Genocide and its Threat to Contemporary International Order

New Security Challenges Series General Editor: Stuart Croft, Professor of International Security in the Department of Politics and International Studies at the University of Warwick, UK, and Director of the ESRC’s New Security Challenges Programme. The last decade demonstrated that threats to security vary greatly in their causes and manifestations, and that they invite interest and demand responses from the social sciences, civil society and a very broad policy community. In the past, the avoidance of war was the primary objective, but with the end of the Cold War the retention of military defence as the centrepiece of international security agenda became untenable. There has been, therefore, a significant shift in emphasis away from traditional approaches to security to a new agenda that talks of the softer side of security, in terms of human security, economic security and environmental security. The topical New Security Challenges series reflects this pressing political and research agenda. Titles include: Abdul Haqq Baker EXTREMISTS IN OUR MIDST Confronting Terror Jon Coaffee, David Murakami Wood and Peter Rogers THE EVERYDAY RESILIENCE OF THE CITY How Cities Respond to Terrorism and Disaster Tom Dyson NEOCLASSICAL REALISM AND DEFENCE REFORM IN POST-COLD WAR EUROPE Håkan Edström, Janne Haaland Matlary and Magnus Petersson (editors) NATO: THE POWER OF PARTNERSHIPS Hakan Edström and Dennis Gyllensporre (editors) PURSUING STRATEGY NATO Operations from the Gulf War to Gaddafi Christopher Farrington (editor) GLOBAL CHANGE, CIVIL SOCIETY AND THE NORTHERN IRELAND PEACE PROCESS Implementing the Political Settlement Adrian Gallagher GENOCIDE AND ITS THREAT TO CONTEMPORARY INTERNATIONAL ORDER Kevin Gillan, Jenny Pickerill and Frank Webster ANTI-WAR ACTIVISM New Media and Protest in the Information Age Andrew Hill RE-IMAGINING THE WAR ON TERROR Seeing, Waiting, Travelling Andrew Hoskins and Ben O’Loughlin TELEVISION AND TERROR Conflicting Times and the Crisis of News Discourse Paul Jackson and Peter Albrecht RECONSTRUCTING SECURITY AFTER CONFLICT Security Sector Reform in Sierra Leone Bryan Mabee THE GLOBALIZATION OF SECURITY State Power, Security Provision and Legitimacy Janne Haaland Matlary EUROPEAN UNION SECURITY DYNAMICS In the New National Interest Michael Pugh, Neil Cooper and Mandy Turner (editors) WHOSE PEACE? CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF PEACEBUILDING Brian Rappert and Chandré Gould (editors) BIOSECURITY Origins, Transformations and Practices Brian Rappert BIOTECHNOLOGY, SECURITY AND THE SEARCH FOR LIMITS An Inquiry into Research and Methods Brian Rappert (editor) TECHNOLOGY AND SECURITY Governing Threats in the New Millenium Ali Tekin and Paul Andrew Williams GEO-POLITICS OF THE EURO-ASIA ENERGY NEXUS The European Union, Russia and Turkey Lisa Watanabe SECURING EUROPE Mark Webber, James Sperling and Martin A. Smith NATO’s POST-COLD WAR TRAJECTORY Decline or Regeneration New Security Challenges Series Series Standing Order ISBN 978 0–230–00216–6 (hardback) and ISBN 978–0–230–00217–3 (paperback) You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with your name and address, the title of the series and the ISBN quoted above. Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, England Genocide and its Threat to Contemporary International Order Adrian Gallagher Adrian Gallagher © 2013 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2013 978-1-137-28025-1 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2013 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-44759-6 DOI 10.1057/9781137280268 ISBN 978-1-137-28026-8 (eBook) This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 For Catherine Gallagher This page intentionally left blank Contents viii Acknowledgements 1 Introduction 1 2 Words Matter: Genocide and the Definitional Debate 13 3 Genocide and the Three Traditions 40 4 Genocide and International Legitimacy 58 5 The Impact of Genocide on International Order 89 6 The Responsibility to Protect 122 7 The Three Traditions Revisited 145 8 Conclusion: Answering the ‘East Tennessee Question’ 167 Notes 175 Bibliography 209 Index 227 vii Acknowledgements I would like to take this opportunity to thank former supervisors, colleagues, scholars, family, and friends for helping make this book possible. The book stems from an ESRC-funded PhD which I completed in October 2010, in the Department of Politics at the University of Sheffield. I am eternally grateful for the supervisory guidance of Garret W. Brown and Rhiannon Vickers who provided me with a constant source of support and detailed feedback on an endless number of draft chapters. In addition to this, I am grateful to Andrew Vincent whose helpful discussions over the years helped me develop my thinking on this subject matter. As part of the doctoral process, I was privileged to obtain advice and feedback from Brian White and Ian Clark who acted as my internal and external examiners. For this I owe special thanks. On that note, I would also like to thank the ‘powers that be’ for providing me with the funding lifeline without which the project would not have been possible. Between 2007 and 2010 I was an active member of the Sheffield Centre for the Study of Genocide and Mass Violence. The centre hosted an ongoing Genocide Lecture Series in which leading genocide scholars from around the world presented their studies. The centre provided me with the opportunity to present my research to experts in the field and as a result provided me with an invaluable resource. With this in mind, I would like to thank Juergen Zimmerer, David Patrick, Ugur Üngör, Henning Piper, Mark Levene, Linda Melvern, and Paul Behrans who helped create a vibrant research centre. Furthermore, many of them took the time to offer me thoughtful comments which helped me understand the interdisciplinary complexities involved in this project. Finally, I would like to thank my family and friends for putting up with all things genocide-related over the last few years and for providing me with a much-needed ‘genocide-free zone’. For this, and much more, I am truly thankful. Special thanks go to my parents, Catherine and Patrick, and to my brothers Kieran and Damien. viii