Treatment of galvanic sludge in an arc thermal plasma reactor
bala Abdulkarim2019
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The performance of arc thermal plasma in treating galvanic sludge was investigated. The inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry analysis conducted to characterise the raw galvanic sludge reveals the presence of chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn). Product gas was measured at varying applied current of 170 A to 190 A and residence time of 2 to 5 minutes. The fourier transform infrared spectrometry analysis of the gaseous product identified the presence of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), ethene (C2H4), ethyne (C2H2) and water (H2O) in different concentrations. In general, the trend in CO and CO2 concentrations initially shows an increase as the applied current was increased and thereafter decreases. Low concentrations of hydrocarbon were persistent, which is due to the low amount of hydrocarbon in the galvanic sludge. From the analysis the concentration of CH4, C2H4 and C2H2 revealed...
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4
4
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l t / r n 4 t i 8 y 4 n g s / s u 4 i u n tu k m / r 4 w 4 t / n 4 p 3 / m 4 r g 4 lv 4 n ik .
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
T IT L E
PAGE
D E C L A R A T IO N
ii
D E D IC A T IO N
ii i
ACKNOW LEDGEM ENT
iv
A BSTR AC T
v
A BSTRAK
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
v ii
L IS T O F
TABLES
x ii
L IS T O F
F IG U R E S
x iii
L IS T O F A B B R E V IA T IO N S
x v ii
L IS T O F A P P E N D IC E S
CHAPTER 1
x ix
IN T R O D U C T IO N
1
1.1
B 4 3 k g r o u n % o 8 th / S tu % y
1.2
P r o 6 l/ m S t4 t/ m / n t
1.3
R / s / 4 r 3 h A im
1.4
S 3op / o 8 R / s/ 4 r3h
1.5
S ig n i 8 i 3 4 n 3 /
1.6
O r g 4 n is 4 tio n o 8 S tu % y
CHAPTER 2
4n%
4n%
1
3
O 6 j / 3 tiv / s
4
5
C o n tr i 6 u tio n o 8 th / R / s / 4 r 3 h
5
6
L IT E R A T U R E R E V IE W
7
2 .1
I n tr o % u 3 tio n
7
2 .2
B 4 3 k g r o u n % o 8 G 4 lv 4 n iz in g P r o 3 / s s
7
2 .3
M / th o % s o 8 A p p ly in g Z in 3 C o 4 tin g
8
2 .3 .1
E l / 3 tr o g 4 lv 4 n is in g
2 .3 .2
H o t D ip G 4 lv 4 n iz in g
2 .3 .2 .1
M
2 .3 .2 .2
P ro 3/ ss
8
/ 3 h 4 n is m
8
o 8 H o t D ip G 4 lv 4 n is in g
o8
G 4 lv 4 n iz in g
v ii
M / t4 l
P r o t / 3 tio n
11
in
13
2 .3 .3
2 .3 .4
F 4 3 to r s A 8 8 / 3 tin g th / C h 4 r 4 3 t / r is ti 3 s o 8 Z in 3
C o 4 tin g
16
I m m / r s io n T im /
16
2 .3 .4 .1
W ith % r 4 w 4 l T im /
16
2 .3 .4 .2
B 4 t h C o m p o s itio n
16
G 4 lv 4 n i 3 S lu % g / C h 4 r 4 3 t / r is 4 tio n
17
H / 4 v y M / t 4 ls
18
2 .5 .1
S o u r 3 / s o 8 H / 4 v y M / t 4 ls in th / E n v i r o n m / n t
19
2 .5 .2
A p p li 3 4 tio n o 8 H / 4 v y M / t 4 ls
19
2 .5 .3
E 8 8 / 3 ts o 8 H / 4 v y M / t 4 ls
20
T r / 4 tm / n t M / th o % s
o8 H /4vy
M / t4 l
in
G 4 lv 4 n i 3
22
S lu % g /
S o li % i 8 i 3 4 tio n
2 .6 .2
C h / m i 3 4 l T r / 4 tm / n t M / th o %
23
2 .6 .3
E l / 3 tr o k in / ti 3 M / th o %
24
2 .6 .4
T h / r m 4 l T r / 4 tm / n t M / th o % s
26
2 .6 .4 .1
S lu % g / V itr i 8 i 3 4 tio n
26
2 .6 .4 .2
S lu % g / I n 3 in / r 4 tio n
26
2 .6 .4 .3
S lu % g / G 4 s i 8 i 3 4 tio n
27
A % v 4 n t4 g / s
T / 3 h n o lo g y
4n%
8or
4n%
S t 4 6 iliz 4 tio n M / th o %
22
2 .6 .1
D is 4 % v 4 n t 4 g /
o8
T r / 4 tm / n t
H / 4 v y M / t 4 l C o n t 4 in in g S lu % g /
28
C 4 t / g o r is 4 tio n o 8 P l 4 s m 4
31
P l 4 s m 4 G / n / r 4 tio n
33
F 4 3 to r s A 8 8 / 3 tin g P / r 8 o r m 4 n 3 /
o 8 T h / rm 4 l P l4 s m 4
35
R / 4 3 to r
2 .1 0 .1 D is t 4 n 3 / B / t w / / n E l / 3 tr o % / s ( E l / 3 tr o %
/
G 4p)
35
2 .1 0 .2 R / s i % / n 3 / T im /
36
2 .1 0 .3 E 8 8 / 3 t o 8 M o is tu r / C o n t / n t
41
2 .1 0 .4 E 8 8 / 3 t o 8 P l 4 s m 4 G 4 s F lo w R 4 t /
42
A p p li 3 4 tio n o 8 T h / r m 4 l P l 4 s m 4 T / 3 h n o lo g y in W 4 s t /
T r / 4 tm / n t
42
2 .1 1 .1 P 4 p / r S lu % g /
49
2 .1 1 .2 S to rm W 4 t / r S lu % g /
50
2 .1 1 .3 S p / n t B 4 tt / r i / s P 4 s t /
51
v iii
2 .1 1 .4 W 4 s t / W 4 t / r S lu % g /
4n%
F ly A s h
52
2 .1 1 .5 T 4 n n / r y S lu % g /
52
2 .1 1 .6 S h ip O il S lu % g /
53
2 .1 1 .7 G 4 lv 4 n i 3
4n%
E l / 3 tr o p l 4 tin g S lu % g /
54
2 .1 2
T h / r m 4 l P l 4 s m 4 R / 4 3 to r s U tilis / % in T r / 4 tin g S lu % g / s
2 .1 3
S t 4 n % 4 r % P r 4 3 ti 3 /
T r / 4 tm / n t
2 .1 4
4t
P ro 3/ % u r/
8or
S 3 h / % u l/ % W 4 s t/
K u 4 liti A l 4 m
64
O p tim iz 4 tio n T h / r m 4 l P l 4 s m 4 R / 4 3 to r P / r 8 o r m 4 n 3 /
65
2 .1 4 .1 N o n - s t 4 tis t i 3 4 l O p tim iz 4 tio n
65
2 .1 4 .2 S t 4 tis ti 3 4 l O p tim iz 4 tio n
66
2 .1 4 .2 .1
2 .1 4 .2 .2
CHAPTER 3
4n%
60
R / spons/
S u r8 4 3/
M / th o % o lo g y
(R S M )
67
E m p ir i 3 4 l M / th o % s
69
M ETHODOLOGY
71
3 .1
I n tr o % u 3 ti o n
71
3 .2
D / s 3 r ip tio n o 8 G 4 lv 4 n i 3 S lu % g / S 4 m p l /
73
3 .3
C h 4 r 4 3 t / r is 4 tio n o 8 R 4 w G 4 lv 4 n i 3 S lu % g /
73
3 .3 .1
P r o x im 4 t / A n 4 ly s is
74
3 .3 .1 .1
M o is tu r / C o n t / n t
74
3 .3 .1 .2
V o l 4 til / M 4 t t / r
75
3 .3 .1 .3
A sh
75
3 .3 .1 .4
F ix / % C 4 r 6 o n
76
3 .3 .2
T h / r m o g r 4 v im / tr i 3 A n 4 ly s is
78
3 .3 .3
U ltim 4 t / A n 4 ly s is o 8 G 4 lv 4 n i 3 S lu % g /
79
3 .3 .4
D / t / r m in 4 t io n o 8 T o t 4 l O r g 4 n i 3 C 4 r 6 o n
3 .3 .5
I n % u 3 tiv / ly C o u p l / % P l 4 s m 4 O p ti 3 4 l E m is s io n
79
S p / 3 tr o m / tr y
3 .4
D / s 3 r ip tio n
4n%
79
S p / 3 i 8 i 3 4 tio n s
o8
C o m p o n / n ts
L 4 6 o r 4 to r y S 3 4 l / A r 3 T h / r m 4 l P l 4 s m 4
3 .5
T r / 4 tm / n t P r o 3 / s s
o 8 G 4 lv 4 n i 3
S lu % g /
T h / rm 4 l P l4 s m 4
o8
81
in
4n
A r3
85
3 .6
A n 4 ly s is o 8 S o li %
4n%
3 .7
D / s i g n o 8 E x p / r im / n t
G 4 s / o u s P r o % u 3 ts
85
86
ix
R E S U L T S A N D D IS C U S S IO N
89
I n tr o % u 3 tio n
89
C h 4 r 4 3 t / r is ti 3 s o 8 R 4 w G 4 lv 4 n i 3 S lu % g /
89
4 .2 .1
P r o x im 4 t / A n 4 ly s is G 4 lv 4 n i 3 S lu % g /
89
4 .2 .2
U ltim 4 t / A n 4 ly s is o 8 G 4 lv 4 n i 3 S lu % g /
90
4 .2 .3
T h / r m o g r 4 v im / tr i 3 A n 4 ly s is o 8 R 4 w G 4 lv 4 n i 3
S lu % g /
91
4 .2 .4
M / t 4 l C o m p o s itio n o 8 R 4 w G 4 lv 4 n i 3 S lu % g /
92
4 .2 .5
F i / l % E m is s io n S 3 4 n n in g E l / 3 tr o n M i 3 r o s 3 o p y
( F E - S E M ) A n 4 ly s is
4 .2 .6
93
E n / r g y D is p / r s iv / X - r 4 y S p / 3 tr o s 3 o p y (E D X )
o8 R4w
4n%
94
T r / 4 t / % G 4 lv 4 n i 3 S lu % g /
E 8 8 / 3 t o 8 A p p li / %
C u rr/ n t
C o m p o s itio n o 8 G 4 s / o u s
4n%
4n%
R / s i % / n 3 / T im / o n
96
S o li % P r o % u 3 t
96
4 .3 .1
G 4 s/ o u s P ro % u 3t
4 .3 .2
S o li % P r o % u 3 t
104
4 .3 .2 .1
C 4 r6 o n C o n t/ n t
104
4 .3 .2 .2
V o lu m /
4n%
M 4 ss
R / % u 3 tio n
o8
106
T r / 4 t / % G 4 lv 4 n i 3 S lu % g /
4 .3 .2 .3
M / t 4 l C o m p o s itio n o 8 S #4 g
4 .3 .2 .4
F i/ l%
E m is s io n
M i3 r o s 3 o p y
108
S 3 4 n n in g E l / 3 tr o n
(F E -S E M )
o 8 T r/ 4 t/ %
112
G 4 lv 4 n i 3 S lu % g /
4 .3 .2 .5
L / 4 3 h 4 6 ility
o8
M / t 4 ls
in
S o li %
113
P ro % u 3t
O p tim iz 4 tio n
o8
G 4 s/ ous
P ro % u 3t
U s in g
S u r8 4 3/
R / s p o n s / M / th o % o lo g y
117
4 .4 .1
119
M o % / l A n 4 ly s is
E 3 o n o m i 3 A n 4 ly s is o 8 G 4 lv 4 n i 3 S lu % g / T r / 4 tm / n t in
A r3 T h / rm 4 l p l4 s m 4
126
C h 4 p t/ r S u m m 4 ry
130
C O N C L U S IO N A N D R E C O M M E N D A T IO N
131
C o n 3 lu s io n
131
R / 3 o m m / n % 4 tio n
132
x
REFERENCES
133
A P P E N D IC E S
152
L IS T O F P U B L IC A T IO N
174
xi
L IST O F T A B L E S
T IT L E
C o m p 4 r is o n o 8 / l / 3 tr o g 4 lv 4 n s in g
A v / r4 g /
/ l/ m / n t4 l
s lu % g / (R o s s in i
Th/
3 h / m i3 4 l
4n%
3om
hot
%
p o s itio n
ip g 4 lv 4 n is in g .
o8
4n%
18
r / 4 3 tio n ty p / o 8 g 4 s i 8 i 3 4 tio n o 8
27
e t a l., 2 0 1 3 )
4n%
%
11
g 4 lv 4 n i 3
B / rn 4 r% / s, 2 0 0 6 )
r / 4 3 tio n s
w 4 s t/ (F r/ % / ri3
A % v 4 n t4 g / s
3 h / m i34 l
4n%
is 4 % v 4 n t 4 g / s o 8 tr / 4 tm / n t t / 3 h n o lo g y
8or
29
s lu % g / s
C h 4 r 4 3 t / r is ti 3 o 8
%
35
ir / 3 t 3 u r r / n t 4 r 3 p l 4 s m 4
R / s / 4 r 3 h / s o n th / r m 4 l p l 4 s m 4 tr / 4 tm / n t o n in 3 in / r 4 tio n
43
r/ s i% u /
P u 6 li s h / % r / s / 4 r 3 h / s o n th / r m 4 l p l 4 s m 4
m u n i 3 ip 4 l s o li % w 4 s t / ( C / r q u / ir 4
4 r3
tr / 4 tm / n t o 8
e t a l., 2 0 0 4 ; G o m / z e t
45
a l., 2 0 0 9 )
T h / rm 4 l p l4 s m 4 p / r 8 o rm 4 n 3 /
4n%
/ 8 8 i3 i/ n 3 y
o n tr / 4 t / %
47
s lu % g / s
F o 3 u s o 8 s tu % y
4n%
r / s u lt o 6 t 4 in / %
8 ro m
tr / 4 t / % m / t 4 lli 3
58
s lu % g / in th / r m 4 l p l 4 s m 4
T y p / s o 8 th / r m 4 l p l 4 s m 4 u tiliz / %
8or
s lu % g / tr / 4 tm / n t
61
S p / 3 i 8 i 3 4 tio n / 3 o m p o n / n ts o 8 it / m s o 8 th / th / r m 4 l p l 4 s m 4
84
s y st/ m
R / s u lts o 8 p r o x im 4 t /
R / s u lts o 8 u ltim 4 t /
M / t4 l
3om
4 n 4 ly s is
4 n 4 ly s is
g 4 lv 4 n i 3 s lu % g /
3o m
4n%
4t
3 4 r6 o n 3 o n t/ n t
v 4 r y in g
4 p p li / %
93
p 4 r is o n o 8 tr / 4 tm / n t
in r 4 w
3u rr/ n t
/ 8 8 i3 i/ n 3 y
8or
tr / 4 t / %
106
o 8 r / s u lt o 6 t 4 in / %
117
m / 4 su r/ C O r/ sp o n s/
118
th / q u 4 % r 4 ti 3 m o % / l (C O ).
120
% / s ig n 4 n %
A N O V A t4 6 l/
4n%
in 5 m in u t / s .
p r / v io u s s tu % .
E x p / r im / n t 4 l
90
91
o 8 r 4 w g 4 lv 4 n i 3 s lu % g /
p o s itio n in r 4 w g 4 lv 4 n i 3 s lu % g /
P / r 3 / n t 4 g / r / % u 3 tio n o 8
A
o 8 r 4 w g 4 lv 4 n i 3 s lu % g /
x ii
L IS T O F F IG U R E S
F IG U R E N O .
T IT L E
F ig u r / 2 .1
B 4 t3 h h o t
F ig u r / 2 .2
G 4 lv 4 n i 3 s / r i / s o 8 m / t 4 ls
F ig u r / 2 .3
D i 8 8 / r / n t z in 3 - ir o n l 4 y / r s in
3 o 4 tin g
%
PAGE
ip g 4 lv 4 n i z in g (A G A , 2 0 1 1 )
4n%
4 llo y
(G 4 ry , 2 0 1 5 )
6 4 t3 h
4
10
hot
12
ip g 4 lv 4 n is / %
%
(A G A , 2 0 1 1 )
13
F ig u r / 2 .4
P r o t / 3 tio n w 4 y s o 8 g 4 lv 4 n iz in g (G A A , 2 0 1 2 )
F ig u r / 2 .5
D / v / lo p m / n t o 8 Z i n 3 p 4 tin 4 (G A A , 2 0 1 2 )
F ig u r / 2 .6
A ty p i 3 4 l / l / 3 tr o k in / ti 3 s / tu p
8or
13
15
h / 4 v y m / t 4 l p o llu t / % so il
( B 4 / k e t a l., 2 0 0 9 )
25
F ig u r / 2 .7
C l 4 s s i 8 i 3 4 tio n o 8 p l 4 s m 4 (R u j
F ig u r / 2 .8
T y p i3 4 l r 4 n g / s o 8 t/ m p / r 4 tu r / s
th / r m 4 l
4n%
4n%
G h o sh , 2 0 1 4 )
4n%
n o n - / q u ili 6 r iu m
/ l / 3 tr o n
p l4 s m 4 s
32
% / n s iti / s 8 o r
( B o u lo s ,
1991;
T 4 n % / r o e t a l., 2 0 0 6 )
F ig u r / 2 .9
E l / 3 tr o n
34 s34 % /
F ig u r / 2 .1 0
( 4 ) D C tr 4 n s 8 / r
p r o 3 / s s o 8 io n is 4 tio n ( L / 4 l- Q u ir o s , 2 0 0 4 )
4 r3
th / r m 4 l p l 4 s m 4 ( 6 ) D C n o n - tr 4 n s 8 / r
th / r m 4 l p l 4 s m 4 ( S / o
34
v o lt 4 g / ( M o u s t 4 k 4 s e t a l., 2 0 0 8 6 )
F ig u r / 2 .1 2
E 8 8 / 3 t o 8 r / s i % / n 3 / tim / o n T O C r / m o v 4 l
tr 4 n s 8 / r m o %
F ig u r / 2 .1 4
F ig u r / 2 .1 5
F ig u r / 2 .1 7
CPU
4n%
C x H y in tr 4 n s 8 / r
4n%
N O 2 in t r 4 n s 8 / r
th / r m 4 l p l 4 s m 4 r / 4 3 to r (L i
4n%
4 ir
4n%
e t a l., 2 0 1 5 4 )
4 r3
4n%
8or
8or
8or
4
38
n o n - tr 4 n s 8 / r r / %
39
n o n - tr 4 n s 8 / r r / %
39
n o n - tr 4 n s 8 / r r / %
40
2 0 k w n o n - tr 4 n s 8 / r
K h o n g k r4 p 4 n , 2 0 0 9 )
x iii
38
n o n - tr 4 n s 8 / r
p l 4 s m 4 (L i e t a l., 2 0 1 5 4 )
m 4 s s lo s s w ith tim / in
t o r 3 h ( T ip p 4 y 4 w o n g
4n%
p l 4 s m 4 (L i e t a l., 2 0 1 5 4 )
H 2S w ith tim /
p 4 r ti 4 lly tr 4 n s 8 / r r / %
6 o 4 r%
4 r3
non
p l 4 s m 4 (L i e t a l., 2 0 1 5 4 )
N O 2 w ith tim /
p 4 r ti 4 lly tr 4 n s 8 / r r / %
4n%
4 r3
4n%
e t a l., 2 0 1 5 4 )
C x H y w ith tim /
p 4 r ti 4 lly tr 4 n s 8 / r r / %
V 4 r i 4 tio n o 8 S O 2
4n%
F ig u r / 2 .1 8
/
V 4 r i 4 tio n o 8 N O
4n%
i8 8 / r / n t
37
th / r m 4 l p l 4 s m 4 r / 4 3 to r (L i
V 4 r i 4 tio n o 8 C O
4n%
F ig u r / 2 .1 6
/
E 8 8 / 3 t o 8 tim / o n N O
m o%
4t %
36
- r 4 t / ( C h 4 n g e t a l., 2 0 0 8 ).
E 8 8 / 3 t o 8 tim / o n C O
33
4 %3
H ong, 2012)
A no%
F ig u r / 2 .1 3
3 4 th o % /
4n%
F ig u r / 2 .1 1
8 lo w
/ 4n%
32
41
S 3 h / m 4 ti 3
%
i 4 g r 4 m o 8 p l 4 s m 4 r / 4 3 to r s y s t / m
8or
tr / 4 tm / n t
49
o 8 p 4 p / r s lu % g / (S h i / e t a l., 2 0 1 4 6 ).
E D X m / t4 l
3om
p o s itio n o 8 r 4 w
4n%
tr / 4 t / % s lu % g / ( C u 6 4 s
51
e t a l., 2 0 1 5 6 ).
E D X m / t4 l
3om
p o s itio n o 8 r 4 w
4n%
tr / 4 t / % s lu % g / ( C u 6 4 s
55
e t a l., 2 0 1 5 6 )
D ir / 3 t
3 u rr/ n t
e t al.,
n o n - tr 4 n s 8 / r th / r m 4 l p l 4 s m 4 (C u 6 4 s
55
20144)
F lo w
3h 4 rt
s lu % g / in
4
on
m / th o % o lo g y
l 4 6 o r 4 to r y s 3 4 l /
4 r3
o 8 tr / 4 tm / n t o 8 g 4 lv 4 n i 3
72
th / r m 4 l p l 4 s m 4
73
R 4 w ( u n tr / 4 t / % g 4 lv 4 n i 3 s lu % g / ).
S 3 h / m 4 ti 3 6 lo 3 k
S / tu p o 8
4 r3
%
i4 g r4 m
8or
TGA
th / r m 4 l p l 4 s m 4
4 n 4 ly s is
8or
78
tr / 4 tm / n t o 8 g 4 lv 4 n i 3
81
s lu % g /
P ro 3/ ss
4 n 4 r3
8 lo w
%
i4 g r4 m
8or
tr / 4 tm / n t o 8 g 4 lv 4 n i 3 s lu % g / in
82
th / r m 4 l p l 4 s m 4
E x p lo %
v i / w o 8 r / 4 3 tio n
/%
I n n / r r / 4 3 tio n
R / s u lts
o8
3h4m 6/ r
83
3h4 m 6/ r
o 8 8 u rn 4 3/
th / r m o g r 4 v im / tr i 3
83
4 n 4 ly s is
(T G A )
o8
r4 w
92
g 4 lv 4 n i 3 s lu % g /
C 4 p tu r / %
%
F E -S E M
im 4 g / s
i 8 8 / r / n t m 4 g n i 8 i 3 4 tio n s
o 8 r4 w
u s in g
g 4 lv 4 n i 3
H it 4 3 h i
s lu % g /
SU 8020
4t
M o% /l
94
E q u ip m / n t
E n / rg y
%
is p / r s iv /
4n%
X - r 4 y s p / 3 tr o s 3 o p y (E D X ) o 8 r 4 w
95
g 4 lv 4 n i 3 s lu % g /
E n / rg y
%
is p / r s iv /
4n%
X -r4 y
s p / 3 tr o s 3 o p y
(E D X )
o8
95
tr / 4 t / % g 4 lv 4 n i 3 s lu % g /
T r / n % in
4 p p li / %
T r / n % in
4 p p li / %
T r / n % in
4 p p li / %
T r / n % in C O
poun%
4t
v 4 r y in g
96
o 8 g4 s/ o u s
3om
poun%
4t
v 4 r y in g
97
o 8 g4 s/ o u s
3om
poun%
4t
v 4 r y in g
97
in 4 m in u t / s r / s i % / n 3 / tim /
3 o n 3 / n tr 4 tio n
3 u rr/ n t
3om
in 3 m in u t / s r / s i % / n 3 / tim /
3 o n 3 / n tr 4 tio n
3 u rr/ n t
o 8 g4 s/ o u s
in 2 m in u t / s r / s i % / n 3 / tim /
3 o n 3 / n tr 4 tio n
3 u rr/ n t
T r / n % in
4 p p li / %
3 o n 3 / n tr 4 tio n
3 u rr/ n t
o 8 g4 s/ o u s
3om
poun%
4t
in 5 m in u t / s r / s i % / n 3 / tim /
3 o n 3 / n tr 4 tio n 4 t
v 4 r y in g r / s i % / n 3 / tim /
x iv
v 4 r y in g
98
98
F ig u r / 4 .1 0
T r / n % in C O 2 3 o n 3 / n tr 4 tio n
4t
v 4 r y in g r / s i % / n 3 / tim /
99
F ig u r / 4 .1 1
T r / n % in C H 4 3 o n 3 / n tr 4 tio n
4t
v 4 r y in g r / s i % / n 3 / tim /
99
F ig u r / 4 .1 2
T r / n % in C 2H 4 3 o n 3 / n tr 4 tio n
4t
v 4 r y in g r / s i % / n 3 / tim /
1 00
F ig u r / 4 .1 3
T r / n % in C 2H 2 3 o n 3 / n tr 4 tio n
4t
v 4 r y in g r / s i % / n 3 / tim /
1 00
F ig u r / 4 .1 4
T r / n % in H 2 O
3 o n 3 / n tr 4 tio n 4 t
v 4 r y in g r / s i % / n 3 / tim /
101
F ig u r / 4 .1 5
F I T R s p / 3 tr u m s h o w in g tr / n %
o8 CO
6 / tw / / n
1 7 0 A to
190 A
F ig u r / 4 .1 6
101
F I T R s p / 3 tr u m s h o w in g tr / n % o 8 C O 2
6 / tw / / n
170 A
4n%
190 A
102
F ig u r / 4 .1 7
T o t4 l o rg 4 n i3
3 4 r6o n
in r 4 w
F ig u r / 4 .1 8
P / r 3 / n t 4 g / m 4 s s r / % u 3 tio n o 8 tr / 4 t / % g 4 lv 4 n i 3 s lu % g /
1 07
F ig u r / 4 .1 9
P / r 3 / n t 4 g / v o lu m / r / % u 3 tio n o 8 tr / 4 t / % g 4 lv 4 n i 3 s lu % g /
1 07
F ig u r / 4 .2 0
M / t4 l
3 o n 3 / n tr 4 tio n
o8
4n%
tr / 4 t / % g 4 lv 4 n i 3 s lu % g /
tr / 4 t / %
g 4 lv 4 n i 3
s lu % g /
1 06
4t
2
m in u t / s
F ig u r / 4 .2 1
M / t4 l
109
3 o n 3 / n tr 4 tio n
o8
tr / 4 t / %
g 4 lv 4 n i 3
s lu % g /
4t
3
m in u t / s
F ig u r / 4 .2 2
M / t4 l
109
3 o n 3 / n tr 4 tio n
o8
tr / 4 t / %
g 4 lv 4 n i 3
s lu % g /
4t
4
m in u t / s
F ig u r / 4 .2 3
M / t4 l
110
3 o n 3 / n tr 4 tio n
o8
tr / 4 t / %
g 4 lv 4 n i 3
s lu % g /
4t
5
m in u t / s
F ig u r / 4 .2 4
110
F E - S E M im 4 g / s o 8 r 4 w
4n%
tr / 4 t / %
s lu % g /
4t
x10, 000
m 4 g n i 8 i 3 4 tio n
F ig u r / 4 .2 5
112
I m m o 6 ilis 4 tio n o 8 h / 4 v y m / t 4 ls
4t
1 7 0 A to
1 9 0 A in 4
m in u t / s
F ig u r / 4 .2 6
114
I m m o 6 ilis 4 tio n o 8 h / 4 v y m / t 4 ls
4t
1 7 0 A to
1 9 0 A in 5
m in u t / s
F ig u r / 4 .2 7
114
P lo t o 8 p r/ % i3 t/ % v / rs u s
4 3 tu 4 l
r/ sp o n s/
8or
CCD
4 n 4 ly s is
o 8 C O in g 4 s / o u s p r o % u 3 t
F ig u r / 4 .2 8
D i 4 g n o s ti 3 g r 4 p h o 8 n o r m 4 l p r o 6 4 6 ility o 8 r / s i % u 4 l p o in ts
8or
F ig u r / 4 .2 9
CCD
4 n 4 ly s is
o 8 C O in g 4 s / o u s p r o % u 3 t
P l o t o 8 r / s i % u 4 l v / r s u s p r / % i 3 t / % v 4 lu / s
m o n o x i%
F ig u r / 4 .3 0
121
/
CCD o8
3 4 r6o n
in g 4 s / o u s p r o % u 3 t
R / s p o n s/ su r8 4 3/ o 8 C O
p l4 s m 4 g 4 s
8or
122
8 lo w
- r4 t/
4n%
122
3 o n 3 / n tr 4 tio n
4 p p li / %
xv
m o % / l;
3 u rr/ n t
/ 88/ 3t
o8
123
F ig u r / 4 .3 1
R / s p o n s / su r8 4 3/ o 8 C O
4 p p li / %
F ig u r / 4 .3 2
3 u rr/ n t 4 n %
R / s p o n s / s u r8 4 3/ o 8 C O
p l4 s m 4 g 4 s
F ig u r / 4 .3 3
8 lo w
r4 t/
3 o n 3 / n tr 4 tio n m
o % / l;
/ 88/ 3t
o8
r / s i % / n 3 / tim /
4n%
3 o n 3 / n tr 4 tio n
1 24
m o % / l;
r / s i % / n 3 / tim /
D / s ir 4 6 ility p lo t 8 o r th / o p tim iz 4 tio n o 8 C O
xvi
/ 8 8 / 3t
o8
125
126
L IS T O F A B B R E V IA T IO N S
A
-
A m p / r/
Ar
-
A rg o n
AAS
A to m i 3 A 6 s o r p tio n S p / 3 tr o p h o to m / t / r
A STM
-
A m / r i 3 4 n S t 4 n % 4 r % T / s t M / th o % .
CO
-
C 4 r6 o n m o n o x i%
Cu
-
C opp/r
B4
-
B 4 r iu m
CO2
-
C 4 r 6 o n % io x i %
CH4
-
M / th 4 n /
C2H 4
-
E th 4 n /
C2H 2
-
E th y l / n /
Cr
-
C h r o m iu m
DC
-
D ir/ 3 t C u rr/ n t
EC
-
E n / r g y C o n s u m p tio n
EDX
-
E n / r g y D is p / r s iv / S p / 3 tr o s 3 o p y
EPA
-
E n v ir o n m / n t 4 l P r o t / 3 tio n A g / n 3 y
FC
-
F ix / % C 4 r 6 o n
F/
-
Iro n
F E -S E M
-
F i / l % E m is s io n S 3 4 n n in g E l / 3 tr o s 3 o p / M i 3 r o s 3 o p y
F T IR
-
F o u r i / r T r 4 n s 8 o r m / % I n 8 r 4 r / % S p / 3 tr o s 3 o p y
FW W
-
F o r / s tr y W o o % W 4 s t /
GCV
-
G r o s s C 4 lo r i 8 i 3 V 4 lu /
H2
-
H y % ro g / n
H 2S
-
H y % r o g / n S u lp h i %
H/
-
H / liu m
IB A
-
I n 3 in / r 4 tio n B o tto m A s h
IC
-
In o rg 4 n i3 C 4 r6 o n
ID
-
In t/ rn 4 l D i4 m / t/ r
IC P - O E S
-
I n % u 3 tiv / ly C o u p l / % P l 4 s m 4 O p ti 3 4 l
LC
-
L / 4 3 h 4 t / C o n 3 / n tr 4 tio n
/
/
x v ii
/
S p / 3 tr o m / tr y
M rs
-
M 4 ss O
8
R 4 w G 4 lv 4 n i 3 S lu % g /
MS
-
M 4 ss O
8
S o li % P r o % u 3 t
Mn
-
M 4 ng4 n/ s/
Mg
-
M 4 g n / s iu m
MJ
-
M / g 4 J o u l/
M SW
-
MT
-
M / tr i 3 T o n n /
Ni
-
N i3 k / l
NO
-
N itr i3 O x i%
NO2
-
N itr o g / n D io x i %
NOX
-
O x i% / s O
OD
-
O u ts i %
P
-
Pow /r
PAED
-
P6
-
L/4%
PA RF
-
P l 4 s m 4 A p p li 3 4 tio n R / s / 4 r 3 h F 4 3 ility
ppm
-
P 4 r t P / r m illio n
RGS
-
R 4 w g 4 lv 4 n i 3 s lu % g /
SEM
-
S 3 4 n n in g E l / 3 tr o n M i 3 r o s 3 o p y
Si
-
S ili 3 o n
SO 2
-
S u lp h u r (I V ) O x i %
SW
-
S 3 h / % u l/ % W 4 s t/
TC
-
T o t4 l C 4 r 6 o n
TCLP
-
TGA
-
T h / r m o g r 4 v im / tr i 3 A n 4 ly s is
T IG
-
T u n g s t/ n In / r t G 4 s
TOC
-
T o t4 l O rg 4 n i3 C 4 r6 o n
V RS
-
V o lu m / o 8 R 4 w G 4 lv 4 n i 3 S lu % g /
VM
-
V o l 4 til / M 4 tt / r
W PS
-
W / t P 4 p / r S lu % g /
W PC
-
WW
-
M u n i 3 ip 4 l S o li % W 4 s t /
/
8
/
/
N itr o g / n
D i4 m / t/ r
P u ls / % A r 3 E l / 3 tr o h y % r 4 u li 3 D is 3 h 4 r g /
/
T o x i 3 ity C h 4 r 4 3 t / r is ti 3 s L / 4 3 h in g P r o 3 / % u r /
W / s tin g h o u s / P l 4 s m 4 C o r p o r 4 tio n
W 4 s t/ W 4 t/ r
x v iii
L IS T O F A P P E N D IC E S
A P P E N D IX
T IT L E
A p p / n % ix A
E x i s tin g T h / r m 4 l P l 4 s m 4 P l 4 n t
A p p / n % ix B
W o r k s h / / t o 8 P r o x im 4 t / A n 4 ly s is o 8 R 4 w G 4 lv 4 n i 3 S lu % g /
A p p / n % ix C
A n 4 ly ti 3 4 l E q u i p m / n t
155
A p p / n % ix D
F T I R S p / 3 tr u m o 8 G 4 s / o u s P r o % u 3 t
158
A p p / n % ix E
D / t / r m in 4 t io n o 8 C o m p o n / n t G 4 s F r o m F T I R S p / 3 tr u m
x ix
PAGE
4n%
O n g o in g P r o j / 3 t
152
154
170
CHAPTER 1
IN T R O D U C T IO N
1 .1
B a c k g r o u n d o f th e S tu d y
G 4 lv 4 n i 3 s lu % g / is g / n / r 4 t / %
3 o 4 tin g
to ir o n o r s / / l s o
m 4 t / r i 4 l. T h / m / th o %
w h / r / 6 y Z in 3
3 o 4 tin g
o 8 m o lt / n z in 3
4t 4
m 4 t / r i 4 l r 4 n g in g
3 o n s ti tu / n t
4s
in th / p r o 3 / s s o 8
p r / v / n t r u s tin g
o 8 g 4 lv 4 n iz in g m o s tly
t / m p / r 4 tu r / o 8
8 ro m
4 6out
% /p/n%
h / 4 v y m / t 4 l ( 3 h r o m iu m , n i 3 k / l, z in 3 ,
4n%
4n%
h 4 z 4 r % o u s to th /
6y
34 %
is th / h o t
v / ry
4 p p li / %
l4 rg /
m iu m , tin , l / 4 % ,
( N ik o l 4 y
3 4 r 6 o n iz 4 tio n
(S h / n
4n%
o8
/m
p lo y / %
% /hy%
th / r m 4 l
m / th o %
8or
sh 4 p/ s.
Th/
6 4 s i 3 4 lly
it is
3 o p p / r , / t 3 .)
4
l4 % / n w 4 s t/
M 4 r i 4 , 2 0 1 7 4 ; R o s s in i
tr / 4 tm / n t
Z h 4 n g , 2 0 0 5 ; W 4 n g e t a l., 2 0 0 7 )
4 s s o 3 i4 t/ %
w ith
3 o n t 4 in in g
C 0 2,
th /
%
p r o % u 3 tio n
io x in s
4n%
6//n
4 p p li / %
P l4 s m 4 t/ 3 h n o lo g y
p 4 s s in g
6 r/ 4 k %
/ l / 3 tr i 3
o w n . S in 3 /
4n%
g 4 s s tr / 4 m , o r p l 4 s m 4 .
4n%
s/ 3o n % 4 ry
in 3 lu % / s
g 4 s i 8 i 3 4 tio n o 8
s o li %
6ut
%
r i / % s lu % g / ( D o g r u
th / s / t / 3 h n o lo g i / s
w 4 s t/
4n%
/o r
4 r/
p ro % u 3t g 4 s
M o s t r / 3 / n tly th / r m 4 l p l 4 s m 4 t / 3 h n o l o g y w h i 3 h
/ n v ir o n m / n t 4 lly
in v o lv / s th /
th r o u g h
/ l / 3 tr i 3 4 l
g / n / r 4 t / % , w h i 3 h s trip s
s lu % g /
8 ri/ n %
ly w 4 s t / m 4 n 4 g / m / n t
to h 4 n % l / l 4 r g / v o lu m / o 8 h 4 z 4 r % o u s in % u s tr i 4 l s lu % g / .
6 4 s i 3 4 lly
3 u rr/ n t
o8
8 u r4 n s.
s h o r t r / s i % / n 3 / tim / p r o 3 / s s
t / 3 h n iq u / is
o8
r 4 t / % s lu % g / ( K 4 to h e t a l., 2 0 0 5 ) , lo w t / m p / r 4 t u r / p y r o ly s is
e t a l., 2 0 0 2 ; M u r 4 k 4 m i e t a l., 2 0 0 6 ; W / r l / , 2 0 1 5 4 , 2 0 1 5 6 )
4
i 8 8 / r / n t ty p / o 8
s tr u 3 tu r 4 l
4n%
4 6 4 th
B / r n 4 r % / s , 2 0 0 6 ).
M 4 jo r ly
is
8or %
o n th / in s t 4 ll / % p r o 3 / s s , 6 u t
/ n v ir o n m / n t
p g 4 lv 4 n iz in g ,
%
im m / r s io n o 8 m 4 t / r i 4 l in
4 5 0 oC . T h is is
s m 4 ll m / t 4 l p i / 3 / to
p r o t / 3 tiv / z in 3
4
im p r o v / th / li 8 / s p 4 n o 8 m / t 4 lli 3
4 p p li / %
is p r o % u 3 / % o n th / m 4 t / r i 4 l
o 8 th / g 4 lv 4 n i 3 s lu % g /
t h 4 t is to x i 3
4n%
4 p p ly in g
4
r / s is tiv ity
3 r / 4 tio n
g4s
in
/ x is t
4 w 4 y / l / 3 tr o n s 8 r o m
4
o8
4
p ro 3 / ss
4 3ro ss
s u s t 4 in / %
r/ 8 / rr/ %
/ l / 3 tr i 3 4 l
to
4s
4 r3 6y
/ l / 3 tr i 3 4 l
th / s y s t / m , s ig n i 8 i 3 4 n t h / 4 t is
th / g 4 s m o l / 3 u l / s r / s u ltin g in
4n
io n is / %
A ir is th / m o s t
H / liu m ( H / )
4n%
m on g4 s us/ % ,
A r g o n (A r ) h 4 v /
S h im 6 4 r 4 , 2 0 0 3 ). I n o r % / r
l4 r g /
4 r/
4n%
3om
%
i 8 8 / r / n ti 4 l in
s/ p 4 r4 t/ %
8 ro m
6y
/ l / 3 tr i 3 4 l
6/ / n
8 o r 4 ir
6ut
w i % / ly u s / % (H r 4 6 o v s k y , 2 0 0 2 ; W 4 t 4 n 4 6 /
to
3on%
8 i/ l%
/ x p o n / n ti 4 l 4 / .
/ l / 3 tr o n s 4 r /
4 '.
T h is p h / n o m / n o n is
m o v in g w ith th /
4n%
6 / tw / / n
/nough,
T h/ s/
4 6out
3 4 ll / %
/ l / 3 tr i 3 8 i / l %
,
4n
/ l / 3 tr o n s
/ l / 3 tr o n
4 n 4 r3
is
4 r / 6 4 s i 3 4 lly
p r o 3 / s s / s : th / r m 4 l o r ( / q u ili 6 r iu m ) p l 4 s m 4 s
/ l / 3 tr o % / s
34 n
8 r/ /
w h i3 h
p u ll / %
6/
/ l / 3 tr o n s
4n%
6 / tw / / n
/ l / 3 tr o n s 4 n %
4t
on3/
4
/nough
th / / l / 3 tro % / s .
6/ 3om /
tw o ty p / s o 8 p l 4 s m 4
4n%
4
th / n m o v / w ith th /
34 s34 % /
3 r/ 4 t/ %
3 0 0 0 oC g 4 s m o l / 3 u l / s lo s /
F l 4 m m , 1 9 8 9 ). T h / r /
tw o
s u 6 j / 3 t / % to
6/
/ l / 3 tr o n s
im p 4 3 t o th / r m o l / 3 u l / s , r / l / 4 s in g m o r /
A t t/ m p / r4 tu r/ s o 8
(A u 3 i / llo
on/
%
W h / n th is p o t / n ti 4 l is l 4 r g /
4 '
4n%
u 3 t / l / 3 tr i 3 ity , it m u s t
p o t / n ti 4 l. T h is is
th / n o r m 4 lly n / u tr 4 l m o l / 3 u l / s in th /
/ l / 3 tr i 3
s / v / r 4 l in / r t g 4 s / s s u 3 h n itr o g / n ( N 2),
8or
io n is / %
in % u s tr i 4 l
n o n - / q u ili 6 r iu m p l 4 s m 4 s (B o u lo s ,
1 9 9 1 ; K o g / ls 3 h 4 tz , 2 0 0 4 ).
T h / rm 4 l p l4 s m 4 h 4 s
io n iz in g r 4 % i 4 tio n
th / r m 4 l p l 4 s m 4 s
4n%
34 n
4%
h ig h
v 4 n t 4 g / s o 8 h ig h t / m p / r 4 tu r / , h ig h in t / n s ity , n o n
/ n / rg y
r/ 4 3 h t/ m p / r4 tu r/ s o 8
46ov/
t / m p / r 4 t u r / u tilis / % in tr / 4 tm / n t o 8 th / w 4 s t /
th / r m 4 l p l 4 s m 4 s
4 r/
/m
4 tm
3 h / m i3 4 l
su 3h
v4por
4s
3on%
th / r m 4 l p l 4 s m 4
% / p o s itio n ) ,
p l 4 s m 4 m / t 4 llu r g y
4n%
3 h / m i3 4 l
3om
4n%
34 n 6/
3om
p 4 3 tio n
3 o n s is t
8 r 4 3 tio n
m 4 t / r i 4 l, m / ltin g in o r g 4 n i 3 m 4 t / r i 4 l
5/ .g .
4
s ili 3 4 t / ).
Th/
3o v / rs
/ q u ili 6 r iu m
4%
v 4 n t4 g / s o 8
P l4 s m 4 g 4 s/ s w / r/
4
w i%
s p / 3 tr u m
/
8 in /
4n%
o8
p l4 s m 4
p o w % / r s , th / r m 4 l
% / s tr u 3 tio n .
M u r p h y ( 2 0 0 8 ) th /
4n%
Th/
4 p p li 3 4 tio n s .
s y n th / s is o 8
o 8 th /
w h i3 h
o 8 w 4 s t/
4 p p ro 4 3h 8 o r
8 o llo w
is
%
p l 4 s m 4 tr / 4 tm / n t
in g ; th / r m 4 l
3 4 ll / %
4n%
u s / % to g / n / r 4 t / / l / 3 tr i 3 p o w / r o r
p l 4 s m 4 g 4 s i 8 i 3 4 tio n ,
8 4 r / s s .
th /
t / 3 h n i q u / s ( p l 4 s m 4 s p r 4 y in g
p o n / n ts w ith o u t o x i % 4 tio n
in 3 o m p l / t / o x i % 4 tio n o 8 o r g 4 n i 3
g 4 s / s w h i3 h
3 o 4 tin g
th / r m 4 l p l 4 s m 4
i 8 8 / r / n t ty p / s o 8 w 4 s t / m 4 y
m 4 tr ix
6/
6ut
itio n s s im il 4 r to th o s / w h / n m is s il / s r / - / n t / r
th / r m 4 l p l 4 s m 4 w 4 s t /
A 3 3 o r % in g to H / 6 / r l in
%
3 o u l%
o s p h / r / . T o % 4 y th / r m 4 l p l 4 s m 4 t / 3 h n o l o g y
4 p p li 3 4 tio n s
o8
2 0 ,0 0 0 K
p lo y / % in m 4 n y in % u s tr i 4 l
u s / % to s im u l 4 t / h ig h t / m p / r 4 t u r /
th /
A 3 3 o r % in g to T 4 n % / r o e t a l , ( 2 0 0 6 )
% / n s ity .
p l4 s m 4
6 r/ 4 k
%
ow n o 8
p y r o ly s is , th /
g / n / r 4 tio n o 8 s y n g 4 s
4n%
r iv / s t / 4 m tu r 6 i n / s k n o w n
o th / r
4
v itr i 8 i 3 4 ti o n o 8 s o li % w 4 s t / s 6 y g 4 s i 8 y in g o r g 4 n i 3
4n%
in t / g r 4 tio n
6 in %
in g h 4 z 4 r % o u s m / t 4 ls in
o 8 p l4 s m 4
2
p y r o ly s is ,
3om
4
3 / r4 m i3
p 4 3 tio n
4 n%
v itr i 8 i 3 4 tio n
p ro 3/ ss
v itr i 8 i 3 4 ti o n
or
3 4 n 6 / 4 p p li / %
I n th is r / s / 4 r 3 h ,
p l4 s m 4
3 o m 6 in 4 tio n
4
8 i/ l%
3 r/ 4 t/ %
8or
4 r3
6y %
o 8 p l4 s m 4
s o li % s w ith h ig h
8 r 4 3 tio n s
th / r m 4 l p l 4 s m 4 w 4 s
ir / 3 tin g
g 4 s i 8 i 3 4 tio n ,
4 n / l / 3 tr i 3 8 i / l %
4 p p li / %
4 3 h i/ v / %
in to th / i r
to r 3 h
1 .2
v 4 r y in g
4 to m i 3 / l / m / n t
34 n
o rg 4 n i3
4t
m / lt
3om
4n%
p o n / n ts
4 p p li / %
3u rr/ n t 4 n %
in th / r / 4 3 tio n
4
6 / tw / / n
1 7 0 0 oC
u s / % to
H / 4 t g / n / r 4 t/ %
%
8 ro m
4n%
is s o 3 i 4 t / w 4 s t /
th / p l 4 s m 4
34n 6/
v 4 p o r iz / %
4n%
% /3om
pos/ %
6y
th / in t / n s / h / 4 t.
P r o b le m S ta te m e n t
g 4 lv 4 n i 3 s lu % g /
s lu % g / is
m 4 jo r ly
8 ro m
4 r is in g 8 r o m
4 3 4 t/ g o ry
h 4 z 4 r% o u s
4n%
4 llo w / %
to
6/
%
4n%
8oun%
4s
g 4 lv 4 n i 3 s lu % g / h 4 s v 4 r io u s
h u m 4 n h / 4 lt h u p o n th /
4 33u m
3 4 n 4 ls o
e t a l., 2 0 1 5 ). A p 4 r t
3 o n t 4 in s ,
s u r 8 4 3 t 4 n ts , o il
/ n v ir o n m / n t 4 l,
to so il
34 us/
3o n su m
6y
hum 4n
s lu % g /
ir r / p 4 r 4 6 l /
34 n
% 4m 4g/
4n%
l/ 4 %
3 o n t 4 in in g
h / 4 lth
to
/ 8 8 / 3 t.
/ l/ v 4 t/ %
to th / p l 4 n ts . It
p tio n o 8 th / p l 4 n ts s in 3 / th / s / p l 4 n ts
u l 4 t / % l / v / ls o 8 th / h / 4 v y m / t 4 ls w ith in th / ir tis s u / s . T h / h / 4 v y
4 p p li / %
r / % u 3 / th / s lu % g / v o lu m /
p l / t / ly
ir / 3 tly to l 4 n % 8 ill. T h / s lu % g /
l / 4 % to u n % / r g r o u n % w 4 t / r p o llu tio n . I n 3 in / r 4 tio n is th / m o s t 3 o m m o n
tr / 4 tm / n t m / th o %
3om
%
G 4 lv 4 n i 3
S W 1 0 5 in M 4 l 4 y s i 4 t h 4 t is
is p o s 4 l o 8 u n tr / 4 t / % o r n o t p r o p / r ly m 4 n 4 g / % h / 4 v y m / t 4 l
3 4 n 4 ls o 4 8 8 / 3 t
m / t4 l
4s
3 o n tr i 6 u to r .
4n%
h y % r 4 t/ o x i% / s .
u p t 4 k / o 8 h / 4 v y m / t 4 ls 6 y p l 4 n ts . T h is m 4 y
o8
m 4 jo r
in th / s lu % g / , it 4 ls o
E x 3 / s s l / v / ls o 8 h / 4 v y m / t 4 ls in tr o % u 3 / %
3 o n s is t
is p o s / %
4
e t a l., 2 0 1 3 ; K o 6 y 4
h / 4 v y m / t 4 ls ( E m in /
g r/ 4 s/ , h y % ro x i% / s
s lu % g / s u 3 h
s lu % g / s is g / n / r 4 t / % g lo 6 4 lly ,
g 4 lv 4 n iz in g p r o 3 / s s / s is
th / p r / s / n 3 / o 8 h / 4 v y m / t 4 l
%
3 o n t 4 in in g
o 8 S 3 h / % u l / % W 4 s t / ( S W ) r / 8 / r to
n o lo n g / r
3 o n s titu t / s
T h/
not
34 n 6/
lo w p r / s s u r / g 4 s s tr / 4 m
v itr i 8 y th / in o r g 4 n i 3 p o r tio n o 8 th / g 4 lv 4 n i 3 s lu % g / w h il / th /
L 4 r g / v o lu m / o 8 h / 4 v y m / t 4 l
4n%
3h 4 m 6/ r.
4n%
to t r / 4 t g 4 lv 4 n i 3 s lu % g / . A
th ro u g h
tim /
p 4 3 tio n
o 8 o rg 4 n i 3 .
g / n / r 4 t / h ig h t / m p / r 4 tu r / s . T h / in t / n s / h ig h t / m p / r 4 tu r / o 8
2 2 0 0 oC
3om
% / s tr o y
s lu % g / w ill r / m 4 in
4n%
to h 4 z 4 r % o u s w 4 s t / s u 3 h
8 o r 8 in 4 l %
4s
g 4 lv 4 n i 3 s lu % g / . T h is m / th o %
is p o s 4 l, h o w / v / r it h 4 s
4
lo t o 8
%
r4 w 6 4 3k . It
%
o/s
th / m / t 4 ls in th / s lu % g / , w h i 3 h m / 4 n s t h 4 t th / m / t 4 ls in th /
s till p o llu t / th /
/ n v ir o n m / n t.
3
It
4 ls o
g / n / r4 t/ h 4 z 4 r% o u s
8 "y
4 sh 4 n%
6 o tto m
4 sh / s
T / h e t a l., 2 0 0 7 ). I t
th 4 t r / q u ir / s
4 ls o
g / n / r4 t/
8 u r th / r
8 ly 4 s h 4 n %
6 o tto m 8 ly 4 s h
s u 6 s t 4 n 3 / s w h i 3 h w ill s till r / q u ir / l 4 n % 8 illin g . T h /
3 h / m i3 4 l
h 4 s th / m 4 jo r p r o 6 l / m o 8 w 4 s t / s / p 4 r 4 tio n
3o nsu m
io n / x 3 h 4 n g / is o n ly
( N ik o l 4 y
4s
4n%
/ 8 8 / 3 tiv /
w h/n
% / 4 lin g
4n%
w ith lo w
3o n v / rt
3on%
su 3h
u 3 t/ %
4s
6y
g 4 lv 4 n i 3
s lu % g / .
4 6 ility
T h is h 4 s
to
6//n
4 r/
n o t 8 r / / o 8 to x i 3
m / th o % s o 8 tr / 4 tm / n t
p tio n o 8 r / 4 g / n ts w h il /
3 o n 3 / n tr 4 tio n
8or 4
o 8 h / 4 v y m / t 4 ls
tr / 4 tm / n t o p tio n s s u 3 h
/ 8 8 i 3 i / n tly
p ro v / n
6y
% / to x i 8 y
h 4 z4 r% o u s
p r / v io u s r / s / 4 r 3 h / s
( B i / n e t a l., 2 0 1 3 ; C h 4 n g e t a l., 2 0 0 8 ; C u 6 4 s e t a l., 2 0 1 4 6 ; G o m / z
a l., 2 0 0 9 ; L i e t a l., 2 0 1 2 ; L i e t a l., 2 0 1 5 4 ; S z / n t /
p l 4 s m 4 t / 3 h n o lo g y to
4n
6/
/ 8 8 i3 i/ n t
n o tw ith s t 4 n % in g th / tr / 4 tm / n t p r o 3 / s s
t h 4 t h 4 s g o tt / n n o r / s / 4 r 3 h
m /4ns o 8
3om / s
4 tt / n tio n .
% / to x i 8 i 3 4 tio n
4 lo n g
in v / s tig 4 tio n o n th /
/ 8 8 / 3t
o 8 th / s lu % g /
6ut
w ith g 4 s / o u s p r o % u 3 t ( S y n g 4 s )
T h / o n ly r / s / 4 r 3 h / s s o
84r
8o3us/ %
e t a l., 2 0 1 4 6 ) . P r / s / n tly , th / r / is n o
(C u 6 4 s
et
e t a l., 1 9 9 8 ) h 4 v / p r o v / n th / r m 4 l
t r / 4 tin g g 4 lv 4 n i 3 s lu % g / u s in g th / r m 4 l p l 4 s m 4 t / 3 h n o l o g y
v itr i 8 i 3 4 ti o n
th 4 t
th / r / m n 4 n t w 4 s t / in to in / r t o r h 4 r m l / s s m 4 t / ri 4 l.
T h / r m 4 l p l 4 s m 4 t / 3 h n o l o g y h 4 s th /
w 4 s t/
l4 rg /
M 4 r i 4 , 2 0 1 7 6 ) . T h / r / 8 o r / , th / r / is th / n / / %
th / r m 4 l p l 4 s m 4 t h 4 t w ill
e t a l., 1 9 9 9 ; C h u n -
t r / 4 tm / n t.( C / % z y n s k 4
%
3on%
u 3 t/ %
o n in / r tis 4 tio n
o 3 u m / n t/ %
o 8 p r o 3 / s s v 4 r i 4 6 l / o n th / g 4 s / o u s p r o % u 3 t
8 ro m
on
4n%
r/ s/ 4 r3h
th / r m 4 l
p l 4 s m 4 tr / 4 tm / n t o 8 g 4 lv 4 n i 3 s lu % g / . I t is th / r / 8 o r / th / in t / n tio n o 8 t h is r / s / 4 r 3 h to
in v / s tig 4 t / th /
o8
s l4 g
/ 8 8 / 3t
(s o li %
o 8 p ro 3 / s s v 4 ri4 6 l/ o n g 4 s / o u s p ro % u 3 t
p r o % u 3 t)
o 6 t 4 in / %
8 ro m
tr / 4 tm / n t
im m o 6 ilis 4 tio n o 8 th / m / t 4 ls in th / s o li % p r o % u 3 t
/ x p o su r/
h ig h
3 h / m i 3 4 lly 6 o n % / %
1 .3
i.
ii. T o
r/ n % / rs
4n%
n o n -h / 4 v y
8 o rm
s
4
m / t 4 ls
o8
l / v / l o 8 in / r tis 4 tio n
g 4 lv 4 n i 3
3 4 n 6 / 4 3 h i/ v / %
o 8 th / g 4 lv 4 n i 3 s lu % g / to th / h ig h t / m p / r 4 t u r /
t/ m p / r4 tu r/
4n%
w h i3 h
8 ro m
4 r/
4s 4
s lu % g / .
r / s u lt o 8 th /
th / r m 4 l p l 4 s m 4 . T h /
n o n - v o l 4 til /
s p / 3 i/ s
n o n - l / 4 3 h 4 6 l / s o li % m 4 trix .
R e s e a r c h A im a n d O b je c tiv e s
To
3 h 4 r 4 3 t / r is / %
% / t/ rm
in / th /
g 4 lv 4 n i 3 s lu % g / p r io r to th / r m 4 l p l 4 s m 4 tr / 4 tm / n t.
/ 8 8 / 3t
o8
4 p p li / %
3 u rr/ n t 4 n %
g 4 s / o u s p ro % u 3 t.
4
Th/
r / s i % / n 3 / tim / o n s o li %
4n%
iii.
T o o p tim iz / C O in th / g 4 s / o u s p r o % u 3 t u s in g s u r 8 4 3 / r / s p o n s / m / th o % o lo g y
( R S M ).
iv .
To
3on%
u 3t
/ 3 o n o m i 3 4 n 4 ly s is
o n th / tr / 4 tm / n t o 8 g 4 lv 4 n i 3 s lu % g / in
4 n 4 r3
th / r m 4 l p l 4 s m 4 .
1 .4
S cop e o f R esea rch
T h / s 3 o p / o 8 th is r / s / 4 r 3 h in 3 lu % / s th /
K IS W IR E S% n B h% . T h /
m o is tu r / , v o l 4 til / s ,
3om
p o s itio n
4n%
4 s h 3 o n t / n t, 8 ix / %
4 n 4 ly s is
3 4 r6 o n ,
p o u n % , h / 4 v y m / t4 l
o 8 th / s o li %
3om
to t 4 l o r g 4 n i 3
4n%
% / s ig n in g
g 4 s / o u s to
p o s itio n , l / 4 3 h 4 6 ility
p r o % u 3 t. F in 4 lly , O p tim iz 4 tio n
4n%
o 8 g 4 lv 4 n i 3 s lu % g /
o 8 th / g 4 lv 4 n i 3 s lu % g / to
m o r p h o lo g i 3 4 l s tru 3 tu r / . T h /
p l 4 s m 4 r / 4 3 to r . T h /
3om
3 h 4 r 4 3 t / r iz 4 tio n
3 o ll / 3 tio n
4n%
34 r6o n
4n%
3om
/ 3 o n o m i 3 4 n 4 ly s is
% / t/ rm
in / th /
(T O C ) , / l / m / n t 4 l
8 4 6 r i 3 4 tio n
% / t/ rm
8 ro m
o 8 th /
4 3
in / th / to t 4 l o r g 4 n i 3
p o s itio n o 8 th / g 4 s / o u s
o 8 th / l 4 6 o r 4 to r y
4 r3
th / r m 4 l
p l4 s m 4 .
1 .5
S ig n ific a n c e a n d C o n tr ib u tio n o f th e R e s e a r c h
R / 3 / n tly , g 4 lv 4 n i 3 s lu % g / s
m / th o %
6 o tto m
4 sh/ s
%
o/s not
4 sh/ s
th 4 t
t h 4 t r / q u ir / s
3om
4 r/
I n v / s tig 4 tio n s o n
g 4 s/ o u s p ro % u 3t
% 4 t4
4n%
is
4 lt / r n 4 tiv /
r/ % u 3/
th /
in in 3 in / r 4 to r s in M 4 l 4 y s i 4 . T h is
34 n
/ n v ir o n m / n t.
It
4 ls o
tr 4 n s 8 o r m th / s lu % g / in to n o n - to x i 3
o8
4 p p li / %
v o lt 4 g /
4n%
4 r is in g
8 ro m
4n%
4 n%
6 o tto m
3 4 n / 8 8 i 3 i / n tly
tr / 4 t
h 4 r m l / s s m 4 t / ri 4 ls .
r / s i % / n 3 / o n th /
g 4 lv 4 n i 3 in % u s tr i / s . T h /
w h / n u p g r4 %
v o lu m /
h 4 z 4 r% o u s w 4 s t/ s u 3 h
8 ly
3om
p o s itio n o 8
tr / 4 tm / n t o 8 g 4 lv 4 n i 3 s lu % g / in th / r m 4 l p l 4 s m 4 w ill p r o v i %
4s
o 8 h/4vy
4n%
th /
%
/ n v ir o n m / n t
% / v / lo p / %
to p ilo t o r in % u s tr i 4 l
/%
tr / 4 tm / n t t / 3 h n i q u / w h i 3 h
l4 rg /
g / n / r4 t/
8 ly 4 s h 4 n %
tr / 4 tm / n t. T h / r m 4 l p l 4 s m 4 t / 3 h n o lo g y
/ 8 8 / 3t
/ x p / 3 t/ %
4 ls o
g / n / r4 t/
in 8 o r m 4 tio n t h 4 t w ill h / lp s 4 8 / g u 4 r % h u m 4 n
to x i 3 p o llu tio n
s y st/ m
to x i 3 to th /
8 ro m
tr / 4 t / %
p l / t / ly im m o 6 ilis / h / 4 v y m / t 4 ls . I t
8 u r th / r
g 4 lv 4 n i 3 s lu % g / s . I t
4 r/
3 o n t 4 in in g
S 3 h / % u l / % W 4 s t / in M 4 l 4 y s i 4 .
5
s lu % g /
s 3 4 l / to
4n%
4 g 4 in s t
th / r m 4 l p l 4 s m 4
s/ rv /
o / s n o t g iv / r is / to s / 3 o n % 4 r y p o llu t 4 n t
m / t4 l
/
4s
4
4n%
o th / r r / l 4 t / %
1 .6
O r g a n is a tio n o f S tu d y
T h is r / s / 4 r 3 h w o r k
C h a p te r
64 3k g ro u n %
4n%
3on%
is
O ne
u 3 t/ %
th /
o 8 th / r / s / 4 r 3 h . I t
3 o n s is t
o 8 8 iv /
in tr o % u 3 tio n :
4 ls o 3 r iti 3 4 lly
3 h 4 p t / r s 4 s 8 o llo w s :
Th/
3 h 4 p t/ r
o u tlin / th /
4 im 4 n %
3o v / rs
in tr o % u 3 to r y
o 6 j / 3 tiv / s , th / s 3 o p /
s ig n i 8 i 3 4 n 3 / o 8 th / r / s / 4 r 3 h .
C h a p t e r T w o is th / lit / r 4 tu r / r / v i / w : T h /
r / l / v 4 n t p r / v io u s r / s / 4 r 3 h / s to th / s tu % y
t / 3 h n o lo g y
4n%
its
C h a p te r
4 p p li 3 4 tio n
p r o 3 / % u r/ o n s 4 m p l/
% / s 3 r ip tio n
is
T h ree
6 4 s i 3 4 lly
8 o3us
o n th /
T h / p r in 3 ip l / o 8 th / r m 4 l p l 4 s m 4
t o w 4 s t / tr / 4 tm / n t.
th /
m / th o % o lo g y
3 o ll / 3 tio n 4 n %
o 8 p ro 3/ ss
4 r/ 4 .
3 h 4 p t / r,
/ q u ip m / n t,
o 8 r/ s/ 4 r3h :
p r / p 4 r 4 tio n o 6 t 4 in / %
m / th o % s o 8
T h is
8 ro m
3 h 4 p t/ r
3o v / rs
K IS W IR E S % n B h% ,
3 h 4 r 4 3 t / r is 4 tio n
o 8 g 4 lv 4 n i 3 s lu % g / ,
p r o 3 / % u r / o n th / r m 4 l p l 4 s m 4 t r / 4 tm / n t o 8 g 4 lv 4 n i 3 s lu % g / in th / r m 4 l p l 4 s m 4 s y s / m .
I t 4 ls o / n t 4 ils
3 h 4 r 4 3 t / r is 4 tio n
o 8 g4 s/ o us
C h a p t e r F o u r is r / s u lts
/ l4 6 o r 4 t/ %
r / s u lts
4n%
th / r m 4 l
3om
is 3 u s s io n o 8 / x p / r im / n t
%
is 3 u s s io n o n
p l4 s m 4
s y s t/ m ,
4n%
4n%
%
is 3 u s s io n : T h is
4n%
4 n 4 ly s is %
3 h 4 r 4 3 t / r is 4 tio n
/ 88 /3t
s o li % p ro % u 3 t.
o8
4 p p li / %
p r / s / n t r / s u lts
o n / in th is r / s / 4 r 3 h . I t
o 8 g 4 lv 4 n i 3 s lu % g /
3 u rr/ n t
p o s itio n o 8 g 4 s / o u s p r o % u 3 ts , l / 4 3 h in g t / s t
4 n 4 ly s is
3 h 4 p t/ r
4n%
4 n 4 ly s is ,
4n%
%
o 3 u m / n ts
p r o % u 3 ts
r/ s i% / n 3 /
tim /
o p tim is 4 tio n
4n%
4 n%
on
8 ro m
th /
/ 3 o n o m i3
o 8 th / tr / 4 tm / n t p ro 3 / s s .
C h a p te r
F iv e
is th /
im p o r t 4 n t in 8 / r / n 3 / s w / r / r / 4 3 h / %
R / 3 o m m / n % 4 tio n o n
8 u tu r /
C o n 3 lu s io n
64 s/ %
4n%
r / 3 o m m / n % 4 tio n :
o n th / r / s u lts
w o r k w 4 s s u g g / s t/ % .
6
4n%
th /
%
In
th is
3 h 4 p t/ r
is 3 u s s io n . P o s s i 6 l /
REFERENCES
A 6 % u ll 4 h i, M . E .A 6 u H 4 s s 4 n , M . A .Z 4 in o n - N o o r , Z .
In t/ g r4 t/ %
v o l 4 til /
4 ir
o rg 4 n i3
D / s 4 lin 4 tio n
A 8 8 4 m , A . C.
4m
s tr ip p in g
4n%
4n%
o x i 3 illin
3om
4n%
4n%
I 6 r 4 h im , R . K . (2 0 1 6 ).
n o n - th / r m 4 l p l 4 s m 4 s y s t / m
poun% s
8 ro m
w 4 st/ w 4 t/ r:
8or
th / tr / 4 tm / n t o 8
s t 4 tis ti 3 4 l
o p tim iz 4 tio n .
W 4 t / r T r / 4 tm / n t, 5 7 (3 4 ), 1 6 0 6 6 -1 6 0 7 7 .
C h 4 u % h u r i, M . (2 0 1 4 ). O p tim iz 4 tio n o 8 F / n to n tr / 4 tm / n t o 8
4n%
3 lo x 4 3 illin
4 n ti 6 io ti 3
4qu/ous
s o lu tio n . D / s 4 lin 4 tio n
4n%
W 4 t / r T r / 4 tm / n t, 5 2 ( 1 0 - 1 2 ) , 1 8 7 8 -1 8 8 4 .
A G A . (2 0 1 1 ). Z i n 3
3 o 4 tin g :
A C o m p 4 r 4 tiv / A n 4 ly s is o 8 P r o 3 / s s
4n%
P / r8 o rm 4 n 3/
C h 4 r 4 3 t / r is ti 3 s . A m / ri 3 4 : A m / r i 3 4 n G 4 lv 4 n iz / r s A s s o 3 i 4 tio n .
A h m 4 % ip o u r r o u % p o s h t, M .F 4 ll 4 h i 4 r / z o u % 4 r , E .Y u s o 8 , N . M .
A p p li 3 4 tio n
o8
/ l / 3 tr o s p in n in g
r/ sp o n s/
p r o 3 / s s to
su r8 4 3/
8 4 6 ri3 4 t/
n 4 n o 8 i 6 / r s . M 4 t / r i 4 ls S 3 i / n 3 /
4n%
m / th o % o lo g y
in
( 8 / r r o 8 lu i % /p o ly v in y l
I % r is , A . (2 0 1 5 ).
o p tim iz 4 tio n
4 l 3 o h o l)
o8
m 4 g n / ti 3
E n g in / / r in g : C , 5 0 , 2 3 4 -2 4 1 .
A l- M 4 y m 4 n , S .I 6 r 4 h im , A .A 6 % u ll 4 h , A .I m / % , G .
8 ly 4 s h 8 r o m
4n%
4n%
S 4 u % , B . (2 0 1 7 ) . T r / 4 tm / n t o 8
p o w / r p l 4 n ts u s in g th / r m 4 l p l 4 s m 4 . B / i ls t / in J. N 4 n o t / 3 h n o l.,
8
,
1 0 4 3 -1 0 4 8 .
A lv im - F / r r 4 z , M . C .
4n%
m 4n4g/m /nt o 8
A 8 o n s o , S. A . (2 0 0 5 ) . I n 3 in / r 4 tio n o 8 h / 4 lth 3 4 r / w 4 s t / s :
4 tm
o s p h / ri3
/m
is s io n s t h r o u g h w 4 s t /
s / g r / g 4 tio n . W 4 s t /
M 4 n 4 g , 2 5 (6 ) , 6 3 8 -6 4 8 .
A m r 4 t / , S .A k r / t 3 h / , D . E .I n n o 3 / n t, C .
3 4 l3 4 r/ o u s
so il
%
4n%
/ 4 ,
u r in g E D T A - / n h 4 n 3 / %
P . (2 0 0 5 ). R / m o v 4 l o 8 P 6
/ l / 3 tr o k in / ti 3 / x tr 4 3 tio n .
8 ro m
4
S 3 i/ n 3 / o 8
T h / T o t 4 l E n v ir o n m / n t, 3 4 9 ( 1 ) , 5 6 -6 6 .
A n % r / , R .P in to , F .F r 4 n 3 o , C .D i 4 s , M .G u ly u r tlu , I.M 4 to s , M . A . A .
(2 0 0 5 ) . F lu i % is / %
6/%
3 o - g 4 s i 8 i 3 4 tio n
o8
3o4 l
4n%
4n%
C 4 6 r it 4 , I.
o liv / o il in % u s tr y w 4 s t / s .
F u / l, 8 4 ( 1 2 - 1 3 ) , 1 6 3 5 -1 6 4 4 .
A n % r / o l 4 , F .B 4 r 6 i / r i, L .B o n % io li, F .C 4 n n io , M .F / r r 4 r i, A .
S y n th / s is
o8
3h ro m
iu m
3 o n t 4 in in g
p ig m / n ts
4n%
8 ro m
L 4 n 3 / llo tti, I. (2 0 0 8 ).
3h ro m
s lu % g / s . J o u r n 4 l o 8 H 4 z 4 r % o u s M 4 t / r i 4 ls , 1 5 6 (1 ), 4 6 6 -4 7 1 .
133
iu m
g 4 lv 4 n i 3
A ny4 /g6un4 m ,
F.
N.
C.
(2 0 1 4 ).
H 4 z 4 r% o u s
W 4 s t/
V itr i 8 i 3 4 tio n
6y
P l4 s m 4
G 4 s i 8 i 3 4 tio n P r o 3 / s s . O S R J o u r n 4 l o 8 E n v ir o n m / n t 4 l S 3 i / n 3 / , T o x i 3 o lo g y
4n%
F o o % T / 3 h n o lo g y ( I O S R - J E S T F T ) , 8 (3 ), 1 5 -1 9 .
A u 3 i / llo , O .
4n%
F l 4 m m , L . D . (1 9 8 9 ) . P l 4 s m 4 D i 4 g n o s ti 3 s , P l 4 s m 4 - m 4 t / r i 4 ls
I n t / r 4 3 tio n s V o l. v o l. 1.
B 4 / k , K .K im , D . H .P 4 r k , S. W .R y u , B . G .B 4 tj 4 r g 4 l, T .
E l / 3 tr o ly t /
3 o n t4 m
3on%
itio n in g - / n h 4 n 3 / %
/ l / 3 tr o k in / ti 3
4n%
Y 4 n g , J. S. (2 0 0 9 ).
r / m / % i 4 tio n
o8
4 rs / n i3 -
in 4 t / % m in / t 4 ilin g . J H 4 z 4 r % M 4 t / r , 1 6 1 (1 ), 4 5 7 -4 6 2 .
B 4 jp 4 i, P . (2 0 1 4 ). M 4 n 4 g / m / n t o 8 P u lp
4n%
P 4 p / r M ill W 4 s t / : S p r in g / r I n t / r n 4 tio n 4 l
P u 6 lis h in g .
B 4 r 4 k 4 t, M . A . (2 0 1 1 ). N / w T r / n % s in R / m o v in g H / 4 v y M / t 4 ls
8 ro m
I n % u s tr i 4 l
W 4 s t / w 4 t / r . A r 4 6 i 4 n J o u r n 4 l o 8 C h / m is tr y , 4 (4 ) , 3 6 1 -3 7 7 .
B 4 s h ir , M . J. K .A m r , S. S. A .A z iz , S. Q .A u n , N . C .
W 4 s t/ w 4 t/ r
tr / 4 tm / n t
m / th o % o lo g y
3om
(R S M )
p ro 3/ ss/ s
o p tim iz 4 tio n
3om
w ith
p 4 r 4 tiv / s tu % y . M i %
%
p 4 r/ %
4n%
u s in g
3 o n v / n tio n 4 l
S / th u p 4 th i, S. (2 0 1 5 ).
r/ sp o n s/
m / th o % s :
su r8 4 3/
r/ v i/ w
4n%
l / - E 4 s t J o u r n 4 l o 8 S 3 i / n ti 8 i 3 R / s / 4 r 3 h , 2 3 ( 2 ) , 2 4 4
252.
B / % n 4 r ik , V .V o n % r u s k 4 , M .
g 4 lv 4 n i 3
s lu % g / s
6y
4n%
K o u tn y , M . (2 0 0 5 ). S t 4 6 iliz 4 tio n /s o li % i 8 i 3 4 tio n o 8
4 s p h 4 lt
/m
u ls io n s . J o u r n 4 l o 8 H 4 z 4 r % o u s M 4 t / r i 4 ls ,
1 2 2 (1 ), 1 3 9 -1 4 5 .
B / n % / r , O .S 3 h r o / t / r , R .G 4 r 3 i 4 , M .
4n%
S z / n t / , R . (1 9 9 8 ). T r / 4 tin g
/ l / 3 tr o p l 4 tin g
r / s i % u / s w ith th / r m 4 l p l 4 s m 4 s . J O M , 5 0 (7 ), 3 2 -3 5 .
B / z / r r 4 , M . A .S 4 n t / lli, R . E .O liv / ir 4 , E . P .V ill 4 r , L . S.
R / s p o n s / s u r 8 4 3 / m / th o % o lo g y ( R S M )
3h/m
4s 4
to o l
4n%
8or
E s 3 4 l / ir 4 , L . A . (2 0 0 8 ).
o p tim iz 4 tio n in
4 n 4 ly ti 3 4 l
is tr y . T 4 l 4 n t 4 , 7 6 (5 ) , 9 6 5 -9 7 7 .
B h 4 r g 4 v 4 , P .G u p t 4 , N .V 4 ts , S.
4n%
G o / l, R . (2 0 1 8 ). H / 4 lth I s s u / s
4n%
H /4vy
M / t 4 ls . A u s tin J E n v i r o n T o x i 3 o l., 3 (1 ), 1-7.
B i 4 n 3 h in i, A .B o n 8 ig lio li, L .P / ll / g r in i, M .
%
r y in g
p ro 3/ ss
in t / g r 4 tio n
w ith
4n%
4
S 4 3 3 4 n i, C . (2 0 1 5 ) . S / w 4 g / s lu % g /
w 4 s t / - to - / n / r g y
pow /r
p l 4 n t.
W 4 s t/
M 4 n 4 g / , 4 2 , 1 5 9 -1 6 5 .
B i / n , J .C / l 4 r y , P .M o r z y k , B .S o 6 i k - S z % t y s / k , J.
4% %
itiv / s
on h/ 4 vy
4n%
m / t 4 l im m o 6 iliz 4 tio n
W y s t 4 ls k 4 , K . (2 0 1 3 ). E 8 8 / 3 t o 8
%
u r in g v itr i 8 i 3 4 ti o n
s / w 4 g / s lu % g / . E n v i r o n m / n t P r o t / 3 tio n E n g in / / r in g , 3 9 (2 ), 3 3 --4 0 .
1 34
o 8 t4 n n / ry
B in g ,
G .Y i, D .Y u 4 n y i,
S o li % i 8 i 3 4 tio n
S o li %
Y .S w / / , N .,
4n%
T Q i 4 n n i, L .
4n%
W / iz h o n g ,
Y.
(2 0 1 7 ).
B io to x i 3 ity A s s / s s m / n t o 8 T h / r m 4 lly T r / 4 t / % M u n i 3 ip 4 l
W 4 s t / I n 3 in / r 4 tio n (M S W I ) F ly A s h . In t. J. E n v ir o n . R / s . P u 6 li 3
H / 4 lth , 1 4 (6 ), 1 -1 0 .
B is w 4 jit, R . (2 0 1 2 ). T h / r m 4 l p l 4 s m 4 tr / 4 tm / n t o 8 m o 6 il / p h o n / w 4 s t / u n % / r r / % u 3 / %
3on%
B o r o w s k i,
itio n . I n t / r n 4 tio n 4 l J o u r n 4 l o 8 E n v ir o n m / n t 4 l S 3 i / n 3 / s , 2. N o . 4 (4 ), 1-8.
G . (2 0 1 5 ). U s in g
V itr i 8 i 3 4 tio n
8or
S/w 4g/
S lu % g /
C o m 6 u s tio n
A sh
D is p o s 4 l P o l. J. E n v ir o n . S tu % ., 2 4 (5 ) , 1 8 8 9 -1 8 9 6 .
B o u lo s , M . I. (1 9 9 1 ) . T h / r m 4 l p l 4 s m 4 p r o 3 / s s in g . I E E E T r 4 n s P l 4 s m 4
3
19, 1 0 7 8
1089.
B r 4 % l, H . B . (2 0 0 5 ). S o u r 3 / s
E n v ir o n m / n t.
4n%
D / p 4 rtm / n t
o r ig in o 8 h / 4 v y m / t 4 ls H / 4 v y m / t 4 ls in th /
o 8 E n v ir o n m / n t 4 l
E n g in / / r in g ,
U n iv / r s ity
o8
A p p li / % S 3 i / n 3 / s T ri / r, U m w / lt- C 4 m p u s B ir k / n 8 / l % .
B r 4 % l / y , N . (2 0 0 7 ). T h / r / s p o n s / s u r 8 4 3 / m / th o % o lo g y . ( M 4 s t / r o 8 S 3 i / n 3 / ), I n % i 4 n 4
U n iv / r s ity S o u th B / n % .
B r u n n / r , C . R . (1 9 8 9 ). I n % u s tr i 4 l s lu % g / w 4 s t / in 3 in / r 4 tio n . E n v ir o n m / n t 4 l P r o g r / s s ,
8 (3 ), 1 6 3 -1 6 6 .
B y u n , Y .M o o h y u n ,
C .S o o n , M . H .
4n%
J4 / w o o ,
C.
(2 0 1 1 ).
T h / rm 4 l P l4 s m 4
G 4 s i 8 i 3 4 tio n o 8 M u n i 3 ip 4 l S o li % W 4 s t / (M S W ).
B y u n , Y .N 4 m k u n g , W .C h o , M .C h u n g , J. W .K im , Y .L / / , J. H .L / / , C .
4n%
H w 4 n g , S.
M . (2 0 1 0 ). D / m o n s tr 4 ti o n o 8 th / r m 4 l p l 4 s m 4 g 4 s i 8 i 3 4 tio n /v itr i 8 i 3 4 tio n
m u n i 3 ip 4 l
s o li %
w 4 s t / tr / 4 tm / n t. E n v ir o n m / n t 4 l
S 3 i/ n 3 /
&
8or
T / 3 h n o lo g y ,
4 4 ( 1 7 ) , 6 6 8 0 -6 6 8 4 .
C 4 r t/ r , G . W .
4n%
T s 4 n g 4 r is , A . (1 9 9 4 ). M u n i 3 ip 4 l s o li % w 4 s t /
%
is p o s 4 l p ro 3 / s s :
G o o g l / P 4 t / n ts .
C 4 r t/ r , G . W .
4n%
T s 4 n g 4 r is , A . V . (1 9 9 5 ). P l 4 s m 4 G 4 s i 8 i 3 4 tio n o 8 M u n i 3 ip 4 l S o li %
W 4 s t/ P 4 p / r p r/ s / n t/ %
4n%
4 p p li 3 4 tio n s ,
4t
th / E n v ir o n m / n t 4 l t / 3 h n o lo g i / s : p l 4 s m 4 s y s t / m s
G / o r g i 4 I n s titu t / o 8 T / 3 h n o lo g y / U n iv / r s ity o 8 B o r %
C / % z y n s k 4 , K .K o l 4 3 in s k i, Z .I z y % o r 3 z y k , M .
v itr i 8 i 3 4 ti o n
o 8 w 4 s t/
S y m p o s iu m . C / n tr /
C / l 4 ry ,
P.
4n%
8or
in 3 in / r 4 t o r
4n%
4 s h / s ,in :
/4ux
I.
S r o 3 z y n s k i, W . (1 9 9 9 ) . P l 4 s m 4
I n t / r n 4 tio n 4 l
A sh
U tiliz 4 tio n
A p p li / % E n / r g y R / s / 4 r 3 h , U n iv / r s ity o 8 K / n tu 3 k y .
S o 6 ik - S z o lty s / k ,
J.
(2 0 1 4 ) .
V itr i 8 i 3 4 tio n
4s
4n
4 lt / r n 4 tiv /
l 4 n % 8 illin g o 8 t 4 n n / r y s / w 4 g / s lu % g / . W 4 s t / M 4 n 4 g , 3 4 (1 2 ) , 2 5 2 0 - 2 5 2 7 .
135
to
C / r q u / ir 4 , N .V 4 n % / n s t / / n % 4 m , C .B 4 r o n n / t, J. M .
m / t 4 ls
v o l 4 tility
E n v ir o n . E n g .
C h 4 n g , J. S .L i, O . L .
% / t / n tio n
%
3 i.,
4n%
u r in g
th / r m 4 l
p l4 s m 4
G iro l % , C . (2 0 0 4 ). H / 4 v y
v itr i 8 i 3 4 ti o n
o8
m in / r 4 l
w 4 s t/ .
21, 8 3 -9 2 .
G u o , Y . (2 0 0 8 ). T h / r m 4 l p l 4 s m 4 tr / 4 tm / n t o 8 s to r m w 4 t / r
p o n % s lu % g / . J o u r n 4 l o 8 p u r /
C h 4 n g m in g , D .C h 4 o , S .G o n g , X .T in g , W .
8or
4n%
m / t 4 ls r / 3 o v / r y
8 ro m
4n%
4n%
4 p p li / %
3h/ m
is tr y , 8 0 , 1 9 9 3 -2 0 0 2 .
X i 4 n g / , W . (2 0 1 8 ) . P l 4 s m 4 m / th o % s
m / t 4 l - 3 o n t 4 i n i n g w 4 s t / . W 4 s t / M 4 n 4 g / m / n t, 7 7 ,
3 7 3 -3 8 7 .
C h 4 r lo t / / , E . ( 1 9 9 2 ) A n
4 n / 3 to % 4 l
h is to r y o 8 th / g 4 lv 4 n iz in g in % u s tr y . A m / r i 3 4 n
G 4 lv 4 n iz / r s A s s o 3 i 4 tio n .
C h i 6 u ik / , G . U .
P l 4 n ts
4n%
O 6 io r 4 , S. C . (2 0 1 4 ). H / 4 v y M / t 4 l P o ll u t / %
4n%
B io r / m / % i 4 ti o n
M / th o % s .
A p p li / %
4n%
S o ils: E 8 8 / 3 t o n
E n v ir o n m / n t 4 l
S o il
S 3 i/ n 3 / , 2 0 1 4 ,
C h o i, S .L i, T .W 4 t 4 n 4 6 / , T.
4n%
N 4 k 4 y 4 m 4 , T . (2 0 1 3 ). N u m / r i 3 4 l A n 4 ly s is o 8
T / m p / r 4 tu r / D is tr i 6 u tio n in th / L o n g D C A r 3 T h / r m 4 l P l 4 s m 4
8or
W 4 s t/
T r / 4 tm / n t. J o u r n 4 l o 8 C h / m i 3 4 l E n g i n / / r in g o 8 J 4 p 4 n , 4 6 ( 3 ) , 2 0 1 -2 0 8 .
C h o i, S.
4n%
W 4 t 4 n 4 6 / , T . (2 0 1 2 ) . D / 3 o m p o s itio n o 8 1 -D / 3 4 n o l E m u ls io n
6y
W 4 t/ r
T h / r m 4 l P l 4 s m 4 J / t. I E E E T r 4 n s 4 3 tio n s O n P l 4 s m 4 S 3 i / n 3 / , 4 0 (1 1 ) .
C h u n - T / h , L .W
(2 0 0 7 ) .
/
n - J h y , L .K u o -L in , H .S h / n g - F
V itr i 8 i 3 4 tio n
o 8 C h r o m iu m
/
n g, F.
4n%
E l / 3 tr o p l 4 tin g
Y i-C h i
S lu % g / .
/
h, L.
E n v ir o n .
S 3 i.
T / 3 h n o l.( 4 1 ) , 2 9 5 0 -2 9 5 6 .
C o n / s 4 , J. A .M 4 r 3 ill 4 , A .M o r 4 l, R .M o r / n o - C 4 s / ll / s , J.
4n%
P / r / z - E s p in o s 4 , A .
(1 9 9 8 ) . E v o l u tio n o 8 g 4 s / s in th / p r im 4 r y p y r o ly s is o 8
%
i8 8 / r/ n t s / w 4 g /
s lu % g / s . T h / r m o 3 h im . A 3 t 4 , 3 1 3 (1 ) , 6 3 -7 3 .
C o r / ll 4 , J.
4n%
F 4 t/
4n%
T o l / % o , J. M . (2 0 0 0 ). I n 3 in / r 4 tio n o 8
%
o p / % s lu % g / s in
8 lu i %
iz / %
p 4 r titio n in g o 8 s ix t 4 r g / t / % h / 4 v y m / t 4 ls . I. P il o t p l 4 n t u s / %
6/ %
4n%
r / s u lts . J H 4 z 4 r % M 4 t / r , 8 0 ( 1 - 3 ) , 8 1 -1 0 5 .
C u64 s,
A.
L.
V .%
/
M
/ % / ir o s
M 4 3h4 % o,
F .M 4 g n 4 g o , R . F .M o / 3 k / , E . H . S.
I n / r tiz 4 tio n o 8 h / 4 v y
M .%
4n%
/
M
G on
/ % / ir o s
9
m / t 4 ls p r / s / n t in g 4 lv 4 n i 3
4 lv / z
M 4 3h4 % o,
% /
s lu % g /
S o u z 4 , I. (2 0 1 4 4 ).
6y
DC
p l 4 s m 4 . E n v ir o n m / n t 4 l S 3 i / n 3 / & T / 3 h n o lo g y , 4 8 ( 5 ) , 2 8 5 3 - 2 8 6 1 .
1 36
M .G r o s s ,
th / r m 4 l
.
C u 6 4 s , A . L . V .M 4 3 h 4 % o , M . D .- M .M
E . H . S .F i / % l / r , H . D .
6 4 tt / r i / s
6y
4n%
4 3h4 %
o , M . D .- M .D u tr 4 , A . R . D .- A .M o / 3 k / ,
B u / n o , P . (2 0 1 5 4 ). F in 4 l tr / 4 tm / n t o 8 s p / n t
th / r m 4 l p l 4 s m 4 . J o u r n 4 l o 8 E n v ir o n m / n t 4 l M 4 n 4 g / m / n t, 1 5 9 ,
2 0 2 -2 0 8 .
C u 6 4 s , A . L . V .M 4 3 h 4 % o , M . D .- M .M
F .M o / 3 k / , E . H . S.
4n%
4 3h4 %
o , M . D .- M .G r o s s , F .M 4 g n 4 g o , R .
D / - S o u z 4 , I. G . (2 0 1 4 6 ) . I n / r tiz 4 tio n o 8 H / 4 v y
M / t 4 ls P r / s / n t in G 4 lv 4 n i 3 S lu % g /
6y
D C T h / r m 4 l P l 4 s m 4 . E n v ir o n m / n t 4 l
S 3 i / n 3 / & T / 3 h n o lo g y , 4 8 ( 5 ) , 2 8 5 3 -2 8 6 1
C u 6 4 s , A . L . V .M 4 3 h 4 % o , M . M .M
S .F i / % l / r , H . D .
4n%
4 3h4 %
o , M . M .D u tr 4 , A . R . A .M o / 3 k / , E . H .
B u / n o , P . (2 0 1 5 6 ) . F in 4 l tr / 4 tm / n t o 8 s p / n t
6 4 tt / r i / s 6 y
th / r m 4 l p l 4 s m 4 . J o u r n 4 l o 8 E n v ir o n m / n t 4 l M 4 n 4 g / m / n t, 1 5 9 ( S u p p l / m / n t C ),
2 0 2 -2 0 8 .
D / / g 4 n , D .C h 4 p m 4 n , C .I s m 4 il, S. A .W is / , M . L . H .
4n%
L y , H . (2 0 0 6 ). T h / th / r m 4 l
tr / 4 tm / n t o 8 h 4 z 4 r % o u s w 4 s t / s m 4 t / r i 4 ls u s in g P l 4 s m 4 A r 3 t / 3 h n o lo g y , in:
IM
/3hE
C o n 8 / r/ n 3/ .
I n 3 / n tiv / s
4n%
D / liv / r in g
I n 8 r 4 s tr u 3 tu r / I M
W 4 s t/
/ 3hE
S o lu tio n s — B 4 l 4 n 3 in g
T 4 rg / ts ,
L o n % o n , 9.
D O E . (2 0 0 5 ). E n v ir o n m / n t 4 l Q u 4 lity ( S 3 h / % u l / W 4 s t / s ) R / g u l 4 tio n 2 0 0 5 M 4 l 4 y s i 4 :
D / p 4 r t m / n t o 8 E n v ir o n m / n t, M 4 l 4 y s i 4 .
D O E . (2 0 0 9 ) . E n v ir o n m / n t 4 l Q u 4 lity ( 3 o n tr o l o 8 p o llu tio n
s t 4 tio n
4n%
8 ro m
s o li % w 4 s t / tr 4 n s 8 / r
l 4 n % 8 ill) R / g u l 4 tio n , u n % / r M 4 l 4 y s i 4 E n v ir o n m / n t 4 l Q u 4 lity A 3 t
1974.
D o g r u , M .M i % illi, A .
u s in g
4
4n%
th r o 4 t / %
%
H o w 4 r th , C . R . (2 0 0 2 ). G 4 s i 8 i 3 4 tio n o 8 s / w 4 g / s lu % g /
o w n % r4 8 t g 4 s i8 i/ r
4n%
u n 3 / r t 4 in ty
4 n 4 ly s is .
F u / l P r o 3 / s s in g
T / 3 h n o lo g y , 7 5 (1 ), 5 5 -8 2 .
D o n 4 l % , R . M . (2 0 0 0 ) . w 4 s t / in 3 in / r 4 tio n
4n%
p u 6 li 3 h / 4 lth .
3 o n s titu tio n
4v/nu/,
N / w Y o rk , W 4 s h in g to n D C : N 4 tio n 4 l A 3 4 % / m y p r / s s .
D u 3h 4 rm / , C.
4n%
T h / m / lis , N . ( 2 0 1 0 , M 4 y 1 1 -1 3 , 2 0 1 0 ). A n 4 ly s is o 8 T h / r m 4 l
P l 4 s m 4 - A s s is t / % W 4 s t / - to E n / r g y P r o 3 / s s / s . P 4 p / r p r / s / n t / %
A n n u 4 l N o r th
A m / ri3 4 n
W 4 s t / - to - E n / r g y
C o n 8 / r/ n 3/ ,
4t
th / 1 8 th
O r l 4 n % o , F lo r i % 4 ,
U SA .
D u r / t, A .M 4 r / 3 h 4 l, F .
G4s
(S N G )
4n%
F r i / % li, C . (2 0 0 5 ). P r o 3 / s s
p r o % u 3 tio n
u s in g
w oo%
P r o % u 3 tio n , 1 3 (1 5 ), 1 4 3 4 -1 4 4 6 .
1 37
% / s ig n
g 4 s i 8 i 3 4 tio n .
o 8 S y n th / ti 3 N 4 tu r 4 l
Jo u rn 4 l
o8
C l/ 4 n / r
E m in / , E . O .C / m 4 l, E . G .S in 4 n , G .H u s / y in , K . O .N 4 im , S .S / r % 4 r , A .
( 2 0 1 3 ) . C o m p 4 r 4 tiv / m / t 4 l (C u , N i, Z n , to t 4 l C r,
g 4 lv 4 n i 3 s lu % g /
6y
4n%
4n%
N ilg u n , B .
F / ) r/ m o v 4 l
8 ro m
m o l 4 s s / s h y % r o ly s 4 t / . J C h / m T / 3 h n o l B io t / 3 h n o l,
8 8
,
2 0 4 6 -2 0 5 3 .
F 4 k h r/ %
in / , O .A h m / % , K .
%
4n%
J / 4 n M 4 r i / , C . (2 0 0 9 ). P r o % u 3 ti o n
U s i n g A tm o s p h / r i 3 N o n - th / r m 4 l P l 4 s m 4 . P l 4 s m 4
C h / m is tr y
8 ro m
P ro p 4 n /
4n%
P l4 s m 4
P r o 3 / s s in g , S p r in g / r V / r l 4 g , 2 9 , 1 1 9 -1 3 0 .
F 4 ll 4 h i 4 r / z o u % 4 r , E .A h m 4 % ip o u r r o u % p o s h t, M .Y u s o 8 , N . M .I % r is , A .
N.
H.
A.
(2 0 1 7 ) .
3D
( T P U ) /P o ly - l- l 4 3 ti 3
B io 8 4 6 r i 3 4 t io n
A 3 i%
M 4 g h / m it / ( y - F / 2 O 3 )
(P L L A )
8or
o8
4n%
T h / r m o p l 4 s ti 3
E l / 3 tr o s p u n
N g 4 % im 4 n ,
P o ly u r / th 4 n /
N 4 n o 8 i6 / rs
C o n t 4 in in g
T is s u / E n g i n / / r in g A o r ti 3 H / 4 r t V 4 lv / . P o ly m / r s ,
9 (1 1 ) , 5 8 4 .
F 4 s h o l 4 , M .N g o l / - J / m / , V .
4n%
B 4 6 4 lo l 4 , O . (2 0 1 6 ) . H / 4 v y m / t 4 l p o llu tio n
g o l % m in / s : E n v ir o n m / n t 4 l
/ 8 8 / 3 ts 4 n %
6 4 3 t/ ri4 l
s tr 4 t / g i / s
8or
8 ro m
r / s is t 4 n 3 / . In t.
J. E n v ir o n . R / s . P u 6 li 3 H / 4 lth ., 13.
F r 4 n 3 o , C .P in to , F .G u ly u r tlu , I.
in 8 lu / n 3 in g t h /
F r/ % / ri3 ,
6 io m 4 s s
F .C h r is to p h / ,
G 4 s i 8 i 3 4 tio n
C 4 6 r it 4 , I. (2 0 0 3 ) . T h / s tu % y o 8 r / 4 3 tio n s
s t / 4 m g 4 s i 8 i 3 4 tio n p ro 3 / s s . F u / l, 8 2 (7 ), 8 3 5 -8 4 2 .
R .V 4 n %
6y
4n%
- J u li / n ,
4%
T h / rm 4 l
R.
P l4 s m 4 :
A
4n%
L 4 u r / n t,
R / v i/ w .
F.
W 4 s t/
(2 0 1 3 ).
4n%
W 4 s t/
B io m 4 s s
V 4 lo r iz 4 tio n , 4 (3 ) , 4 2 1 -4 3 9 .
F ru g i/ r,
P .G ir o l % ,
C .M / g y ,
S .V 4 n % / n s t / / n % 4 m ,
B 4 r o n n / t, J. (2 0 0 0 ) . O E S u s /
4n%
v itr i 8 i 3 4 tio n . P l 4 s m 4 C h / m is tr y
C .E r s h o v - P 4 v lo v ,
v 4 p o r iz 4 ti o n m o % / lin g
4n%
G 4 l 4 s , D .K 4 l / m 6 k i / w i 3 z ,
m o r p h o lo g y
s lu % g /
8 ro m
4n%
8 o r 8 ly - 4 s h
4n%
p l4 s m 4
S t / / l. F i r s t
4n%
L 4 s t L in / o 8
4 u s tr 4 li 4 .
J.
4n%
S it 4 r z - P 4 l 3 z 4 k , E .
l / 4 3 h 4 6 ility o 8 s / l / 3 t / % m / t 4 ls
s3r/ w
A.
P l 4 s m 4 P r o 3 / s s in g , 2 0 , 6 5 -8 6 .
G A A . (2 0 1 2 ) . T h / B 4 s i 3 s o 8 H o t D ip G 4 lv 4 n iz / %
D / 8 / n 3 / . I n 1 (E % .).
E.
8 4 3 to r y
(2 0 1 6 ).
8 ro m
P h y s i 3 o 3 h / m is tr y ,
p o s t- g 4 lv 4 n i z / % s / w 4 g /
in L 4 n 3 u t, S E P o l 4 n % . C o n t / m p o r 4 r y T r / n % s in
G / o s 3 i / n 3 / , 5 (2 ), 8 3 -9 1 .
G 4 ry ,
W.
D.
(2 0 1 5 ) .
C o n tin o u s
hot
%
G A L V IN F O C E N T E R . A p ro r4 m m /
G 4 v r il / s 3 u ,
D.
(2 0 0 8 ) .
E n / rg y
E n v ir o n m / n t 4 l E n g i n / / r in g
F ro m
4n%
ip
8or
g 4 lv 4 n iz in g - p r o 3 / s s
t h / in t / r n 4 tio n 4 l z in 3
B io m 4 s s
in
P u lp
4n%
4n%
4 s s o 3 i 4 tio n .
P4p/r
M 4 n 4 g / m / n t J o u r n 4 l, 7 (5 ), 5 3 7 -5 4 6 .
138
p r o % u 3 ts .
M ills .
G o m / z , E .R 4 n i, D . A .C h / / s / m 4 n , C . R .D / / g 4 n , D .W is / , M .
( 2 0 0 9 ) . T h / r m 4 l p l 4 s m 4 t / 3 h n o lo g y
8or
4n%
B o 3 3 4 3 3 in i, A . R .
th / tr / 4 tm / n t o 8 w 4 s t / s :
3 riti 3 4 l
4
r / v i / w . J o u r n 4 l o 8 H 4 z 4 r % o u s M 4 t / r i 4 ls , 1 6 1 (2 ), 6 1 4 -6 2 6 .
G r 4 y , L . (2 0 1 4 ). P l 4 s m 4 G 4 s i 8 i 3 4 tio n
M u n i 3 ip 4 l S o li % W 4 s t / : S o li %
4s
4n%
V i 4 6 l / W 4 s t / - to - E n / r g y T r / 4 tm / n t o 8
4
H 4 z 4 r % o u s W 4 s t / P r / v / n tio n
4n%
C o n tro l
E n g in / / r in g .
H 4 ji, A .M o u s 4 v i- S h o u s h t 4 r i, A .M 4 z 4 h / r i, F .
o p tim iz / %
4n%
T 4 6 4 t 4 6 4 / y 4 n , S. E . (2 0 1 6 ) . R S M
s / l 8 - 3 l / 4 n in g n 4 n o - 8 in is h in g o n p o ly / s t / r /w o o l
8 4 6 ri3
p r / tr / 4 t / %
w ith o x y g / n p l 4 s m 4 . T h / J o u r n 4 l o 8 T h / T / x til / I n s titu t / , 1 0 7 (8 ), 9 8 5 -9 9 4 .
H 4 ji, A . S ., A . M .
g r 4 8 tin g
M
4 3ro m
4n%
o8
A 6 % o u s s , M . . (2 0 1 4 ) . R S M o p tim iz 4 tio n o 8 p l 4 s m 4 in iti 4 t / %
4 3 r y li 3
4 3 i%
o n to
p o ly p r o p y l / n /
nonw ov/n.
Jo u rn 4 l
o8
o l / 3 u l 4 r S 3 i / n 3 / , 5 1 (1 ), 7 6 -8 7 .
H 4 u g s t/ n , K . E .
4 sh 8 ro m
4n%
G u s t 4 v s o n , B . (2 0 0 0 ). E n v ir o n m / n t 4 l p r o p / r ti / s o 8 v itr i 8 i / %
h 4 z4 r% o u s
4n%
8 y
m u n i 3 ip 4 l w 4 s t / in 3 in / r 4 tio n . W 4 s t / M 4 n 4 g / ( 2 0 ) , ( 2
3 ).
H / , Y . D .Z h 4 i, Y . B .L i, C . T .Y 4 n g , F .C h / n , L .F 4 n , X . P .P / n g , W . F .
(2 0 1 0 ). T h /
4t %
H / 6 / r lin , J.
8 4 t/
o 8 Cu, Z n, P6
4n%
C%
%
4n%
Fu, Z. M .
u r in g th / p y r o ly s is o 8 s / w 4 g / s lu % g /
i 8 8 / r / n t t / m p / r 4 tu r / s . E n v ir o n m / n t 4 l T / 3 h n o lo g y , 3 1 (5 ), 5 6 7 -5 7 4 .
4n%
M u r p h y , A . B . (2 0 0 8 ) . T o p i 3 4 l r / v i / w :T h / r m 4 l p l 4 s m 4 w 4 s t /
tr / 4 tm / n t. J o u r n 4 l o 8 A p p li / % p h y s i 3 s , 4 1 , 1 -2 0.
H o lg / r , E .H ir o 8 u m i, S .T o s h ih ik o , M .N o 6 u to s h i, T.
tr / 4 tm / n t p r o 3 / s s / s
8or
4n%
L , A . (2 0 0 1 ). S 4 / o 8 th /
4 rt
m u n i 3 ip 4 l s o li % w 4 s t / in 3 in / r 4 tio n r / s i % u / s in J 4 p 4 n .
E n v ir o n m / n t 4 l S 3 i / n 3 / & T / 3 h n o lo g y , 3 5 (7 ), 1 5 3 1 -1 5 3 6
H r 4 6 o v s k y , M . (2 0 0 2 ). G / n / r 4 tio n o 8 th / r m 4 l p l 4 s m 4 s in liq u i % - s t 4 6 iliz / %
% 3 -4 r3
H u4ng, H.
4n%
h y 6 ri%
to r 3 h / s . P u r / A p p l. C h / m , 7 4 , 4 2 9 -4 3 3 .
4n%
T 4 n g , L . (2 0 0 7 ). T r / 4 tm / n t o 8 o r g 4 n i 3 w 4 s t / u s in g th / r m 4 l p l 4 s m 4
p y r o ly s is t / 3 h n o lo g y . E n / r g y C o n v / r s io n
H u 4 n g , H .T 4 n g , L .
4n%
4n%
M 4 n 4 g / m / n t, 4 8 , 1 3 3 1 -1 3 3 7 .
W u , C . Z . (2 0 0 3 ) . C h 4 r 4 3 t / r iz 4 tio n o 8 g 4 s / o u s
p r o % u 3 t 8 r o m th / r m 4 l p l 4 s m 4 p y r o ly s is o 8 w 4 s t / ru 6 6 / r. E n v i r o n
3
4n%
s o li %
T / 3 h n o l,
3 7 (1 9 ) , 4 4 6 3 - 4 4 6 7 .
I A E A - T E C D O C . (2 0 0 6 ). A p p li 3 4 tio n o 8 T h / r m 4 l T / 3 h n o lo g i / s
8or
P r o 3 / s s in g o 8
R 4 % i o 4 3 tiv / W 4 s t / . W 4 s t / T / 3 h n o lo g y S / 3 tio n , I n t / r n 4 tio n 4 l A to m i 3 E n / r g y
A g/ n3y.
1 39
In 4 64 , T.
4n%
Iw 4 o , T. (2 0 0 0 ) . T r / 4 tm / n t o 8 w 4 s t /
6y
% 3
4 r3
%
is 3 h 4 r g / p l 4 s m 4 s .
I E E E T r 4 n s . D i / l / 3 tr i 3 s E l / 3 tr i 3 4 l I n s u l 4 tio n , 7, 6 8 4 -6 9 2 .
I n 4 6 4 , T .N 4 g 4 n o , M .
4n%
E n % o , M . (1 9 9 9 ) . I n v / s tig 4 tio n o 8 p l 4 s m 4 tr / 4 tm / n t
h 4 z 4 r% o u s w 4 s t/ s su 3 h
4 s 8 y 4 s h 4 n %
4 s 6 / s to s .
8or
E l / 3 tr i 3 4 l E n g . J p n , 1 2 6 , 7 3
82 .
Iw 4 o , T.
4n%
to r 3 h
Iw 4 o , T .
%
I n 4 6 4 , T . (2 0 0 2 ). P l 4 s m 4 l / n g th o n
4 3 .
4n%
3 h 4 r 4 3 t / r is ti 3 s
o8 DC
4 rg o n
p l4 s m 4
V 4 3 u u m , 6 5 (3 ) , 2 9 9 -3 0 4 .
Y u m o to , M . (2 0 0 6 ). P o r t 4 6 l /
is 3 h 4 r g /
8or
4 p p li 3 4 tio n
w 4 s t / tr / 4 tm / n t, th / r m 4 l s p r 4 y in g
T r 4 n s 4 3 tio n s o n E l / 3 tr i 3 4 l
J 4 n 4 jr / h , I .R 4 z 4 , S. S.
4n%
4n%
o 8 th / r m 4 l p l 4 s m 4
4n%
E l / 3 tr o n i 3 E n g in / / r in g , 1 (2 ), 1 6 3 -1 7 0 .
V 4 lm u n % s s o n , A . S. (2 0 1 3 ). P l 4 s m 4 g 4 s i 8 i 3 4 tio n p ro 3 / s s :
4n%
E n / r g y C o n v / r s io n
M 4 n 4 g / m / n t, 6 5 ( S u p p l / m / n t C ), 8 0 1 -8 0 9 .
4n%
3om
p 4 r is o n w ith
J i 4 , H .G 4 o , Z .M 4 , Y .Z h o n g , C .X i / , Y .Z h o u , H .
p h / n o x 4 z in o n / s y n th 4 s / p r o % u 3 tio n
in
4 3
s u r 8 4 3 / tr / 4 tm / n t. IE E J
M o % / lin g , s im u l 4 tio n
4 p p li 3 4 tio n
4n%
C ongo
r/ %
6y
4n%
3 o n v / n tio n 4 l
4 ir
g 4 s i 8 i 3 4 tio n .
W / i, P . (2 0 1 3 ). O p tim iz 4 tio n o 8
r / s p o n s / s u r 8 4 3 / m / th o % o lo g y
% / 3 o lo u r iz 4 tio n .
E l / 3 tr o n i 3
4n%
its
Jo u rn 4 l
o8
B io t / 3 h n o lo g y , 1 6 (5 ), 2 -2 .
J o h n , W . K . (2 0 0 6 ). Z in 3 C o 4 tin g s : S t / / l's C o r r o s io n I n h i 6 i to r A m / r i 3 4 n G 4 lv 4 n iz / r s
A s s o 3 i 4 tio n .
J u n o h , H .Y ip , C .
4n%
/ n h 4 n 3 / 6 io g 4 s
3o n 8 / r/ n 3 /
K u m 4 r 4 n , P . (2 0 1 6 ) . E 8 8 / 3 t o n C 4 (O H ) 2 p r / tr / 4 tm / n t to
p r o % u 3 tio n o 8 o r g 4 n i 3
s / r / s :
/ 4 r th 4 n %
8oo%
/ n v ir o n m / n t 4 l
K 4 l % 4 s , A .C 4 r 4 6 in , P .P i 3 4 r % , I .C h / v 4 li / r , P .
s h ip s lu % g / o il u s in g
p r/ s / n t/ %
4t
p l4 s m 4
4 r3
th / IO P
s 3 / n 3 / .
4n%
w 4 s t/
4t
H o l 3 r o 8 t, G . (2 0 0 7 ). T r / 4 tm / n t o 8
% / s tr u 3 tio n
s y s t / m (P A W D S ) . P 4 p / r
th / I T 3 ’0 7 C o n 8 / r / n 3 / , P h o / n ix A Z .
K 4 l % 4 s , A .T h / o % o r 4 , A .
w 4 s t/
4
w 4 s t/ . P 4 p / r p r / s / n t/ %
% / s tr u 3 tio n
4n%
P / t / r , T. (2 0 0 3 ). O p tim iz 4 tio n o 8 th / m 4 r in / p l 4 s m 4
t / 3 h n o lo g y . P 4 p / r p r / s / n t / %
4t
th / I T 3 ’03 C o n 8 / r / n 3 / .,
O r l 4 n % o , F lo r i % 4 .
K 4 m o lw 4 n , T. (2 0 0 9 ) . E 8 8 / 3 ts o 8 h / 4 tin g
4n%
3opp/r
%
i 8 8 u s io n o n
8 / l%
s p 4 r G IA
L 4 6 o r 4 to r y , B 4 n g k o k .
K 4 n w 4 l, R .F ., F .I q r 4 , W .
o8
h/4vy
6 io 3 h / m
m / t 4 ls
4n%
4n%
M u h 4 m m 4 % , S. H . A . (2 0 1 7 ). P r / v 4 l / n 3 / o 8 / x p o s u r /
th / i r
im p 4 3 t
is tr y , 1 1 9 (1 ), 1 5 7 -1 8 4 .
1 40
on
h / 4 lth
3o n s/ q u / n 3/ s.
C / llu l 4 r
K 4 n w 4 l, R .F iz 4 , F .I q r 4 , W .
/ x p o su r/
4n%
o 8 h / 4 v y m / t 4 ls
M uh4m m 4% ,
4n%
S. H . A . (2 0 1 8 ) . P r / v 4 l / n 3 /
3o n s/ q u / n 3/ s.
J C / l
M 4 k in o ,
(
th / i r im p 4 3 t o n h / 4 lth
o8
B io 3 h / m , 1 1 9 , 1 5 7 -1 8 4 .
K 4 to h ,
H .W 4 t 4 n 4 6 / ,
C 4 r 6 o n iz 4 tio n
T .O h m o r i,
H .K 4 w 4 m u r 4 ,
o 8 jo h k 4 s o u
K.
s lu % g / u s in g
4n%
6 4 t 3 h - ty p /
Y.
/ q u ip m / n t.
2 0 0 5 ).
J M 4 t/ r
C y 3 l / s W 4 s t / M 4 n 4 g , 7, 5 5 -6 4 .
K / z / lis , R .M / 3 iu s , V .V 4 lin 3 iu t / , V .
T r / 4 tm / n t
P ro 3/ ss/ s,
K im , H . I.
6y
4n%
E m p lo y in g
8
4n%
V 4 lin 3 iu s , V . (2 0 0 4 ) . W 4 s t /
P l4 s m 4
T / 3 h n o lo g y .
H ig h
4n%
B io m 4 s s
T / 3 h n o lo g y
P l4 s m 4
, 2 7 3 -2 8 2 .
P 4 r k , D . W . (2 0 0 4 ) . C h 4 r 4 3 t / r is ti 3 s o 8
8 ly 4 s h /s lu %
g / s l 4 g s v itr i 8 i / %
th / r m 4 l p l 4 s m 4 . In % . E n g . C h / m , 1 0 (2 ), 2 3 4 -2 3 8 .
K im , S .M o o n , S ., H .
u s in g
4n%
E nh4 n3/%
K im , K . W . (2 0 0 1 ). R / m o v 4 l o 8 H / 4 v y M / t 4 ls
E l / 3 tr o k in / ti 3
S o il
P r o 3 / s s in g .
W 4 t/ r,
A ir ,
8 ro m
4n%
S o ils
S o il
P o llu tio n , 1 2 5 (1 ), 2 5 9 -2 7 2 .
K im u r 4 , T .T 4 k 4 s / , K .
EDTA
3om
4n%
p l/ x
T 4 n 4 k 4 , S. (2 0 0 7 ). C o n 3 / n tr 4 tio n o 8 3 o p p / r
4t
th / p H j u n 3 t i o n
8 o rm / %
in s o il
6y
4n%
4n
4 3opp/
r-
/ l / 3 tr o k in / ti 3
r / m / % i 4 tio n p ro 3 / s s . J o u r n 4 l o 8 H 4 z 4 r % o u s M 4 t / r i 4 ls , 1 4 3 (3 ), 6 6 8 -6 7 2 .
K o 6 y 4 , M .E r % / m , N .
g 4 lv 4 n i 3
/ l / 3 tr o % / s .
4n%
r in s in g
D / m ir 6 4 s , E . (2 0 1 5 ). T r / 4 tm / n t o 8 C r, N i
w 4 s t/ w 4 t/ r
D / s 4 lin 4 tio n
4n%
6y
/ l / 3 tr o 3 o 4 g u l 4 tio n
p ro 3 / ss
4n%
u s in g
Zn
8 ro m
ir o n
W 4 t / r T r / 4 tm / n t, 5 6 (5 ), 1 1 9 1 -1 2 0 1 .
K o g / ls 3 h 4 tz , U . (2 0 0 4 ) . A tm o s p h / r i 3 - p r / s s u r / p l 4 s m 4 t / 3 h n o lo g y . P l 4 s m 4 P h y s .
C o n tr o ll / % F u s io n , 4 6 , B 6 3 - B 7 5 .
K u n io , K .H ir o s h i, K .T o r u , S.
4n%
K o i 3 h i, S. (1 9 7 5 ). M / th o %
8or
in 3 in / r 4 tin g
in % u s tr i 4 l w 4 s t 4 g / : G o o g l / P 4 t / n ts .
K uo,
Y .C h 4 n g ,
J .C h 4 n g ,
K .C h 4 o ,
C .T u 4 n ,
S t 4 6 iliz 4 tio n o 8 r / s i % u / s o 6 t 4 in / %
1 - T r / 4 tm / n t p 4 th o 8 m / t 4 ls in
4
8 ro m
Y.
4n%
C h 4 n g -C h i/ n ,
G.
(2 0 1 0 ).
th / tr / 4 tm / n t o 8 l 4 6 o r 4 to r y w 4 s t / . p 4 r t
p l 4 s m 4 m / ltin g s y s t / m . J o u r n 4 l o 8 th / A ir &
W 4 s t / M 4 n 4 g / m / n t A s s o 3 i 4 tio n , 6 0 (4 ), 4 2 9 -4 3 8 .
K w 4 k , T .L / / , S .M 4 k / n , S .S h in , H .P 4 r k , J.
4n%
Y o o , Y . D . (2 0 0 5 ) . A s tu % y o 8
g 4 s i 8 i 3 4 tio n o 8 m u n i 3 ip 4 l s o li % w 4 s t / u s in g
6 u rn / r.
4 %
o u 6 l / in v / r s /
%
i 8 8 u s io n
8 l4 m /
E n / r g y & F u / ls , 1 9 (6 ), 2 2 6 8 - 2 2 7 2 .
K w 4 k , T .L / / , S .P 4 rk , J .M 4 k / n , S .Y o o , Y . D .
m u n i 3 ip 4 l s o li % w 4 s t / in
4
p ilo t p l 4 n t
4n%
4n%
L / / , S. (2 0 0 6 4 ). G 4 s i 8 i 3 4 tio n o 8
its im p 4 3 t o n / n v ir o n m / n t. K o r / 4 n
J o u r n 4 l o 8 C h / m i 3 4 l E n g in / / r in g , 2 3 ( 6 ) , 9 5 4 -9 6 0 .
141
K w 4 k , T .M 4 k / n , S .L / / , S .P 4 rk , J .M in , B .
4 s p / 3 ts
4n%
Y o o , Y . D . (2 0 0 6 6 ) . E n v ir o n m / n t 4 l
o 8 g 4 s i 8 i 3 4 tio n o 8 k o r / 4 n m u n i 3 ip 4 l s o li % w 4 s t / in
4
p ilo t p l 4 n t. F u / l,,
8 5 (1 4 -1 5 ), 2 0 1 2 -2 0 1 7 .
L / 4 l- Q u ir o s , E . (2 0 0 4 ) . P l 4 s m 4 p r o 3 / s s in g o 8 m u n i 3 ip 4 l s o li % w 4 s t / . B r 4 z il i 4 n J. o 8
P h y s ., 3 4 (4 B ), 1 5 8 7 -1 5 9 3 .
L / s t 4 n , D .L u o , C .
4n%
L i, X . (2 0 0 8 ) . T h / u s / o 8
3 h / l 4 tin g 4 g / n ts
in th / r / m / % i 4 tio n
o 8 m / t 4 l- 3 o n t 4 m in 4 t / % s o ils : A r / v i / w . E n v ir o n m / n t 4 l P o llu tio n , 1 5 3 (1 ), 3
13.
L i, C .- T .L / / , W .- J .H u 4 n g , K .- L .F u , S .-F .
4n%
L 4 i, Y .-C . (2 0 0 7 ) . V itr i 8 i 3 4 tio n o 8
C h r o m iu m E l / 3 tr o p l 4 tin g S lu % g / . E n v ir o n m / n t 4 l S 3 i / n 3 / & T / 3 h n o lo g y ,
L i, J .L iu , K .Y 4 n , S .L i, Y .
t / 3 h n o lo g y
8or
4n%
H 4 n , D . (2 0 1 6 ). A p p li 3 4 tio n o 8 th / r m 4 l p l 4 s m 4
th / tr / 4 tm / n t o 8 s o li % w 4 s t / s in C h in 4 : A n o v / r v i / w . W 4 s t /
M 4 n 4 g / m / n t, 5 8 , 2 6 0 -2 6 9 .
L i, O .G u o , Y .C h 4 n g , J .U r 4 s h im 4 , K .
so u r3/ s
6y 4
S 4 ito , N . (2 0 1 2 ) . T r / 4 tm / n t o 8 n o n - p o in t
th / r m 4 l p l 4 s m 4 s y s t / m u n % / r
J P l4 s m 4 E n v iro n
3
s to r m w 4 t / r s / % im / n ts :
4 r3
4
D C p 4 rti 4 l tr 4 n s 8 / r r / % m o % / . In t
T / 3 h n o l, 6 (1 ), 6 3 -6 7 .
L i, O . L .G u o , Y .C h 4 n g , J. S.
tr4 n s 8 / rr/ %
4n%
4n%
3om
S 4 ito , N . (2 0 1 5 4 ). T h / r m 4 l p l 4 s m 4 tr / 4 tm / n t o 8
p 4 r is o n
6 / tw / / n
D C n o n - tr 4 n s 8 / r r / %
4n%
p 4 r ti 4 lly
p l 4 s m 4 . E n v ir o n m / n t 4 l T / 3 h n o lo g y , 3 6 (1 3 ) , 1 6 7 2 -1 6 7 9 .
L i, O . L .G u o , Y .C h 4 n g , J. S .U r 4 s h im 4 , K .
n o n p o in t s o u r 3 /
4n%
S 4 ito , N . (2 0 1 5 6 ) . A n / w
p o llu tio n / s to r m w 4 t / r
s lu % g /
tr / 4 tm / n t
6y
4n
4 p p ro 4 3h
o8
in t / g r 4 t / %
th / r m 4 l p l 4 s m 4 s y s t / m . I n t / r n 4 tio n 4 l J o u r n 4 l o 8 E n v ir o n m / n t 4 l S 3 i / n 3 /
4n%
T / 3 h n o lo g y , 12, 1 7 6 9 -1 7 7 8 .
L in , K .- H .H s u , H .- T .K o , Y .- W .S h i / h , Z .- X .
p ro % u 3t
3 h 4 r 4 3 t / r is ti 3 s
o 8 6 io s lu % g /
4n%
8 ro m
C h i 4 n g , H .-L . (2 0 0 9 ) . P y r o ly ti 3
th / w 4 s t / w 4 t / r tr / 4 tm / n t p l 4 n t o 8
4
p / tr o 3 h / m i 3 4 l in % u s tr y . J o u r n 4 l o 8 H 4 z 4 r % o u s M 4 t / r i 4 ls , 1 7 1 (1 ), 2 0 8 -2 1 4 .
L u n % s t / % t, T .S / i 8 / r t, E .A 6 r 4 m o , L .T h / lin , B .N y s tr o m , A .P / tt / r s / n , J.
R.
(1 9 9 8 ) .
E x p / r im / n t 4 l
% / s ig n
4n%
o p tim iz 4 tio n .
4n%
B / rg m 4 n ,
C h / m o m / tr i 3 s
4 n%
in t / llig / n t l 4 6 o r 4 to r y s y s t / m s , 4 2 (1 ) , 3 -4 0 .
M 4,
W .F 4 n g ,
Y .C h / n ,
V o l 4 tiliz 4 tio n
4 sh
in
4
DC
4n%
4 r3
D .C h / n ,
l / 4 3 h in g
p l4 s m 4
G .X u ,
Y .S h / n g ,
6 / h 4 v io r
8 u rn 4 3/ .
H.
4n%
Zhou,
Z.
(2 0 1 7 ).
o 8 h / 4 v y m / t 4 ls in M S W in 3 in / r 4 tio n
F u / l, 2 1 0 , 1 4 5 -1 5 3 .
1 42
8 y
M 4 h m o o % , T.
4n%
t / 3 h n o lo g i / s
2 1 1 2
E llio tt, A . (2 0 0 6 ). A r / v i / w o 8 s / 3 o n % 4 r y s lu % g / r / % u 3 tio n
8or
th / p u lp
4n%
.
M 4 l4 k 4 h m 4 % ,
A.
4n%
Chu4n,
m / th o % o lo g y to o p tim iz /
%
p 4 p / r in % u s tr y . W 4 t / r R / s / 4 r 3 h , 4 0 ( 1 1 ) , 2 0 9 3
ig / s t / %
p 4 lm
o il
S. Y .
(2 0 1 3 ) .
A p p li 3 4 tio n
3 o 4 g u l 4 tio n - 8 lo 3 3 u l 4 tio n
m ill
/ 8 8 lu / n t
u s in g
4 lu m
o 8 r/ sp o n s/
tr / 4 tm / n t o 8
.
su r8 4 3/
4 n 4 / r o 6 i 3 4 lly
D / s 4 lin 4 tio n
4n%
W 4 t/ r
T r / 4 tm / n t, 5 1 ( 3 4 - 3 6 ) , 6 7 2 9 -6 7 3 5 .
M 4 r 4 n i, D .B r 4 g u g li 4 , C . M .M in in n i, G .
C r, M n , N i, P 6 ,
8 u rn 4 3/ .
4n%
4n%
M 4 3 3 io n i, F . (2 0 0 3 ). B / h 4 v io u r o 8
Z n in s / w 4 g / s lu % g / in 3 in / r 4 tio n
6y
8 lu i %
is / %
%
6/%
W 4 s t / M 4 n 4 g , 2 3 , 1 1 7 -1 2 4 .
M 4 r i 4 , E . D . B . R . (2 0 1 1 ) . C o s t- 6 / n / 8 it
m o n t/ v i% / o ;
4n%
w 4 s t / to
/ n / rg y
4 n 4 ly s is
o8
4
w 4 s t / to
/ n / rg y
p l4 n t
8or
in s m 4 ll is l 4 n % s . (M S 3 ), u n iv / r s ity
o8
3 o lu m 6 i 4 , 3 o lu m 6 i 4 .
M / i, D .H / , Y . L .L iu , S .Y 4 n , J.
in
4n%
T u , X . (2 0 1 6 ) . O p tim iz 4 tio n o 8 C O 2 C o n v / r s io n
C y lin % r i 3 4 l D i / l / 3 tr i 3 B 4 r r i / r D is 3 h 4 r g /
4
E x p / r im / n ts . P l 4 s m 4 P r o 3 / s s / s
4n%
%
ry in g , p y r o ly s is
D / s ig n
o8
P o ly m / r s , 1 3 (5 ), 5 4 4 -5 5 6 .
M / n / n % / z , J. A .D o m in g u / z , A .I n g u 4 n z o , M .
in % u 3 / %
R / 4 3 to r U s in g
4n%
4n%
P is , J. J. (2 0 0 5 ) . M i 3 r o w 4 v / -
g 4 s i 8 i 3 4 tio n ( M W D P G ) o 8 s / w 4 g / s lu % g / :
V itr i 8 i 3 4 tio n o 8 th / s o li % r / s i % u / . J o u r n 4 l o 8 A n 4 ly ti 3 4 l
4n%
A p p li / % P y r o ly s is ,
7 4 ( 1 - 2 ) , 4 0 6 -4 1 2 .
M itr 4 s in o v i 3 , A .P / r s h in , L .W / n , J. Z .
4n%
v 4 lu 4 6 l / m / t 4 ls
8 ro m
4n%
M o s t 4 g h im i, J. (2 0 1 1 ) . R / 3 o v / r y o 8 C u
E - w 4 s t / u s in g th / r m 4 l p l 4 s m 4 tr / 4 tm / n t. J. m 4 t / r.,
6 3 (8 ) , 2 4 -2 8 .
M o h 4 i, I.
4n%
S z / p v o lg y i, J. (2 0 0 5 ) . T r / 4 tm / n t o 8 p 4 r ti 3 u l 4 t / m / t 4 llu r g i 3 4 l w 4 s t / s in
th / r m 4 l
p l4 s m 4 s .
C h / m i3 4 l
E n g i n / / r in g
4n%
P r o 3 / s s in g :
P ro 3/ ss
I n t / n s i 8 i 3 4 tio n , 4 4 (2 ) , 2 2 5 -2 2 9 .
M o h 4 i, I .S z / p v o lg y i, J.
W 4 s t / s in
4n
4n%
K 4 r o ly , Z .
/.
4.
(2 0 0 1 ) . R / % u 3 tio n o 8 M / t 4 llu r g i 3 4 l
R F T h / r m 4 l P l 4 s m 4 R / 4 3 to r . P l 4 s m 4 C h / m is tr y
4n%
P l4 s m 4
P r o 3 / s s in g , 2 1 , 5 4 7 -5 6 3 .
M o h 4 m m 4 % i, T .R 4 z m i, A .
S o u th M
s / p 4 r 4 tio n
/%
4n%
S 4 % r z 4 % / h , M . (2 0 0 4 ). D / s 4 lin 4 tio n S tr 4 t / g i / s in
it / r r 4 n / 4 n C o u n tr i / s . E 8 8 / 3 t o 8 o p / r 4 tin g p 4 r 4 m / t / r s o n P 6 2 +
8 ro m
w 4 s t / w 4 t / r u s in g / l / 3 tr o % i 4 ly s is . D / s 4 lin 4 tio n , 1 6 7 , 3 7 9 -3 8 5 .
143
M o u n to u r is , A .V o u ts 4 s , E .
s lu % g / : P r o 3 / s s
4n%
4n%
T 4 s s io s , D . (2 0 0 8 ). P l 4 s m 4 g 4 s i 8 i 3 4 tio n o 8 s / w 4 g /
% / v / lo p m / n t
4n%
/ n / rg y
o p tim iz 4 tio n . E n / r g y C o n v / r s io n
M 4 n 4 g / m / n t, 4 9 ( 8 ) , 2 2 6 4 - 2 2 7 1 .
M o u s t 4 k 4 s , K .F 4 tt 4 , D .M 4 l 4 m is ,
D / m o n s tr 4 ti o n
p l4 s m 4
S .H 4 r 4 l 4 m 6 o u s , K .
4n%
L o iz i % o u , M . (2 0 0 5 ).
g 4 s i 8 i 3 4 tio n /v itr i 8 i 3 4 tio n
s y s t/ m
8or
/ 8 8 / 3 tiv /
h 4 z 4 r % o u s w 4 s t / tr / 4 tm / n t. J o u r n 4 l o 8 H 4 z 4 r % o u s M 4 t / r i 4 ls B 1 2 3
(2 0 0 5 )
1 2 0 - 1 2 6 , B 1 2 3 , 1 2 0 -1 2 6 .
M o u s t 4 k 4 s , K .P 4 p 4 % o p o u lo s , A .F 4 tt 4 , D .H 4 r 4 l 4 m 6 o u s , K . J.
(2 0 0 3 ) .
D / s ig n
4n%
3 o n s tr u 3 tio n
g 4 s i 8 i 3 4 tio n /v itr i 8 i 3 4 tio n u n i t
in t / r n 4 tio n 4 l
3o n 8 / r/ n 3 /
on
8or
o8
4n%
% /m
4
L o iz i % o u , M .
o n s tr 4 tio n
w 4 s t / tr / 4 tm / n t. P 4 p / r p r / s / n t / %
/ n v ir o n m / n t 4 l
s 3 i/ n 3 /
4n%
4t
p l4 s m 4
th /
8
th
t / 3 h n o lo g y , L / m n o s
is l 4 n % g r / / 3 / .
M o u s t 4 k 4 s , K .X y % is , G .M 4 l 4 m is , S .H 4 r 4 l 4 m 6 o u s , K . J.
A n 4 ly s is
o8
r / s u lts
g 4 s i 8 i 3 4 tio n /v itr i 8 i 3 4 tio n
8 ro m
u n it
th /
8or
4n%
o p / r 4 tio n
o p tim iz in g
L o iz i % o u , M . (2 0 0 8 4 ).
o8
its
p ilo t
4
p / r8 o rm 4 n 3/ .
p l4 s m 4
Jo u rn 4 l
o8
H 4 z 4 r % o u s M 4 t / r i 4 ls , 1 5 1 (2 ), 4 7 3 -4 8 0 .
M o u s t 4 k 4 s , K .X y % is , G .M 4 l 4 m is , S .H 4 r 4 l 4 m 6 o u s , K . J.
A n 4 ly s is
o8
r / s u lts
g 4 s i 8 i 3 4 tio n /v itr i 8 i 3 4 tio n
8 ro m
u n it
th /
8or
o p / r 4 tio n
o p tim iz in g
4n%
L o iz i % o u , M . (2 0 0 8 6 ) .
o8
its
p ilo t
4
p l4 s m 4
p / r8 o rm 4 n 3/ .
J.
o8
H 4 z 4 r % .M 4 t / r . R / s , 1 5 1 , 4 7 3 -4 8 0 .
M u k h / r j / / , P . S .B h o i, B .M is h r 4 , C . R .D 4 s h , R . R .S 4 t 4 p 4 th y , B . K .
K . (2 0 1 2 ). P r o % u 3 tio n o 8 P ig ir o n
8 ro m
p l 4 s m 4 s m / ltin g t / 3 h n o lo g y S y m p o s iu m
M
/ / tin g 4 n %
N 4 l3 o r/ % m u %
6y
J4 y 4 s4 n k 4 r,
4 p p li 3 4 tio n
E x h i 6 itio n (p p . 9 9 -1 0 3 ).
(2 0 0 6 ) . C o - g 4 s i 8 i 3 4 tio n o 8 S / w 4 g / S lu % g /
4n%
4n%
4n%
H u4ng, W .
P l 4 s ti 3 W 4 s t / s : E v 4 lu 4 tio n o 8
A p p li 3 4 tio n . J o u r n 4 l o 8 th / J 4 p 4 n I n s titu t / o 8 E n / r g y , 8 5 ,
9 6 4 -9 7 0 .
M u r 4 k 4 m i,
o8
o n L i g h t M / t 4 ls / T M S A n n u 4 l
M u r 4 k 4 m i, T .S u % 4 , T .M o u r i, S .S h ig / t 4 , J .H ir 4 t 4 , T .F u jim o r i, T .
E x p / r im / n t
4n%
T .S u z u k i,
Y .N 4 g 4 s 4 w 4 ,
H .Y 4 m 4 m o to ,
O k 4 m o to , S. (2 0 0 9 ). C o m 6 u s tio n
T .K o s / k i,
3 h 4 r 4 3 t / r is ti 3 s
T .H ir o s / ,
H.
o 8 s / w 4 g / s lu % g / in
4n%
4
in 3 in / r 4 tio n p l 4 n t 8 o r / n / r g y r / 3 o v / r y . F u / l P r o 3 / s s in g T / 3 h n o lo g y , 9 0 , 7 7 8 783.
1 44
N 4 o u m , C .F 4 tt 4 , D .H 4 r 4 l 4 m 6 o u s , K . J.
m / t 4 ls
8 ro m
S 3 i/ n 3 /
4n%
N / m 4 , S.
4n%
s / w 4 g / s lu % g /
6y
4n%
L o iz i % o u , M . (2 0 0 1 ). R / m o v 4 l o 8 h / 4 v y
4 3 i%
tr / 4 tm / n t. J o u r n 4 l o 8 E n v ir o n m / n t 4 l
H / 4 lth , P 4 r t A , 3 6 (5 ), 8 7 3 -8 8 1 .
G 4 n / s h p r 4 s 4 % , K . (2 0 0 2 4 ). P l 4 s m 4 p y r o ly s is o 8 m / % i 3 4 l w 4 s t / . C u r r / n t
S 3 i / n 3 / , 8 3 (3 ), 2 7 1 -2 7 8 .
N / m 4 , S. K .
4n%
G 4 n / s h p r 4 s 4 % , K . S. (2 0 0 2 6 ) . P l 4 s m 4 p y r o ly s is o 8 m / % i 3 4 l w 4 s t / .
C u r r / n t S 3 i / n 3 / , 8 3 (3 ), 2 7 1 -2 7 8 .
N ik o l 4 y , M .
4n%
M 4 r i 4 , Y . (2 0 1 7 4 ). M / th o % s
tr / 4 tm / n t. P 4 p / r p r / s / n t / %
N ik o l 4 y , M .
4n%
th / M A T E C W
M 4 r i 4 , Y . (2 0 1 7 6 ) . M / th o % s
tr / 4 tm / n t. P 4 p / r p r / s / n t / %
P 4 n , X .J i 4 n h u 4 , Y .
m / t 4 ls in
4t
4n%
8 ly
4 sh
4t
4n%
s o lu tio n s
th / M A T E C W
g 4 lv 4 n i 3 w 4 s t / w 4 t / r
o 8 C o n 8 / r/ n 3/ s.
/6
4n%
8or
s o lu tio n s
8or
g 4 lv 4 n i 3 w 4 s t / w 4 t / r
o 8 C o n 8 / r/ n 3/ s.
/6
Z h / n g m i 4 o , X . (2 0 1 3 ). D / to x i 8 y in g P C D D /F s
4n%
8 ro m
o u 6 l/
m / % i 3 4 l w 4 s t / in 3 in / r 4 to r s w ith
DC
4
%
h/4vy
4 3
p l 4 s m 4 to r 3 h . J o u r n 4 l o 8 E n v ir o n m / n t 4 l S 3 i / n 3 / s , 2 5 (7 ) , 1 3 6 2 - 1 3 6 7 .
P4n, X.
4n%
X i / , Z . (2 0 1 4 ) . C h 4 r 4 3 t / r is ti 3 s o 8 M / lt in g I n 3 in / r 4 to r A s h / s U s in g
D ir / 3 t C u r r / n t P l 4 s m 4 T o r 3 h . E n v ir o n m / n t 4 l
P 4 r k , H . S .L / / , B . J.
4n%
4n%
4 n 4 ly ti 3 4 l
4
to x i 3 o o g y , 4 (3 ).
K im , S. J. (2 0 0 5 ). M / % i 3 4 l w 4 s t / tr / 4 tm / n t u s in g p l 4 s m 4 . J.
In % . E n g . C h / m , 11, 3 5 3 -3 6 0 .
P 4 t / l, M . L .
8or
4n%
C h 4 u h 4 n , J. S. (2 0 1 2 ). P l 4 s m 4 G 4 s i 8 i 3 4 tio n : A S u s t 4 in 4 6 l / S o lu tio n
th / M u n i 3 ip 4 l S o li % W 4 s t / M 4 n 4 g / m / n t in th / S t 4 t / o 8 M
4%
h y 4 P r4 % / sh ,
In % i 4 . I n t / r n 4 tio n 4 l J o u r n 4 l o 8 E n v ir o n m / n t 4 l S 3 i / n 3 / s , 3 (1 ).
P / r / z - V ill 4 r / jo ,
L .M 4 r tin / z - M 4 r tin / z ,
D .U r / n 4 - N i / to ,
C.
4n%
S .C 4 r r 4 s 3 o - H u r t 4 % o ,
S 4 n 3 h / z - S o to ,
in / r tiz 4 tio n o 8 g 4 lv 4 n i 3 s lu % g / w 4 s t / in
P.
3 l4 y
J.
B .E li 3 h / - Q u / s 4 % 4 ,
(2 0 1 5 ).
6 ri 3 k s .
V 4 lo r iz 4 tio n
4n%
A p p li / % C l 4 y S 3 !/ n 3 / ,
1 0 5 ( S u p p l / m / n t C ), 8 9 -9 9 .
P / t / r , M . (2 0 1 1 ). H is to r i 3 4 l D / v / lo p m / n t o 8 H o t -
%
ip G 4 lv 4 n iz in g . H 4 n % 6 o o k o 8
H o t D ip G 4 lv 4 n iz in g : W I L E Y - V C H V / r l 4 g G m 6 H & C o.
P o ir o u x , R .
4n%
R o llin , M . (1 9 9 6 ). H ig h t / m p / r 4 tu r / tr / 4 tm / n t o 8 w 4 s t / :
l 4 6 o r 4 to r i / s to t h / in % u s tr i 4 l s $4 g / . P u r / A p p l. C h / m ,
6 8
8 ro m
, 1 0 3 5 -1 0 4 0 .
P o u r 4 li, M . (2 0 1 0 ). A p p li 3 4 tio n o 8 P l 4 s m 4 G 4 s i 8 i 3 4 tio n T / 3 h n o lo g y in W 4 s t / to
E n / r g y - C h 4 ll / n g / s
4n%
O p p o r tu n iti / s . I E E E
E n / r g y , 1 (3 ), 125 -1 3 0 .
145
T r 4 n s 4 3 tio n s o n
S u s t 4 in 4 6 l /
R 4 is s i, S. (2 0 0 9 ). D / v / lo p in g n / w p r o 3 / s s / s
4n%
o p tim iz in g p / r 8 o r m 4 n 3 / u s in g
r / s p o n s / s u r 8 4 3 / m / th o % o lo g y . W o r l % A 3 4 % / m y o 8 S 3 i / n 3 / , E n g i n / / r in g
4n%
T / 3 h n o lo g y , 4 9 , 1 0 3 9 -1 0 4 2 .
R 4 m 4 3h 4 n % r4 n ,
K.
4n%
/ l / 3 tr o p l 4 tin g
R 4 m 4 3h 4 n % r4 n , K .
(2 0 0 0 ).
P l4 s m 4
in - 8 lig h t tr / 4 tm / n t o 8
s lu % g / . V 4 3 u u m , 5 9 , 2 4 4 -2 5 1 .
4n%
/ l / 3 tr o p l 4 tin g
R 4 o , L .C 4 r 4 6 in , P .
K ik u k 4 w 4 , N .
K ik u k 4 w 4 , N . (2 0 0 2 ). T h / r m 4 l p l 4 s m 4 in - 8 lig h t tr / 4 tm / n t o 8
s lu % g / . I E E E T r 4 n s . P l 4 s m 4
4n%
&3 ()
3 0 , 3 1 0 -3 1 7 .
H o l 3 r o 8 t, G . ( 2 0 1 0 , 5 -8 O 3 to 6 / r , 2 0 1 0 ). P l 4 s m 4 W 4 s t /
G 4 s i 8 i 3 4 tio n : D / 3 / n tr 4 liz / % A p p r o 4 3 h to P r o % u 3 tio n o 8 E n / r g y F r o m W 4 s t / .
P 4 p / r p r/ s / n t/ %
4t
th /
2n%
I n t / r n 4 tio n 4 l C o n 8 / r / n 3 /
o n H 4 z 4 r% o u s
4 n%
I n % u s tr i 4 l W 4 s t / M 4 n 4 g / m / n t, C h 4 n i 4 , C r / t / , G r / / 3 / .
R 4 s h i % , K .S in h 4 , K .
4n%
P .C ., S. (2 0 1 3 ). A n u p % 4 t / o n o x i % 4 tiv / s tr / s s - m / % i 4 t / %
o r g 4 n p 4 th o p h y s io lo g y . F o o % C h / m T o x i 3 o l, 6 2 , 5 8 4 -6 0 0 .
R 4 th , S. S .J 4 y 4 s 4 n k 4 r , K .S 4 t 4 p 4 th y , B . K .M is h r 4 , B . K .
K in / ti 3 s
4n%
4 r3 8 u rn 4 3 / .
s t 4 tis ti 3 4 l
6 / h 4 v io u r
4n%
o 8 ir o n r / 3 o v / r y
M u k h / r j / / , P . S. (2 0 1 1 ).
8 ro m
r / % m u % u s in g p l 4 s m 4
H ig h T / m p . M 4 t / r . P r o 3 / s s , 3 0 (3 ), 2 1 1 .
R 4 th , S. S .P 4 n y , A .J 4 y 4 s 4 n k 4 r , K .M itr 4 , A . K .K u m 4 r , C . S.
( 2 0 1 3 ) . S t 4 tis ti 3 4 l m o % / lin g s tu % i / s o 8 ir o n r / 3 o v / r y
4n%
8 ro m
M u k j / r j / / , P . S.
r/ %
m u%
u s in g
th / r m 4 l p l 4 s m 4 . P l 4 s m 4 S 3 (* T / 3 h n o l, 1 5 (5 ), 4 5 9 -4 6 4 .
R /%
%
y, K. R.
4n%
C h in th 4 m r / %
%
y , S. (1 9 9 9 ). E l / 3 tr o k in / ti 3 r / m / % i 4 tio n o 8 h / 4 v y
m / t 4 l- 3 o n t 4 m in 4 t / % s o ils u n % / r r / % u 3 in g
/ n v ir o n m / n ts .
W 4 s t / M 4 n 4 g / m / n t,
1 9 (4 ), 2 6 9 -2 8 2 .
R o % r ig u / s , R . C .K / n / 4 ly , W . R .D i / tr i 3 h , D .
s u r 8 4 3 / m / th o % o lo g y ( R S M ) to
r / 3 o v / r in g x y lo s /
R o s s in i, G .
4n%
6y
4n%
/ v 4 lu 4 t /
J / 8 8 r i / s , T . W . (2 0 1 2 ). R / s p o n s /
m o is tu r /
/ 8 8 / 3 ts
on
3o rn
s to v / r in
D E O h y % r o ly s is . B io r / s o u r T / 3 h n o l, 1 0 8 , 1 3 4 -1 3 9 .
B / r n 4 r % / s , A . M . (2 0 0 6 ). G 4 lv 4 n i 3 s lu % g / m / t 4 ls r / 3 o v / r y
p y r o m / t 4 llu r g i 3 4 l
4n%
6y
h y % r o m / t 4 llu r g i 3 4 l tr / 4 tm / n t. J o u r n 4 l o 8 H 4 z 4 r % o u s
M 4 t / r i 4 ls , 1 3 1 ( 1 - 3 ) , 2 1 0 -2 1 6 .
R o u s s / 4 u , C .B 4 r 4 u % , F .L / l / y t / r , L .
s 4 3 ri8 i3 i4 l
4 no% / s:
Im p 4 3 t
4n%
on
G il, O . (2 0 0 9 ) . C 4 th o % i 3 p r o t / 3 tio n
m 4 r in /
s / % im / n t
m / t 4 lli 3
3 o n t4 m
6y
z in 3
in 4 tio n .
J o u r n 4 l o 8 H 4 z 4 r % o u s M 4 t / r i 4 ls , 1 6 7 (1 ), 9 5 3 -9 5 8 .
R u j, B .
4n%
G h o s h , S. (2 0 1 4 ). T / 3 h n o lo g i 3 4 l
4 s p / 3 ts 8 o r
th / r m 4 l p l 4 s m 4 tr / 4 tm / n t o 8
m u n i 3 ip 4 l s o li % w 4 s t / — A r / v i / w . F u / l P r o 3 / s s in g T / 3 h n o lo g y , 1 2 6 , 2 9 8
308.
1 46
R u t 6 / r g , P . G .B r 4 ts / v , A . N .S 4 8 r o n o v , A . A .S u r o v , A . V .
( 2 0 0 2 ) . T h / t / 3 h n o lo g y
4n%
/ x / 3 u tio n
4n%
S 3 h / g o l/ v , V . V .
o 8 p l4 s m 4 3 h / m i3 4 l
%
is in 8 / 3 tio n o 8
h 4 z 4 r % o u s m / % i 3 4 l w 4 s t / . I E E E T R A N S A C T I O N S O N P L A S M A S C IE N C E ,
3 0 (4 ) , 1 4 4 5 -1 4 4 8 .
1 0 .1 1 0 9 /T P S .2 0 0 2 .8 0 4 2 1 8
% +,-
S 4 8 8 4 r z 4 % / h , A .S h im 4 o k 4 , T .M o to m u r 4 , Y .
m in / r 4 lo g i 3 4 l
/ v 4 lu 4 tio n
4n%
W 4 t 4 n 4 6 / , K . (2 0 0 6 ). C h / m i 3 4 l
o 8 s l 4 g p r o % u 3 ts
% / r iv / %
8 ro m
4 n%
th / p y r o ly s is /m / ltin g
tr / 4 tm / n t o 8 M S W . W 4 s t / M 4 n 4 g / m / n t, 2 6 ( 1 2 ) , 1 4 4 3 -1 4 5 2 .
S 4 8 8 4 rz 4 % / h ,
A .S h im 4 o k 4 ,
T .M o to m u r 4 ,
Y.
4n%
W 4 t4 n 4 6 / ,
K.
./4 0 .
C h 4 r 4 3 t / r iz 4 tio n s tu % y o 8 h / 4 v y m / t 4 l- 6 / 4 r in g p h 4 s / s in M S W
(2 0 0 9 ).
J o u rn 4 l
o 8 H 4 z 4 r % o u s M 4 t / r i 4 ls , 1 6 4 (2 -3 ), 8 2 9 -8 3 4 .
S 4 h / r, S.
4n%
A 6 % / l H 4 m i % , Z . (2 0 0 3 ) . E 8 8 / 3 t o 8
s tr u 3 tu r /
4n%
%
ro ss
8 o r m 4 tio n
4 lu m
in iu m
3 o n t/ n t
o n th /
3 o 4 tin g
in th / h o t- % ip g 4 lv 4 n iz in g p ro 3 / s s . S u r 8 4 3 /
4 n%
I n t / r 8 4 3 / A n 4 ly s is . W il / y I n t / r S 3 i / n 3 / (w w w .in t / r s 3 i / n 3 / .w il / y . 3 o m ), 3 5 ,
9 3 4 -9 4 7 .
S 4 // m , H . M .E w / i % 4 , E . A .
th / ir
/ n v ir o n m / n t
4n%
F 4 r 4 g , A . (2 0 0 0 ) . H / 4 v y m / t 4 ls in
im p 4 3 t
I n t / r n 4 tio n 4 l C o n 8 / r / n 3 /
on
8or
hum 4n
h / 4 lth .
. P4p/r
%
r in k in g w 4 t / r &
p r/ s / n t/ %
4t
th /
E n v ir o n m / n t 4 l H 4 z 4 r % s M itig 4 tio n . I C E H M ,
C 4 ir o U n iv / r s ity ,G iz 4 , E g y p t.
S 4 m 4 l, S. (2 0 1 7 ). T h / r m 4 l p l 4 s m 4 t / 3 h n o lo g y : T h / p r o s p / 3 tiv /
8 u tu r /
in m 4 t / ri 4 l
p r o 3 / s s in g . J o u r n 4 l o 8 C l / 4 n / r P r o % u 3 tio n , 1 4 2 (P 4 r t 4 ), 3 1 3 1 -3 1 5 0 .
S 4 m 4 l, S. K .S in % h o o r 4 , L . P .M is h r 4 , S. C .
p r o 3 / s s in g o 8
P r o 3 / s s in g
S 3 i/ n 3 /
6 lu /
4n%
4n%
%
u s t. P 4 p / r p r / s / n t / %
M is h r 4 , B . (2 0 1 5 ) . S tu % i / s o n p l 4 s m 4
4t
th / 4 th N 4 tio n 4 l C o n 8 / r / n 3 / o n
C h 4 r 4 3 t / r iz 4 tio n o 8 M 4 t / r i 4 ls . I O P C o n 8 . S / ri / s . M 4 t / r i 4 ls
E n g in / / r in g .
S 4 n k 4 r 4 m m 4 l, M .T h 4 th / y u s , A .
u s in g p s / u % o m o n 4 s
S 4 n t4 n u , P .
4n%
4n%
4n%
8 lu o r / s 3 / n s .
R 4 m y 4 , D . (2 0 1 4 ) . B io r / m o v 4 l o 8
34%
m iu m
O p / n J. W 4 t / r P o llu t. T r / 4 t( 1 ) , 9 2 -1 0 0 .
P 4 k , K . Y . (2 0 0 6 ) . S o li % i 8 i 3 4 t io n - s t 4 6 il iz 4 tio n o 8 o r g 4 n i 3
in o r g 4 n i 3
3 o n t4 m
in 4 n ts u s in g p o r tl 4 n %
3 / m / n t:
4
4n%
lit / r 4 tu r / r / v i / w . E n v ir o n .
R / v ., 14.
S 3 h u lz , W . D .
4n%
8 o r m 4 tio n
T h i / l / , M . (E % s .). (2 0 1 1 ). H o t
T / 3 h n o lo g y . H 4 n %
6ook
V / rl4 g G m 6 H .
1 47
on hot
%
%
ip G 4 lv 4 n iz in g
4n%
L4y/r
ip g 4 lv 4 n is in g .: W il / y - V C H
S / 6 4 g , M . G .K o r z / n o w s k i, C .B / r n 4 r % / s , A . M .
o 8 / n v ir o n m / n t 4 l
3om
4n%
V il / l 4 , A . C . (2 0 0 9 ). E v 4 lu 4 tio n
p 4 ti 6 ility o 8 E A F D u s in g
%
i 8 8 / r / n t l / 4 3 h in g s t 4 n % 4 r % s .
J o u r n 4 l o 8 H 4 z 4 r % o u s M 4 t / r i 4 ls , 1 6 6 (2 ), 6 7 0 -6 7 5 .
1/ 2 ,
J .- H .
4n%
H o n g , B .-G .
(2 0 1 2 ).
p o w % / r s . N u 3 l / 4 r / n g in / / r in g
Sh/n, L.
4n%
4n%
T h / rm 4 l p l4 s m 4
t / 3 h n o lo g y , 4 4 (1 ) , 9 -2 0 .
Z h 4 n g , D . (2 0 0 5 ) . L o w - t / m p / r 4 tu r / p y r o ly s is o 8 s / w 4 g / s lu % g /
p u tr / s 3 i 6 l / g 4 r 6 4 g /
8or 8u/l
S h i / , J .Y i- R u , L .K 4 / - L o n g , L .
4n%
C h in g - Y u 4 n , C . ( 2 0 1 4 4 ). T h / r m 4 l T r / 4 tm / n t o 8
C o n 8 / r / n 3 / o n F u tu r / E n v i r o n m / n t
S h i / , J. L .L i 4 u , Y . R .L in , K . L .
4n%
4n%
o rg 4 n i3
Jo u rn 4 l
S 3 i/ n 3 /
4n%
4t
th / 4 th I n t / r n 4 tio n 4 l
E n / r g y , S in g 4 p o r / .
64 s/ %
s t 4 6 i liz 4 tio n /s o li % i 8 i 3 4 tio n o 8
in 4 t / % h 4 z 4 r % o u s w 4 s t / s u s in g N 4 - 6 / n t o n it /
o 8 E n v ir o n m / n t 4 l
4n%
4n%
J u n , K . S. (1 9 9 5 ) . C / m / n t
3 o n t4 m
th / 4 th I n t / r n 4 tio n 4 l
C h 4 n g , C . Y . (2 0 1 4 6 ) . T h / r m 4 l T r / 4 tm / n t o 8
C o n 8 / r / n 3 / o n F u tu r / E n v i r o n m / n t
4n%
4t
E n / r g y .I P C B E E , S in g 4 p o r /
P 4 p / r S lu % g / U s i n g T o r 3 h P l 4 s m 4 . P 4 p / r p r / s / n t / %
S h in , H . S.
E n g i n / / r in g
4n%
o il p r o % u 3 tio n . F u / l, 8 4 ( 7 - 8 ) , 8 0 9 -8 1 5 .
P 4 p / r S lu % g / U s i n g T o r 3 h P l 4 s m 4 . P 4 p / r p r / s / n t / %
S h ir o , Y .
s y n th / s is o 8 n 4 n o - s iz / %
4n%
S 3 i/ n 3 /
4n%
H / 4 lth
. P 4 rt A:
4n%
s ili 3 4
-8 u m / .
E n v ir o n m / n t 4 l
T o x i 3 o lo g y , 3 0 (3 ), 6 5 1 -6 6 8 .
T 4 h / i, T. (2 0 0 0 ). P r in 3 ip l /
4n%
P r o 3 / s s o 8 H / 4 v y M / t4 l R / m o v 4 l
8 ro m
S / w 4 g / S lu % g / . E n v i r o n S 3 3 T / 3 h n o l, 3 4 , 1 5 7 2 -1 5 7 5 .
S m ith , W . J.
S o 6 i/ 3 k 4 , E .
4n%
4n%
/ 8 8 / 3 tiv /
G o o % w in , F . E . (2 0 1 0 ) . H o t D ip C o 4 tin g s . R / t r i / v / %
S z y m 4 n s k i, L . (2 0 1 4 ). T h / r m 4 l p l 4 s m 4 v itr i 8 i 3 4 ti o n p r o 3 / s s
t / 3 h n o lo g y
8 o r 8 ly 4 s h 4 n %
J o u r n 4 l o 8 C h / m i 3 4 l T / 3 h n o lo g y
S to i 3 4 , A .S 4 n %
8 ro m
6 / rg ,
M.
4n%
3 h ro m
4n%
iu m - r i 3 h s / w 4 g / s lu % g / u tiliz 4 tio n .
B io t / 3 h n o lo g y , 8 9 (7 ), 1 1 1 5 -1 1 1 7 .
H o l 6 y , O . (2 0 0 9 ). E n / r g y U s /
w ith in W 4 s t / w 4 t / r T r / 4 tm / n t
4n%
4s 44
S lu % g / H 4 n % lin g
4n%
4t
R / 3 o v / r y S tr 4 t / g i / s
P u lp
4n%
P 4 p / r M ills .
B io r / s o u r T / 3 h n o l, 1 0 0 (1 4 ), 3 4 9 7 - 3 5 0 5 .
S ty li 4 n o u , M . A .K o lli 4 , D .H 4 r 4 l 4 m 6 o u s , K .- J .I n g l / z 4 k is , V . J .M o u s t 4 k 4 s , K . G .
L o iz i % o u , M . D . (2 0 0 7 ). E 8 8 / 3 t o 8
m / t 4 ls
8 ro m
4 3 i%
4 n%
tr / 4 tm / n t o n th / r / m o v 4 l o 8 h / 4 v y
s / w 4 g / s lu % g / . D / s 4 lin 4 tio n , 2 1 5 (1 ) , 7 3 -8 1 .
S u lliv 4 n , C .T y r / r , M .C h / / s / m 4 n , C . R .
w 4 t / r tr / 4 tm / n t w 4 s t / s
4n%
3 o n t 4 in in g
G r 4 h 4 m , N . J. D . (2 0 1 0 ) . D is p o s 4 l o 8
4 rs / n i 3 .
1778.
148
S 3 i. T o t 4 l E n v ir o n , 4 0 8 , 1 7 7 0
S z / n t / , R . N .B / n % / r , O . W .S 3 h r o / t / r , R . A .G r 4 3 i 4 , M . G .
T r / 4 tin g E l / 3 tr o p l 4 tin g R / s i % u / s 6 y P l 4 s m 4 - L 4 6
0 5 5 0 8 -9 0 1 ) C i%
T 4 n % / ro ,
C .T ix i / r ,
4% /
4n%
4n%
B 4 r 6 o s 4 , L . (1 9 9 8 ).
P il o t S 3 4 l / T / s ts ., (C E P
U n iv / r s it 4 r i 4 , S 4 o P 4 u lo , B r 4 z il.
C .T r is 4 n t,
P .D / s m 4 is o n ,
A to m o s p h / r i 3 p r / s s u r / p l 4 s m 4 :
A
J.
R / v i/ w .
4n%
L / p r in 3 / ,
P.
(2 0 0 6 ).
s p / 3 tr o 3 h im i 3 4 A 3 t 4 P 4 r t B .
A to m i 3 s p / 3 tr o s 3 o p y , 6 1 (1 ), 2 -3 0 .
T4ng, L.
4n%
H u 4 n g , H . (2 0 0 5 ). T r / 4 tm / n t o 8 W 4 s t / T y r / P o w % / r U s in g
8 r/ q u / n 3y
C 4 p 4 3 itiv / ly C o u p l / %
4
H ig h -
P l 4 s m 4 R / 4 3 to r . T h / C h in / s / J o u r n 4 l o 8
P r o 3 / s s E n g in / / r in g , 5 (3 ).
T 4 n g , L .H u 4 n g , H .Z h 4 o , Z . L .W u , C . Z .
p o ly p r o p y l / n / in
4n%
C h / n , Y . (2 0 0 3 ). P y r o ly s is o 8
n itr o g / n p l 4 s m 4 r / 4 3 to r . I n % E n g C h / m R / s , 4 2 (6 ) , 1 1 4 5
4
1150.
T 4 n ig 4 k i, N .M 4 n 4 k o , K .
w 4 s t/
4n%
4n%
O s 4 % 4 , M . (2 0 1 2 ). C o - g 4 s i 8 i 3 4 tio n o 8 m u n i 3 ip 4 l s o li %
m 4 t / r i 4 l r / 3 o v / r y in
l 4 r g / - s 3 4 l / g 4 s i 8 i 3 4 tio n
4
4n%
m / ltin g s y s 6/ m .
W 4 s t / M 4 n 4 g / m / n t, 3 2 (4 ) , 6 6 7 -6 7 5 .
T 3 h o u n w o u , P . B .Y / % jo u , C . G .P 4 tlo ll 4 , A . K .
M / t 4 l T o x i 3 ity
4n%
4n%
4n%
S u tto n , D . J. (2 0 1 2 ) . H / 4 v y
th / E n v ir o n m / n t. I n L u 3 h , A . (E % .), M o l / 3 u l 4 r , C lin i 3 4 l
E n v ir o n m / n t 4 l T o x i 3 o lo g y : V o lu m / 3: E n v ir o n m / n t 4 l T o x i 3 o lo g y (p p .
1 3 3 -1 6 4 ). B 4 s / l: S p r in g / r B 4 s / l.
T i 4 n , M .P 4 r k , H .
4n%
R o w , K . H . (2 0 1 4 ) . O p tim iz 4 tio n o 8 S y n th / s is A m o u n ts o 8
P o ly m / r s w ith T w o M o n o m / r s
6y
D i 8 8 / r / n t M / th o % s B 4 s / %
on R / sp o n s/
S u r 8 4 3 / M / th o % o lo g y . A % v 4 n 3 / s in P o ly m / r T / 3 h n o lo g y , 3 3 (2 ).
T ip p 4 y 4 w o n g , N .
4 ir
4n%
K h o n g k r 4 p 4 n , P . (2 0 0 9 ) . D / v / lo p m / n t o 8
p l4 s m 4 to r3 h
4n%
its
4 p p li 3 4 tio n
to
/ l / 3 tr o n i 3
4
l 4 6 o r 4 to r y s 3 4 l /
w 4 s t / tr / 4 tm / n t. In t. J.
E n v ir o n . S 3 78 T / 3 h ., 6 (3 ), 4 0 7 -4 1 4 .
T o l / % o , J. M .C o r / ll 4 , J.
in
in 3 in / r 4 tio n
4n%
o8
C o r / ll 4 , L . M . (2 0 0 5 ). T h / p 4 r titio n in g o 8 h / 4 v y m / t 4 ls
s lu % g / s
I n t / r p r / t 4 tio n o 8 r / s u lts w ith
4n%
w 4 s t/
in
4 3 o n 3 / p tu 4 l
4
6 u 6 6 lin g
8 lu i %
iz / %
6/ %
:
2
.
m o % / l. J H 4 z 4 r % M 4 t / r , 1 2 6 ( 1 - 3 ) ,
1 5 8 -1 6 8 .
T o r o p o v , V . V .v 4 n K / u l / n , F .M 4 r k in / , V .
th / m u lti- p o in t
4 p p r o x im 4 tio n
r/ s p o n s/ s . P 4 p / r p r/ s / n t/ %
4t
4n%
D / D o / r , H . (1 9 9 6 ). R / 8 in / m / n ts in
m / th o % to r / % u 3 / th /
th /
P r o 3 / / % in g s
I S S M O s y m p o s iu m o n m u lti % is 3 ip lin 4 r y
1 49
/ 8 8 / 3 ts
6
th
4 n 4 ly s is 4 n %
o 8 n o is y s tru 3 tu r 4 l
A I A A /U S A F / N A S A /
o p tim iz 4 tio n .
T u 4 n , Y . J .W 4 n g , H . P .
3 o - m / ltin g
o8
4n%
8 9y
C h 4 n g , J. E . (2 0 1 2 ) . T r 4 3 k in g o 8
4 sh / s
4n%
3h ro m
iu m in p l 4 s m 4
s lu % g / s . W 4 t / r, A ir, & S o il P o llu tio n , 2 2 3 (8 ) ,
5 2 8 3 -5 2 8 8 .
T z / n g , C ., C .K u o , Y . Y .H u 4 n g , T . F .L in , D . L .
r 4 % io 4 3 tiv / w 4 s t / s
6y
p l 4 s m 4 in 3 in / r 4 tio n
4n%
Y u , Y . J. (1 9 9 8 ) . T r / 4 tm / n t o 8
4n%
v itr i 8 i 3 4 ti o n
8 o r 8 in 4 l %
is p o s 4 l.
J o u r n 4 l o 8 H 4 z 4 r % o u s M 4 t / r i 4 ls , 5 8 (1 ), 2 0 7 -2 2 0 .
V 4 n O o s t, G .H r 4 6 o v s k y K o p / 3 k y , M . V .K o n r 4 % , M .H lin 4 , M .
P y r o ly s is /g 4 s i 8 i 3 4 ti o n o 8 6 io m 4 s s
8or
s y n th / ti 3
8u/l
4n%
K 4 v k 4 , T . (2 0 0 9 ).
p r o % u 3 tio n u s in g
h y 6 ri%
4
g 4 s - w 4 t / r s t 4 6 iliz / % p l 4 s m 4 to r 3 h . V 4 3 u u m , 8 3 , 2 0 9 -2 1 2 .
W 4 n g , J .F / n g , X .A n % / r s o n , C . W . N .X in g , Y .
m / r3u ry
2 2 2
3 o n t4 m
4n%
S h 4 n g , L . (2 0 1 2 ). R / m / % i 4 tio n o 8
in 4 t / % s it / s - A r / v i / w . J o u r n 4 l o 8 H 4 z 4 r % o u s M 4 t / r i 4 ls , 2 2 1
, 1 -1 8.
W 4 n g , Q .Y 4 n , J. H .T u .X .C h i, Y .L i, X . D .
o 8 m u n i 3 ip 4 l s o li %
4n%
w 4 s t / in 3 in / r 4 to r
L u , S. Y . (2 0 0 9 ) . T h / r m 4 l tr / 4 tm / n t
8 ly
4 sh
u s in g D C
o u 6 l/
%
4 r3
4 rg o n
p l 4 s m 4 . F u / l, 8 8 (5 ) , 9 5 5 -9 5 8 .
W 4 n g , S. B .C h / n g , C . M .L 4 n , W .Z h 4 n g , X . H .L iu , D . P .
4n%
Y 4 n g , S. Z . (2 0 1 3 ).
E x p / r im / n t 4 l S tu % y o 8 T h / r m 4 l P l 4 s m 4 P r o 3 / s s in g W 4 s t / C ir 3 u it B o 4 r % s .
A % v 4 n 3 / % M 4 t / r i 4 ls R / s / 4 r 3 h , 6 5 2 - 6 5 4 , 1 5 5 3 -1 5 6 1 .
W 4ng,
Z .G u o ,
Q .L iu ,
X.
4n%
C 4o,
C.
(2 0 0 7 ).
Low
T / m p / r 4 tu r /
P y r o ly s is
C h 4 r 4 3 t / r is ti 3 s o 8 O il S lu % g / u n % / r V 4 r io u s H / 4 tin g C o n % itio n s . E n / r g y &
F u / ls , 2 1 , 9 5 7 -9 6 2 .
w 4 t4 n 4 6 / ,
N.
T.
(2 0 1 3 ).
D / 3 o m p o s itio n
A tm o s p h / r i 3 P r / s s u r / . P l 4 s m 4 S 3 i / n 3 /
W 4 t 4 n 4 6 / , T.
4n%
o8
G ly 3 / r in /
6y
W 4 t/ r
4n%
T / 3 h n o lo g y , 1 5 (4 ), 1-6.
S h im 6 4 r 4 , S. (2 0 0 3 ). H 4 lo g / n 4 t / % h y % r o 3 4 r 6 o n
P l4 s m 4 s
% /3om
4t
p o s itio n
6y
s t / 4 m th / r m 4 l p l 4 s m 4 s . H ig h T / m p . M 4 t / r . P r o 3 / s s , 7, 4 5 5 -4 7 4 .
W / i4 , Y . L .
4n%
W u 4 , C . H . (1 9 9 7 ). P A H E m is s io n s
I n 3 in / r 4 tio n o 8
4n
8 ro m
th / F lu i % iz / % - B / %
I n % u s tr i 4 l S lu % g / . J o u r n 4 l o 8 th / A ir & W 4 s t / M 4 n 4 g / m / n t
A s s o 3 i 4 tio n , 4 7 (9 ) , 9 5 3 -9 6 0 .
W / r l / , S. (2 0 1 5 4 ). G 4 s i 8 i 3 4 tio n o 8
F ix / % B / % R / 4 3 to r . E n / r g i / s ,
4
D ri/ %
8
S / w 4 g / S lu % g / in
4
L 4 6 o r 4 to r y S 3 4 9/
, 8 5 6 2 -8 5 7 2 .
W / r l / , S. (2 0 1 5 6 ) . N itr o g / n O x i % / s E m is s io n R / % u 3 tio n U s in g
S/w 4g/
S lu % g /
G 4 s i 8 i 3 4 tio n G 4 s R / 6 u r n in g P r o 3 / s s . E 3 o l C h / m E n g S ., 2 2 (1 ) , 8 3 -9 4 .
W / s tin g h o u s / - p l 4 s m 4 .
(2 0 1 5 ).
R / tri/ v / %
h t t p : // w w w .w / s t in g h o u s / - p l 4 s m 4 . 3 o m .
1 50
23
o 3 to 6 / r ,
2015,
8 ro m
Y / u n g , A . T .H s u , C . N .
/ x tr 4 3 tio n
o8
:/ 4 %
4n%
M / n o n , R . M . (1 9 9 6 ) . E D T A - / n h 4 n 3 / %
/ l / 3 tr o k in / ti 3
. J G / o t / 3 h E n g , 1 2 2 (8 ), 6 6 6 -6 7 3 .
Y i- M in g , K .K u o - L in , H .
4n%
o 8 M u n i 3 ip 4 l S o li %
C h its 4 n , L . (2 0 1 2 ). M / t 4 l B / h 4 v io r
%
W 4 s t / I n 3 in / r 4 to r F ly A s h . A / r o s o l
u r in g V itr i 8 i 3 4 tio n
4n%
A ir Q u 4 lity
R / s / 4 r 3 h , 12, 1 3 7 9 -1 3 8 5 .
Z 4 i % o n , A . K .P 4 r i % 4 h , G . H .B 4 k 4 r , M . T .
T h / P r o 3 / s s in g V 4 r i 4 6 l / s
8or
4n%
R u s h % 4 n , I. (2 0 1 2 ) . O p tim is 4 tio n o 8
H ig h P o ly m / r L o 4 % in g in C o m p r / s s / % W o o %
U s i n g R / s p o n s / S u r 8 4 3 / M / th o % o lo g y . J o u r n 4 l o 8 T r o p i 3 4 l F o r / s t S 3 i / n 3 / ,
2 4 ( 2 ) , 2 4 1 -2 4 8 .
Zh4ng,
Q.
(2 0 1 1 ).
M 4 th / m 4 ti 3 4 l
g 4 s i 8 i 3 4 tio n in
4
8 ix / %
m o % / lin g
o8
m u n i 3 ip 4 l
s o li %
w 4 s t/
p l4 s m 4
- 6 / % m / ltin g r / 4 3 to r . ( D o 3 to r 4 l D is s / r t 4 tio n ) , S E -1 0 0
4 4 S to 3 k h o lm , S w / % / n .
Z h 4 n g , Q .D o r, L .F / n ig s h t / in , D .Y 4 n g , W .
m u n i 3 ip 4 l s o li %
4n%
B l 4 s i 4 k , W . (2 0 1 2 ). G 4 s i 8 i 3 4 tio n o 8
w 4 s t / in th / p l 4 s m 4 g 4 s i 8 i 3 4 tio n m / ltin g p ro 3 / s s . A p p l.
E n / r g , 9 0 , 1 0 6 -1 1 2 .
Z h / n , H .X u - t 4 o , Z .
4n%
G u i- q in g , X . (2 0 1 3 ). P r o % u 3 t Q u 4 lity I m p r o v / m / n t T h r o u g h
R / s p o n s / S u r 8 4 3 / M / th o % o lo g y : A C 4 s / S tu % y . . P 4 p / r p r / s / n t / %
I n t / r n 4 tio n 4 l
C o n 8 / r/ n 3/
on
T / 3 h n o lo g y
I n n o v 4 tio n
4n%
4t
th /
I n % u s tr i 4 l
M 4 n 4 g / m / n t.
Z l / 6 / k , Z .H o % u l, J.
w 4 s t/
4n%
4n%
3 o n t 4 in in g
D r o 3 h y tk 4 , R . (2 0 1 8 ). R / p 4 ir i n g
h / 4 v y m / t 4 ls . I O P C o n 8 / r / n 3 /
E n g in / / r in g , 3 8 5 ( 3 8 5 ) , 1-6.
151
3om
p o s it / u s in g h 4 z 4 r % o u s
;/ ri / s :
M 4 t / r i 4 ls S 3 i / n 3 /
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Biliary ascariasis in the etiology of recurrent pyogenic cholangitis in an endemic area
International Journal of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, 2015
Education in Pakistan: The key issues, problems and the new challenges
Journal of Management and Social …, 2007
Adolescents’ Relational Resources and Health Risky Behaviours during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Online School Burnout and Psychological Well-Being as Mediators
The New Educational Review, 2024
The Linguistic Representations of Causing Events and Caused Events in Narrative Discourse
Cognitive semantics, 2015
Analysis and Design of Modified Incremental Conductance-Based MPPT Algorithm for Photovoltaic System
Journal of Renewable Energies
Evaluation of Mutual Assistance Intention by Residents During Large Scale Earthquake Disaster Using KDB Database in Hakui City
Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. A1 (Structural Engineering & Earthquake Engineering (SE/EE))
Reforma del sector petrolero y disputa por la renta en Brasil
Latinoamérica. Revista de Estudios Latinoamericanos, 2011
The Effect of Nursing Students' Educational Stresses on Self-Confidence and Anxiety in Clinical Decision Making
Journal of Academic Research in Nursing, 2020
Infection and Immunity in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 2000
Megasatellites: a new class of large tandem repeats discovered in the pathogenic yeast Candida glabrata
Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 2009