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Grammar, vocabulary & functions
Grammar, vocabulary & functions
brielle , 2022
SUBJECTS AND PREDICATES 1. The simple subject is the key noun or pronoun that tells what the sentence is about. A compound subject is made up of two or more simple subjects that are joined by a conjunction and have the same verb. The lantern glows. Moths and bugs fly nearby. 2. The simple predicate is the verb or verb phrase that expresses the essential thought about the subject of the sentence. A compound predicate is made up of two or more verbs or verb phrases that are joined by a conjunction and have the same subject. Rachel jogged down the hill. Pete stretched and exercised for an hour. 3. The complete subject consists of the simple subject and all the words that modify it. Golden curly hair framed the child's face. The soft glow of sunset made her happy. 4. The complete predicate consists of the simple predicate and all the words that modify it or complete its meaning. Lindy ate a delicious muffin for breakfast. The apple muffin also contained raisins. 5. Usually the subject comes before the predicate in a sentence. In inverted sentences, all or part of the predicate precedes the subject. (You) Wait for me at the corner. (request) Through the toys raced the children. (inverted) Is the teacher feeling better? (question) There are seats in the first row. A proper noun specifies a particular person, place, thing, event, or idea. Proper nouns are always capitalized. Captain Ahab Rome Memorial Day Treasure Island 4 Grammar and Language Workbook, Grade 8 Copyright © by Glencoe/McGraw-Hill Handbook 4. A concrete noun names an object that occupies space or that can be recognized by any of the senses. leaf melody desk aroma An abstract noun names an idea, a quality, or a characteristic. peace health strength 8. The principle parts are used to form six verb tenses. The tense of a verb expresses time. Simple Tenses Present Tense: She speaks. (present or habitual action) Past Tense: She spoke. (action completed in the past) Future Tense: She will speak. (action to be done in the future) Perfect Tenses Present Perfect Tense: She has spoken. (action just done or still in effect) Past Perfect Tense: She had spoken. (action completed before some other past action) Future Perfect Tense: She will have spoken. (action to be completed before some future time)
Objectives: After finishing this module, learners will be able to review -Major issues related to syntax and morphology -Sentence/clause structures and the rules for arrangement of words into phrases, clauses, and sentence. -The grammatical categories and syntactic functions of language units, the basic clause/sentence structures , the clause/sentence elements and their realization I. General concept: 1. The study of sentence/clause structures and the rules for arrangement of words into phrases, clauses, and sentence. Grammar is a broader concept including Syntax and the rules for forming words (Morphology). It is normally, and traditionally, referred to as a school subject rather than a linguistic branch. 2. The subject matter: The grammatical categories and syntactic functions of language units, the basic clause/sentence structures , the clause/sentence elements and their realization B. Module 1.1. Parts of speech & phrases 1. General concept: a/ Parts of speech: Words which have some general characteristics in common are grouped into a part of speech. Parts of speech may belong to open classes (open to new items) such as N, V, Adj, Adv or closed systems such as Pre, Conj, Pron… b/ Phrases: A phrase is a group of words of which one word is head, other(s)modifier or complement. In case of sole realization a phrase goes without modifier. Phrases serve as basic elements for syntactic analysis of sentence, and the syntactic function of the whole phrase is performed by the head, which dictates all kinds of concord with the rest (other phrases) of the sentence outside the phrase. 2. Parts of speechthe classification a/ The Noun: Count -Non-count N, Common -Proper N, Concrete -Abstract N b/ The Verb: + Lexical verbs: Intensive -Extensive, Dynamic -Stative, Transitive -Intransitive
A. Put the verbs between brackets in the correct form 4 pts 1. My sister (have) _________________________________ a cell phone like this one a year ago. 2. We (never / do) _____________________________________________ a quiz like this before. 3. If I (be) ____________________________________________ stronger, I would move this rock. 4. If you don't hurry, you (be) ___________________________________________ late for school.
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