and recognition. and creative strategies employed by the occupants to navigate their socio-political challenges. The study also reveals the intersection of various social, economic, and political trajectories, and how they all support the cause of social housing while collectively building the legacy of these occupations. It is this legacy that translates into visibility, both for the movement, exposing it to the outside world- and the visibility of individual stories. Where trajectories collide in the occupation, they encourage and co-create new creative displays, products, and artforms, which ultimately go beyond trajectories to represent the occupation. These creative processes encourage new visitors, occupants and interactions to keep fulfilling this cycle of visibility. This process The research was followed by an overseas practice engagement to São Paulo, from April 22 to April 30, where the Ocupação 9 de Julho (under MSTC) and Ocupação Lélia Gonzalez (under MTST) were the main scenarios of study. Key findings from these visits reveal the community dynamics, 12 The second intervention is a recipe book of trajectories: an amalgamation of stories and memories from the kitchens, to learn from, contribute to, and share with the wider community. builds legitimisation and protection to the public eye against criminalisation, continuing to build a legacy of creative occupations and trajectories. The report suggests strategies to aid in the legitimisation of these struggles, emphasising their importance in the broader urban landscape of São Paulo, through spaces of collision. The first strategy suggests a phase-wise opening of the second entrance to the Ocupação 9 de Julho, a proposal already in discussion within the occupation. This intervention suggests the creation of a playground for children and takes a step further in aiding both visibility and legitimacy by bringing in a new demographic. Moreover, the intervention proposes the repicability and considers the impact in a city scale. These interventions aim to bolster the recognition of the housing struggle and ensuring their contributions to São Paulo’s urban fabric are both acknowledged and sustained. 13 INTRODUCTION Source: Author (2024). 1.SETTING THE RESEARCH In Brazil’s divided economic context, housing occupations have emerged as key strongholds in the struggle towards equitable housing rights and conditions. Providing a roof under which people from throughout Brazil and beyond collide, occupations have often become vessels of creativity. These creative occupations, emboldened by the collective pursuit of visibility and recognition, are places where individual stories, talents and skills- political, culinary or audiovisual- are celebrated. Where uncertainty prompts the come-and-go of trajectories, constantly making and remaking the ‘throwntogetherness’ of the occupations. In these collective environments, the importance of individual trajectories colliding is heightened, each considered paramount to the pursuit of visibility. occupation has profound positive effects on the legitimisation of the occupation and the people who live in it. It is hoped that this recognition will trigger conversations with municipal authorities and prompt the process of legalisation. Our objectives seek to complement these missions, contributing to a field which seeks to destigmatize occupations and their inhabitants, further visibilising the struggle for housing in Brazil’s divided context. Our analysis seeks to bring attention to the importance of colliding individual trajectories in the occupation’s collective environment, while exploring how the alignment and disalignment of trajectories contributes to the process of legalisation. Following this, we suggest two interventions intending to further celebrate these individual trajectories, internal or external to the occupations, through spatial and non-spatial means. These expand on the occupations existing structures to provide new methods of visibility while seeking to incrementally reinforce the process of legalisation. One place where this pursuit of visibility is particularly evident is in our study site, the 9 de Julho occupation. Expanding on this need for visibility, the site acts as an interface between the missions, objectives and realities of MSTC occupations and the public. Exposing the creative aspects of its occupants, the interaction between the public and the Source: Author (2024). 16 17 BUILDING OUR FRAMEWORK 2.DEFINING CONCEPTS 2.1. THROWNTOGETHERNESS 2.2. LEGACY Doreen Massey (2005) defines “throwntogetherness” as the making of urban society in spaces where people different from one another in terms of ethnicity, religion, class, sexuality, gender, age and disability, are, due to a series of circumstances and events, obligated to co-inhabit. “It is what I am calling space as the dimension of multiple trajectories, a simultaneity of stories-so-far. Space as the dimension of a multiplicity of durations” These events of “throwntogetherness” are the product of the different conflictive contexts where people come from: migration, displacement, escaping domestic violence, looking for a better life, or the search of acceptance of one’s identity (Fincher, 2022). (Massey, p. 24, 2005) One of the main characteristics of this “throwntogetherness” is the process of trajectories (life stories) colliding with each other, where each person is a trajectory, who’s path gets moulded when colliding with other trajectories, in this case, by the process of relating to others (Massey, 2005). Is in this process of collision where exchanges occur, linkages, share of knowledges and capabilties amid the hostility and the struggle. These interactions and collisions are the ones responsible for making a “space” into a “place”. struggle and reiterative need to legitimize the concept of being “thrown” acquires more value. The process of being “thrown” includes the initiators of the displacement, while highlighting the moment different individuals are assembled in one space. The act of being “together” then, becomes performed in a violent and unwelcoming, constantly criminalized scenario. Building upon Massey’s theories, Ruth Fincher (2022) states how in this context of constant 20 Considering this definition of “throwntogetherness,” we sought to explore what goes beyond it: its legacy, and what it contributes to the movement, the people, and the city. Trajectories colliding in space emerge from a multiplicity of durations, and thus, the legacy of these trajectories also becomes part of this non-temporality. the collective effort. Moreover, a legacy is what each person, each member of the movements, builds for themselves , for their future and what they leave for the movement. In a context of multiple trajectories, legacies become multiple as well, reflecting the diverse backgrounds, identities, and objectives involved. Legacy thus becomes both an individual and a collective outcome. These legacies become timeless and endless, as some are being built in the present, some were built in the past, and others continue to evolve. Legacy can be depicted through contributions, values, or cultural significance attributed to these myriad collisions. In a context like this, legacies are the reflection of the exchange of knowledge, of mutual learning, the result of 21 2.3. CREATIVE OCCUPATIONS 2.4. MECHANISMS OF PROTECTION The concept of creative occupations is derived from the notion of creative destruction. Joseph Schumpeter describes creative destruction from an economic perspective as a “process of industrial mutation that revolutionizes the economic structure from within, destroying the old one and creating a new one” (Schumpeter, 1945). Creative occupations can be seen in two main practices: (a) adaptive reuse, which repurposes existing structures, and (b) ongoing occupation, where spaces are continually redefined and recreated to meet evolving needs. CREATIVE DESTRUCTION The way in which creative occupations evolve within the context of movements demonstrates that, beyond fostering collectivity, they also serve as mechanisms of protection. Consequently, creative occupations become crucial tools for making the movements visible, asserting their presence, and validating their cause to the exterior, facing criminalisation, ending stigmas and creating alliances. The constant criminalization of these movements in the public eye asks for an ongoing struggle for legitimization. (SCHUMPETER, 1945) Creative destruction refers to the economic process where supply does not merely meet demand but instead creates a pull for more demand or alters the nature of demands, ultimately necessitating new systems to ensure functionality. In this context, creative THROWNoccupations address the mismatch between TOGETHERNESS available supplies (such as housing) and unmet demands. Driven by(MASSEY, necessity,2005) creative occupations involve practices that repurpose abandoned spaces to create homes. Destroy what exists exists-totobuild buildsomething somethingnew new Where "equilibrium is not the end " CREATIVE OCCUPATIONS These occupations do more thansociety providein spaces of Making of urban shelter; they sustain the‘conflicting essence oftrajectories’ a home by fostering practices that facilitate collective living, ease the convergence of various trajectories, and ensure continual This the diverse mixing evolution of residents throwntogether makes &are remakes of these spaces. Creative occupations these the contemporary city. practices that offer the safety, security, and familiarity that a home requires. 22 Re-use the built-to buildaahome home built to build Create and Recreate Uses Creative Occupation as 1. Adaptive Reuse 2. Where where the the roof roof is is not not the the end endgoal goalof the 2. occupation, but constantly create the of occupation, but the constant creation of occupation with creative practices collectivity within it by certain practices: creative occupations 23 3.CURRENT CONTEXT 3.1. ORGANIZING IN THE CITY RESIDENCIAL CAMBRIDGE F. 1. Districts in São Paulo City Center. Source: Author (2024). The development of this research is situated in the historic center of São Paulo, specifically in the districts of República and Sé. The city centre deteriorated as the rich were given more transport options to commute into the city. While this area became a hub for transport, many of its former residents moved to neighbourhoods in the west of the city (Nakano et al, 2004). Additionally, the cost of land and prices made the centre difficult for other groups of the population to inhabit, as it became impossible to afford the prices. As a result, the centre became depopulated with a large number of uninhabited or underutilized buildings. It is in this context that the occupations were born. sought to assert their Right to the City (as outlined in the Brazilian Constitution). Thus, the center is being populated by buildings occupied by social movements such as MTST, MSTC, MMCR, among others. The housing deficit and difficulties in affording housing gave rise to social movements that The existence of occupations in the city represents a constant struggle for legitimacy and Ownership Ownership of of occupied occupied properties properties Ownership of occupied properties 31% 69% 31% of occupied properties 69% Ownership 31% 69% Private Private31% Private Private 69% 0 Occupations Occupations with with immigrant immigrant population population Occupations with immigrant population 58% 42% 58%with 42% withinternational immigrant population Occupations immigrant population 58% 42% Yes No Yes No 42% 58% Yes No Yes time occupied by the property No The The time occupied by the property The time occupied by the property 13% 43% 37% 13%time occupied 43% by the property 37% The <1 year 1-543% years 5-10 years 13% 37% <1 year 1-5 years 5-10 years 13% 43% 37% <1 year 1-5 years 5-10 years <1 year 1-5 years Occupations belonging 5-10 years movements Occupations belonging to to movements Occupations belonging to movements 43% 57% 43%belonging to movements 57% Occupations 43% 57% Yes No Yes No 43% 57% Yes No Yes No of Occupations for number Occupations for number of floors floors Occupations for number of21% floors 18% 10% 43% 10% 43% Occupations for number of21% floors 18% 10% 43% 21% 18% <2 3-5 6-10 11-15 <2 3-5 6-10 11-15 10% 43% 21% 18% <2 3-5 6-10 11-15 <2 3-5 6-10 11-15 100 200 300 400 500m F. 2. Occupations in the city Source: By Author, adapted from Bosmans et al. (2016) Unbuilt (Green space / Open) 7% 7% 10<7% years 10< years 10<7% years 10< years Vacant / abandoned buildings MSTC buildings MSTC + MMCR buildings Other movements Cozinha solidaria Sé - MTST 8% 8% 8% 15< 15< 8% 15< 15< San Paulo, Paulo, 2018) 2018) Paulo, nan Paulo, 2018) 2018) 24 formalization as a function of social housing. So far, only “Residencial Cambridge” has obtained the official title of housing, allowing its residents to have the right to property ownership. This is what many aim for through the consolidation of the network of occupations in the city. Public Public Public Public (11 in total in São Paulo) Source: Prefeitura de São Paulo (2018) 25 Ivanes “Neti” Araújo MSTRU Movimentos dos Trabalhadores Sem Teto Created in 1997 MMJI Movimento de Moradia Jardim Ipanema Prestes Maia Elet TNG Ocupação Mauá Motel 237 families Lord Palace Hotel 326 families S FROM THE PERIPHERY NT CECASUL MSTRN Movimento Sem Teto Regia Norte Josélia Martins Edma/Adeliv FOMAESP Fórum de Moradia e Meio Ambiente do Estado de São Paulo The universe of occupations in São Paulo includes a variety of groups that play specific roles in the fight. On one hand, there are the movements themselves, within which there are many variables and political affinities. These are crucial, especially in a country where political polarization is so extreme. MSTLV Movimento Sem Teto Lutar e Vencer Created in 2003 Geni Monteiro Leader & lawyer Manoel del Rio Jomarina/Antonia Followed refurbishment project Hotel Cambridge 170 families Sem-Teto pela Reforma Urbana Leader Carmen Silva Movimento Centro - Norte MSTC Movimento Quintais e Cortiços da Região da Mooca Ocupação São Francisco 30 families CMP Central de Movimentos Populares Grupo Refugiados e Imigrantes Sem Teto (GRIST) Ocupação Casarão 24 families Caixa Econômica Federal Building inspection State-owned Brazilian financial service Civil defense Public tenders for refurbishments and technical advice Coordination of security parameters RETROFIT AND M AIN Rede Moradia Associação Peabiru Project of political, academic, and professional articulation for research and action on Housing conditions and grassroots Technical Assistance initiatives. Professionals & Students Engineers, Architects Ocupação Caetano Pinto Projetech Ocupação Ocupação Rio Branco Iparanga 30 families Technical assistance & implementation Ocupação José Bonifacio,137 Ocupação 9 de Julho 124 families Carla Caffé Architect and art director Part of On the other hand, there are academia and professionals who are responsible for the processes of research and retrofit. Social networks and media representations also play an important role, functioning externally but also from within the occupations. Finally, economic actors and means of access to formalization are important pieces in the journey towards affordable housing. Petitions for changing the abandoned buildings to “social housing” condition Coordinate to make the approved buildings for occupation part of their MCMV program. Subsidized financing to families for the production of urban housing units (Social Development Fund) Proffessionals Associação de Mutirões Artivistas Ocupação José Bonifacio, 237 100 families Movimento Sem Teto do Centro Created in 2001 Cozinha Ocupação 9 de Julho LQBTQIA+ community Municipality MMCR Movimento De Moradia Central e Regional (Central and Regional Housing Movement) Felicia Mendas Movimento de Moradia da Zona Norte Cidade de São Paulo “Security and control inspections” FLM Frente da Luta pela Moradia Support / Organization / Legal advice / Decision-making Programa MINHA CASA MINHA VIDA “Entidades” UMMSP União dos Movimentos de Moradia de São Paulo Created in 1987 Formed by some dissidents ty from UMMSP y at the par militanc trong s a e Hav María Associacäo Povo eiim Açǎo Ministério das Cidades Lula da Silva’s affiliated party Ocupação Lelia Gonzalez Joana Nunes Ocupação São João Terra Nossa Gente POVO EM AÇÃO Partido Socialismo e Liberdade (PSOL) Partido dos Trabalhadors Cozinha Solidaria Cecasul Centro de Cidadania e Ação Social Sul EC to the p arty MMC Movimento de Moradia do Centro Created in 1997 Leader Guilherme Boulos Antonia Ferreira SOCIAL MOV EME NT S MOV EM E Movimento de Moradia de Luta por Justicia Affilia ted NANCE TE The construction of bonds and alliances in the process of “throwntogetherness” is crucial for the survival of the movements. It is through these bonds that spaces are created to provide visibility and legitimacy to the movements and their struggles. MMLJ MTST Movimento Sem Teto pela Reforma Urbana SOCI AL & 3.2. LINKAGES & PARCERIAS S ENT M E OV M RS OMIC ACTO ON HO US IN G ITICAL ACTO POL RS Escola Cidade Associação escola da Cidade Became important partners in 2014. Promoting visualization, recognition and new projects inside the associated buildings with MSTC. Eliana Caffé Film director “ERA O HOTEL CAMBRIDGE” Movie / documentary Created public recognition and acknowledgment of the housing and occupations situation RESENTATION P E R E R M E DIA & F. 3. Map of linkages & parcerias Source: Bosmans & Beukelaer (2016) 26 27 CONTINUE TO ACTIVELY PARTICIPATE IN THE MOVEMENTS 1 NEW MEMBERS 2 NEW BEGINNING 3 BASE GROUP This groups work in assemblies PRINCIPLE OF THE MOVEMENT POSSIBILITY 1 Starting from here, new members are able to: New members get taught the importance of active participation and the basics of “collectivity” and its importance to the movement. 4 5 6 PARTICIPATE OF A “DIA DE FESTA” The day in which the movement(s) occupy a building. RECRUITMENT OF MEMBERS REGISTRATION AND PEDAGOGICAL PHASE ON THE PROCESS OF OCCUPATION 8 7 Collection of personal data of the people that will paticipate from the “Dia de Festa”. ART. 182. PARAGRAPH 4 “The public authorities are empowered to require the owner of underutilized or unusd urban property its proper utilization [...] under the penalty of expropiation” Base groups are linked to a movement. Some movements use one of their buildings as headquarters & meeting points. RAISE THE COMPLAINT TO THE GOVERNMENT - MUNICIPALITY IDENTIFY AN UNUSED BUILDING “DIA DE FESTA” All of the members are organized to be ready for the occupation day. The organization includes transport, tools, basic resources such as water and food, among others. PROCESS OF OCCUPATION 3.3. THE PROCESS OF TOGETHERNESS THE GOVERNMENT CHECKS THE CASE AND WORKS ON ITS DECISION Joining a movement is the very first step to becoming part of an occupation. This is essential for further participation. From this initial point, the education of the collective and learning about their rights is crucial. In this way, members are trained by the movements, advised, and engage in group discussions where they learn about the future steps as members of the movement. From this stage, depending on their level of participation, new members can become part of an occupation either by participating in the “Dia de Festa” or by waiting to obtain a place in one of the occupations while continuing their role as active members. THE FIRST 5 DAYS 11 RECOGNISING THE SPACE 1. The first 48h are crucial to know if the occupation is succesful or not. During these 2 days, people wait to know if they get evicted by the police. In parallel, the frontline becomes their defense from the outside. Law n. 4.132 (10/09/1962). “Defines cases of expropiation for social interests and establishes its application”. 10 9 THOSE WHO ENTER & THE FRONTLINE THE NIGHT OF THE “FESTA” Just a group of people gets to come inside of the building, while the others become a frontline that will eventually face the police in case of eviction. 2. The next 3 days are a window to secure themselves in the building. If they have not been evicted, is it very likely that they will not get evicted later on. POSSIBLE OUTCOMES THE CASE RAISED ON EXPROPIATION IS CHECKED BY THE AUTHORITIES it gets checked if it can be social housing. The propietary of the building can either arrive to an agreement with the occupants or have their building as a social building. A Recognising the building and its inner spaces. Looking at the possibilities for organizing and dividing spaces. 12 13 TYDING, ORGANIZING AND CLEANING UP They organize into maintenance teams. THE FIRST THING TO ESTABLISH A place to cook or provide food. This marks the initial point where trajectories collide and collective struggle becomes evident: the right to decent housing and everything it entails: education, well-being, health, among others. 14 TOTAL COLLECTIVITY DURING THE FIRST DAYS During the first days many of the spaces become of common use. 15 16 FORMATION OF MAINTENANCE TEAMS Teams that are in charge of plumbing, sewege system, electricty, structure or safety in the building. ELECTION OF HOUSES ACCORDING TO THE SIZE OF FAMILIES QUALIFIED UNTIL THEY CAN BE PART OF AN OCCUPATION (WAITING FOR THEIR TURN UNTIL THERE IS A SPOT) It was possible to get to an agreement with the propietary or it was possible to execute the expropiation. B PRACTICALITIES Being aware of any updates of the acts, the evolution of the movements and a change in the agenda. This process represents one of the earliest expressions of “throwntogetherness,” where the struggle continues even for those who do not become part of the occupation. This ongoing battle highlights the resilience and solidarity of the movement, emphasizing that the fight for rights and recognition persists regardless of individual participation in the occupation. NOT QUALIFIED It was not possible to get to an agreement with the propietary or they changed the use of the building. COMMITMENTS WITH THE MOVEMENT COMISSIONS 19 A MEDIATOR PER FLOOR 28 PEDAGOGICAL DUTIES Members get different types of classes, from history, politics, among other topics that relate to popular education, rights, class struggle and citizenship. “Pedagogy of oppressed” (Freire, 1968) 18 WEEKLY MEETINGS THE OCCUPANTS OF THE BUILDING GET EVICTED 17 POSSIBILITY 2 GET THE KEY OF THEIR APPARTMENTS F. 4. The process of occupation Source: Author (2024) adapted from Bùe (2021); Caffé (2019) 29 4.THE MAKING & REMAKING OF THROWNTOGETHERNESS Indigenous population & colonial governance                   International displacements & migration 1600-1800s 1600s 1500s and before 1600s Portuguese settlers brought sugar-based plantation economy to northeast Brazil, accompanied by colonisation and slavery. Brazil was inhabited by an estimated 11 million indigenous people, from over 2000 tribes  1600s-1888 Over the next 4 centuries, Brazil imported more than four million enslaved individuals from Africa until 1888, which marked the abolishment of slavery. relations. This can be seen in the placemaking of Brazil as collisions in the timeline reveal the ‘throwntogetherness’ (D. Massey, 2005) that render the cities of Brazil. The mapping of timeline here is an attempt to capture the local and international diversity that collides in the city of São Paulo through centuries of trade, enslavement, commercial agriculture, industrialization, political stability or instability, violence, housing opportunities and through migrations of hope. 30      
                        Local migrations & public policies The making, unmaking, and remaking of Brazil is a canvas of atemporal timelines that run parallel yet also collide, sometimes incidentally, but mostly systematically and politically. These collisions of trajectories are central to Massey’s understanding of space and place. Massey argues that individual trajectories are not isolated but are interwoven, and in the process of interweaving they transform ‘a space’ into ‘a place’- by producing specific and unique outcomes- that distinguish it from other places, often rooted in its history, culture, and social early to mid 1900s 1891 early-1900s 1930s De-Africanize Brazil presented a racialised idea of recreating Brazil in Europe’s image, transforming the economy from slave to wage labour. This was accompanied by guaranteed religious freedom, restricting Africans from migrating and encouraging Japanese migrants. Industrialisation, technological advancements and Brazil’s policies stirred mass migration especially from the Middle East and Asia where economies were not growing at the same pace More than 2.6 million immigrants entered Brazil between 1890 and 1919, arriving from more than 60 countries. urbanisation- in gradual progression early-1900s Coffee cultivation São Paulo instigated mass-immigration from Europe. Italians, Portuguese, Spanish, Germans and Eastern Europeans arrived, with further immigrants from Japan and Lebanon in the early 1900s. 1930s By the 1930s, São Paulo’s growth was based on internal migration from the northeast and the interior of the state. 1934 Established immigration quotas based on nationality and similar racially discriminatory immigration acts from the United States. 1940s In 1940 the city had a population of about 1.3 million people, while its immediate suburbs maintained over 100,000 people. F. 5. The making & remaking of throwntogetherness Source: Wejsa & Lesser (2018); Skop et. Al. (2006); Survival Interational (n.d) 31 1967 1950-1980 Indigenous population & colonial governance ‹
        „ †  Œ   €                         ‚ 1950-1960 Suez Crisis and Rise of Arab Nationalism             
 International displacements & migration 1942-1945 1946 • WWII posed restrictions on trans-oceanic travels bringing down migration to Brazil • Following the end of WWII, coffee economy started to decline Local migrations & public policies New Constitution (Fourth Republic of Brazil) No significant change to immigration policies, but modifications to position on global refugees 1950s In the 1950's, the city of São Paulo was going through substantial changes in all the planes of urban coexistence and was acquiring the definite character of a metropolis. As from the post-war period, the world's major cities underwent processes that redefined urban functions and attracted more immigrants 32 1951 Brazil becomes a Member State of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) • In 1954, Brazil received some 40,000 Europeans seeking refuge 1960s By 1960, the population of São Paulo had tripled and that of the near suburbs was about six times larger; moreover, a second ring of suburbs had developed with a population approaching 300,000 1985                                    ­  €  ‚      ƒ  „ †          ‡       ˆ€  ‰ˆ Š   1953-1963 End of Dictatorship         ‚            ‚                            • Displacement caused by US Mili- • Around 20,000 Koreans entered Paraguay and Bolivia (cheap tary Occupation of Okinawavisas), half of them moved to nearly 55,000 Okinawans settled Brazil in Brazil • Chinese Immigrants due to Brazil- China commercial rela1962 saw expropiation for tions social interest: Promote Just Distribution of Property or to Condition its use for Social Wellbeing as stated in Article 147 of the Federal Constitution End of Dictatorship • Immigration policies shift- Legalisation programs for unregistered immigrants in 1980, 1988, 1998 and 2008 • New Constitution granting Right to the City, Housing, Education, Transportation..... 1970-1990 By 1970, many Koreans and Bolivians had immigrated to the city. A high degree of assimilation existed among the different ethnic communities, which are dispersed across São Paulo. Many well-to-do immigrants started to have their own social clubs. Post Military Dictatorship Reforms 1985 1970-1980 Ž    Ž €     ‘           
€  ‚‹       €                     ’   ‚ • Registration of more than 100,000 migrants including 40,000 from Bolivia and nearly 25,000 from China • Significant numbers from Lebanon, Korea, Peru 1990-2000 Population growth continues as the city reaches its territorial and administrative limits. The urban spurge in São Paulo has not been fully assimilated by planners and citizens –as well as the property market. 33 Indigenous population & colonial governance     
 
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  ­€‚ €ƒ‚ International displacements & migration 2001 2017 Estatuto da Cidade (City Statute) • Importance of citizen participation in decision making processes • Recognizes social function of property Local migrations & public policies early 2000s                          2012 elections The city, at its limits of absorbing the influx of population, began to face a lack of housing, jobs, and essential services, leading to increased pressure on infrastructure and a decline in the quality of life for its residents 34 The 2012 elections were marked by urban themes which, until that time, had been left in the background during political disputes. The São Paulo electorate showed a will to engage with the most direct issues (such as mobility, pollution and housing) which were decisive in the outcome of the elections� As of 2017, nearly 736,000 registered immigrants lived in Brazil (thousands of households exist without formal documentation) 2020-today • Brazil hosted about 300,000 Venezuelan migrants and refugees. • 150,000-200,000 Haitians residing in Brazil (registered numbers for both remain far less on paper) Brazil continues to absorb immigrants from all over the world, and the cities continue to become crowded, putting a strain on resources and infrastructure, and presenting challenges in maintaining sustainable urban development. 2014 Masterplan “The main purpose of the new Master Plan is to humanize and re-balance São Paulo, bringing housing and jobs closer together and addressing socio-territorial inequalities.” (2014 Masterplan, PMSP-no date) With developments following the new masterplan in addition to the infrastructure that already existed, ‘properties’ soon became overvalued, and were deserted. Currently São Paulo currently has almost 600,000 unoccupied properties. Ironically much of São Paulo’s homeless population and its empty properties are located in the same physical space: the city’s geographical centre 35 5.MOVEMENTS, MIGRATIONS AND DISPLACEMENTS colonisation Brazil- China “rebuild the image” commercial relations de-Africanize Brazil natural hazards humanitarian crisis economic crisis climate refugees “migrate to the west” Latin American cities to São Paulo 0 500 1000km go to Bolivia/ Paraguay to enter Brazil slave trade cheap wage-labour YEARS POPULATION 1960 - 69 200,000 10,000 - 11,814 1950 - 59 620,000 8,001 - 10,000 1940 - 49 100,000 4,001 - 8,000 1930 - 39 300,000 2,001 - 4,000 1920 - 29 840,000 1,001 - 2,000 The map demonstrates the multitude of trajectories that made their way, either by will or by force, to Brazil, contributing to its diverse fabric. 1910 - 19 820,000 1900 - 99 620,000 1890 - 99 1,200,000 1880 - 89 420,000 F. 6. International Migrant populations & displaced to Brazil Source: Levy (1974) 36 Year Number of Immigrants 101 - 1,000 1960-69 200,000 1950-59 620,000 no legal records 1940-49 100,000 1930-39 840,000 F. 8. Origin of foreigners residing1920-29 in Brasil from 2005 onwards. 820,000 1910-19 Source: Levy (1974) 620,000 1900-99 Immigrant Arrivals between 1880-1970 1,200,000 1890-99 420,000 1880-89 2 - 100 37 F. 7. Map of movements, migrations & displacements Source: Maria Stella Ferreira Levy, "O Papel da Migração Internacional Source: Author (2024). functions and attracted more immigrants Internal Migrations to São Paulo (in number of immigrants) Liberdade Piaui 232,000-250,000 250,000-500,000 500,000-750,000 750,000-1,000,000 1,000,000-2,500,000 Ceara Paraiba Pernambuco Alagoas Source: Skop, E., Peters, P. A., Amaral, E. F., Potter, J. E., & Fusco, W. (2006). Chain migration and residential segregation of internal migrants in the metropolitan area of São Paulo, Brazil Sergipe Bahia Minas Gerais 0 São Paulo 500km Parana F. 9. Internal Migrations to São Paulo (in number of immigrants) The country’s internal movements reveal a significant migration trend from the northern regions to São Paulo, particularly from states such as Bahia, Pernambuco, and Minas Gerais. This migration is largely driven by the better economic opportunities available in São Paulo. Source: Author (2024) adapted from Skop., E,. et Al (2006) QUANTITY OF POPULATION 232,000 - 250,000 250,000 - 500,000 500,000 - 750,000 750,000 - 1,000,000 1,000,000 - 2,500,000 F. 10. Do you know that we’re infinite? Source: Cepero (2024). 38 39 DISCOVERING SÃO PAULO 6.GUIDING QUESTIONS tra jec OCUPAÇÃO s torie individual legacies collective legacies s orie t c e traj Throwntogetherness Creative Occupations traje ctorie s OUTPUT INPUTS Political backgrounds Changed practices Personal identities New aspirations Home cultures Personal goals Customs Legacies Main question : Even though the group had defined two subquestions to help develop our main question, the field experience in São Paulo adapted and reshaped these questions to align with the actual reality. The entire process in São Paulo highlighted the critical role of manifestation and self-visibility in the movements’ quest for legitimization, especially in response to persistent criminalization. This understanding underscores the significance of creative occupations in the journey toward visibility and the crucial role of evolving trajectories in shaping these practices. Consequently, we refined our sub-questions to incorporate insights gained from our interactions in São Paulo, ensuring they address both the importance of creative occupations, dynamic nature of the movements’ practices and the trajectories of life involved in every possible way to the movements. 42 Q1. What is the legacy of creative occupations & trajectories in a context of throwntogetherness? According to what we saw in São Paulo... 1.1 What is the role of creative occupations in the context of ocupações? 1.2 Which are the trajectories in this context of throwntogetherness? 43 6.1. REFLECTING ON OUR ROLE IN SÃO PAULO On arrival in São Paulo, we became aware of the importance of flexibility in our engagement strategies. While many participatory engagement exercises aimed at understanding individuals and collective experiences within and beyond the occupation were planned (Fig. 10), the fast-changing situation regarding engagement stressed this need for flexibility. difficult. Nonetheless, this only emphasized the importance of listening keenly to all the people who voiced their trajectories within the site, paying keen attention to the details and where collisions had occurred. While our planned engagement consisted of interpersonal conversations, storytelling and cognitive mapping, just through listening and asking questions we were nonetheless able to piece together how thrown-togetherness occurs within the occupations. Considering our position as outsiders, it was perhaps inevitable that engagement would be F. 11. Initial approach to engagement (pre São Paulo) - activities and planning Source: Author (2024). 44 45 7.ADDRESSING OUR QUESTIONS 1 COMMUNITY GARDEN Dona Irene 2 COMPOST PROCESS Don Ivanildo 3 GALERIA RE-OCUPA 3 PUBLIC ART MANIFESTATIONS 4 EATING OUTDOORS 4 PERFORMANCES 4 SPORTS 5 6 SOLIDARITY WITH COMMUNITIES IN NEED 7 1 7.1. WHAT IS THE ACTUAL ROLE OF CREATIVE OCCUPATIONS? 2 The field experience provided us with a deeper understanding of the practices employed by the Movements and the people within them. We gained insight into who the individuals involved were, the purposes behind their practices, and their stories (see Fig. XX). Ocupação 9 de Julho exemplifies a unique approach to creating creative practices. Beyond serving as a home, the ocupação also functions as a Cultural Center, fostering a wide array of collective practices and offering public accessibility to both participants and external visitors. 7 7 4 7 6 These identified practices led us to recognize three key aspects: 3 1 Creative occupations cannot exist without people, cannot exist without names, without trajectories. 2 Creative practices are used as ways of manifesting & reinforcing collectivity MERCHANDISING Ocupação 9 de Julho MSTC - São Paulo 3 Carmen Silva Creative practices are a way of visibilising and legitimising the Movement F. 12. Perspective Sketch of the Ocupação 9 de Julho 6 COOKING TOGETHER Source: By Author. Based on Caffé. Et al. (2019) 46 47 SUNDAY LUNCHES F. 13. Community Garden at the Ocupação 9 de Julho F. 14. Composting Area at the Ocupação 9 de Julho F. 15. Old Sealed Entrance at the Ocupação 9 de Julho Source: By Author. Source: By Author. Source: By Author. 48 49 F. 16. Sunday Lunch Open Kitchen at the Ocupação 9 de Julho F. 17. Sunday Lunch at the Ocupação 9 de Julho F. 18. Sunday Lunch at the Ocupação 9 de Julho Source: By Author (2024). Source: By Author (2024). Source: By Author (2024). 50 51 Ocupação Lélia Gonzalez, established in 2022, houses over 200 families and has developed a distinct type of organization due to its unique context. Unlike 9 de Julho, Lélia Gonzalez occupies an open space in Santo André, which subjects it to various climatic conditions. to adjust to its specific conditions highlights the flexibility and resilience of these communities while facing a diversity of challenges. The layout of the area demands a distribution by blocks, where each area has its own common spaces: communitche kitchen and service areas. This adaptation to its environment illustrates how different contexts require varied practices of collectivity. The occupation’s ability 6 4 5 5 COZINHA COLETIVA 6 AREA FOR WEEKLY MEETINGS VISIBILISING THROUGH SOCIAL MEDIA 4 COLLECTIVE USES COMMUNITY GARDEN 2 MEDICAL COMMUNITY GARDEN 3 1 2 3 FLEXIBLE SPACES FOR EVENTS & CELEBRATIONS Ocupação Lélia Gonzalez MTST - Santo André Joana Nunes 1 F. 19. A Perspective Sketch of the Lélia Gonzalez Source: By Author (2024). 52 53 F. 20. Community Kitchen at the Lélia Gonzalez F. 21. Community Kitchen at the Lélia Gonzalez F. 22. Kitchen Space at the Lélia Gonzalez Source: By Author. Source: Ocupação Lélia Gonzalez (2024) Source: By Author (2024). 54 55 F. 23. Medicinal Herb Garden at the Lélia Gonzalez F. 24. Kitchen Garden at the Lélia Gonzalez F. 26. Shared Laundry at the Lélia Gonzalez Source: By Author (2024). Source: Ocupação Lélia Gonzalez (2024) Source: By Author (2024). 56 57 To summarise, creative occupations act as mechanisms of protection and tools of constant legitimization for the movement towards housing. Utilising these talents for the benefit of the collective, these creative means provide visibility beyond the walls of the occupation. To the neighbourhood, to São Paulo and beyond. Unionising the individual trajectories which have collided within it, creative occupation visibilises the talents of the people it shelters. Be it vocal, culinary, political or artistic talent, creative occupations encourage the visibility of these individual trajectories. Creative occupation associates the collectivity of creative people and their talents with the collective struggle to be seen- socially and legally. Such actions prioritise and reinforce collectivism over individualism. VISIBILITY towards the outside world Creative occupations as Mechanisms of protection & tools of constant legitimisation Tools to manifest and reinforce COLLECTIVITY inside the occupations VISIBILITY towards individual trajectories F. 27. Creative practices at the Ocupação 9 de Julho F. 28. Sunday Lunch Source: Author (2024). Source: Author (2024). 58 59 eviction discrimination formalised housing rooflesness homeownership born into 7.2. WHICH ARE THE TRAJECTORIES IN THIS CONTEXT OF THROWNTOGETHERNESS? job stability domestic violence “It is precisely that diversity that unites us, that social technology, that exchange of kowledges (...)” The significance of diverse actors in the process of being thrown together and living collectively is profound, as their trajectories become crucial to the movements. Each unique story contributes something new to the movement and its cause. OCCUPATION visitor previous occupation born into Carmen Silva (2024) The occupations demonstrate that they serve as a convergence point for many trajectories. These include experiences of eviction, internal or external displacement, and violence, as well as those who have not experienced homelessness but have become allies of the movements and causes. militante Some trajectories have transitioned from the occupations to homeownership, yet continue to remain crucial allies to the movement. political representation activism north-south inner migration not connecting with collectivity rooflesness roofed academia rural-urban inner migration F. 29. Colliding trajectories in the Occupation Source: Author (2024). OBSERVED TRAJECTORIES rooflessness occupation discrimination rooflessness occupation born into rooflessness occupation immigrant rooflessness occupation victim of violence rooflessness occupation internal migrant rooflessness occupation eviction occupation formalisation homeownership occupation stability homeownership occupation activism occupation occupation occupation roofed militante occupation roofed visitor occupation roofed volunteer occupation roofed academia occupation 60 homeownership The significance of diverse actors in the process of being thrown together and living collectively is profound, as their trajectories become crucial to the movements. Each unique story contributes something new to the movement and its cause. The occupations demonstrate that they serve as a convergence point for many trajectories, encompassing experiences of eviction, internal or external displacement, and violence, as well as those who have not experienced homelessness but have become allies of the movements and causes. Some trajectories have transitioned from the occupations to homeownership, yet continue to remain integral to the movement. Indeed, these dynamics can be visualized accordingly. Numerous paths converge within the occupation, facilitating the valuable transmission of culture, perspectives, and knowledge—what Carmen described as “social technologies.” Each face, each personality, and each individual we engaged with revealed their own trajectories, forming a complex collage of individual paths interwoven in the collective pursuit of formalized housing. Regardless of their backgrounds, the convergence of trajectories within occupations forges connections among all involved, creating a rich tapestry of shared experiences and mutual support. 61 ness ness ness ness eviction rooflessness rooflessness rooflessness rooflessness immigrant born into victim of violence immigrant rooflessness rooflessness rooflessness rooflessness internal migrant victim of violence rooflessness rooflessness internal migrant rooflessness eviction roofed discrimination roofed roofed born into roofed roofed immigrant roofed roofed victim of violence roofed internal migrant roofed militante roofed visitor mia occupation rooflessness occupation eviction rooflessness occupation eviction eviction occupation discrimination rooflessness occupation occupation rooflessness occupation eviction discrimination rooflessness discrimination occupation occupation born into occupation rooflessness occupation discrimination rooflessness occupation born into occupation born into rooflessness occupation occupation immigrant rooflessness occupation born into occupation rooflessness occupation immigrant immigrant rooflessness occupation rooflessness victim of violence occupation occupation occupation immigrant rooflessness rooflessness victimoccupation victim of violence of violence occupation rooflessness occupation internal migrant occupation rooflessness victim of violence occupation Bruna rooflessness internal occupation internal migrant formalisation migrant homeownership occupation occupation occupation rooflessness occupation internal migrant rooflessness occupation eviction occupation rooflessness eviction stability homeownership occupation occupation formalisation homeownership occupation occupation discrimination discrimination rooflessness occupation occupation rooflessness occupation activism occupation stability homeownership occupation occupation born into occupation rooflessness occupation born into rooflessness occupation occupation homeownership occupation occupation occupation activism occupation occupation occupation occupation occupation immigrant rooflessness immigrant rooflessness occupation militante occupation roofed occupation occupation homeownership occupation occupation occupation militante occupation rooflessness roofed roofed victim of violence victim of violence occupation rooflessness occupation occupation visitor roofed occupation militante occupation roofed occupation occupation visitor roofed roofed rooflessness occupation internal migrant rooflessness internal migrant occupation volunteer occupation roofed occupation occupation visitor roofed occupation volunteer occupation roofed roofed occupation occupation academia occupation roofed occupation volunteer occupation roofed occupation academia occupation roofed roofed occupation occupation academia occupation roofed occupation occupation formalisation homeownership occupation occupation occupation rooflessness eviction occupation stability homeownership occupation militante occupation roofed discrimination rooflessness militante roofed occupation activism occupation visitor roofed born into visitor roofed rooflessness occupation roofed Carlos occupation roofed occupation roofed volunteer occupation roofed academia occupation eviction discrimination occupation volunteer roofed immigrant eviction victimacademia of violence roofed homeownership occupation volunteer rooflessness occupation academia rooflessness rooflessness discrimination internal migrant born into rooflessness rooflessness rooflessness rooflessness occupation rooflessness rooflessness occupation immigrant victim of violence rooflessness occupation internal migrant rooflessness born into rooflessness occupation roofed militante immigrant rooflessness occupation roofed visitor victim of violence rooflessness internal migrant rooflessness volunteer roofed occupation eviction rooflessness occupation academia roofed occupation occupation discrimination rooflessness occupation rooflessness occupation eviction militante homeownership roofed occupation born formalisation into occupation rooflessness discrimination rooflessness occupation visitor roofed stability homeownership occupation occupationimmigrant occupation rooflessness born into occupation rooflessness volunteer roofed occupation activism occupation rooflessness victim of violence occupation occupation immigrant rooflessness academia roofed occupation occupation homeownership occupation rooflessness occupation internal migrant rooflessness victim of violence occupation Preta occupation occupation occupation Ferreira rooflessness occupation internal migrant occupation occupation occupation occupation occupation occupation occupation occupation occupation formalisation occupation occupation occupation homeownership occupation occupation roofed stability militante homeownership occupation occupation occupation eviction discrimination born into occupation roofed immigrant occupation roofed victim of violence occupation roofed internal migrant occupation occupation eer occupation rooflessness militante occupation rooflessness visitor militante rooflessness volunteer visitor rooflessness academia volunteer rooflessness academia rooflessness occupation ness or rooflessness discrimination eviction born into discrimination roofed occupation nte occupation rooflessness occupation born into rooflessness occupation eviction ness ation rooflessness discrimination rooflessness rooflessness occupation rooflessness militante rooflessness visitor rooflessness volunteer rooflessness academia roofed occupation eviction roofed occupation discrimination roofed occupation visitor occupation rooflessness volunteer occupation roofed homeownership occupation visitor militante occupation roofed activism occupation roofed volunteer occupation roofed occupation homeownership occupation visitor homeownership occupation roofed academia occupation volunteer occupation roofed occupation homeownership academia occupation roofed occupation rooflessness academia occupation born into occupation eviction immigrant occupation rooflessness occupation occupation discrimination victim ofeviction violence rooflessness rooflessness discrimination born into internal migrant rooflessness occupation discrimination born into immigrant rooflessness occupation born into formalisation immigrant victim of violence rooflessness occupation victim of violence internal migrant rooflessness Alberto occupation internal migrant rooflessness occupation occupation occupation roofed occupation formalisation occupation stability militante activism occupation eviction rooflessness rooflessness occupation occupation occupation roofed stability occupation occupation occupation occupation roofed activism roofed occupation occupation occupation occupation occupation formalisation roofed occupation occupation occupation occupation activism occupation roofed stability occupation victim of violence rooflessness internal migrant homeownership stability occupation internal migrant activism Renato Grindelia homeownership occupation homeownership occupation occupation occupation roofed militante occupation occupation homeownership occupation roofed visitor occupation roofed volunteer occupation roofed academia occupation occupation militante occupation occupation homeownership militante visitor occupation homeownershiproofed roofed immigrant born into victim of violence immigrant homeownership Silva occupation occupation occupation homeownership immigrant rooflessness occupation rooflessness rooflessness occupation occupation victim of violence internal migrant occupation formalisation stability born into roofed visitor occupation stability immigrant activism roofed volunteer occupation homeownership rooflessness victim of violence homeownership rooflessness internal migrant occupation occupation activism victim of violence homeownership rooflessness occupation roofed militante academia occupation occupation occupation internal migrant homeownership occupation rooflessness occupation roofed militante visitor occupation roofed militante roofed volunteer visitor occupation roofed visitor roofed volunteer academia occupation roofed roofed academia occupation roofed volunteer roofed academia occupation roofed occupation occupation occupation occupation rooflessness occupation rooflessness occupation militante occupation visitor roofed militante roofed visitor roofed occupation volunteer occupation academia roofed volunteer occupation roofed academia occupation roofed roofed roofed roofed occupation occupation militante visitor volunteer academia occupation occupation formalisation occupation stability occupation activism occupation occupation occupation formalisation occupation stability occupation activism occupation occupation occupation homeownership formalisation homeownership stability homeownership activism homeownership occupation homeownership rooflessness occupation occupation occupation occupation militante occupation visitor militante roofed roofed roofed roofed occupation occupation roofed roofed formalisation roofed stability occupation occupation activism occupation occupation occupation occupation occupation occupation occupation occupation roofed occupation occupation volunteer occupation occupation visitor academia volunteer occupation homeownership occupation occupation rooflessness occupation rooflessness occupation Rafael occupation formalisation homeownership occupation rooflessness occupation internal migrant occupation formalisation stability homeownership occupation occupation rooflessness homeownership occupation stability homeownership activism occupation occupation occupation homeownership activism occupation occupation militante occupation roofed occupationoccupation homeownership occupation occupation Hamena occupation occupation roofed militante occupation occupation roofed militante visitor occupation roofed volunteer visitor roofed volunteer academia occupation roofed roofed roofed roofed visitor militante volunteer visitor occupation occupation occupation occupation occupation roofed roofed eviction academia volunteer rooflessness occupation occupation occupation roofed eviction eviction discrimination academia rooflessness rooflessness occupationdiscrimination roofed occupation eviction born into occupationdiscrimination academia rooflessness rooflessness rooflessness rooflessness occupation occupation occupation occupation occupation discrimination born into born into immigrant rooflessness rooflessness immigrant occupation born into victim of violence occupation immigrant occupation occupation occupation occupation immigrant victim of violence victim of violence internal migrant rooflessness rooflessness occupation internal migrant victim of violence occupation internal migrant rooflessness rooflessness rooflessness rooflessness rooflessness occupation occupation internal migrant homeownership formalisation stability Marcia homeownership activism homeownership occupation homeownership homeownership roofed roofed roofed roofed homeownership eviction militante visitor worker visitor volunteer roofed roofed roofed roofed volunteer visitor academia volunteer occupation occupation occupation occupation roofed academia occupation occupation rooflessness rooflessness born into rooflessness rooflessness immigrant occupation occupation rooflessness occupation occupation rooflessness occupation homeownership occupation occupation homeownership militante roofed temporal housing occupation roofed visitor roofed militante roofed roofed roofed roofed roofed roofed volunteer visitor roofed academia volunteer roofed roofed academia occupation occupation rooflessness occupation occupation rooflessness occupation occupation occupation occupation occupation occupation occupation occupation occupation occupation militante occupation occupation occupation occupation visitor occupation occupation volunteer occupation occupation academia occupation occupation formalisation homeownership formalisation occupation rooflessness eviction stability homeownership homeownership formalisation stability occupation discrimination rooflessness rooflessness eviction activism stability homeownership occupation activism born into rooflessness discrimination rooflessness occupation homeownership occupation occupation activism immigrant rooflessness born into homeownership rooflessness occupation rooflessness victim of violence immigrant rooflessness occupation rooflessness internal migrant rooflessness victim of violence occupation rooflessness internal migrant occupation occupation eviction roofed discrimination roofed roofed born into roofed roofed immigrant roofed roofed victim of violence roofed internal migrant occupation eviction rooflessness occupation rooflessness discrimination occupation rooflessness occupation born into rooflessness occupation born into 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occupation occupation occupation occupation occupation occupation occupation Volunteer formalisation at Cozinha stability formalisation Solidaria (MTST) activism stability occupation stability occupation homeownership activism occupation militante occupation roofed activism occupation occupation homeownership occupation occupation visitor roofed occupation militante homeownership occupation roofed rooflessness eviction rooflessness rooflessness discrimination immigrant born into rooflessness victim of violence victim immigrant rooflessness of violence Cecilia formalisation rooflessness internal migranthomeownership rooflessness victim of violence internal migrant occupation activism occupation occupation volunteer academia academia roofed discrimination eviction born into discrimination occupation occupation occupation militante occupation rooflessness rooflessness rooflessness occupation formalisation homeownership occupation occupation formalisation homeownership stability occupation 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militante occupation roofed occupation immigrant rooflessness occupation occupation victim discrimination occupation of violence rooflessness occupation rooflessness internal migrant occupation visitor roofed rooflessness victim of violence occupation formalisation homeownership occupation rooflessness occupation occupation born into occupation internal migrant rooflessness volunteer occupation roofed Catarina Joana rooflessness occupation internal migrant formalisation occupation occupation occupation stability homeownership occupation occupation immigrant rooflessness academia occupation roofed occupation stability occupation homeownership occupation occupation victim of violence occupation rooflessness activism occupation formalisation homeownership occupation occupation rooflessness occupation homeownership occupation occupation internal migrant activism occupation occupation rooflessness occupation rooflessness 62 born into immigrant occupation rooflessness born into homeownership 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occupation roofed rooflessness rooflessness immigrant stability occupation occupation occupation occupation rooflessness rooflessness occupation rooflessness occupation rooflessness rooflessness rooflessness rooflessness rooflessness discrimination born into internal migrant occupation immigrant born into victim of violence occupation immigrant internal migrant occupation victim of violence occupation occupation rooflessness occupation occupation occupation occupation occupation rooflessness occupation homeownership rooflessness eviction homeownership rooflessness discrimination occupation rooflessness rooflessness rooflessness rooflessness rooflessness occupation occupation rooflessness eviction immigrant rooflessness rooflessness occupation rooflessness occupation rooflessness Volunteer rooflessness discrimination occupation eviction born into occupation discrimination victim of violence Ivanildo eviction eviction discrimination occupation rooflessness militante occupation rooflessness visitor militante rooflessness volunteer visitor rooflessness academia volunteer rooflessness academia rooflessness Lexia homeownership occupation homeownership occupation occupation occupation occupation homeownership occupation occupation occupation occupation occupation occupation occupation occupation formalisation occupation occupation occupation occupation stability formalisation activism stability occupation occupation occupation occupation occupation occupation occupation occupation occupation occupation occupation occupation occupation occupation occupation occupation occupation occupation activism occupation formalisation occupation stability occupation activism occupation occupation occupation militante occupation roofed visitor occupation roofed volunteer occupation homeownership roofed academia occupation occupation homeownership stability homeownership F. 30. Identified links of trajectories in the Occupations and Movements activism roofed Source: Author (2024). occupation homeownership homeownership 63 occupation Resident. Ice Cream Vendor, Student Studying Medicine. SUNDAY LUNCH She lives in the ocupação 9 de Julho. Participates in the Sunday Lunches by selling icre cream. She previously lived in a temporary housing in the city center but due to the living conditions and costs, she moved to the ocupação. She is a medicine student now. how frequented are the Sunday lunches by a huge diversity of people living in São Paulo, many coming from different places of the country, others Paulistas and others members of other occupations. On Sunday 28th April, we attended a Sunday lunch at the 9 de Julho occupation. This proved once more how important the creative occupations and practices are for the collision of trajectories, legacies and a further visibilisation and legitimisation of the movements. The collective kitchen in 9 de Julho has been running since 2017, opening every Sunday, gathering people for more than just food, but creating a programme containing concerts, workshops, and many other activities that support the movement’s visibility. All of these act as protection against eviction and the criminalisation of housing movements through guaranteeing the support of a large section of society. F. 31. Sunday Lunch Activities at the Ocupação 9 de Julho Source: By Author (2024). During the activity, we immersed ourselves in feeling the space and interacting with people, while posing the question “What is your story?”. Visitor. Fashion Designer. Resident. Product Designer. Fashion designer from the north of Brazil and currently working for a menswear brand in São Paulo. He comes to sunday lunch because he likes meeting people and getting inspiration. He lives in the 9 de Julho Occupation and is a main designer of MSTC cultural and creative products. He likes to use the elements of MSTC and to explore new and natural materials in his design. This led to conversations where we got to understand more of their stories and realized 64 65 Response 2 “I am 26, I came to São Paulo to study when I was 17 to study. I am from Capixaba.” F. 32. Sunday lunch activity Source: Author (2024). Response 1 “I was born in the mountains, I grew up in the Atlantic forest. Abundant life, but without access to study and work, I came to SP to study, I intend to return to the Atlantic.” F. 34. Sunday Lunch Activities at the Ocupação 9 de Julho Source: By Author (2024). Response 3 “I am a son of a solo mother, retired skater, nutritionist and Paulista. I come here because I like to meet people and know new foods”. F. 33. Sunday Lunch Activity: Open Question and Responses Source: By Author (2024). 66 67 7.3. MAIN QUESTION: WHAT IS THE LEGACY OF CREATIVE OCCUPATIONS & TRAJECTORIES IN A CONTEXT OF THROWNTOGETHERNESS? While considering the design of strategies to increase the visibility of occupations and emphasize the importance of trajectories within them, our positionality as academics was constantly considered. There was a mutual recognition that we as academics too collide within the occupation, but we collide in a way that is largely absent from the struggle for housing rights in Brazil. legacies trajectories the occupation TIME Ultimately, the legacy of creative occupations and trajectories culminate in visibility for the occupation. Visibility both for the movement, exposing it to the outside world- and the visibility of individual stories, promoting intraoccupation solidarity. 7.4. REFLECTING ON THE POSSIBILITIES OF AN INTERVENTION intend to reflect on our roles as outsiders colliding with the occupation. Nonetheless, from our observations, insights, and interactions, key consideration is given to the actions, emotions, and trajectories of those who struggle every day within these spaces. We embrace their vocabularies, ideas, and principles, while intending to respectfully incorporate these into our strategies. As such, we carry with us our privileges of coming from a colonial institution and Equally, creative occupations and trajectories are demonstrably interlinked. It is impossible for this form of creative occupations to occur without the creative people who occupy it. Where trajectories collide in the occupation, they encourage and co-create new creative displays, products and artforms, which ultimately go beyond trajectories to represent the occupation. These creative processes encourage new visitors, occupants and interactions to keep fulfilling this cycle of visibility, building legitimisation and protection, continuing to build a legacy of creative occupations and trajectories. The legacy of these colliding talents and creative forms is a cycle of visibility that continuously positively reinforces multiple facets of the occupation. They provide security to the tenure of occupants by providing services beyond this community extending to residents. Moreover, they provide visibility to politicians and the media, presenting an (unfortunately necessary) human face for the occupation. 68 69 CREATING SPACES OF COLLISION Source: By Author (2024). 70 71 8.CREATING SPACES FOR TRAJECTORIES TO COLLIDE HOW ARE THE INTERVENTIONS STRUCTURED? INTERVENTION 1 : “PLAYING BY PHASES” PHASES OF INTERVENTION PHASE 1 PHASE STRATEGIES In this way, the proposal aims, through various means and on different scales, to leave a legacy in both the learning from individual trajectories and the legitimization of the movements and their occupations. PHASE 3 OCCUPATION AS A THOROUGHFARE SCALES OF INTERVENTION MEDIUM ZOOM IN The overall proposal aims to encourage the collision of these trajectories, which have proven to be crucial for the development of the movements. It seeks to continue raising awareness and to strengthen the existing bonds within the occupations and among the allies. 2 BUILDING THE STAIRS CAR PARK CONVERSION How people influence or are directly influenced by the intervention? ZOOM OUT The intended use of the intervention in the immediate vicinity of the occupation or in a short term period of time. How the intervention intends to increase visibility on a city-scale? Recognizing the city impact and possibilities for replicability Designing possible scenarios PROPOSAL Creating opportunities for spaces (virtual or physical) of collision of trajectories INTERVENTION 2 : “RECIPE BOOK OF TRAJECTORIES” TYPES OF INTERVENTION OBJECTIVES INTERVENTION A VISIBILITY towards individual trajectories Tools to manifest VISIBILITY towards and reinforce the outside world COLLECTIVITY inside the occupations COLLECTIVITY within different movements and members Accompany the occupations’ LEGALISATION process BY 1 INTERVENTION : “Playing by phases” INTERVENTION 2 STRATEGIES WITHIN THE OCCUPATION INTERVENTION B SUNDAY LUNCHES INTERVENTION SCALES OF INTERVENTION ZOOM IN MEDIUM How people influence or are directly influenced by the intervention? The intended use of the intervention in the process of interaction with other occupations : “Recipe book of trajectories” ZOOM OUT How the intervention intends to increase visibility on a city-scale? 72 C SOLIDARITY KITCHENS 73 8.1. INTERVENTION 1: “PLAYING BY PHASES” INSPIRATION GENERAL DESCRIPTION The intervention is inspired by Dona Carmen Silva’s proposal of opening the Ocupação 9 de Julho, connecting Aveida 9 de Julho with Rua Alvaro de Carvalho. The intervention consists of the construction of a “playground” that is developed incrementally. We consider the playground to be an element that includes children and adults, residents and the external public. The intervention “Playing by Phases” seeks to accompany this process, which involves opening the occupation’s walls and incrementally creating active spaces that allow for: • • According to our observations in the area, the existence of play spaces Gradual development where the occupation’s residents can feel comfortable, especially regarding privacy. An adaptation process where both residents and the external public can gradually become accustomed to interaction processes. • A process that also supports the small “achievements” of the movement, which aim to achieve full legalization and ownership of the property. 1 PHASE 2 PHASE 3 Process of opening of the thoroughfare Opening up the parking space for visitors and transforming it in a playful interaction for kids and adults alike. The second stage would be the improvement of the connection between the existing cultural courtyard space and the new playground. The third stage allows a walking route across the two entrances of the site, allowing connections and collisions throughout. Small victories, recognitions & legalisation for children is scarce, so a space of this type allows for the creation of bonds among people of different ages. A project with the potential for constant change. • PHASE formalisation of workshops recognition of the Re-Ocupa Gallery retrofit of the building visibility legitimisation On one hand, it promotes the cultural and artistic side of the area, and on the other, it offers a safe recreational space where diverse trajectories can converge. The dynamic playground becomes the physical space where these trajectories collide, as people interact with each other, whether they pass through the area or go directly to it. 74 75 improving the infrastructure total formalisation of the occupation ? PHASE While advocating for the phased strategy, we recognise that the implementation of these strategies may come with certain trade-offs for the residents of the occupation. Indeed, in phase one, there is the suggestion for decreased parking space to accommodate the playground. This may result in some residents needing to park beyond the confines of the car park. 1 PARTIAL CAR PARK CONVERSION the playground as a milestone ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS total formalisation of the occupation ZOOM IN MEDIUM Bahia ribbons allow for each participant to make their trajectory visible, writing their recipes, stories, inspirations, and connections on the Bahia ribbon. These ribbons, representing people’s trajectories together allow for a greater visualisation of the collectivity of the struggle in occupations. This parallels the symbolic shelters of the Lelia Gonzales occupation. On a neighbourhood level, the playground and the Bahia ribbons will continue the positive legacy of 9 de Julho in changing perceptions of occupations. The playground will encourage neighbours from around the occupation to visit, not for cultural purposes or activism, but out of the necessity of a safe place for kids to play. physical ‘collision’ with trajectories, as people can interact with them as they pass through/ into the site. This invites new trajectories into the site and exposes them to the many stories that present themselves on each ribbon. This creates a People within the occupation, particularly parents and children will have better access to an area specifically designed for them. This playful intervention which a co-design process will give ownership over will enable a stronger place for children in the occupation. F. 35. Intervention One: Phase One: Car Park Conversion Source: By Author. F. 36. Intervention One: Phase One: Mapping the Radius of Recognition Source: By Author (2024). 76 77 ? Equally, access to this space will not be limited to residents, but rather open to the public as an interface between the occupation and its surrounds. This has implications on the privacy and intimacy of the site for residents. This tends to be a recurring theme in terms of the negative repercussions arising from opening up the site. While residents are able to benefit from the visibility generated and the subsequent contributions to the legalisation process- public access reduces residents’ ability to feel ownership over the space. This would also warrant considerations about safety and security in the space. While the current confines of the site allow a safe space for children to play, public access may reduce parents confidence in allowing their children out in the courtyard and playground. ZOOM OUT Looking towards a wider implication, the Bahia ribbons represent a colourful intervention that is easily replicable beyond the confounds of 9 de Julho. Under the instruction of 9 de Julho, it is easy for these to extend to other occupations to bring further levels of visibility in each of these places. There is the possibility for this type of installation to transcend the physical and become part of the online realm for further visibility. A digital scan of each Bahia ribbon allows for further acknowledgement and visibility through a different platform. This extends the opportunities for visibility far beyond the local and neighbourhood levels. Akin to the symbolic shelters of the Lelia Gonzalez occupation, the Bahia ribbons can be projects which interconnect occupations, creating networks where people can be more aware of people’s struggles between ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1 F. 38. Intervention in Occupation next to praça Ouvidor Pachêco e Silva, 102 Source: By Author. Use of the occupations or the public spaces next to occupations for visbilising the interventions 2 occupations, thereby inhibiting potentials for communication and allowing for greater co-creation between occupations. Source: By Author. F. 39. Intervention One: Phase One: Intervention in Occupation at R. Conselheiro Crispiniano, 370 Source: By Author. 78 79 PHASE 2 BUILDING THE STAIRS ZOOM IN legal recognition of the playground total formalisation of the occupation Better connections between the existing site and the spatial intervention- plays both a physical bridging role but also a symbolic role of reducing barriers to play, to histories, to connectivity, but also to legalisation. The stairs themselves provide new canvases for murals and expression which are throughout the site. The verticality of the stairs increases visibility from 9 de Julho itself and presents further opportunities for alternative ideas of occupation to occur on these steps. Our proposal- largely through the playground and elements of play, would incorporate slides and climbing walls into this to continue to change perceptions of the site and provide places for children. MEDIUM ZOOM OUT By this point it is hoped that the playground would be established within the neighbourhood as a good place to come with children. We intend for stage two to exacerbate the good intentions of the first stage, and hopefully have legal recognition of the playground by the government. This would parallel with the community garden as a recognized site of urban agriculture by the government. Therefore, any additions to this playground would be well received and further contribute to visibility amongst parents, particularly through word-ofmouth, social media content etc. The stairs would be architecturally significant for São Paulo and bring attention to the creative use of space. The innovative design elements can attract attention and begin to make the occupation a landmark in the city. This novel project thereby can attract media interest, akin to those seen in the creative responses to geography in places such as Medellin. The legal recognition of the playground as a space for play raises the profile of MSTC occupations and thereby acts as a method of protection from eviction. On Sundays, the use of these stairs would open the site to visitors from both edges. People would be able to come from the 9 de Julho side, via the playground and the Bahia ribbons. This would enable greater access and bring new demographics to the Sunday events. These stairs would function as improved access to the car park and would be less steep and more accessible than the current existing stairs. They can double as a relaxing place in the evening, maintaining the trees which frame the site. F. 40. Intervention One: Phase Two: Opening up the Staircase Source: By Author. 80 81 ? PHASE The idea of opening the site also comes with consideration of the extent of the proposed thoroughfare’s public access. For example, is it public for 24 hours of the day? Would military police be responsible for the areas policing or contracted/activist security? Where would be off limits for the public or resident exclusive? We acknowledge that these are key questions that should be discussed in-depth alongside the feelings of residents', as the phases of the strategy are undertaken. 3 OCCUPATION AS A THOROUGHFARE ZOOM IN legal recognition of the thoroughfare as a public street total formalisation of the occupation The creation of a thoroughfare through the site will bring opportunities for enhanced connectivity between its two sides. Utilising the new stairs, residents of the occupation will be more able to utilise the entrance onto 9 de Julho while maintaining the symbolic blocked entryway that exists at the front of the building. The thoroughfare, proposed initially by Carmen Silva, opens the opportunity for increased visibility into life in the occupation, contributing to a change in perception away from the fortified image occupations may have. MEDIUM ZOOM OUT At the medium scale, the thoroughfare would be beneficial to the surrounding neighbourhoods as a safe cut-through between the avenues the 9 de Julho occupation is positioned between. This would draw parallels with the surrounding private developments which have limited access to non-residents. The opening of the site represents a first for occupations. This intervention seeks to collide with the formalisation/legalisation of the housing within the 9 de Julho occupation. A public route symbolises openness and equitable spaces, and can be useful for demonstrating what occupations are like on a municipal level, despite their locality. The successful integration of this walking path through the site can influence policy within other occupations, and tests out a model for alternative forms of occupation, whereby the public is welcomed to enter. This integrates the occupation into the urban fabric of the neighbourhood and becomes a part of the day-to-day for many in the area. This normalization can lead to greater acceptance and support from the broader community and the municipality. It parallels other routes, including the R. Avanhandava, as a product of the community and public access. This would bring more attention to local crafts, the kitchen and shop, as the public would be able to walk through the site and see many of these composite parts of the occupation. This increased visibility can lead to economic opportunities for the residents of the occupation including street vendors and community enterprises. Inhabitants of the occupation would be able to maintain continued ownership over what is seen by passers through, in terms of the decoration and routing. F. 41. Intervention One: Phase Three: Connecting Both Accesses of the Site Source: By Author. F. 42. Intervention One: opening the playground Source: By Author. 82 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 83 8.2. INTERVENTION 2: “RECIPE BOOK OF TRAJECTORIES” INSPIRATION GENERAL DESCRIPTION The role of community kitchens proves to be crucial in fostering a sense of collectivity. From the very beginning of the occupation, food distribution points and communal cooking pots became essential not only for their practical purposes but also as moments of unity and support. The act of cooking transformed into an event where both culinary knowledge and life experiences were shared. The “Recipe Book of Trajectories” is not just about a product but a process through which situations of solidarity, learning, knowledge exchange, and new relationships are generated. It is a process in which the stories behind the recipes, the trajectories, and the experiences are known, interpreted through narration and drawings. The compilation of the Magazine seeks to find recipes that are shared during Sunday lunches at the Ocupação 9 de Julho, by the various solidarity kitchens in different movements in São Paulo, as well as by the members of the movements themselves. It became evident that each recipe carried a story, from the origins of the ingredients to the hands and interactions that brought the dish to life. Additionally, the Sunday lunches highlighted the significance of understanding the provenance of the ingredients and the dishes themselves, allowing us to explore foreign cuisines and regional dishes from various parts of Brazil. This insight inspired the creation of a “Recipe Book of Trajectories.” The intervention is captured in a magazine, which allows the recipes and stories to be renewed periodically, taking into account new members of the occupations. INTERVENTION A INTERVENTION B C Simultaneous processes The first intervention refers to the sharing of recipes between the members of the occupations & the people in charge of the building’s kitchens. new magazine issue The second intervention refers to the invitation of interactions and workshops at the Sunday Lunch at the Ocupacao 9 de Julho. The third intervention refers to the sharing of recipes and stories between the Cozinhas Solidárias (MTST) in the city. compilation of material learning through interactions sharing stories capturing stories visibility / destigmatisation 84 INTERVENTION 85 publication ? INTERVENTION A INTERVENTION WITHIN THE OCCUPATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We hope for these events and workshops remain flexible to the diverse population inhabiting the occupations and Movements. Story telling and painting are activities that should include children, young and old people, all genders, all being able to contribute in different ways. B SUNDAY LUNCH AND COMMUNITY WORKSHOPS ZOOM IN MEDIUM ZOOM IN The first intervention aims to create moments where, using the existing spaces in the occupations, members can share their recipes through storytelling. At the same time, certain people from the group can be chosen to interpret the illustrations, be the artists, while others narrate their stories and recipes. On a further scale, this compilation of stories and recipes per occupation also aims to expand among occupations. In this way, meeting points are created between different occupations, even between different movements, in order to generate workshops accompanied by drawings and narrations. Additionally, these activities and meeting points can occur between the residents of the occupations and the people who work in the kitchens of each of these. In many cases, those who work in the kitchens will also be residents. The expansion of the activity across different movements and occupations is sought as it allows for parallel and similar stories of struggle to be found. Sunday lunches are ideal moments to share recipes with the outside public who visit this event. Furthermore, in an event where there is already visibility towards the movement and its actions, these types of activities will have even more visibility, especially with the outside public. Each visitor is able to share their experiences in the kitchen and recipes, alongside the people from the occupation or even among themselves. It could also be about their favorite dishes at Sunday lunches. F. 43. Intervention Two: Phase One: Sharing recipes amongst members of occupation and organisers of kitchen Source: By Author. 86 F. 44. Intervention Two: Phase Two: Sharing recipes at Sunday Luncha and Community Workshops Source: By Author. 87 INTERVENTION C INTERVENTIONS COZINHA SOLIDARIA A, B & C ZOOM IN MEDIUM ZOOM OUT The third intervention aims to promote interaction and exchange within the Cozinha Solidaria. This involves not only the people who work in them, the volunteers, and coordinators, but also the outside public who eats there. The type of interactions that occur during these moments may differ from those at Sunday lunches, as in many cases, they involve diners who go frequently and with whom there is likely already an established connection. On a medium scale, the aim is for different stories and recipes to be exchanged in common spaces among the various Cozinhas solidarias of São Paulo. This also opens up the possibility not only of learning about new trajectories but also of creating moments of connection and even activities such as competitions between kitchens or outdoor events. On a larger scale, the three interventions come together to compile all the material, narratives, and drawings created by members, residents, volunteers, and the public involved in the occupations and movements. The aim at this scale is to publish a magazine twice a year, continually updated with new stories, new members, and new visitors. 1. During the Sunday Lunch, much like the cups used as merchandise, the magazine can be distributed at a very low cost. 2. It can also be made available at kiosks and sales points to the general public. 3. Finally, it should be distributed for free among the occupations, ensuring that everyone can see the results of their work, their stories, and those of others within the occupations. The distribution of these magazines can operate in several ways: F. 45. Intervention Two: Phase Three: Sharing Recipes and Documenting them in a Magazine with Artists Source: By Author. F. 46. Intervention Two: Envisioned Reognition, Outreach and Impact Source: By Author. 88 89 F. 47. Intervention Two: Magazine “Recipe Book of Trajectories” Source: By Author (2024). 90 91 FINAL THOUGHTS Source: Pérez (2024). 92 93 In the highly politicised context of occupations, the pursuit of visibility and legitimisation has forged a collective wherein each individual trajectory is valued. Wherein every collision of talent- of history- of trajectory- is underpinned by the political struggle for rights, and every act on behalf of the individual is an act laden with activism for the cause. As demonstrated, this has manifested itself in a multitude of creative ways, acting profoundly as methods of protection from the authorities, enabling the survival of the occupations by justifying an alternative viewpoint of these spaces. These creative occupations have manifested themselves as spaces of artistic and political sanctuary from the outside world, albeit containers for the perpetual struggle for housing rights. The occupations are essential in the advocacy for housing formalisation, bringing vital attention to Brazilians’ constitutional right to housing by highlighting of its occupants’ trajectories, skills and talents. Throughout the entire experience, the crucial role played by creative occupations as mechanisms of collectivity, resistance, and visibility became clear. Their legacy, fully embedded in life trajectories, becomes part of the process of seeking legitimacy for the movement. Seeking to continue this legacy, the interventions proposed allow for the messages of the movement to transcend the occupations limited influence in the São Paulo downtown area, to expand the capacities of MSTC’s visibility making to a much higher level. The simple interventions of a playground and a recipe book really begin to subvert the expectations of what an occupation is or can be. It continues a long legacy of the 9 de Julho occupation of pushing these boundaries, bringing newcomers to the movement physically and politically. The interventions propose an interscalarity that allows the smaller expressions to have a larger implication to a city level. The entire OPE experience demonstrated the great importance of flexibility and adaptability during the work of urban practitioners. Thus, the initial approaches that were set from London laid the foundations for our initial guidelines; however, they had to be adapted and, in some cases, replaced by other ways of approaching conversations. Occupations will inevitably remain spaces of continued collision- spaces of throwntogetherness. Nevertheless, how collision manifests as activism and creative occupation of space will continue to evolve as new trajectories bring new perspectives. Indeed, these are spaces where togetherness is constantly made and remade again. 94 REFERENCES 01. Alma Preta Jornalismo (2022). Ocupação 9 de Julho. https://www.youtube. com/watch?v=1Bt5JSwH9NM 02. Bosmans, C. & De Beukelaer, K. (2016). Occupying Central São Paulo: the protourbanisms of urban movements. Components and Constellations of a Self-Constructed City. MSc of Urbanism and Strategic Planning. University of KU Leuven. https://issuu.com/kathleendb/docs/ the_proto-urbanisms_of_urban_moveme 03. Bùe. M. (2021). 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