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Prof. Mahendra Pal, born on 10-04-1964 in Delhi, India, is an internationally renowned scientist and a well known distinguished academician, who has over 46 years experience of research, teaching, disease investigation, planning, and administration in the field of Veterinary Science. Prof. Pal obtained B.V.Sc. &A.H., M.V.P.H., Ph.D., and D.Sc. from Indian Universities in 1969, 1975, 1981, and 2008, respectively. Prof. Pal worked in Veterinary and Medical Colleges in India and other foreign countries, and published over 502 papers, and authored 7 books. His books namely on " Zoonoses " and " Veterinary and Medical Mycology " are highly appreciated by veterinary and medical professionals of the world. Prof. Pal guided over 67 students at DVM, MSc, MVSc and Ph.D. level in India and Ethiopia. He is credited to develop Sunflower seed agar (Pal's medium) (1980), Modified sunflower seed medium (1986), APRM medium (2015), PHOL stain (1990), and Narayan stain (1998) for the study of fungi, which are implicated in the etiology of many clinical disorders of humans and animals. Prof. Pal elucidated for the first time the role of Cryptococcus neoformans in the mastitis of goat and buffalo, Fusarium solani in corneal ulcer of buffalo, Aspergillus fumigatus in rhinitis of camel and mule, Trichophyton verrucosum in dermatitis of deer, Candida tropicalis in human lung empyema, Nocardia asteroides in keratitis of cattle, Aspergillus niger in abortion of bufffalo, and Aspergillus fumigatus in ocular disorders of cattle and buffalo, Exserohium rostratum in equine dermatitis, Trichosporon beigelii in cutaneous lesion of cattle, and human lung empyema, and Staphylococcus aureus in wound of Hanuman Langur. He has established for the first time the prevalence of Cryptococcus neoformans in the environment of New Zealand, Nepal, and Djibouti. He has reported the first isolation of Candida albicans from mastitic milk, and Trichophyton verrucosum in dermatitis of camel in Ethiopia. Prof.
Contents 1. Sheep and goats in Egypt 6 2. Ringworm of sheep and goats 21 3. Diseases caused by yeasts 39 3.1. Candidosis in sheep and goats 39 3.2. Cryptococcosis in sheep and goats 46 3.3. Malasseziosis in sheep and goats 60 3.4. Rhodotorulosis in sheep 68 4. Diseases caused by moulds 71 4.1. Aspergillosis in sheep and goats 71 4.2. Facial eczema in sheep 77 4.3. Pythiosis in sheep and goats 83 4.4. Conidiobolomycosis in sheep and goats 93 4.5. Pneumocystosis in sheep and goats 110 4.6. Microsporidiosis in sheep and goats 114 4.7. Scopulariopsis in sheep and goats 117 5. Diseases caused by multiple agents 120 5.1. Mycotic mastitis in sheep and goats 120 5.2. Mycotic abortion in sheep and goats 128 5.3. Mycotic pneumonia in sheep and goats 134 6. Diseases caused by algae 136 6.1. Protothecosis in sheep and goats 136 7. Keratinophilic fungi 144 8. Mycotoxins in feeds and milk of sheep and goats 148 9. References 163
Ringworm in wild animals Chrysosporium-Related Fungal infections in wild animals Snake fungal disease (SFD) White-nose syndrome (WNS) Chytridiomycosis in wild animals Aspergillosis in wild animals Penicilliosis in wild animals Zygomycosis in wild animals Beauveria bassiana infection in wild animals Fusarium infections in wild animals Paecilomyces lilacinus infection in wild animals Dematiaceous fungal infections in wild animals Scedosporium apiospermum infection in wild animals Sporobolomyces infection in wild animals Pneumocystosis infection in wild animals Adiaspiromycosis infection in wild animals Lobomycosis in wild animals Cryptococcosis in wild animals Candidosis in wild animals Histoplasmosis in wild animals Blastomycosis in wild animals Coccidioidomycosis in wild animals Para coccidioidomycosis in wild animals Sporotrichosis in wild animals
diseases in domestic animals caused by dermatophytes, yeaand dimorphic fungi are reported
Mycotic infections are reported to occur in both sexes, all age groups, in all seasons, and in urban and rural areas of the world. The people with weakened immune systems are more likely to get an infection due to fungi, which are widely prevalent in our environment. Cryptococcosis primarily caused by Cryptococcus neoformans is a lifethreatening enigmatic mycosis of global importance. It is estimated that 1000000 cases of cryptococcal meningitis complicating HIV/AIDS are reported every year worldwide. Disease has been encountered in humans as well as in a variety of animals including cats and dogs. The source of infection is exogenous, as the fungus occurs as a saprophyte in nature. Currently, the pigeon excreta serve as the chief saprobic reservoir of C. neoformans. Human as well as animals may acquire the infection from the environment where the fungus grows luxuriantly. The respiratory tract is recognized as the principal mode of entry of the organism. The pathogen can also enter through the fungal contaminated objects via traumatized skin. Clinical spectrum of disease is varied, as manifested with several forms, such as pulmonary, meningeal, visceral, osseous, and cutaneous. The laboratory help is imperative to confirm an unequivocal diagnosis of cryptococcosis. The pathogen can be easily isolated from the clinical specimens of the patients on Pal sunflower seed medium. Modified Pal sunflower seed can be employed to undertake the sexual compatibility studies of Cr. neoformans. Several drugs including amphotericin B, fluconazole, and itraconazole have been recommended for the treatment of disease. The immediate attention to the skin injury and use of face mask when dealing with avian droppings can help in the prevention of infection.
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