Yucatec Maya

YUCATEC MAYA INTRODUCTION Yucatec Maya (Máaya t’áan “Maya speech”) is a Mayan language spoken in the Mexican state of Yucatán, in the peninsula of the same name, by 736.000 speakers (from Ethnologue 2024). ALPHABET The Yucatec language was written using the classical Maya hieroglyphs during the pre-Columbian times, from the 3rd century BC to 16th century CE. This script had a complex set of glyphs used as logograms or syllables, which were usually carved into stones. Later on the Mayan writing system was replaced by the Latin alphabet. LANGUAGE AND CINEMA The Mel Gibson’s Apocalypto of 2006 was filmed in Yucatec Maya. 2 ALPHABET Letter Pronunciation a [a] as in “father” b [b] as in “back” ch [t∫] as in “chick” ch’ [t∫Ȥ] as above but followed by glottal stop*. d [d] as in “dot” e [e] as in “men” i [i] as in “meet” j [h] as in “have”. It is pronounced before a vowel, but in word final or isolate is almost always dropped: janik [hani:k], waaj [wa:], j binech [bine:t∫] k [k] as in “key” k’[kȤ] as above but followed by glottal stop. l [l] as in “lake” m [m] as in “men” n [n] as in “not” o [o] as in “saw” p [p] as in “pick” p’ [pȤ] as above but followed by glottal stop. r [r] trilled ‘r’ as in Spanish or Italian s [s] as in “some” t [t] as in “take” t’ [tȤ] as above but followed by glottal stop. ts [ts] as in “nets” 3 ts’ [tsȤ] as above but followed by glottal stop. u [u] as in “who” w [w] as in “week” x [∫] as in “shop” y [y] as in “yet” ’ [Ȥ ] Glottal stop. This is a short pause which occurs after consonants ( p’, k’, ch’, t’, ts’) and vowels (a’, e’, i’, o’, u’) but often the pronunciation is more like an aspirated sound: ka’ano’ [ka:no], jats’ik [hatsi:k]. STRESS Generally stress falls on long vowels: xaax [∫a:∫] “basket” jaantik [ha:ntik] “to eat” tsíimino’ob [tsi:minob] “horses” tu ta’alaj [tu ta:la] “he hid it” In absence of long vowels, stress falls on the last syllable: xokik [∫oki:k] “to read” janech [hane:t∫] “you ate” lelo’ [lelo:] “that” nojoch [noho:t∫] “old” 4 MORPHOLOGY Nouns Nouns have a singular and plural form but are never pluralized after numbers: Singular Plural máak “man” máako’ob “men” ko’olel “woman” ko’olelo’ob “women” cheem “boat” cheemo’ob “boats” che’ “tree” che’o’ob “trees” Pronominal affixes Yucatec Maya has three different types of pronouns: ergative, absolutive and absolutive with the preposition ti’ “to, towards”. 1) Ergative pronouns They mark the subject of transitive verbs and are used as possessive adjectives: Singular Plural 1st person in (+w- before vowel) k (commonly used) in (+w- before vowel) -o’on 2nd person a (+w- before vowel) a (+w- before vowel) -e’ex 3rd person u (+y- before vowel) u (+y- before vowel) -o’ob Used with transitive verbs ( jats’ik “to eat”): Singular Plural k-in jats’ik “I eat it” k jats’ik “we eat it” k-a jats’ik “you eat it” k-a jats’ike’ex “you all eat it” k-u jats’ik “he/she eats it” k-u jats’iko’ob “they eat it” 5 Used as possessive adjectives: word with initial consonant, tsíimin “horse” Singular Plural in tsíimin “my horse” k tsíimin “our horse” a tsíimin “your horse” a tsíimine’ex “your horse” u tsíimin “his/her horse” u tsíimino’ob “their horse” word with initial vowel, otoch “house” Singular Plural in w-otoch “my house” k otoch “our house” a w-otoch “your house” a w-otoche’ex “your house” u y-otoch “his/her house” u w-otocho’ob “their house” * In the plural the suffix -o’ob is added after the noun: in tsíimino’ob “my horses”, a tsíimino’obe’ex “your pl. horses”, u tsíimino’ob “their horses”. ** Sometimes an optional suffix -il is added after the noun: naj “house”, a najil “your house”, u najilo’ob “their house”, u najil taata “Father’s house”. 2) Absolutive pronouns They mark the subject and the object and are attached only to the end of the verb root. They can occur with transitive and intransitive verbs in the present and past tense: Singular Plural 1st person -en -o’on 2nd person -ech -e’ex 3rd person -ij or silent -o’ob Used with intransitive verbs ( janal “to eat” ) in the past tense: Singular Plural jan-en “I ate” jan-o’on “we ate” jan-ech “you ate” jan-e’ex “you all ate” jan-ij “he/she ate” jan-o’ob “they ate” 6 3) Absolutive pronouns with the preposition ti’ Singular Plural 1st person teen (to me) to’on (to us) 2nd person teech (to you) te’ex (to you all) 3rd person leeti’ (to him/her) leeti’o’ob (to them) Demonstrative pronouns They are formed by the determinative article le and the suffixes -a’ or -o’: le che’a’ “this tree” or “the tree” le che’o’oba’ “these trees” le che’o’ “that tree” le che’o’obo’ “those trees” Counting things Numerals are used for counting things and are attached to specific suffixes for animate and inanimate nouns: 1) Animate -túul 2) Inanimate -p’éel jun-túul wíinik “a man” ka’-p’éel k’ab “two hands” jun-túul peek’ “a dog” ka’-p’éel naj “two houses” Adjectives Adjectives always occur before a noun: máak “man” nojoch máak “old man” nojoch máak’o’ob “old men” ko’olel “woman” jats’uts ko’olel “nice woman” jats’uts ko’olel’o’ob “nice women” peek' “dog” nukuch peek' “big dog” nukuch peek'o’ob “big dogs” ju’un “book” túumben ju’un “new book” túumben ju’un’o’ob “new books” They may also function as stative verbs by adding absolutive pronouns: 1) k’oja’an “sick” > k’oja’anen “I’m sick”, k’oja’anech “You’re sick” 2) k’áax “angry” > k’áaxen “I’m angry”, k’áaxech “You’re angry” 7 Prepositions Prepositions are placed before the noun and can be followed by demonstratives le -o’/ -a’. The preposition ti’ usually contracts before pronouns and article: in, a, u, le = tin, ta, tu, te’ . Some common prepositions: ti’ “to, at, from” uti’a’al “for” yóok’ol “over, above” yáanal “under” tumen “because of, by” (y)éetel “together with, by means of” ich, ichil “in, inside of” táankab “outside (building) tu “beside” paachil “behind“ xma’ “without” taan “before” Examples: 1) tin ts’a’aj ju’un ti’ le ko’olelo’ “I gave the book to the woman/that woman” 2) táan in bin te’ witso’ “I’m going to the mountain” 3) ku y’okolo’ob tu yotocho’ob “They enter in their house” 4) taalen te’ witso’ yéetel in paal “I came from the mountain with my son“ 5) kíinsa’ab le kaano’ tumen le máako’ “The snake was killed by the man” 6) taal waye’ tumen (u) k’áat u yilik u yatan “He came because he wants to see his wife” 7) in maama tu xotaj waaj yéetel jump’éel kuchiiyoj “My mother cut bread with a knife” 8) le ju’uno’ yaan yóok’ol le mayakche’o “The book is on the table” 9) yaan juntúul peek’ yáanal le k’anche’o “There is a dog under the chair” 8 Interrogatives To make a question the following interrogatives are used: maax “who?” ba’ax “what?” bix “how?” tu’ux “where?” ba’ax k’iin “when?” ba’axten “why?” 1) maax le máako’? “Who is that man?” 2) maax le máak ku xokik le ju’uno’? “Who is that man reading the book?” 3) tu’ux ka bin? “Where are you going?” 4) ba’ax taak a yuk’ul? “What do you want to drink?” 5) b’ix a k’aaba’? “What’s your name?” 6) Ba’axten binech ti’ kaaj? “Why did you go to town?” Negation Negation is expressed by the particle ma’ which contracts before pronominal affixes: ma’+in > min “I not” ma’+a > ma’ “you not” ma’+u > mu’ “he/she not” 1) kin xokik le ju’uno’ “I read the book” ma’ in/min xokik le ju’uno’ “I don’t read the book” 2) táan k bin ti’ le kaajo’ “We’re going to town” ma’ táan k bin ti’ le kaajo’ “We’re not going to town” 3) chowak u k’ab “His hand/arm is long” ma’ chowak u k’ab “His hand/arm is not long” 4) binen tu paach le máako’ “I followed that man” ma’ binen tu paach le máako’ “I didn’t follow that man” 9 Verb Verbs have three basic forms (transitive, intransitive and passive), two tenses (present “incompletive” and past “completive”), three persons (1st, 2nd and 3rd person) and number (singular and plural). Present tense (incompletive) 1) Intransitive verbs ending with the suffixes -al, -el, -il, -ol, -ul, depending on the final vowel of the root: jan-al “to eat” ok’-ol “to cry” uk’-ul “to drink” Conjugation rules: 1) Present tense marker k2) Ergative pronouns 3) Infinitive verb (intransitive) Singular Plural kin janal “I eat” k janal “we eat” ka janal “you eat” ka janale’ex “you all eat” ku janal “he/she eats” ku janalo’ob “they eat” 2) Transitive verbs ending with the suffix -ik:. jaant’-ik “to eat” man-ik “to buy” uk’-ik “to drink” Conjugation rules: 1) Present tense marker k2) Ergative pronouns 3) Infinitive verb (transitive) Singular Plural kin jaantik “I eat it” k jaantik “we eat it” ka jaantik “you eat it” ka jaantike’ex “you all eat it” ku jaantik “he/she eats it” ku jaantiko’ob “they eat it” 10 Past tense (completive) 1) To form the past intransitive add the absolutive pronouns to the verb root. The past tense marker j occurs before the verb. In modern texts (with standard orthography) j is not written, but is still used in documents with classical orthography (derived from Spanish). Singular Plural jan-en “I ate” jan-o’on “we ate” jan-ech “you ate” jan-e’ex “you all ate” jan-ij/ jan “he/she ate” jan-o’ob “they ate” 2) The conjugation of the past transitive is formed by the tense marker t- added to ergative pronouns, then followed by the verb root and the suffix -aj : Singular Plural tin jaantaj “I ate it” t jaantaj “we ate it” ta jaantaj “you ate it” ta jaantaje’ex “you all ate it” tu jaantaj “he/she ate it” tu jaantajo’ob “they ate it” Future tense There is not a tense to express the future, but this can be indicated by using different particles, such as yaan “will, need, exists”, je’el and bíin: 1) yaan in xokik le ju’uno’ “I will read the book” 2) yaan u bin te’ witso’ k taata’ “Our father will go to the mountain” Passive voice Present transitive verbs: tense marker k- + ergative pronouns + verb+ suffix - a’al. Past transitive verbs: verb+ suffix -a’ab + absolutive pronouns. 1) kin wil-a’al tumen leeti’ “I am seen by him“ 2) il-a’ab-en tumen leeti’ “I was seen by him” 11 Irregular verbs These verbs have a conjugation which differs from the regular pattern. Some irregular verbs: bin “to go” Present tense Singular Plural táan in bin “I’m going” táan k bin “we’re going” táan a bin “you’re going” táan a bine’ex “you all going” táan u bin “he/she is going” táan u bino’ob “they’re going” Past tense Singular Plural binen “I went” bino’on “we went” binech “you went” bine’ex “you all went” bin “he/she went” bino’ob “they went” taal “to come” Present tense Singular Plural táan in taal “I’m coming” táan k taal “we’re coming” táan a taal “you’re coming” táan a taale’ex “you all coming” táan u taal “he/she is coming” táan u taalo’ob “they’recoming” Past tense Singular Plural taalen “I came” taalo’on “we came” taalech “you came” taale’ex “you all came” taal “he/she came” taalo’ob “they came” 12 Verbs with suffix -tal: sajaktal “to be afraid, scared” Present tense Singular Plural kin sajak “I’m afraid” k sajak “we’re afraid” ka sajak “you’re afraid” ka sajake’ex “you’re afraid” ku sajak “he/she is afraid” ku sajako’ob “they’re afraid” Past tense Singular Plural sajakchajen “I was afraid” sajakchajo’on “we were afraid” sajakchajech “you were afraid” sajakchaje’ex “you were afraid” sajakchaj “he/she was afraid” sajakchajo’ob “they were afraid” kultal “to sit down” Present tense Singular Plural táan in kultal “I’m sitting down” táan k kultal “we’re sitting” táan a kultal “you’re sitting” táan a kultale’ex “you all sitting” táan u kultal “he/she is sitting” táan u kultalo’ob “they’re sitting” Past tense Singular Plural kulajen “I sat down” kulajo’on “we sat” kulajech “you sat” kulaje’ex “you sat” kulaj “he/she sat” kulajo’ob “they sat” 13 áalkab “to run” Present tense Singular Plural kin wáalkab “I run” k áalkab “we run” ka wáalkab “you run” ka wáalkabe’ex “you all run” ku yáalkab “he/she runs” ku yáalkabo’ob “they run” Past tense Singular Plural áalkabnajen “I ran” áalkabnajo’on “we ran” áalkabnajech “you ran” áalkabnaje’ex “you all ran” áalkabnaji “he/she ran” áalkabnajo’ob “they ran” *The following verbs are conjugated like áalkab: óok’ot “to dance”, meyaj “to work”, che’ej “to laugh”, xik’nal “to fly”, xíimbal “to walk” Verb “to have” To express possession, the form yaan ti’ (lit. there is to) is used: 1) yaan juntúul tsíimin ti’in taata “My father has a horse” (lit. There is a horse to my father) 2) yaan to’on jump’éel nojoch naj “We have a big house” 3) yaan teech taak’in? “Do you have money?” Verb agreement subject > object Some examples with transitive verb ilik “to see” in the past tense: 1) tin wilajech “I saw you” 5) ta wilaj “You saw him/her/it” 2) tin wilaj “I saw him/her/it” 6) ta wilajo’ob “You saw them” 3) tin wilajo’ob “I saw them” 7) tu wilajeno’ob “They saw me” 4) ta wilajen “You saw me” 8) tu wilajecho’ob “They saw you” 14 Auxiliary particles These particles have different meanings and are placed before the verb, which takes the ergative pronouns: Particle Usage taak expresses desire or will: 1) taak in manik jump’éel cheem “I want to buy a boat” 2) taak u kaniko’ob le máaya' t'aano' “They want to learn Maya language” indicates an ongoing action: táan 1) táan u yuk’ik le ja’o’ “He’s drinking water” 2) táan u bin te’ witso’ in taata “My father is going to the mountain“ it is used to begin an action: jo’op jo’op u xokik le ju’uno’ “She is starting reading the book” it is used to finish an action: ts’o’ok 1) ts’o’ok in p’o’ik le in nook’o “I finished washing my clothes” 2) ts’o’ok k janal “We’ve finished to eat” need or have to do something: k’abéet 1) k’abéet in ch’akik le che’o’ ichil in koolo’ “I have to chop that tree in my field” 2) k’abéet u ts’a’ik taak’in ti’ le máako’ “He has to give money to that man” 15 Word order Yucatec Maya is a VOS language (verb-object-subject) but VSO and SOV order are also used, examples: 1) táan u bin te’ witso’ in taata he is going to mountain my father “My father is going to the mountain“ 2) tu yojele’ex ka’ach tin ts’a’aj teech they knew earlier I gave you “They knew I gave you much money” 3) kin wojel ta ch’a’ajech I know you took “I know you took my book” 4) binen in kon in cheem I went I sell my boat “I went to sell my boat” 5) bino’ob u mano’ob le waaj’o’ yéetel le bak’o’ they went they buy the meat and the meat “They went to buy bread and meat” 6) Le ka k’uch le suku’un-tsil-e’, wenen. when he arrived the elder brother, I slept “When the elder brother arrived, I slept” 7) tin wilaj táan u xokik a xt’uup le I saw her she is reading it your sister the “I saw your sister reading the book” 8) Le ka k’ucho’on, t ilaj juntúul máak u kíinsik when we arrived we saw him a man he kills it “When we arrived, we saw a man killing the snake” 9) Ma’ tu páajtal not it is possible “I can’t buy that hat” 10) Le máako’ob ma’ páajchaj u yu’kik’o’ob the men not it was possible they drink “The men couldn’t drink water” le the in manik I buy ya’ab much taak’in money in ju’uno’ my book ju’uno’ book le kaano’ the snake le p’ook-o’ that hat le ja’o’ the water 16 Word list (abbreviations: adj.= adjective, i.=intransitive, t.=transitive, v.=verb, smth.=somwthing, sb.=someone) A afraid (v.i.) sajaktal after tu lak’in again ka’aj age ja’abil air, wind ìik’ all tuláakal already tanili also xan although kex always láayli’ and; so ka, ka’aj, yéetel angry (adj.) k’áax animal aalak’ (domestic), answer(v.t.) núuk-ik ant siinik anxious taak arrive (v.i.) k’uch-ul ask for(v.t.) k’áat-ik axe, hatchet báat awaken (v.i.) ’aaj-al, ’aj-al B baby paal, chaambal back paach bad (adj.) k’aas bag sáabukaan banana ja’as basket xaax (small) bathe (v.i.) ’ichkíil be possible, páajtal can (v.i.) beach k’a’anab, jáal ja’ beard me'ex beat (v.t.) jats’-ik beautiful (adj.) jats’uts because tumen, beyjo’ beef u bak’el wakax beer cheja before táan behind tu paach below kaabal beneath yáanal big, large (adj.) nojoch bird ch’íich' bitter (adj.) k’áaj blind (adj.) ch’op blood k’i’ik’ boat cheem, barco body wiinkil bone bak book, letter ju’un born (v.i.) síij-il boy xi’ipal bread, tortilla waaj break (v.t.) pa’-ik, xik-ik bring (v.t.) ch’a’-ik, taas-ik burn (v.t.) tóok-ik burn (v.i.) el-el buy (v.t.) man-ik C call (v.t.) pay candle kib carry (v.t.) kuch-ik cat miis catch (v.t.) chuk-ik cave aktun center chúumuk chair k’anche' change(v.t.) k’ex-ik chop (v.t.) ch’ak-ik chicken kaax child paal clean (adj.) jáanil clean (v.t.) mist-ik climb (v.t.) na’ak-al close (v.t.) k’al-ik 17 clothes nook’ cloud munyal coat nook’il ke’el coffee boxja’ cook (v.i) taj-al cool (adj.) ke’el come (v.i.) taal, táal come (you come!) ko’oten cover (v.t.) píix cow wakax cry (v.i.) ok’-ol cut (v.t.) xot-ik cut firewood (v.t.) xotik si’ D day k'iin young daughter t'uup deep (adj.) taam die (v.i.) kíim-il difficult (adj.) yaj dinner o’och dirty (adj.) éek’, jach k’as do (v.t.) béet-ik doctor jts’aak (male) dog peek’ door jonaj dress nook' drink (v.t.) uk’-ik drink (v.i.) uk’-ul E each sansaama eagle men ear xikin early jatskab k’iin earth lu’um east lak’in eat (v.t.) jaant-ik eat (v.i.) jan-al edge chi’, jáal egg je’ eight waxak elder brother suku’un end enough ended enter (v.i.) enter! evening eye xuul jach ya'ab ts’oka’n ook-ol ’ooken oka’an k’iin ich F face ich fall down (v.i.) luubul falcon koos far naach fast, quick séeb polok fat (adj.) father taata(j) feel (v.t.) u’uy-ik field kol, kool fight (v.t.) ba’te’el fill (v.t.) but’-ik find (v.t.) kaxt-ik finger aalk’ab fire k’áak firewood si’ fish (noun) kay fish (verb) chuuk kay five jo’ flower lool fly (v.i.) xik’nal follow (v.t.) bin ti’+possessive+paach food janal foot ook forest k’áax forget (v.i.) tu’ub-ul forget (v.t.) tu’ubs-ik four kan fox ch’amak friend áamigo (Spanish) frightened (adj.) p’uujul in front of táanil fruit ch’ujuk full (adj.) chuup G 18 get lost (v.i.) satpajal get up (v.i.) liik’il girl xch’úupal give (v.t.) ts’a’-ik glass píichi God yuum go (v.i.) bin gold taak’in good uts, jatsuts go out (v.i.) jook’-ol grandfather nojoch taata grandmother chiich grass su’uk green ya’ax ground juch’bil grow (v.i.) ch’iij-il gun ts’oon house naj how? biix how about? kux túun how many (inan.) jay p’eel how many (an.) jay túul hungry (adj.) wi’ij hunt (v.t.) ts’on-ik hunter ts’on náal husband iicham I ice yeeloj if wa, wáaj ill (adj.) k’oja’an ill (become) (v.i.) k’oja’antal inside ichil iron máaskab it is, exists yaan H hair jo’ol hand, arm k’ab happen (v.i.) úuch-ul happy (adj.) ki’imak óol hard ts’u’uy hat p’ok hate (v.t.) p’ekt-ik have yaan ti’ have not mina’an ti’ help (v.t.) áant-ik Help me! aanteni head jo’ol, p’ool hear (v.t.) u’ub-ik heart ool here waye’ hide (v.t.) ta’alik high (adj.) ka’anal hill muul hit (v.t.) jats’-ik home najil, otoch horse tsíimin hot (adj.) chokoj hot weather k’iilkab hour oora J jaguar juice jump (v.i.) jungle just balam k’aab sit’ k’áax uts K key yaabej king reey kill (v.t.) kíins-ik kiss (v.t.) ts’u’uts’-ik knee piix knife yej kuchiiyoj know sb. (v.t.) k’ajóolt-ik know smth. (v.i.) ojel; (past) ojel ka’ach L lady xunáan, ko’olel lake ja’ land p’isik’an language t’aan large, big (adj.) nukuch 19 later ka’ka’te laugh (v.i.) che’ej learn (v.t.) kan-ik leave (v.i.) jóok’-ol leaf le’ leg káan, ook let's go ko’ox let’s go all kone’ex letter, paper ju’un tell lies (v.i.) tuus lie down (v.i.) chiltal life kuxtal light; be light (v.i.) sáasil; sáastal listen (v.t.) u’ub-ik little (adj.) chan live, reside (v.i.) kaajtal long (adj.) chowak look at (v.t.) pakt-ik look for (v.t.) kaxt-ik lose (v.t.) sat-ik love (v.t.) yaakunt-ik M make smth. (v.t.) meet-ik, ment-ik man, person máak, wíinik market k'íiwik maybe wale’ meat, flesh bak’ middle chúumuk midnight chúumuk áak’ab mind óol money taak’in monkey tuucha more than maas ti’ morning jatskab k’iin mother maama mountain wits mouth chi’ mouse ch’o’ much jach ya’ab N naked (adj.) chaknul name k’áaba, k’ab near (adj.) naats’ neck kaal never ma’a tech new (adj.) túumben nice (adj.) jats’uts night ak’ab become night (v.i.) áak’abtal nine bolon nobody mix máak noon chúumuk k’iin nose ni’ O okay ma’alob old (adj.) ch’ija’an, úuchben, nojoch old man nojoch wiinik old woman nojoch ko’olel one jun one hundred jo’ k’aal open (v.t.) jeb-ik opening chi’ orange juice k’aab china outside ba’paach over there teelo’ ox wakax P pain yaj, k’i’inam paint (v.t.) bon-ik pig k'éek'en picture ‘awooche uyoochel place kaaj, kaajtal plant (v.t.) pak’-ik play (v.i.) báax-al poor (adj.) óotsil pretty (adj.) kí’ichpam price tojol put on clothes (v.t.) búukint-ik R rabbit rain (v.i.) t’u’ul k’áaxal ja’ 20 raise (v.t.) rat read (v.t.) red relatives rest (v.i.) return (v.i.) ribs rich (adj.) right away road rock roof root rope rose run (v.i.) li’is-ik cho’ xok-ik chak láako’ob je’el-el suut cha’la’to’ob ayik’al naapulak bej, beel túunich u jo’ol naj moots suum lool áalkab S salt ta’ab say (tr.v.) a’al-ik school xook sea k’áa’náab see (tr.v.) ili-k sell (tr.v.) kon-ik send (tr.v.) túuxt-ik seven uk sew chuuy shirt kooton shame su’utal sheep jtaman shell sool shoe, sandal xanab short (adj.) koom shoot (v.t.) ts’on-ik shoulder kelembal show (v.t.) e’es-ik sick (adj.) k’oja'an side tséel sing (v.i.) k’aay sister (older) kiik sister (young) xt’uup sit down (v.i.) kultal six wak skin (n.) k’éewel sky ka'an sleep (v.i.) wen-el small (adj.) chan smoke (v.i.) ts’u’uts snake kaan song k’aay son paal, iijo soul pixaan soup ya’ch speak (v.i.) t’aan spider am stay (v.i.) p’áatal storm chich íik sun k’íin sweet (adj.) ch’ujuk speak (v.t.) t’an-ik swim (v.i.) báab T tail nej take (v.t.) bis-ik, ch’a’-ik take away (v.t.) jats-ik tall (adj.) ka’anal teach (v.t.) ka’ans-ik ten lajun then túun there is/there are yaan there is not/are not mina’an think (v.i.) tuuk-ul think (v.t.) tuklik thirsty (adj.) uk’aj three óox this lela’ that lelo’ thirteen óox lajun throat kaal throw (v.t.) ch’in-ik thunder jum cháak tired (adj.) ka’ana'an to ti’ today bejla’(e) 21 tomato tomorrow tongue tooth top town tree two twelve twenty p’aak sáamal ak’ koj óok’ol kaaj che’ ka’a lajka’a jun k’áal wife atan wine vino without ma’, xma’ woman xch’úup wood che’ word t’aan work (v.i.) meyaj world kaab write (v.t.) ts’íibt-ik write (v.i.) ts’íib wrong (adj.) k’eban U understand (v.t.) na’at-ik use (v.t.) báaxt-ik untie (v.t.) wach’-ik Y year aanyo, ja’ab younger brother/sister iits’in yesterday jo’oljeyak V visit (v.t.) very voice xiimbat-ik jach kaal W wait for (v.t.) pa’at-ik walk (v.i.) xíimbal wall koot, pak’ want (v.i.) k’áat wash (v.t.) p’o’-ik water ja’ when le ka, ka 22