Green Chemistry approach for size press
VADIVEL MANIvisibility
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Proceedings of National Conference on Fundamental and Applied Chemistry 2013
Green chemistry approach for surface sizing of printing paper with
cationic starch and its impact on printing
M. Vadivel*, Asst. Prof., JKKM CT Gobi, Dr. C.Umarani, Govt Arts College, Salem -7,
K.S. Rajesh Director (Tech). Triveni Group of Companies, Chennai
Abstract:The paper making is a combination of various machine functions and effect of
chemical additives, starting from refiner and culminating at the reel, is a long and complex
process. The variations in the raw material and the sophistication of the pulping and paper
making process require an in depth understanding of the mechanism involved. Surface sizing
is becoming a common practice for controlling paper surface characteristics and liquid
spreading and absorption. With growing demand for high quality cultural papers, industry
uses different types of formulations and technologies for surface sizing. Application of
oxidized starches at the size press, which is the conventional method adopted, causes
dissimilar problems in broke recycling and affects opacity, brightness, paper machine white
water recycling. The present work aims at evaluating the potential of assessing and
controlling paper surface chemistry as a tool to improve printing quality, by analyzing the
impact of the application of cationic starc h as surface sizing agent. Furthermore,
diverse beneficial effects of improving white wa ter qua lit y, inc lud ing the
reduction of COD and cationic demand, are obtained. Surface sizing with
catio nic starch also gives better pick ing res ista nce a nd ink recept ivity for
anionic coated paper than starch
Keywords: Writing and printing Paper, surface sizing , oxidized starch, enzymatic treated
native starch, cationic starch , brightness , opacity , printing quality,
Introduction:
Projections indicate that the world human population will reach seven billion in 2013 and
9.2 billion in 2050 (1) which deeply increase the demand of per capita consumption of
paper 20 Kg by 2020 (2) . Main demand for the p r i n t i n g a nd writing (P&W) paper is
strongly influenced by the structural and sur face properties of the paper , being one of the
most important factor at present concerning costumer’s evaluation. The strength of the fiber
is mainly controlled by morphology, initia l cooking, washing, bleaching conditions etc
(3) before paper machine operations. For this increasing importance in printing area is
under high development and many related studies have been published in world wide as a
open literature [ 4-9) . Nowadays a common practice in papermaking, in order to improve
printing quality, surface sizing is a standard operation in many paper mills by using oxidized
starch, enzyme treated native starch. In this context, the objective of the present work is to
evaluate the potential of paper surface chemistry as a tool to improve printing quality, by
analyzing the impact of the application of c a tio n ic s ta r c h w ith e n z y me . The main
objective of this approach is to improve print quality by optimizing the balance between the
absorption and spreading phenomena.
Lire rat ure Re vie w
Fibers, fillers, and starch are the main components of paper .Starches derived from
special potatoes, maize or tapioca, are used for food and technical applications like paper
manufacturing, the textile and the adhesives industries. Starches for surface sizing range
32
Proceedings of National Conference on Fundamental and Applied Chemistry 2013
fro m the native in- mill converted products to pre- converted starches. In- mill converted
starches inc lude enzyme- conver ted starch and ammo nium persulfate (AP) converted
starch. Oxid ized starch, starch ethers and esters, and cationic starches (CS) are exa mp les
of pre- converted ones, which have been characterized in other studies (10, 11). If the level
and type of size press starch used is inappropriate, it can result in loss of opacity and
brightness, lower bulk, reduced machine speed, higher effluent losses, increased
sludge build- up, and poor paper mac hine runnability [12)
Starch is a polymer of a- D- glucose Normal starch is co mposed of a mixture
of 20±30 % a mylase and 70±80% amylopectin. Amylopectin is a highly b ra nc hed
polymer with excellent thickening properties. Amylose is a n e sse ntia lly linear po lymer
which tends to form gels. The amylase and amylopectin ratio plays an important role in size
press film formation. Various previous studies were considered. The Amylose and
Amylopection structures show below.
During the past decade, many starch manufacturers have introd uced cationic size
press starches, mainly as an opportunity to reduce the starch load in white water
and eff lue nt (1 3 ,14). This environmental benefit of catio nic size press starches
occ urs because the starches remain tight ly bound to the fiber even during the
repulp ing of broke, thus preventing the starches being lost in efflue nt. Studies have
shown
that catio nic starch use nearly halved the BOD leve l or effluent
load
Improve me nt of paper properties, inc lud ing ink-jet printability, sizing degree and
sheet porosity, could be obtained by using catio nic size press starch [15].
Experipental Set up
Cationic starch was cooked after enzyme treatment to get the same
viscosity as like the oxidized starch. Laboratory surface sizing was carried out
using the two starches on a Auto bar coater, using grooved rod.
33
Proceedings of National Conference on Fundamental and Applied Chemistry 2013
Laboratory Coating Unit:A uto Bar C oater
Non surface sized paper of 56 gsm was used for studies. Lab coating
was performed with 10% solids of starch at 55-60 deg C. The sheets were air
dried and then the surface was calendered with hot ironing. Ten sheets were
coated with normal enzyme converted anionic starch and enzyme converted
cationic starch. The paper samples were tested for their properties and color
prints were made to assess the ink jet printability. FTIR spectra of the paper
samples were analyzed for the starch penetration. Ink jet printing of the
samples was also performed in HP Inkjet printer.
Results and Discussion
Comparative properties of the paper, before and after surface sizing, are
given below in Table
Properties of the Paper
Non surface sized Enzyme converted
Parameter
base paper
starch sized
Substance
58.2
59.2
Caliper
72
73
Bulk
1.24
1.25
Burst Factor
19
20
Br. length m MD/ CD
4080 / 2900
4100/2800
Tear factor MD /CD
52 /58
53/57
Porosity ml/min
180
160
ISO Brightness %
89.53
87.53
Opacity %
86.43
83.56
L*
91.23
91.06
a*
0.58
0.52
34
cationic starch
sized
58.6
73
1.25
20
4200/2900
54/59
140
88.68
85.68
91.2
0.53
Proceedings of National Conference on Fundamental and Applied Chemistry 2013
b*
Gloss 75 T
Wax pick
%Starch pick up
-5.24
4
14
0
5.23
5
15
2
5.02
7
18
1.5
Fourier Transform Infra red (FT-IR ATR) CARRIED OUT IN A Thermo Nicolet iS10 SPECTRAMETER in the range of 500-400 cm-1 is presented below. This was performed to assess the starch
penetration into the sheet.
FTIR for Non Surface sized paper
FTIR for oxidized starch coating
FTIR for Cationic starch Coating
35
Proceedings of National Conference on Fundamental and Applied Chemistry 2013
The image of inkjet printing for the three cases is presented below.
Base paper
Anionic starch
Cationic starch
As seen from results given in Table, the usage of cationic starch has several advantages
compared to regular anionic starch for surface sizing.
1. In spite of lower pick up, the tensile is higher
2. Opacity drop is significantly lower indicating lower starch penetration into sheet
3. Absence of characteristic peak at 1076 – indicating no penetration into sheet
4. Brightness drop is very less
5. Significant improvement in surface strength – wax pick
6. Explicit improvement in inkjet printability – color reproduction
The final inkjet printing performance, evaluated through the determination of several
parameters related to color reproduction and image definition confirmed that for
better inkjet printing performances the predominance of non-polar rather than polar
groups turned outwards is desirable.
The predominance of these polar groups cannot be excessive since they must also be
accessible for paper-ink interactions in order to allow the ink to dry fast. Improvement in
strength and surface strength of paper with cationic starch is a point of consideration. Better
36
Proceedings of National Conference on Fundamental and Applied Chemistry 2013
interaction of fiber and cationic starch on surface has been the reason for such an
improvement.
In addition this provides an advantage during recycling, since anionic trash generation is
reduced. The cationic starch remains fixed on fiber even during recycling thus preventing
solubilised starch ending up as COD in paper machine effluent. Lower penetration on the
sheet surface is also advantageous in terms of opacity. Better effect at lower starch pickup
gives an advantage of overcoming the cost of cationic starch over normal anionic starch.
Conclusion:
Use of Cationic starch after viscosity reduction for surface sizing has several
advantages over the regular anionic starch. Even at lower pick up it gives better surface
strength and improved ink jet printability.
Future Research Work:
The pulp produced from bagasse, Hardwood, Softwood by using various bleaching methods
like ECF, TCF can be evaluated for their suitability to printing with respect to their surface
characteristics and also morphology of the fiber
Acknowledge ment:
The authors thanks to the Research guide and co-author, Principal and Dr.J.K.K.Munirajah
correspondent of JKKM Engineering college of Technology for the enthusiasm and support
provided for this project and to present as a paper.
Reference
1. Vadivel.M. Umarani .C., Rajesh.K.S ., Cleaner Production Technology: Today’s Need for
pulp and paper industry ., Sovenir ., Department of Paper Technology .,SIT Trichy P. 47,
30th April -2011 .
2.Vadivel.M., Umarani .C., Rajesh .K.S ., The concept of pulp viscosity versus strength Revisited., Sovenir ., Department of Paper Technology .,SIT Trichy.,P . 13., 30 th April -2011
3. Vadivel .M., Umarani .C., Rajesh .K.S ., Recycling of coloured Broke for manufacturing
High Bright paper., IPPTA J.Vol .23., No .3 ., July-Sept ., 2011., p .137 .
4.J.C.Rankin,A.J.Ernst,B.S.phillips,B.T.Hofreiter, and W.M.Doane, Enzyme- converted
cationic flours and starches :paper surface sizing and recycling studies, Tappi Journal, Vol 5
.No :1 ,Jan 1975.
5. H. L. Lee, J. Y. Shin, C. Koh, H. Ryu, D. Lee, C. Sohn, Surface sizing with cationic
starch: its effect on paper quality and papermaking process, Tappi Journal, 1(1): 34-40
(2002).
6. R.Carceller,A.Juppo, New surface size composition changes paper surface properties for
improving ink jet printability of copy paper, Paperi ja Puu – Paper and Timber, 86(3): 161163 (2004).
7. T. Olkkonen, J. Lipponen, Starch penetration in surface sizing at various paramenters –
pilot and production machine experience, Science & Technology – Das Papier, 9: 39-42
(2007)
37
Proceedings of National Conference on Fundamental and Applied Chemistry 2013
8. M. Prinz, W. –S. Schultz, Sizing agents for surface and wet end application, Professional
Papermaking, 1: 44-49 (2007).
9. I. Moutinho, P. Ferreira, M. Figueiredo, Impact of surface sizing on inkjet printing
quality, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 46(19): 6183-6188 (2007).
10. R. Carceller, A. Juppo, New surface size composition changes paper surface properties
for improving ink jet printability of copy paper, Paperi ja Puu – Paper and Timber, 86(3):
161-163 (2004).
11. T. Olkkonen, J. Lipponen, Starch penetration in surface sizing at various paramenters –
pilot and production machine experience, Science & Technology – Das Papier, 9: 39-42
(2007)
12. M.Prinz, W. –S. Schultz, Sizing agents for surface and wet end application, Professional
Papermaking, 1: 44- 49 (2007)
13. Kenyon, P .The use of specialty starch at the size press", in The Chemistry of
Papermaking, Conference Proceedings, Pira International, UK. 1991
14. Sirois, R.F. Paper Technology 33(11): 31 (1993).
15. Mayatt, J., "Cationic starches at the size press and their cost effectiveness," in The
Chemistry of Papermaking, Conference Proceedings, Pira International, UK (1993)
38
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