The Southeast Asian Journal of Midwifery Vol. 4, No.1, March, 2018, p: 32-39
E-ISSN: 2476-9720
P-ISSN: 2476-9738
Factors Associated with Basic Immunization Status
of Infants
Dewi Novitasari Suhaid1, Fransisca Faranita2
1,2 Midwifery
Diploma Program, Sint Carolus School of Health Sciences
ARTICLE INFORMATION
Article Trace:
Submission: January 02, 2018
Final Revision: March 12, 2018
Available online: March 20, 2018
Key word:
Basic immunization of infants, occupation,
education, knowledge, attitude
Contact:
dewinovitasari@gmail.com
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ABSTRACT
Immunization is an attempt to actively boost a person's immunity against
a disease, so that if one day exposed to the disease will not get sick or just
experience mild illness. Immunization is routinely divided into primary
immunization and continued immunization. Basic immunization is given
to infants aged 0 to 1 year, where as advanced immunization is a repeat
immunization intended to maintain immunity level or to prolong the
period of protection. Further immunization is given when primary
immunization is given first, and is given at the age of toddlers and at
school age.
This research is cross-sectional study. The dependent variable in this
study is the basic immunization status of infants, while the independent
variables include age, education level, occupation, knowledge and
attitude. The sample of this research is mothers with children aged 12-24
months totaling 250 respondents. Instrument of data collection using
questionnaire and health record of baby. The data transformation uses the
data normality test and Rasch model. Data analysis technique using Chi
Square test and logistic regression test.
The result of data analysis showed that there was a significant correlation
between occupation (p <0,05, PR = 1,864; 95% CI = 1,121-3,097),
education level (p <0,05; PR = 3,438; 95% CI = 1,671- 7,074), knowledge
(p <0,05, PR = 2,653; 95% CI 1,580-4,455) and attitude (p <0,05, PR =
3,202; 95% CI = 1,897-5,405) with infant immunization status. Age has
no significant relationship with the basic immunization status of infants.
Conclusions coverage of basic infant immunization completeness in this
area is still low that is equal to 42,4%. Attitude is the most dominant
factor associated with the basic immunization status of infants.
32
Dewi Novitasari Suhaid, M.Keb1, Fransisca Faranita, SST2
Factors Associated With Basic Immunization Status Of Infants
The government policy of 0-11 months of age
is mandatory for complete basic immunization
consisting of 1 dose of Hepatitis B, 1 dose of
BCG, 3 doses of DPT-Hepatitis B, 4 polio
doses, and 1 dose of measles. Percentage of
immunization by its highest to present lows in
Indonesia is BCG (77.9%), Measles (74.4%),
Polio 4 (66.7%), and lowest DPT-HB 3
(61.19%). For national and global targets to
achieve eradication, elimination and reduction
of PD3I, immunization coverage should be
maintained high and evenly until it reaches a
high level of population immunity. Efforts are
made to help the achievement of growth and
infant health to adult high quality. According
to WHO data about 194 developed and
developing countries continue to perform
routine immunization in infants and children .
Developed countries with good levels of
nutrition and the environment continue to
routinely immunize all of their babies, as they
are proven beneficial to immunized infants and
prevent the spread of surrounding children.
Every years about 85-95% of babies in those
countries are routinely immunized, while the
remainder have not been immunized because
of certain diseases, access to immunization
services, distance barriers, geographic,
security, socio-economic and so on.
Immunization is not only a health program in
Indonesia but also a world program (WHO).
There is no vaccine or drug that is 100% safe
from risk factors, but in general, safe
immunization is given, even the benefits
provided are very large compared to existing
risk factors.
BACKGROUND
Progress of a country is built through strategies
to improve human resources through improved
health and welfare. Associated with
development in the health sector then the
strategy is formulated through government
policy with one of the agenda of work is
"Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)".
There are seventeen success indicators of
SDGs that target zero goals for all indicators,
specifically for the health sector focusing on
reducing maternal mortality, infant mortality
and underfive mortality with each target of 70
per 100,000 KH, 12 per 1,000 KH and 25 per
1,000 KH by 2030.
The high rate of infant mortality in Indonesia
is caused by diseases that can be prevented by
immunization,
including
Tuberculosis,
Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus, Hepatitis B,
Polio and Measles. An estimated 1.7 million
(5%) of deaths in infants can be prevented by
immunization.
Immunization is an attempt to actively boost a
person's immunity against a disease, so that if
one day exposed to the disease will not get
sick or just experience mild illness.
Immunization is routinely divided into primary
immunization and continued immunization.
Basic immunization is given to infants aged 0
to 1 year, whereas advanced immunization is a
repeat immunization intended to maintain
immunity level or to prolong the period of
protection. Further immunization is given
when primary immunization is given first, and
is given at the age of toddlers and at school
age.
The purpose of this study was to analyze
factors related to the basic immunization status
of infants including age, occupation, education
level, knowledge and attitude. The final result
is also expected to know the dominant factors
most related to the basic immunization status
of infants.
Immunization should be known by every
family and community, about 3 out of 100
births of children will die of measles, 2 out of
100 births of children will die of whooping
cough, 1 in 100 births of children die of
tetanus disease. And of every 200,000
children, 1 will suffer from polio disease.
Immunization done by giving a particular
vaccine will protect the child against certain
diseases. Although vaccination facilities are
now available in the community, but not all
infants are brought in for complete
immunization.
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METHOD
This research uses observational, analytic,
cross-sectional design. The dependent variable
in this study is the basic immunization status
of infants, while the independent variables
include age, education level, occupation,
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Dewi Novitasari Suhaid, M.Keb1, Fransisca Faranita, SST2
Factors Associated With Basic Immunization Status Of Infants
categorical data, while knowledge and attitude
is variable with numerical data which will be
transformed into categorical data. The
knowledge variable is transformed by using
cut-off point average value because the data
form of normal distributed knowledge
variable. Attitude variables were analyzed with
Rasch model which then used cut off point
average logit value for transformation into
categorical data. Bivariate analysis using chi
square test and multivariate analysis using
logistic regression test
knowledge and attitude. The research was
conducted in Alamendah Village, Rancabali,
Bandung Regency, West Java in OctoberNovember 2017. The sample of this research is
mothers with children aged 12-24 months
totaling 250 respondents. The sample was
chosen by consecutive sampling method. The
data used are primary data to measure the
independent variable and secondary data to
measure the dependent variable. Instrument of
data collection using questionnaire and health
record of baby. The questionnaire contains
questions about the level of knowledge of 20
items and the question of attitude totaling 10
items, both measured by likert scale. The
instrument has passed the test stages of
validity and reliability with Product Moment
test for validity test and Cronbach's Alpha test.
The reliability test analysis earns a value of
0.873.
RESULTS
The research has been conducted on 250
selected respondents with the research
procedure through the agreement to fill
informed consent and answer the questionnaire
available
Data analysis using computerized system. Age
variable, education and occupation are
Table 1. Results Transformation of Knowledge and Attitude Variables
Variable
Knowledge
Attitude
Cut off Point
Mean = 14,7*
Mean (Logit) = 79,89**
SD = 20,26
* Distribution of normal data by Shapiro Wilk analysis
** Analysis with Rasch model
Based on Table 1 it is known that the result of
the transformation of the original knowledge
variable is numerical data into categorical data
using the average value with the consideration
that the data distribution is quite normal. The
result of the transformation of knowledge
variables obtained the measurement of less
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34
knowledge
and
good
knowledge.
Transformation of attitude variable using
Rasch model analysis, got the average value
of logit 79,89 so categorizing attitude variable
got result of 2 scale measure that is not
support attitude and support attitude
Dewi Novitasari Suhaid, M.Keb1, Fransisca Faranita, SST2
Factors Associated With Basic Immunization Status Of Infants
Table 2. Frequency Distribution of Immunization Status of Infant, Age, Occupation, Level
of Education, Knowledge and Attitude
Variable
basic immunization status of infants
Amount (n)
Percentage (%)
complete
106
42,4
incomplete
144
57,6
<20 years and or >35 years
76
30,4
20 – 35 years
174
69,6
No working
124
49,6
Working
126
50,4
Basic education
198
79,2
High education
52
20,8
Less
126
50,4
Good
124
49,6
Does not support
122
48,8
Support
128
51,2
Age
Occupation
Level of education
Knowledge
Attitude
primary education level. Based on the
Indonesian government regulations that the
category of basic education is education up to
the first 9 years is up to the range of junior
high
school
education.
Respondents'
knowledge is mostly 50.4% in less categories,
and 51.2% of respondents support to provide
their children with basic immunization set by
the government.
Based on table 2 it is known that the
description of immunization status in
Alamendah Village, Rancabali, Bandung
Regency West Java in the year 2017 is mostly
have incomplete status (57.65). Most 69.6%
of respondents are in the productive age range
with a minimum health risk of 20-35 years.
Most of the 50.4% of respondents work, with
the results of further study that the work of
respondents, among others, are farmers and
farm laborers. 79.2% of respondents are
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Dewi Novitasari Suhaid, M.Keb1, Fransisca Faranita, SST2
Factors Associated With Basic Immunization Status Of Infants
Table 3. Relationship of Age, Occupation, Education Level, Knowledge and Attitude With
Basic Immunization Status of Infant
Immunization Status
Incomplete
Complete
(n = 144)
(n = 106)
P value
<20 years and or >35 years
34 (44,7%)
42 (55,3%)
0,621
20 – 35 years
72 (41,4%)
102 (58,6%)
No working
62 (50%)
62 (50%)
Working
44 (34,9%)
82 (65,1%)
Basic education
95 (48%)
103 (52%)
High education
11 (21,2%)
41 (78,8%)
Less
68 (54%)
58 (46%)
Good
38 (30,6%)
86 (69,4%)
Does not support
69 (56,6%)
53 (43,3%)
Support
37 (28,9%)
91 (71,1%)
Variable
Age
Occupation
0,016
Level of education
0,000
Knowledge
0,000
Attitude
Based on the analysis presented in Table 3 it
is known that from the 5 factors studied, it
was found that there was only one factor that
did not have a significant relationship to the
basic immunization status of the infant is the
age factor. Although the picture of most
respondents are in the productive age is in the
range of 20-35 years, but the results of the
analysis in the table with the distribution of
categories of completeness immunization
status found that 41.4% of mothers who are in
the age range 20-35 years do not provide
complete immunization to the baby.
The data contained in Table 3 shows that the
working mother group has a larger amount to
provide complete basic immunization to the
baby (65.1%). In line with the description, the
result of bivariate analysis with 95%
confidence level shows the result that
unemployed mother has opportunity to not
give complete basic immunization to the baby
equal to 1,8 times compared with working
mother.
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0,000
PR
(95% CI)
1,147
(0,666-1,975)
1,864
(1,121-3,097)
3,438
(1,671-7,074)
2,653
(1,580-4,455)
3,202
(1,897-5,405)
The strength of exposure to educational level
factors on the basic immunization status of
infants is 3.4 times, which means that mothers
with education up to the primary education
limit have a chance of 3.4 times not to provide
complete immunization to their babies. It also
affects simultaneously to the knowledge
factor. Mothers with less knowledge about
immunization will have a 2.6 times greater
chance of not fully immunizing their babies.
A final analysis of attitude factors showed that
mothers who showed no supportive attitude
toward immunization had an opportunity of
3.2 times not to provide complete
immunization to their infants.
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Dewi Novitasari Suhaid, M.Keb1, Fransisca Faranita, SST2
Factors Associated With Basic Immunization Status Of Infants
Table 4. Logistic Regression Analysis of Work, Level of Education, Knowledge and Attitudes
With Basic Baby Immunization Status
Variable
Koef (β)
SE (β)
Wald
P value
High education
1,341
0,397
11,388
0,001
Working
0,831
0,296
7,876
0,005
Good knowledge
1,157
0,295
15,379
0,000
Support attitude
1,361
0,299
20,780
0,000
0,508
37,807
0,000
Constanta
-3,125
* Analysis with logistic regression
(95%
(1,754(1,285(1,784(2,173-
The results suggest that there is a significant
relationship between the level of education and
knowledge of the basic immunization status of
infants. This is in line with research that has been
done in Angola, Bangladesh, Ethiopia and
several other big cities in Indonesia. The level of
education affects knowledge. According to
Reinberg (2008) it is said that a person's behavior
is influenced by the level of education completed
successfully related to the increase of
information sources that increase knowledge.
Green (1980) states that a person's behavior
related to health status is influenced by
knowledge, attitude, belief as a predisposing
factor to it. All of these factors are related to each
other and support a person to make decisions to
determine what will be given to self or his
family.
DISCUSSION
Immunization is one of the prevention efforts
that can be done to prevent the spread of disease
and is an indicator of the health status of children
in a country. Despite the significant benefits to
immunization as a pre-emptive effort, however,
especially in the country of Indonesia there have
been various issues affecting parents' decision to
immunize their children.
Based on the results of research conducted found
that only 42.4% of children who have complete
basic immunization status in accordance with the
provisions of the government. This data is very
apprehensive when compared with the
government target that determines 90% basic
immunization coverage.
Compliance with prevention behaviors related to
the medical world is a function of beliefs about
health, perceived threats, perceptions of
immunity, consideration of obstacles or losses
(eg cost and time), as well as the benefits of the
effectiveness of the medical advice. Good
knowledge can influence behavior change.
Behavior can be changed by changing
knowledge and attitude. Good knowledge can
influence attitudes and behavior change.
Knowledge is something that is necessary but
generally not enough one factor in changing the
behavior of individuals or groups. In support of
the statement, Notoatmodjo (2010) states that
one's actions on health problems will essentially
be influenced by one's knowledge of the
problem.
The condition is influenced by several factors
such as the result of this research is the work, the
level of education, knowledge and attitude. Work
is closely linked to the economic conditions in
which this will affect the mental preparedness of
the family in accessing healthcare facilities. In
addition, work can provide an individual
opportunity to frequently contact with other
individuals, exchange information and share
experiences with working moms who will have a
wide range of relationships and can exchange
information with colleagues, so that more
exposure to health programs, especially
immunization .
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Exp.B
CI)
3,821
8,324)
2,295
4,100)
3,181
5,671)
3,902
7,006)
37
Dewi Novitasari Suhaid, M.Keb1, Fransisca Faranita, SST2
Factors Associated With Basic Immunization Status Of Infants
Departemen
Kesehatan
RI.
10.1007/s13398-014-0173-7.2.
Social and cultural conditions shape attitudes and
behaviors that affect health status. In this study
almost all respondents embraced Islam and
influenced by Sundanese culture. Based on the
observation is known that most mothers have a
thought to the issue that lately revealed that the
issue of vaccination forbidden given because it
contains substances that can not be given by a
particular religion. Despite having sufficient
knowledge but the influence of religious figures
and spirituality beliefs have an impact on
decisions taken by the family. An emotional life
and a person's inclination to act are also key
components that shape a person's attitude.
Kementerian Kesehatan RI (2017) Profil
Kesehatan Indonesia Tahun 2016. Jakarta.
Konstantyner, T. (2011) “Risk Factors For
Incomplete Vaccination in Children Less
Than 18 Months of Age Attending The
Nurseries of Day-Care Centres in Sao
Paulo, Brazil,” Vaccine, 29(50).
Meleko, A., Geremew, M. dan Birhanu, F.
(2017)
“Assessment
of
Child
Immunization Coverage and Associated
Factors with Full Vaccination among
Children Aged 12–23 Months at Mizan
Aman Town, Bench Maji Zone, Southwest
Ethiopia,” International Journal of
Pediatrics, 2017, hal. 1–11. doi:
10.1155/2017/7976587.
In addition to the factors studied in this study,
there are still other factors affecting the
completeness of basic immunization of infants:
pregnancy visits, postpartum visits, attitudes of
health workers, access to health care, family
support, counseling, parity, economic status..
Negussie, A. (2016) “Factors Associated With
Incomplete Childhood Immunization in
Arbegona District, Southern Ethiopia: a
case control study,” BMC Public Health,
16.
CONCLUSION
The basic immunization status of infants is
influenced by several factors related to health
behavior. The coverage of basic infant
immunization in Desa Alamendah, Rancabali
District, Bandung Regency West Java is still low
compared to the national indicator of 42.4%. The
level of education affects a person's knowledge.
Along with this, behavior is also influenced by
attitudes that are motivated by tradition and local
cultural conditions. Increased knowledge can
also be obtained through information from the
media and opportunities to chat and exchange
information in the social environment and work
environment. Based on the result of the research,
it is concluded that attitude is the most dominant
factor if connected with the completeness of
infant immunization status, in addition to work
factor, education and knowledge level..
Nugroho, P. J. (2012) Hubungan Tingkat
Pengetahuan, Usia dan Pekerjaan Ibu
Dengan Status Imunisasi Dasar Bayi di
Desa
Japanan
Kecamatan
Cawas
Kabupaten
Klaten
Tahun
2012.
Muhammadiyah Surakarta.
Oleribe, O. et al. (2017) “Individual and
socioeconomic factors associated with
childhood immunization coverage in
Nigeria,” Pan African Medical Journal, 26.
doi: 10.11604/pamj.2017.26.220.11453.
Oliveira, M. F. (2014) “Factors Associated With
Vaccination Coverage in Children < 5
Years in Angola,” Rev Saude Publica,
48(6).
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