"Rafts by Sea to Jaffa" (2 Chronicles 2, 16)

2015-Skyllis-15-Heft-1-Quark3-.qxd 20.06.2016 14:56 Seite 1 15. Jahrgang 2015 · Heft 1 1 Inhalt Vorwort Postglacial human dispersal across the north-west European landscape Garry Momber - Sara Rich Submerged Landscapes in the Marine Cave of Bergeggi (Savona - Liguria - Italy) Laura Sanna When the River Meets the Sea A Neo-Assyrian Logistical Network in Operation Alexander Fantalkin - Oren Tal Underwater finds from Risan in Montenegro First insight in finds of the season 2011 Marta Bajtler Underwater Construction and Maintenance A wreck from Late Antiquity used to repair a breach in the bank of the Narbonne harbor channel Marie-Pierre Jézégou - Patrick Andersch Goodfellow - Jonathan Letuppe - Corinne Sanchez “Rafts by sea to Jaffa” (2 Chronicles 2, 16) The 2014 Ioppa Maritima Project Shelley Wachsmann Archaeological Landscape of the Venice Lagoon The Case of San Francesco Island (Preliminary Report) Massimo Capulli Wood Resources, Shipbuilding and Social Environment The historical context of the ForSEAdiscovery Project Ana Crespo Solana Forestry and timber supply in the royal forests of the Iberian Peninsula through the 16th century Koldo Trápaga Monchet - António Santos 3 4 14 21 28 33 40 46 52 62 The wrecks and artifacts discovered in the excavations indicate that the harbor began gathering silt at its western end soon after the mole was constructed to form the harbor basin. In time, as the silting progressed eastward and sth 2015-Skyllis-15-Heft-1-Quark3-.qxd 69 87 The wrecks and artifacts discovered in the excavations indicate that the harbor began gathering silt at its western end soon after the mole was constructed to form the harbor basin. In time, as the silting progressed eastward and sth The wrecks and artifacts discovered in the excavations indicate that the harbor began gathering silt at its western end soon after the mole was constructed to form the harbor basin. In time, as the silting progressed eastward and sth 95 20.06.2016 14:57 Seite 2 Craft products of Nuremberg from the Mijoka shipwreck (Croatia) Vesna Zmaić Kralj Zwei Zaren-Boote auf den Ladoga-Kanälen Vladimir Romanovich Chepelev Common Ash as hull construction timber for shipwrecks and ships in Central and East Mediterranean Nili Liphschitz 97 99 Oriental Beech as hull construction timber for shipwrecks and ships Nili Liphschitz Das Bücherbrett Titelmotiv Large rectangular mortises along the upper edge of the wale and mortise-and-tenon assemblage without peg between the wale and the previous strake. Aus: Marie-Pierre Jézégou - Patrick Andersch Goodfellow Jonathan Letuppe - Corinne Sanchez, Underwater Construction and Maintenance, Abb. 7. 2015-Skyllis-15-Heft-1-Quark3-.qxd 20.06.2016 14:57 Seite 3 15. Jahrgang 2015 · Heft 1 3 Vorwort Bei der Öffnung der Sendung wird man bei aufmerksamer Betrachtung dieses Heftes bemerkt haben, dass sich der Untertitel verändert hat. Statt "Zeitschrift für Unterwasserarchäologie" lautet er jetzt "Zeitschrift für maritime und limnische Archäologie und Kulturgeschichte". Das hat gute Gründe. Allzu oft wird - auch in archäologischen Fachkreisen Unterwasserarchäologie immer noch lediglich als Hilfstechnik zur Dokumentation und Bergung unter Wasser geratener Objekte angesehen. Blättert man aber die wachsende Zahl ausländischer Zeitschriften und Periodika durch, zeigt sich sogleich, dass das internationale Verständnis sich erheblich erweitert hat, auch wenn in den Titeln der Publikationen wie auch in den Namen der herausgebenden Institutionen manchmal noch engere Begriffe wie "underwater archaeology", "archeologia subacquea" usw. vorkommen. Tatsächlich erstreckt sich heutzutage deren Arbeitsgebiet trotz notwendiger Schwerpunktbildungen prinzipiell über alle Perioden der menschlichen Entwicklung, durch alle Kulturen und über sämtliche Regionen der Erde. Dabei bilden Wasserfahrzeuge aller Art, ihre Bauweise und nautischen Eigenschaften, ihre Ladung und der durch Schiffahrt bewirkte Kulturaustausch zwar besonders wichtige Arbeitsbereiche, aber auch alle Wasserbauten wie Häfen, Befestigungen, Küstenschutz, Brücken, Seezeichen, ans Wasser gebundene Siedlungen sowie Einrichtungen für Fischfang und Jagd zu Wasser gehören dazu, d.h. alles was dem Leben des Menschen auf oder an Meeren, Seen und Flüssen dient und seiner Kultur ein besonderes Gepräge gibt. Dieses schließt die künstlerische Verarbeitung nautischer oder maritimer Themen ebenso ein wie Sitten und Gebräuche, weltliche und religiöse Vorstellungen und Begehungen, Mythen und Legenden, Arbeits- und Verhaltensweisen gewässernaher Bevölkerungen, also ethnographische, anthropologische und soziologische Aspekte und Fragestellungen - nicht anders, als in den herkömmlichen archäologischen Fächern auch! Einem ebenso breiten Verständnis des Begriffs "Unterwasserarchäologie" ist diese Zeitschrift seit dem ersten Heft verpflichtet. Die Erfahrung hat aber inzwischen gelehrt, dass eine solche Einstellung auch nach außen deutlich gemacht werden muss. Mit "maritim" und "limnisch" soll auf Meer und Binnengewässer hingewiesen werden, "Archäologie" bleibt als zentraler Begriff erhalten, erfährt aber durch "Kulturgeschichte" eine wesentliche Erweiterung im oben beschriebenen umfassenden Sinne und unterstreicht, dass die Arbeit keinesfalls mit dem Auftauchen des Forschers aus dem Wasser beendet ist oder sich gar von nicht archäologisch geschulten Tauchern erledigen lasse. Langjährigen SKYLLIS-Lesern ist das alles vertraut. Neue Abonnenten, die immer herzlich willkommen sind, können sich gleich in diesem Heft von der thematischen Breite der Beiträge überzeugen, von denen die ersten zehn aus der Jubiläumstagung "In Poseidons Reich XX" hervorgegangen sind, die die DEGUWA im Jahre 2015 dank der Gastfreundschaft und Unterstützung des Germanischen Nationalmuseums in dessen Räumen abhalten konnten. Der Bogen ist zeitlich von der Eiszeit bis in die frühe Neuzeit gespannt. Garry Momber und Sara Rich folgen den unter Wasser geratenen Spuren des Menschen während seiner Landnahme im damals trockenen Nordseegebiet und Laura Sanna berichtet über neue Forschungen in der größten, schon lange für ihre prähistorischen Funde verschiedener Epochen bekannten Karsthöhle der ligurischen Küste. Alexander Fantalkin und Oren Tal führen uns in die nahöstliche Eisenzeit und legt dar, wie es die Assyrer als typische Landmacht verstanden, das Mittelmeer und die darin mündenden Flüsse logistisch zu nutzen. Marta Bajtler eröffnet uns erstmals Einblicke in die Unterwasser-Forschungen Montenegros an dessen kurzer Adria-Küste und macht einige hellenistische Amphoren- und andere Keramikfunde eines neueren Surveys bekannt. Wasserfahrzeuge kann man nicht nur zum Befahren von Gewässern benutzen, sondern damit auch einen Dammbruch schließen. Das wußten aber auch schon die alten Römer, wie Marie-Pierre Jézégou mit ihrem Team an einem spätantiken Fund aus den Sumpfgebieten von Narbonne demonstriert. Mit Shelley Wachsmanns Beitrag gelangen wir abermals in den Orient: wir begleiten ihn auf der Suche nach dem einstigen Hafen von Jaffa. Massimo Capulli führt anhand einer kleinen Insel die Beziehung zwischen Mensch und Lagunen-Umwelt bei Venedig vor. Gleich zwei Beiträge, nämlich die von Ana Crespo-Solana sowie von Koldo Trápaga Monchet und António Rocha Santos, beschäftigen sich mit der staatlichen Sorge um Schiffbauholz auf der Iberischen Halbinsel in der frühen Neuzeit. Vesna Zmaić Kralj schließlich macht dem Tagungsort Nürnberg ein besonderes Geschenk, indem sie eine bedeutende Fundgruppe von Kostbarkeiten nürnbergischen Kunsthandwerks des beginnenden 17. Jhs. aus einem leider schon weitgehend geplünderten Wrack vor der kroatischen Küste bekanntmacht. Soweit die aus der Tagung in Nürnberg hervorgegangenen Beiträge - weitere folgen im nächsten Heft. Die drei letzten Artikel sind unabhängig von DEGUWA-Tagungen eingesandt worden. Vladimir R. Chepelev schildert uns - gewissermaßen als Fortsetzung seiner früheren Berichte - das Schicksal weiterer ZarenBoote, diesmal vom Alten und Neuen Ladoga-Kanal. Buche und Esche als Schiffbauhölzer sind schließlich die Gegenstände zweier Beiträge von Nili Liphschitz, die sich ebenfalls einer ganzen Serie ähnlicher Studien anschließen. So hofft die Redaktion, den Leserinnen und Lesern abermals eine recht bunte Palette an Themen bieten zu können. Die Redaktion Juni 2016 2015-Skyllis-15-Heft-1-Quark3-.qxd 40 21.06.2016 “Rafts by sea to Jaffa” · 05:17 Seite 40 Shelley Wachsmann "Rafts by sea to Jaffa" (2 Chronicles 2, 16) The 2014 Ioppa Maritima Project Shelley Wachsmann Abstract – Jaffa was an important harbor in antiquity located on Israel's long and straight Mediterranean coast. In the Iron Age, Hiram of Tyre sent timber in rafts to Jaffa for the construction of Solomon's Holy Temple and royal palace in Jerusalem (2 Chronicles 2:16). The site's importance as a maritime center continued during antiquity and into modern times. The 2014 Ioppa Maritima Project took a two-pronged approach in examining Jaffa's maritime dimensions. To the east of the tell lies a large and shallow geological depression, known locally as "the Bassa", which in the past has been proposed as the location of an ancient harbor. This depression may have been part of the Ayalon River estuary, which could have served as an internal harbor before being rendered unusable by sediment. Water/swamp flats still appeared in this area into recent times. Employing geoarchaeological and geophysical tools, the Ioppa Maritima Project examined the possibility that the Bassa served as an estuary harbor in preRoman times. A second focus of the project was a search for shipwrecks of historical/archaeological significance in deep water (~30-250 meters) off Jaffa, based on targets derived from a recent Geological Survey of Israel multibeam (swath bathymetry) survey. Inhalt – Jaffa war in der Antike ein wichtiger Hafen an Israels langer, gerader Mittelmeerküste. In der Eisenzeit schickte Hiram von Tyros Holz in Form von Flößen nach Jaffa für den Bau von Salomos Heiligem Tempel und Königspalast in Jerusalem (2. Buch der Chronik 2, 16). Die Bedeutung des Platzes als maritimes Zentrum hielt durch die Antike bis in die Moderne an. Das Projekt Joppa Maritima von 2014 ging die Untersuchung von Jaffas maritimem Umfang mit zwei Stoßrichtungen an. Östlich des Tells liegt eine weite, flache geologische Senke, am Ort "Bassa" genannt, die schon früher als Stelle eines antiken Hafens vorgeschlagen worden ist. Sie kann Teil der Mündung des Flusses Ayalon gewesen sein, die als innerer Hafen gedient haben könnte, bevor er durch Sedimente unbrauchbar wurde. Noch in neuerer Zeit erschienen hier Wasser- oder Morastflächen. Mittels geoarchäologischer und geophysikalischer Technik untersuchte das Joppa Maritima-Projekt die Möglichkeit, dass die Bassa in vorrömischer Zeit als Mündungshafen gedient hat. Ein zweiter Schwerpunkt war die Suche nach Wracks von historischarchäologischer Bedeutung im Tiefwasser (ca. 30-250 m) vor Jaffa auf der Grundlage kürzlich für Geological Survey of Israel durchgeführter tiefengeologischer Messungen. Introduction The ancient site of Jaffa (Hebrew: Yafo; Arabic: Yafa) served as an important maritime nexus throughout recorded history and presumably long before that. The site makes its first textual appearance in a 15th century B.C. list of cities conquered by Thutmose III1. A tale reminiscent of Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves relates how one of Thutmose's generals, Djehuty, took the city by hiding his men in baskets2. During the Iron Age Hiram of Tyre sent rafts of timber for Solomon's construction projects via Jaffa (2 Chronicles 2:16; Fig. 1)3. Similarly, the initial construction of the Second Holy Temple in the 6th century B.C. details the transfer of cedar logs by sea to Jaffa (Ezra 3:7). Jonah (1:3) tried, and failed, to flee from the lord on a ship sailing from Jaffa to Tarshish. These, along with additional reports, indicate that Jaffa served as the primary maritime entrepôt for the central coastal area of ancient Judah and Israel4. The establishment of the man-made harbor of Caesarea by Herod the Great in the 1st century B.C. temporarily eclipsed Jaffa, but it continued to be an important maritime center in later times5. What the sources do not reveal, however, is whether the rocky modern harbor to the west of the tell served as Jaffa's harbor in antiquity also. Josephus notes that already in his day the modern harbor was a small and cramped enclosed space, noted for its craggy harbor entrance known as Andromeda's Rocks, due to the associated myth 6. These rocks make passage difficult for craft to this day (Figs. 2)7. The situation would have been far more difficult in antiquity, prior to major harbor works carried out in Jaffa during the British Mandatory period (1920-1948; Fig. 3). Jaffa today lies inside Tel Aviv and its southern suburbs. The ancient site is currently under excavation by the Jaffa Cultural Heritage Project (JCHP), directed by Aaron Burke (University of California, Los Angeles) and Martin Peilstöcker (Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz). The team is cur- 2015-Skyllis-15-Heft-1-Quark3-.qxd 21.06.2016 05:26 Seite 41 15. Jahrgang 2015 · Heft 1 41 Fig. 1: A scene of Phoenician hippos ships transporting logs behind them, depicted on a relief from the palace of Sargon II (722-705 B.C.) supplies a visual context to the biblical descriptions of the Phoenician transport of timber by sea described repeatedly in the Bible. Fig. 2: The modern harbor of Jaffa, located immediately to the west of Tell Jaffa. View facing north. rently excavating a monumental gateway dating to the reign of Ramses II (Fig. 4)8 . In spring 2013, Burke asked that I advise him on the creation of a maritime/nautical component to complement his team's ongoing terrestrial excavation of Tell Jaffa. That summer we met on Tell Jaffa and developed a two-pronged research approach, subsequently named the Ioppa Maritima Project, to address both the possible location of the site's ancient harbor as well as maritime traffic in its vicinity. Fig. 3: A 1918 photograph of Andromeda's Rocks at the entrance to Jaffa's western harbor, demonstrates the great difficulty for maritime movement through the narrow entrance, prior to major work carried out during the British Mandatory period (1920-1948). A large geographical depression indeed exists east of the tell, known locally by its Arabic name, the Bassa, a term used in modern Hebrew slang to denote an emotional depression. Already in 1903 the Reverend J.E. Hanauer proposed that the Bassa might be the location of an inland "Solomonic" harbor that Fig. 4: Ramses II's monumental gate, Tell Jaffa. 2015-Skyllis-15-Heft-1-Quark3-.qxd 42 21.06.2016 “Rafts by sea to Jaffa” · 05:27 Seite 42 Shelley Wachsmann Fig. 5: Hanauer's 1903 reconstruction of a 'Solomonic Harbour' located in the Bassa. Fig. 6: Detail of Jacotin's map of the region of Jaffa shows that a body of water still existed in the area of the Bassa at the end of the 18th century. Fig. 7: David Roberts' 1839 painting of Jaffa and its environs, facing south, portrays a flat, empty area east of the city, perhaps a dry alluvial plain. could have existed at the mouth of the Ayalon River (Fig. 5)9. Additionally, early maps and illustrations, begining with a map made by M. Jacotin during Bonaparte's Egyptian campaign (1798-1799) show a body of water still existing in the location of the Bassa (Fig. 6). Following this, in 1839, David Roberts painted Jaffa from the north with a low-lying region in the area of the Bassa east of the walled city (Fig. 7)10. One hint that this area may have served as a harbor facility in the Bronze Age is the orientation of the monumental city gate dating to the reign of Ramses II, which faces in the direction of the Bassa (Fig. 8). This would be counterintuitive if it did not serve some contemporaneous purpose. Furthermore, perhaps the name Yapu (Fair) might refer to the quality of its Bronze Age harbor, in a manner similar to the Cretan "Fair Haven" (Acts 27:8). Walking the streets of modern Jaffa it is still possible to identify the general area of the Bassa by following the contours and slope of the Fig. 8: The Ramesside gate aligns with the general area of the Bassa. streets, despite the fact that the area is now home to an urban environment, covered almost entirely by buildings or paved roads (Fig. 9). Groningen Park, however, is a large green zone, located within the area of the Bassa (Fig. 10): we reasoned that geoarchaeological study and probing there could clarify the issue. Another consideration for us in selecting this site for study is the fact that silted harbors have been shown to be among the best locations for the survival of ancient hulls as, for example, at Pisa, Italy and Yenikapþ, in Istanbul, Turkey11. Theoretically at least, if the Bassa had served a similar function in antiquity, we reasoned that the area might have preserved hulls from early times. As a second method of clarifying Jaffa's maritime dimension we carried out a limited deep-water survey in the Mediterranean Sea in the vicinity of Jaffa to search for shipwrecks of all periods. 2015-Skyllis-15-Heft-1-Quark3-.qxd 20.06.2016 16:00 Seite 43 15. Jahrgang 2015 · Heft 1 43 terranean Sea. At the time of writing we await the results of dating of the cores by optical stimulated luminescence (OSL) and 14C. The Deep-water Survey The deep-water portion of the project surveyed anomalies in the general vicinity of Jaffa in the presumed ancient shipping lane paralleling Israel's Mediterranean coast. From the outset the survey was designed to include targets of all periods, including modern. Ronnie Sade, an independent master navigator, supplied the project with a list of 22 anomalies at depths of 30-250 m, which he extracted from data derived from a Fig. 9: The slope of streets in modern Jaffa still indicates the location of Bassa, despite multibeam (swath bathymetry) the fact that the area is now almost entirely built up. This is a view north along HaTkuma survey of Israel's Mediterranean Street to the west of Bloomfield Stadium. Note the rise beyond the intersection just above the car on the street in the distance, as well as the rise above the car in the left coast that he had previously directed for the Israel Geological Survey. foreground as seen along the sidewalk. In determining the anomalies, Sade searched for changes in the sediUniversity as a field school expe- ment resulting from anthroporience in this part of the project genic artifacts in regions devoid of due to indiscriminate rocket fire benthic rock features. during that time by Hamas from Gaza on Israeli population centers, The OCEAN KING, a 41-foot cataincluding Tel Aviv-Jaffa. As a result, maran, served as the project's base the entire fieldwork of defining the of operations12. The team emlocations and drilling the cores in ployed a SeaEye Falcon ROV, rated the park took place over only three to 300 m with 400 m of available days (August 25th-27th, 2014). cable. In addition to the ROV's own low-definition video camera, we Fig. 10: Groningen Park, a rare green The mission was to probe the earth attached a GoPro Hero 3+ camera space in the otherwise urbanized area of with two tools: geological coring with an additional battery pack bethe Bassa. with a Geoprobe to acquire the lo- neath the ROV's camera in a prescal sedimentary sequence, as well sure housing. The GoPro footage as with ground-penetrating sonar was excellent for close-up views, The Land Survey (GPR) to search for possible anom- but was of limited value at greater alies that might indicate either depths, when the targets were out The land-based part of the project harbor facilities or vessels that con- of range of the ROV's lighting. (scheduled for August 2014) called tain ballast and/or cargo onboard. for a series of cores down to bed- We also employed the GPR prior to During our 15 days at sea we comrock to determine the sedimentary coring at each location to confirm pleted 18 ROV dives on 14 targets. history of the Bassa in the region of that there were no utilities at those During the course of the survey the Groenigen Park. For this Burke and locations. We successfully drilled team located three iron-hulled shipI recruited geoarchaeologist Rick eight cores, some down to 13 m be- wrecks. One anomaly, which lay at Dunn (Norwich University, Ver- low the surface. a depth of 79 m, was swathed in nets mont), paleontologist Simona Avand fishing lines. We abandoned the naim-Katav (Haifa University, Is- GPR did not reveal any subsurface site without examining it due to rael) and Jessie Pincus, an independ- anomalies worthy of further inves- concerns over the ROV's possible ent remote-sensing specialist. I tigation. Examination of the cores entanglement. From our admittedcanceled plans to include past and uncovered one geological level at ly limited observation of this vessel present Nautical Archaeology Pro- which time the Bassa appears to it appears to be the wreck of a gram students from Texas A&M have been connected to the Medi- modern trawler. 2015-Skyllis-15-Heft-1-Quark3-.qxd 44 20.06.2016 “Rafts by sea to Jaffa” · 16:01 Seite 44 Shelley Wachsmann Fig. 11: The TOLYA KOMAR lifeboat. Fig. 12: Target 22's stern gun. A second target proved to be a lifeboat from a Russian cargo vessel, with the name of the mother ship – the TOLYA KOMAR – appearing on the bow (Fig. 11). The TOLYA KOMAR is a previous name of a 3,600 ton Soviet-era cargo ship: she was built in 1971, but by 1997 the vessel's name had been changed to MICKAEL M., suggesting that date as a terminus post quem for the deposition of the lifeboat on the seabed . we were unable to examine visually. Our initial hypothesis, first suggested by Texas A&M University graduate student D. Inglis, identified the shipwreck as HM M15 MONITOR, a British vessel the German U-Boat UC-38 torpedoed and sank on November 11th, 1917 with a loss of 26 of her 69-man crew14. Some reports, however, placed the location of her sinking near shore opposite Deir el Balah, south of Gaza, whereas the shipwreck found in the survey lay north of Jaffa and quite far out to sea. Examination of the logbook of the UC-38, as well as the Royal Navy's Court Martial Report of the sinking of HM M15 MONITOR both confirm that she indeed sank south of Gaza off Deir el Balah, thus, precluding that identification for our shipwreck. For the present, the identity of this vessel remains elusive. Current plans include returning to the wreck to carry out a multi-beam survey to generate a cloud-point map of the site and continuing research on her identification. The last shipwreck, Target 22, proved to be the most interesting, and the most enigmatic, of the group: a large (~50-80 m) iron-hulled warship lying upright at a depth of 188 m. The ship's bow had been ripped open by an explosion. During three visits to this vessel we noted an elliptical stern with a single gun, as well as a smaller gun emplacement on the stern starboard quarter (Figs. 12-13). Davits facing outboard indicate that at least some lifeboats had been launched at the time of the vessel's sinking (Fig. 14). The vessel had a centrally-positioned bridge and superstructure, a single fallen funnel and a large forward-mounted turret emplacement, now missing its artillery piece (Fig. 15). The loss of the forward cannon indicates that the ship capsized or rolled as she sank prior to righting herself before coming to rest on the seabed. This resulted in the loss of Fig. 13: The ship's starboard quarter gun emplacement. Fig. 14: Outboard facing davits indicate that at least some lifeboats had been launched at the time of the vessel's loss. Acknowledgements Fig. 15: A view of the wreck from deck height. the cannon, which would have been gravity-mounted. We suspect that the cannon lies forward of the bow, where the ROV's scanning sonar revealed a large anomaly, which I thank the MacDonald Center for the Arts & Humanities for its generous support of the Ioppa Maritima Project. I am also grateful to Matt Skelhorn from the British Ministry of Defense's Salvage & Marine Operations, Serena Cant, an English 2015-Skyllis-15-Heft-1-Quark3-.qxd 20.06.2016 16:01 Seite 45 15. Jahrgang 2015 Heritage Environment and Intelligence Analyst and Gerti Gagsteiger for their assistance with this research. Bibliography Notes HAJ = Peilstöcker, M. – Burke, A.A. (eds.) 2011: The History and Archaeology of Jaffa. Vol. 1 (Los Angeles). Simons 1937, 117 no. 62; Pritchard, J.B. (ed.) 1969: Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament, 3rd ed. with supp. 242 no. 62. 1 Abbreviation: · Heft 1 45 Kark, R. 2011: Ottoman Jaffa: From Ruin to Central City in Palestine, in: HAJ 129136. Kitchen, K.A. 1996: Ramesside Inscriptions Translated and Annotated: Translations II (Oxford). Avramovitch, R. 2015: Yafo – Home Port. Yam 2000 (in Hebrew). Kocabasþ, U. 2008. The 'Old Ships' of the 'New Gate.' Yenikapi Shipwrecks 1 (Istanbul). Boas, A.J. 2011: Frankish Jaffa, in: HAJ 121-126. Moore, J.E. 1990: Jane's Fighting Ships of World War I (London). British Admiralty. 1917. HM Monitor M.15 and HMS "Staunch" Loss of, Court of Enquiry Court Martial Proceedings. Newbolt, H. 1931: Naval Operations. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents vol. 5 (London/Nashville). Bruni, S. – Abbado, M. 2000: Le navi antiche di Pisa: ad un anno dall'inizio delle ricerche (Firenze). Notley, R.S. 2011: Graeco-Roman Jaffa and Its Historical Background, in: HAJ 95107. Avramovitch 2015, frontispiece, 14, 1617, 58, 60, 62, 65-67, 90-91. Burke, A.A. 2011: Early Jaffa: From the Bronze Age to the Persian Period, in: HAJ 63-78. Shacham, T. 2011: Jaffa in Historical Maps (1799-1948), in: HAJ 137-174. Kaplan 1960, 122; Kitchen 1996, 228 no. 148; Burke 2011, 70. Burke, K.S. 2011: Mamluk Jaffa: A Note, in: HAJ 127-128. 2 Simpson 1972, 81-84. 3 The parallel description of this event in I Kings 5:9 does not mention Jaffa. 4 Burke 2011, 70-74. Notley 2011; Foran 2011; Boas 2011; Burke 2011; Kark 2011. 5 Jewish War 3.9.3; Strabo 1.2.35; Pliny: Natural History 5:14, 34. 6 7 8 9 Hanauer 1903A; 1903B. For additional maps showing water in the area of the Bassa, see Shacham 2011, 144 fig.13.2, 145 fig. 13.3, 146 fig. 14.4, 148 fig. 13.7, 156 fig. 13.17. 10 Pisa: Bruni – Abbado 2000. Yenikapþ: Kocabasþ 2008; Ingram – Jones 2011; 2012. 11 The OCEAN KING and the ROV are owned and operated by Ishay Nazhan, Vampyro Marine Exploration. The team of the deep-water survey consisted of the following: S. Wachsmann, PI, Ishay Nazhan, Director of Operations and ROV pilot; Mike Casdy, ship's captain, Lior Ohana, First Mate, as well as past and present Texas A&M University graduate students Douglas Inglis, Megan Lickliter-Mundon, Veronica Morriss, and Holly Perdue. 12 TOLYA KOMAR. Retrieved on August 21, 2015 from (http://www.naviearmatori. net/eng/foto-29955-4.html). 13 Newbolt 1931, 80-81; Gray 1985, 47-48; Colledge 1987, 213; Moore 1990:,64. 14 Wendlandt 1917; British Admiralty 1917. The British Ministry of Defense records report two vessels that sank in the general region of this wreck: the SS ZEALAND and the SS MEMMAS, both torpedoed by the German submarine U-97 on June 28th, 1942. Almost a year later, on June 16th, 1943, Australian depth charges sank the U-97 off Haifa (U-97. Retrieved August 21, 2015 [http://uboat.net/boats/u97.htm]). 15 Colledge, J.J. 1987: Ships of the Royal Navy: The Complete Record of All Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy from the Fifteenth Century to the Present (Annapolis, MD). Simons, J.J. 1937: Handbook for the Study of Egyptian Topographical Lists Relating to Western Asia (Leiden). Simpson, W. K. (ed.) 1972: The Literature of Ancient Egypt: An Anthology of Stories, Instructions, and Poetry (New Haven). Foran, D. 2011: Byzantine and Early Islamic Jaffa, in: HAJ 109-120. Wendlandt, S. 1917: Admiralstab der Marine: Kriegstagebuch UC 38 vom 27. Oktober bis 19. November 1917. Gray, R. (ed.) 1985: Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906-1921 (London). Credits of figures Hanauer, J.E. 1903A: The Traditional "Harbour of Solomon" and the Crusading Castle at Jaffa. Palestine Exploration Fund Quarterly Statement (July), 258-264. Hanauer, J.E. 1903B: The Traditional "Harbour of Solomon" at Jaffa. Palestine Exploration Fund Quarterly Statement, 355-356. Ingram, R. – Jones, M. 2011: The Yenikapþ Project: Continuing Research on Two Byzantine Shipwrecks from Constantinople's Theodosian Harbor. The INA Annual 2010, 18-22. Jacotin, M. 1826: Carte topographique de l'Égypte et de plusieurs parties des pays limitrophes, levée pendant l'expédition de l'armée française. Description de l'Égypte, ou rescueil des observations et des recherches que ont été faites en Égypte pendant l'expedition de l'armée française 8. (Paris). Kaplan, J. 1960: Notes and News: Jaffa. Israel Exploration Journal 10, 121-122. Fig. 1: Photo S. Wachsmann, Courtesy: Musée du Louvre; Fig. 2: Photo S. Wachsmann; Fig. 3: Photo F. Hurley, Courtesy Mitchell Library, State Library of New South Wales, Australia; Fig. 4: Photo: A. Burke, Courtesy The Jaffa Cultural Heritage Project; Fig. 5: From Hanauer 1903A, 258; Fig. 6: After Jacotin 1826 pl. 44; Fig. 8: Map courtesy of Google Earth, image preparation: K. Kowalski; Fig. 9: Photo A.A. Burke; Fig. 10: Photo S. Wachsmann. Address Shelley Wachsmann Institute of Nautical Archaeology at Texas A&M University PO Drawer HG College Station, TX 77841-5137 U.S.A. Tel. (979) 847-9257 Mobile (979) 574-7693 Fax (979) 847-9260 Email: swachsmann@tamu.edu