BACCB 2016 Program

Bronze Age Connectivity in the Carpathian Basin Târgu Mureș, 13–15 October 2016 PROGRAM/ PROGRAMM: Thursday/ Donnerstag –1600 Arrival/ Ankunft – Register/ Anmeldung 1700–1800 Inaugural session/ Eröfnungsvorträge 1800 –1820 Cofee Break/ Kafepause 1820–1920 Session/ Sitzung: Carpathian Region 2000 Dinner/ Abendessen Friday/ Freitag 700–830 9 –10 00 40 Breakfast/ Frühstück Session/ Sitzung: Carpathian Basin and the neighbouring regions 1040 –1100 Cofee Break/ Kafepause 1100–1220 Session/ Sitzung: North-western Romania and Central Transylvania 1220–1240 Break/ Pause 1240–1340 Session/ Sitzung: South-western Transylvania 1340–1600 Lunch Break/ Mittagessen 1600–1700 Session/ Sitzung: Metallurgical connections 17 –17 Cofee Break/ Kafepause 1720–1840 Session/ Sitzung: Metallurgical connections 2000 Dinner/ Abendessen 00 20 Saturday / Samstag 700–830 Breakfast/ Frühstück 930– City tour/ Stadtrundfahrt (City Citadel, Teleki Library and Palace of Culture) 1300 Lunch/ Mittagessen 1 Bronze Age Connectivity in the Carpathian Basin Târgu Mureș, 13–15 October 2016 PROGRAM Thursday, 13 October 1700–1800 INAUGURAL SESSION Chairman: Neculai Bolohan Klára P. Fischl (HU), Siedlungsstruktur als Identitätssymbol in der Bronzezeit Colin P. Quinn (USA), Network Approaches to Connectivity and Complexity in Bronze Age Transylvania and Carpathian Basin Attila László (RO), Cultural impacts and chronological contacts in LBA Middle and Lower Danube Region 1820–1920 CARPATHIAN REGION Chairman: Attila László Tibor-Tamás Daróczi (RO), Bronzization and the Eastern Carpathian Basin Neculai Bolohan (RO), Bronze Age Connectivity at the Eastern Fringes of the Carpathians Valeriu Cavruc (RO), The Bronze Age salt-tin exchange in Transylvania and Maramureș? 2 Bronze Age Connectivity in the Carpathian Basin Târgu Mureș, 13–15 October 2016 Friday, 14 October 900–1040 CARPATHIAN BASIN AND THE NEIGHBOURING REGIONS Chairman: Klára P. Fischl Nicole Taylor (DE), Connectivity despite boundaries? Mateusz Jaeger (PL), Bronze Age defensive settlement in the context of long-range relationships. How far is from fortiied village to citadel? Klára Šabatová (CZ), Changes in settlement structure and economy in Middle Bronze Age Moravia in the context of activities in the Carpathian Basin Marija Ljuština (RS), Katarina Dmitrović (RS), Balancing Traditional Values and Novelties: Middle Bronze Age Communities of Serbian Part of the Carpathian Basin and their Southwestern Neighbours Robert Staniuc (DE), “The world within a household – Kakucs-Turján case study and relatedness of Middle Bronze Age pottery” 3 Bronze Age Connectivity in the Carpathian Basin Târgu Mureș, 13–15 October 2016 1100–1220 NORTH-WESTERN ROMANIA AND CENTRAL TRANSYLVANIA Chairman: Valeriu Cavruc Liviu Marta (RO), Nándor Attila Hágó (RO), Zsolt Molnár-Kovács (RO), Economic production models and interregional cultural contacts of Middle Bronze Age communities from north-western Transylvania Amy Nicodemus (USA), John O’Shea (USA), Pecica– Şanţul-Mare: a Bronze Age Entrepȏt in the Lower Mureş Region Sándor Berecki (RO), Connectivity in Middle Bronze Age Transylvania Mihai Wittenberger (RO), Transylvania: Economical Hub in European Bronze Age 1240–1340 SOUTH-WESTERN TRANSYLVANIA Chairman: Horia Ciugudean Gabriel Bălan (RO), The Cultural and Chronological Context of the Bronze Age Cemetery from Sebeș–Între răstoace Cătălin Rişcuţa (RO), Antoniu Marc (RO), Cultural Connections in south-western Transylvania. Cornești–Crvenka Type Ceramics Discovered at Șoimuș–Teleghi (Hunedoara County) 4 Bronze Age Connectivity in the Carpathian Basin Târgu Mureș, 13–15 October 2016 Antoniu Marc (RO), Down by the River… Mureş. Contacts between communities of the Mureş Culture and the Wietenberg Culture relected by the discoveries from the south-western periphery of this 1600–1700 METALLURGICAL CONNECTIONS Chairman: Tobias L. Kienlin Horia Ciugudean (RO), Transylvanian Gold outside the Carpathians: the Yamnaya Connection Liviu Marta (RO), Diana Jeger (RO), The Someş Valley: a segment of a main transcontinental connection route and area for the creation of group identity in the Late Bronze Age József Puskás (RO), Middle Bronze Age settlement network (pattern?) and metal deposits in the valley of the Black River 1720–1840 METALLURGICAL CONNECTIONS Chairman: Tobias L. Kienlin Géza Szabó (HU), Péter Kunfalvi (HU), Mónika Békei (HU), Local and interregional connections through archaeometallurgical analysis and 3D scanning of the Hasfalva Disc Louis D. Nebelsick (DE), Bronze mounts of an ostentatious ship from Kriva on the Tisza in Carpathian 5 Bronze Age Connectivity in the Carpathian Basin Târgu Mureș, 13–15 October 2016 Ukraine between Scandinavian, Aegean and Near Eastern maritime traditions Carol Kacsó (RO), Der Depotfund von Kriva und seine Stellung in der beginnenden Spätbronzezeit im oberen Theißgebiet Tudor Soroceanu (DE), Botond Rezi (RO), Rita E. Németh (RO), “Gather as much as you can”: the chronological and spatial dimensions of the hoard from Band 6 Bronze Age Connectivity in the Carpathian Basin Târgu Mureș, 13–15 October 2016 POSTER PRESENTATIONS ■ Alexandra Găvan (DE), Connectivity during the Middle Bronze Age in the Carpathian Basin – case study: the metalwork ■ Florin Gogâltan (RO), Rita E. Németh (RO), Connecting communities. The Late Bronze Age settlement from Vlaha–Pad ■ Tobias L. Kienlin (DE), Tim Piccolini (DE), The Hero’s Sword: On Local Appropriation and Social ‘Institutions’ ■ Bianka Nessel (DE), Ernst Pernicka (DE), Entangled territories – Middle Bronze Age copper trade and the nature of connectivity between the Carpathian Basin, the Slovakian Ore Mountains and the Alps ■ Claes Uhnér (DE), Geophysical investigation and settlement structure of the Teleac hillfort 7 Bronze Age Connectivity in the Carpathian Basin Târgu Mureș, 13–15 October 2016 Abstracts 8 SIEDLUNGSSTRUKTUR ALS IDENTITÄTSSYMBOL IN DER BRONZEZEIT Klára P. FISCHL Miskolc, HU In der Fachliteratur heutzutage als Otomani-Füzesabony Komplex (OFK) genannte materielle Kultur liegt seit seinem ersten Umriss in der 30-er Jahren des 20. Jahrhunderts mehrerer Diskussion und Annäherungsmöglichkeiten zugrunde. Das grundlegende Problem bedeutete die Benutzung des traditionellen Begrifs der KULTUR, was auf Keramiktypologie beruht und die Selbstständigkeit der nationalen Forschungen. Ich versuche eine neue Annäherungsmöglichkeit in meinem Vortrag zu bieten aufgrund der Untersuchung von Fernbeziehungen und Siedlungsstrukturen. Ausgehend der neuesten siedlungs-archäologischen Forschungsergebnisse der Süd-Borsod Mikroregion (BORBAS Projekt) ich möchte auf siedlungsstrukturelle Erscheinungen Aufmerksam machen, die vielleicht aus dem Identitätsaspekt der ehemaligen Gemeinschaften auch wichtig gewesen sind. NETWORK APPROACHES TO CONNECTIVITY AND COMPLEXITY IN BRONZE AGE TRANSYLVANIA AND CARPATHIAN BASIN Colin P. QUINN Boone, USA The study of the emergence of regional polities with institutionalized inequality continues to be a core element of European Bronze Age archaeology. This change in social complexity shaped, and was shaped by, interactions among individuals and communities at increasingly larger scales. With the emergence of regional polities, societies were characterized by unequal socioeconomic interactions, demographic centralization, and political hierarchy. Social network analysis is an ideal analytical tool to quantify and qualitatively assess changes in interaction and integration within Bronze Age societies to better identify how, when, where, and why regional polities with institutionalized inequality irst emerged. In this paper, I examine the advantages and challenges of using network analysis to study social complexity in Bronze Age Transylvania and eastern Carpathian Basin. Network analysis programs are cheap and simple to use and can transform disparate lines of evidence into comparative datasets. At the same time, network analyses are limited by the quality and quantity of archaeological data and the diiculty in linking network measures to archaeological and social processes. I present several recent applications of network analysis to the study of dynamic settlement patterns in southwest Transylvania and the eastern Carpathian Basin. These case studies demonstrate the unique perspectives network analyses can provide to understanding the organization and evolution of Bronze Age societies. In particular, these results show that local access to metal and salt resources afects social, economic, and political organization, resulting in a mosaic of diferent pathways to complexity across the Carpathian Basin and Transylvania. I also discuss the potential for network analysis to provide comparative data for artefact analyses, particularly mortuary and ceramic data that will be an important avenue of future research. Bronze Age Connectivity in the Carpathian Basin Târgu Mureș, 13–15 October 2016 CULTURAL IMPACTS AND CHRONOLOGICAL CONTACTS IN LBA MIDDLE AND LOWER DANUBE REGION Attila LÁSZLÓ Iași, RO In our paper presented in the previous International Bronze Age Colloquium in Târgu Mureş, we analyzed the cultural change which took place in a broad area, from the Carpathian region to the lower Danube and which manifested mainly by the replacement of the Noua (Coslogeni) culture by the so-called Early Hallstattian (HaA–B) successor cultures characterized by their channelled pottery (Gáva-Holihrady, Corlăteni-Chişinău), respectively by vessels with incised and impressed decoration (Babadag culture and related groups). In the above-mentioned paper, we focused our attention on the relative chronology, by using as chronological reference points (besides the stratigraphic data) the conventional 14C dating, expressed in BP years (LÁSZLÓ 2015). The present paper is the continuation of the previous attempt, but, this time, the dating of the cultural changes is reported on the time scale built on the calibrated 14 C dating, expressed in cal BC years. Thereby, the discussed phenomena can be easier compared with the historical chronology, even though the calibrated radiocarbon data are at least 100–200 years earlier than the expected dating for the archaeological assemblages of BrD–HaA period, according to the data of the traditional historical chronology. The analyzed data series conirm and shade our previous observations regarding the regional diferences existing in the development of the cultural processes, in the dynamics and rhythm of changes. According to the now outlined “historical” picture, the Noua (Coslogeni) culture ends its evolution in the North-East Carpathian region (Bucovina) around the middle of the 14th century, in the SouthEast of Transylvania towards the end of the 13th century, in the 11 Bronze Age Connectivity in the Carpathian Basin Târgu Mureș, 13–15 October 2016 Eastern (Prut-Dniester) area about the middle of the 12th century and in the South-Eastern periphery (Dobrudja) around the middle of the 11th century, cal BC years. The beginning of the “early Hallstattian” cultures with chanelled, respectively incised and impressed pottery, which come after the NouaCoslogeni culture in the above-mentioned regions, can be chronologically placed in diferent way, according to the data listed above. The analyzed chronological data regarding the discussed cultural-historical alternations, which appeared earlier in the West and later in the East and South-East of the studied area, prove the non-linear nature of the development of the cultural change processes in the LBA. LÁSZLÓ 2015 László, A., Über die Chronologie des kulturellen Wechsels zwischen der Noua-Coslogeni Kultur und der Nachfolger-Kulturen mit kannelierter und ritz- und stempelverzierter Keramik in den innen- und aussenkarpatischen Gebieten. Einige Lehren der Radiokarbondatierungen, IN: R. E. Németh, B. Rezi (eds.), Bronze Age Chronology in the Carpathian Basin. Proceedeings of the International Colloquium from Târgu Mureş, 2–4 October 2014, Târgu Mureş, 2015, 297–310. BRONZIZATION AND THE EASTERN CARPATHIAN BASIN Tibor-Tamás DARÓCZI Cluj-Napoca, RO The scale and intensity of cultural networking during the period between 2000 and 1200 BCE is unprecedented, the beginnings of which are deeply rooted in the previous millennium, but also with far echoing efects that lasted several centuries. A recent thesis proposes the viewing of these phenomena as a case of pre-modern globalisation of the Afro-Eurasian region, coined bronzization. This questions the directional low between 12 Bronze Age Connectivity in the Carpathian Basin Târgu Mureș, 13–15 October 2016 the core, semi-periphery and periphery of the Wallersteinian ‘world systems theory’ applied to the Bronze Age and suggests a more practical approach. The emergence of tin-bronzes and heightened desire for acquisition of these goods can be traced from northern Africa through Europe and Eurasian steppes to China, most likely with several foci. Bronzization is a mixture of directional and non-directional lows, which results in a web-like pattern, rather than just a directional mobility of goods, ideas and discourses. It further argues that bronze is the transculture of the age, a medium that broke down economic boundaries of regional social groups. The democratisation of the transculture enabled not only the penetration of societies in a horizontal sense, but also in a vertical one, as bronze and other goods became increasingly desired by elites, other ‘less novel’ prestige items became increasingly accessible to lower social groups. By the phenomena of the transculture a heightened consumption of bronze is seen throughout Eurasia, which facilitated the directional trade and non-directional lows of archaeologically graspable goods (e.g. amber, Near Eastern glass, horse, chariot) and ideas as well (e.g. warrior hood, self-image of elites, mobility). The intense circulation resulted in what is termed as ‘intersecting spheres of interaction’ (ig. 1). The present paper seeks to analyse and evaluate the relevance of the Eastern Carpathian Basin, positioned at the crossroads of ‘intersecting spheres of interaction’. The mentioned region is placed in the context of bronzization and through the relocated vantage point an anamorphosis takes place. The results of the re-assessment emphasise the networking of the repository of knowledge (ig. 1), but also the space occupied by societies within the cultural crucible of south-eastern Europe. 13 Bronze Age Connectivity in the Carpathian Basin Târgu Mureș, 13–15 October 2016 BRONZE AGE CONNECTIVITY AT THE EASTERN FRINGES OF THE CARPATHIANS Neculai BOLOHAN Iași, RO For speaking about connectivity in Prehistory should be involved the following criteria: space, time, communities, materiality, immateriality, mobility. A coherent example for studying this phenomenon is represented by the basins in the Carpathian foothills of Moldavia. In a irst step the present contribution wants to make a complete list of the opinions on the proposed topic and the analysis of the archaeological text. The core of the contribution is represented by the multidimensional analysis of a pilot micro-region located in the workspace. THE BRONZE AGE SALT-TIN EXCHANGE IN TRANSYLVANIA AND MARAMUREȘ? Valeriu CAVRUC Sfântu Gheorghe, RO The direct evidence for Bronze Age salt production within the Carpathian Basin is known in the northern half of Transylvania and northern Maramureş. Broadly, it dates from three major periods: ca. 3800–2900 cal BC, ca. 2400/2300–2000/1900 BC, and ca. 1650–800 BC. The Early Bronze Age salt production evidence was attested just in the Băile Figa site. The evidence dated to the late Middle Bronze Age and the beginning of the Late Bronze Age (ca. 1650–1300 BC) is known just in the Băile Figa, Săsarm and Caila (all of them in the Someșul Mare valley). The evidence dated to the time span between ca. 1300/1200 and 800 BC is present in all known Bronze Age salt production sites in the northern half of Transylvania (Valea Florilor, Băile 14 Bronze Age Connectivity in the Carpathian Basin Târgu Mureș, 13–15 October 2016 Figa, Săsarm, Caila) and northern Maramureș (Valea Regilor/ Királyvölgy). Most of the evidence related to the salt production contexts uncovered in the mentioned sites dates between ca. 1200 and 850 BC, sometimes in association with Gáva type pottery (Băile Figa, Valea Regilor). In terms of scale and technical level, the production of salt in the earlier periods (ca. 3800–2900 cal BC, 2300/2200 – 2000/1900 BC) was estimated as being of a domestic type. In contrast, the production of salt in the time span between ca. 1650–800 BC has been assessed as being of industrial type intended for long-distance exchange. The mentioned sites are situated in the valleys of the Tisa, Someșul Mare, Arieș and Mureș rivers that connect the saltrich areas of Transylvania and Maramureș with the salt-poor areas of Sătmar, Bihor, Banat and the Greate Hungarian Plain. At the same time, the sites in northern Maramureș and northeast Transylvania are well connected with the salt-poor Țara Lăpușului. All these may suggest that salt extracted from the deposits of Transylvania and Maramureș was traded during the Late Bronze Age to the Țara Lăpușului and the territories situated west of Transylvania, up to the Middle Tisa valley. From there, it could be traded to the Balkans and Central Europe. Did Transylvania and Maramureș get any goods in exchange of salt? One of the candidates of such goods, according to some authors, might be tin. Some scholars believe that most of tin used in the bronze production in Transylvania and Maramureș was of central European origin (Erzgebirge /Krušné hory), and that it was received in exchange of salt. The issues regarding the accessible tin sources, their exploitation, the provenance of tin and tin bronzes, as well as tin trade in Europe, are far of being solved satisfactory. In central and southeast Europe the richest sources of tin are available in Saxony and Bohemia and in the north-western part of the Balkan Peninsula. Some tin ores are mentioned in Slovakia, Maramureş, Transylvania, Crişana and Banat. No 15 Bronze Age Connectivity in the Carpathian Basin Târgu Mureș, 13–15 October 2016 direct evidence for the Bronze Age tin exploitation is available in Europe so far, except Iberia and England. The earliest tin bronzes in Europe are known in the northern part of the Balkan Peninsula as early as during the Eneolithic period. After that, at the very beginning of the Bronze Age tin bronzes have appeared in Central Europe. In Transylvania, the earliest tin bronzes date from the beginning of the 3rd millennium BC. Tin bronzes were used irregularly and accidentally throughout the 3rd millennium BC. The number of tin bronzes increased signiicantly during the irst half of the 2nd millennium BC. This alloy was mainly used to produce the objects of symbolic value (parade weapons and adornments) up to the middle of the 2nd millennium BC. Most of the bronze objects contain tin in more or less “right” proportion during the 2nd and 1st millennia BC. In the context of the Late Bronze Age “metallurgical bum”, this alloy has become a common good. The peak of the bronze metallurgy in the Carpathian region took place between ca. 1250/1200 and 1050/1000 BC. The luctuation rhythms of salt production and the dynamics of use of tin largely coincide. It seems symptomatic the fact that around 800 BC the industrial salt production in Transylvania and Maramureș has ceased, and the use of tin bronzes has come to a dramatic decline. Tin has circulated widely and by various ways throughout Europe during the Bronze Age. The Danube-Tisa Interluves seems to have been one of the most important passageways within the complex trans-European exchange network. In this context it looks plausible the possibility that Transylvania and Maramureş were supplied with tin from this area. The hypothesis of the exchange of the Carpathian salt on the Bohemian-Saxonian tin should be approached just as a possibility. The available evidence suggests that salt-tin exchange was just a part of a very complex exchange network, through which tin reached Transylvania and Maramureș from diferent sources and by various ways. 16 Bronze Age Connectivity in the Carpathian Basin Târgu Mureș, 13–15 October 2016 CONNECTIVITY DESPITE BOUNDARIES? Nicole TAYLOR Kiel, DE Assessing connectivity within prehistoric societies can be a very complex matter. When it comes to enclosed or fortiied settlements in the Carpathian Basin, they have traditionally been seen as signs of conlict or division within prehistoric societies, suggesting a lack of connectivity. Other interpretations of fortiications fall at the opposite end of the spectrum, interpreting enclosed sites as ritual, often despite the possibility of defensive use. This latter view could be more easily used to support concepts of connectivity and collective identity, yet it appears not to relect the full complexity of social life. This theoretical boundary within the archaeological community has recently become a focus of discussion and rethought; multi-causal interpretations are gaining greater favour. The post-doc project “Transforming landscapes of fortiication in the Bronze Age of Central Hungary” aims to contribute to this on-going development of concepts of fortiication, their causes, and their efect on Bronze Age communities. The Early to Middle Bronze Age fortiied settlements of Pest County, Hungary are the focus of this study; this region is considered to represent a border between the Hatvan and Vatya archaeological cultures, with links to narratives of migration, difusion and invasion. Using spatial data, the results of ieldwork in the area, and further material culture in the form of hoards and weapons, this project aims to determine whether transformation in the settlement patterns of these two cultural areas was driven by processes of connection or division. In order to investigate the topic of diachronic and spatial transformations in fortiication and related social practices, it is necessary to revisit old narratives for the Carpathian Basin and confront them with newer theoretical approaches. This will 17 Bronze Age Connectivity in the Carpathian Basin Târgu Mureș, 13–15 October 2016 allow us to come closer to a viable, albeit etic, understanding of settlement strategies and interactions in the Bronze Age of Pest County. The approach used focuses on connecting theories and methodologies from as many relevant disciplines as possible, in order to determine the level of connectivity between the settlements despite the physical boundaries that demarcate them. Additionally, the excavations at Kakucs-Turján provide a case-study to gain closer insights into how the social dynamics of Pest Country functioned within an individual settlement. BRONZE AGE DEFENSIVE SETTLEMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF LONG-RANGE RELATIONSHIPS. HOW FAR IS FROM FORTIFIED VILLAGE TO CITADEL? Mateusz JAEGER Poznań, PL The submitted paper reflects on the role of defensive settlements in developing narratives which highlight the intensiication of long-range contact between Bronze Age communities of Central Europe and the Aegean. In his critical appraisal of the issue, the author relies on detailed analysis of available sources originating from Carpathian Bronze Age sites. The settlements in question ofer a limited pool of credible information, and yet tend to be the most often quoted instances which serve to bear out the presence of social institutions corresponding with those of the Mycenaean world, as well as methods of constructing social space which allegedly represent a borrowing from the latter. 18 Bronze Age Connectivity in the Carpathian Basin Târgu Mureș, 13–15 October 2016 CHANGES IN SETTLEMENT STRUCTURE AND ECONOMY IN MIDDLE BRONZE AGE MORAVIA IN THE CONTEXT OF ACTIVITIES IN THE CARPATHIAN BASIN KLára ŠABATOVÁ Brno, CZ Moravia (eastern part of the Czech Republic) is situated in the Northern Edge of the Carpathian Basin. The structural change in settlement, which is after 1600 BC extant in the core of the Carpathian Basin, is represented in Moravia with dispersed settlements occurring in plains, timber framed houses and markers of economic change. We can see change in crop husbandry and in the usage of material resources. The objective of this paper is to present the situation in Moravia in the middle Bronze Age (local 1600/1550–1300/1250 BC) in connection to settlement changes in other parts of the Carpathian Basin. BALANCING TRADITIONAL VALUES AND NOVELTIES: MIDDLE BRONZE AGE COMMUNITIES OF SERBIAN PART OF THE CARPATHIAN BASIN AND THEIR SOUTHWESTERN NEIGHBOURS Marija LJUŠTINA Belgrade, RS Katarina DMITROVIĆ Čačak, RS The Middle Bronze Age of Serbian part of the Carpathian Basin is signiicantly characterised by the material traces recognised as the Vatin culture. The sites in the corresponding part of the Balkan Peninsula, i.e. in the region gravitating to the 19 Bronze Age Connectivity in the Carpathian Basin Târgu Mureș, 13–15 October 2016 right bank of the Danube, reveal many similarities with the core territory of the culture. Not only have they pottery style in common, but the wider repertoire of inds illustrating the material culture. The Vatin culture communities were undoubtedly integrated into a wider space of the Bronze Age of the Carpathian Basin. There are multiple proofs of vivid contacts with near and remote parts of the Bronze Age Europe, too. Water routes were of great importance for the contacts. Consequently, a question arose about the character of contacts with the communities inhabiting the region of the river Morava, namely the Western Morava basin – a natural connection between the Dinara massive of the Western Balkans and the main transversal of the Central Balkans – the Morava-Vardar valley. While our knowledge about the Vatin culture is based mostly on the sites of settlement character, the picture of the Middle Bronze Age in the Western Morava basin is formed, by contrast, on the basis of a signiicant number of excavated graves within several necropolises. Incomparably fewer contemporary settlements have been explored up to now. Still, it turned out that the region was the zone of contact of distinct and imposing Middle Bronze Age cultural entities. What strikes us as odd is that the archaeological record in funerary practice testifying about the contacts is in diferent forms of appearance when compared with what settlement sites reveal. When general cultural interaction between the Western Morava basin and the area to the north of the rivers Sava and Danube is analysed, it is important to emphasize that parallel phenomena cannot be traced in the irst half of the 2nd millennium BC. It is mainly observed in ceramic production, by deiciency of the Vatin (in its purest form) and incrusted pottery cultures. Furthermore, a very persisting survival of an ancient, autochthonous group from western Serbia with a stable and unaltered cultural expression is considered to hinder the penetration of these cultures towards the south. Archaeological context of the inds – mortuary for most of them – can 20 Bronze Age Connectivity in the Carpathian Basin Târgu Mureș, 13–15 October 2016 be indicative of the communities living in interaction with their neighbours, but keeping traditional values, among which funerary practice is one of the most conservative. “THE WORLD WITHIN A HOUSEHOLD – KAKUCS-TURJÁN CASE STUDY AND RELATEDNESS OF MIDDLE BRONZE AGE POTTERY” Robert STANIUK Kiel, DE Household studies are undergoing a certain renaissance in Bronze Age archaeology. On the one hand, it is caused by an ever-growing number of specialist analyses which allow for studying subsistence, the natural environment or even palaeodemography. On the other hand, settlement inds difer from speciic closed assemblages. Contrary to funerary inds, which were always subject to selection in accordance with the existing system of values, customs, association with the dead, and practiced ideology, objects curated in households were constantly being subject to everyday selection. Abandoning a household could have resulted in a negative selection; all valuable or at least useful objects having been removed from the abandoned house for further use elsewhere in the future. The time-span between the abandonment of a household and its collapse afected the preservation of inds resulting in the formation of an archaeological record. The circulation of objects and an active selection of items within a household was caused by the inhabitants themselves, i.a. their customs, their material status and random events. All three of these factors are dynamic in nature, constantly shifting since the moment they initially become salient. Nevertheless, a household recognized as a concentration of material cultural 21 Bronze Age Connectivity in the Carpathian Basin Târgu Mureș, 13–15 October 2016 from a long time-span allows for the identiication of local conditions, interregional connections, transformations of meaning and item use, and last but not least, the consistency of all aforementioned elements. Such an understanding of settlement inds allows for the reformulation of existing cultural estimations, especially since it accentuates the interdependency and signiicance of all the elements for human existence. By eschewing from precisely identiied cultural borders designed of the basis of clear grave inds, we are able to recognize the complexity of past reality instead of contributing to the constant redeinition of synthetic divisions. The preceding relection directly results from the presented case study – a household located in the centre of the KakucsTurján settlement (ig. 1). Located in the centre of Alföld, this lat settlement with a unique tripartite division of settlement space is, from a geographic and cultural point of view, deprived of contacts with the cultures of the Carpathian Basin. Despite these obstacles, the inds record comprises of at least 12 ceramic styles, all of them related to major cultural entities of the region as a whole. Although the most prevalent ceramic style is Vatya, present in all of its development stages, inluences from Transdanubia, the North Hungarian Mountains or even the Maroş basin are visible. All of the recorded inds were at some point contemporary and inluencing local production or, at least, the use of ceramics. However, the imports so far discovered allow for the identiication of a gradation of items, which to some extent must represent at least personal preferences of the inhabitants. The early stage of this research does not allow for presentation of the full spectrum of interdependencies observed. What shall be presented are the stylistic traits already visible, which highlight the potential of household studies for reining the cultural image of the Carpathian Basin. 22 Bronze Age Connectivity in the Carpathian Basin Târgu Mureș, 13–15 October 2016 PECICA–ŞANŢUL-MARE: A BRONZE AGE ENTREPȎT IN THE LOWER MUREŞ REGION Amy NICODEMUS La Crosse, USA John O’SHEA ANN ARBOR, USA Pecica–Şanţul-Mare (Arad County, Romania) was a major trade center during the Middle Bronze Age. Its inhabitants participated intensively in regional and extra-regional exchange networks, bringing a range of utilitarian and prestige goods into the Lower Mureş valley. The quantity and diversity of imported items at Pecica far exceeds that of contemporary settlements in the region, with goods often by-passing other Mureş communities along the major trade routes. Pecica also appears to have had preferential access to some valuable extra-regional raw materials, such as unworked Baltic amber and marine shell. Not only did Pecica serve as an entrepȏt, but it was also a major producer and exporter of prestige items, including ine metalwork and composite ornaments prominently displayed by elites and local leaders. Control over these exchange networks was critical to Pecica–Şanţul-Mare’s role as a regional center. However, it did not develop gradually into a major economic node over time. Rather, control of regional trade was a signiicant consideration for its establishment, especially for mineral resources upriver in the Transylvanian highlands. From its initial founding (c. 2000/1950 cal. BC), Pecica had specialized economic functions, including serving as a gateway community to the Lower Mureş region. Import goods are present in great numbers and there is intensive production of both metalwork and beaded ornaments. Its economic power increases further over time, reaching an apex between c. 1850–1650 cal. BC, when metallurgy and the production of horses and horse-related technologies sharply peaks. During this same time period, Pecica emerges as the 23 Bronze Age Connectivity in the Carpathian Basin Târgu Mureș, 13–15 October 2016 dominant political center on the Mureş and experiences a major inlux of population as other regional centers are abandoned. In the following century, Pecica’s participation in regional exchange collapses as the settlement loses its prominence and is eventually abandoned. CONNECTIVITY IN MIDDLE BRONZE AGE TRANSYLVANIA Sándor BERECKI Târgu Mureş, RO Situated in the core region of the Wietenberg area, the Bronze Age cemetery and settlement from Luduş, Mureş County yielded several allogeneous artefacts which indicate the interregional, short and large distance contacts of this agrarian settlement both westwards and eastward. Starting from the investigated archaeological features at Luduş, the paper proposes a discussion regarding the character of these – often reciprocal – contacts: their relection in the material and spiritual culture, the response of the communities to the foreign inluences as well as their chronological relevance. TRANSYLVANIA: ECONOMICAL HUB IN EUROPEAN BRONZE AGE Mihai WITTENBERGER Cluj-Napoca, RO Transylvania is located approximately halfway between the North Sea and the Aegean Sea, if we look from north to south, but east-west axis and the Urals–Alps. Great natural wealth and 24 Bronze Age Connectivity in the Carpathian Basin Târgu Mureș, 13–15 October 2016 geographic position make Transylvania one of the most interesting regions in the Bronze Age! Trade routes intersected here and while its inhabitants actively participated in the European economy and culture of the Bronze Age. This paper wants besides economic aspect to clarify the notion of “Carpathian Basin” which in my opinion is non professional. Halfway the 1st millennium in the eastern Carpathian area a new culture appear, part of the great New-SabatinovkaCoslogeni complex. For Transylvania this meant the gradual disappearance of Wietenberg culture, but also the emergence of new cultural forms derived from symbiosis between the natives and the newcomers. More western groups have entered the same space year after the Ottomans. Far from supporting some researchers, new culture bearers were semi-nomadic; they brought to Transylvania numerous cultural elements that have high economic level. The new bronze models, axes and hooked sickles, but especially the phenomenon of “democratization” of bronze, after M. Rotea have led to a real quantitative explosion of the bronze pieces. They no longer belong to the elite but became common items. Bronze metallurgy and trade has also greatly evolved. Glass pieces from very remote areas and amber from the North Sea are tangible examples of objects that are subject to trade. The presence of Transylvanian ceramics in southern Poland indicates trade orientation. Transylvania’s connections with the Carpathian space could have been made relatively easy because of the many mountain passes and major rivers as real prehistoric “highways”. The new culture bearers had a huge space, the Danube and the Apuseni Mountains Meseş up to today’s Ukraine. In this way commercial ties were facilitated by the fact that the merchants could travel through friendly territories, avoiding spaces with disorders of the time, such as the Danube in Pannonia line due the tumulus movements. 25 Bronze Age Connectivity in the Carpathian Basin Târgu Mureș, 13–15 October 2016 It should be speciied that the geography of the area we are discussing today was diferent from what we see on the map. Thus the Danube Delta, as we know it today did not exist! There is large marshy area, near the conluence of the Danube and Siret Rivers. This means that the distance from the Black Sea to the Carpathians was much smaller, the Delta today being an inland, lagoon area. It cannot be coincidence that the vessel was found to Ulmburun an axe sceptre of Drajna type, is similar to the stone example from Cluj, bushes Red axe sceptre of the same type produced by abnormally high amount of tin. Furthermore in Bold, Cluj County a piece of tin was discovered, that has an unknown provenance, most probably from the eastern area. In this context use of the term “Carpathian Basin” to refer only to the Carpathian Mountains is a non scientiic sense. First of all from geographical point of view the mountains have basins! Secondly it is an arbitrary exclusion period Carpathian space, which is economically and culturally tied to it. THE CULTURAL AND CHRONOLOGICAL CONTEXT OF THE BRONZE AGE CEMETERY FROM SEBEȘ–ÎNTRE RĂSTOACE Gabriel BĂLAN Alba Iulia, RO The Cemetery at Sebeş–Între răstoace was discovered and researched in 2011 when there were identiied 61 cremation burials. The cinerary remains were deposed in urns, some of them being covered with vessels placed vertically or upside-down. One grave was a double burial, two urns being discovered near each other. Together with the ceramic vessels there were found several fragments of beads made of a vitreous paste. A series of graves were outstanding through the stone arrangements: slabs 26 Bronze Age Connectivity in the Carpathian Basin Târgu Mureș, 13–15 October 2016 which covered the grave pits and small stone piles placed both in the pit and over it. It was diicult to establish the chronologic frame in which to include the burials in this necropolis. We dated the cemetery to the end of the irst phase and the beginning of the second phase according to Chidioșan’s periodization. In this presentation I intend to clarify the synchronisms of the forms and ornamenting types encountered on the vessels from the Sebeș burials in the area of Wietenberg culture. Based on the stratigraphy of the settlement at Derşida, I did a selection of the sites which are speciic to the early phase. I consider necessary to ilter the information that can be found in literature because we can ind published ceramics for which the context of the discovery it is not known, and thus can create confusion among the researchers (e.g. Feldioara, Chintelnic, Cicău, Sighișoara–Wietenberg). Fig. 1. The topographical map of the Sebeş–Între răstoace cemetery 27 Bronze Age Connectivity in the Carpathian Basin Târgu Mureș, 13–15 October 2016 The repertory of forms and ornamentation speciic for this early Wietenberg horizon has analogies in groups and cultures from the end of the Early Bronze Age dated to 21th and 20th centuries B.C. The funerary rite is diferent from the neighbouring contemporary groups and cultures (Mureș, Otomani, Monteoru, Tei, Costișa) and it represents a reason for accepting the Western origins in the Intra-Carpathian area from the Nagyrév and Nyírség cultures. At the same time, the Nagyrév culture has a great contribution to the formation of Vatya culture, where the funerary rite is similar to the one from Wietenberg communities. At the beginning of the Middle Bronze Age, ceramic exchanges are attested between diferent communities of the Carpathian Basin. Also, vitreous paste beads similar to those from the Sebeș cemetery can be found in several burials of these cultures. Under reciprocal inluence there had been changes in the funerary rite between Mureș and Vatya, Wietenberg and Monteoru, Otomani and Wietenberg cultures. The cemetery at Sebeș, through the repertory of forms and ceramic ornamentation, can be attributed to Chidioșan I–II and Boroka A1–2 phases. These phases were deined on the basis of the stratigraphy in the settlement at Derșida. In the irst three levels from this settlement there were discovered ceramic artefacts speciic to the irst two phases as deined in the periodization used by scholars. Based on human bone samples from diferent burials in the Sebeș site, nine 14C dates place the cemetery in a timeframe between 1853 and 1748 BC. Other recently published dates from sites belonging to Mureș, Wietenberg, Monteoru, Costișa and Vatya cultures conirm the ones we obtained. In addition, the interval of 18th and 17thcenturies proposed for Wietenberg III phase conirms once again the dating of this cemetery. 28 Bronze Age Connectivity in the Carpathian Basin Târgu Mureș, 13–15 October 2016 CULTURAL CONNECTIONS IN SOUTHWESTERN TRANSYLVANIA. CORNEȘTI– CRVENKA TYPE CERAMICS DISCOVERED AT ȘOIMUȘ–TELEGHI (HUNEDOARA COUNTY) Cătălin RIŞCUŢĂ– Antoniu MARC Deva, RO The archaeological research performed on the highway route Deva–Orăştie in 2011 led to the discovery of a settlement belonging to the Bronze Age, on the terrace of the Mureş River, at Şoimuş–Teleghi (Hunedoara County). In our presentation we are going to describe and analyze the contents of four complexes discovered at Şoimuş (C 2, 17, 98 and C 110), trying also a cultural and chronological interpretation of the indings recovered from these complexes. Chronologically, these complexes belong to the Wietenberg Culture (second phase) from the Middle Bronze Age. The inventory of the features contained numerous ceramic fragments speciic to the Cornești–Crvenka culture, which suggests the existence of direct cultural links between the two milieus in south-western Transylvania. In our opinion, the Șoimuș discoveries concur to a sharper image of the cultural-chronological framework of the Bronze Age in this area. 29 Bronze Age Connectivity in the Carpathian Basin Târgu Mureș, 13–15 October 2016 DOWN BY THE RIVER… MUREŞ. CONTACTS BETWEEN COMMUNITIES OF THE MUREŞ CULTURE AND THE WIETENBERG CULTURE REFLECTED BY THE DISCOVERIES FROM THE SOUTH-WESTERN PERIPHERY OF THIS Antoniu MARC Deva, RO The preventive archaeological research conducted within the Archaeological Program “Autostrada 2011”, on Deva–Orăştie segment made possible the discovery of important settlements from prehistory, antiquity and early middle age, in the western half of the Mureş Corridor. Among these, the Bronze Age settlements, which existed along the Middle and Late Bronze Age, provided a rich and various archaeological material, particularly relevant for the knowing of habitation from the south-western periphery of the intra-Carpathian space at those times. In this presentation will bring on attention some discoveries from the Şoimuş–Teleghi and Uroi–Sigheti settlements, which, by shape and ornament refer to the Mureş Culture pottery. From the ceramic material processed until this moment, from these sites, we are able to illustrate the mentioned contacts with two vessels. The one from Şoimuş it’s an amphorette with lobed rim and proiled handles pulled from the rim, discovered fragmented inside a dwelling situated at the edge of the settlement. The one from Uroi is a similar amphorette, fragmentary preserved, of which fragments were recovered from a pit situated, apparently, also at the settlement edge. These pots have close analogies among the discoveries from the Mureş Culture area, being similar to those from the Pecica– Şanţul Mare site or from sites on the territory of today Hungary. The presented discoveries come to complete the image about the connections between the two cultures in discussion. If the previous researches emphasized just inluences of 30 Bronze Age Connectivity in the Carpathian Basin Târgu Mureș, 13–15 October 2016 the Wietenberg Culture in the ornamentics of some pottery products of the Mureş Culture, our discoveries indicate the physical circulation of some products of this culture, it seems limited at the peripheral zone of the irst one. The connection path is, without any doubt, the low valley of the Mureş River, the contacts seems to be realized by terrestrial ways, but also by water, in this regard, some models of miniature watercrafts discovered at Şoimuş and Uroi settlements, being an argument. THE SOMEŞ VALLEY: A SEGMENT OF A MAIN TRANSCONTINENTAL CONNECTION ROUTE AND AREA FOR THE CREATION OF GROUP IDENTITY IN THE LATE BRONZE AGE Liviu MARTA– Diana JEGER Satu Mare, RO Interregional connections are one of the deining elements of the Bronze Age. The need for copper and especially tin necessitated a constant use of a large network of trade roads crossing the entirety of the European continent. The roads forming this network were used by people to circulate metals and other goods and, along with them, ideas and knowledge. Based on the location and date of weapons and prestige goods from the Middle and Late Bronze Age, the existence of a road leaving Transylvania along the Someş and Crasna valleys, crossing the northern Carpathian Basin and, along the Oder valley arriving at the shore of the Baltic Sea was postulated. The present study intends to ind out for how long and how intensively this route had been used based from the archaeological evidence from the Someș valley. A series of pieces are presented which may be considered imports, and we present a 31 Bronze Age Connectivity in the Carpathian Basin Târgu Mureș, 13–15 October 2016 critique of the why these pieces may be considered mobility and identity markers. In order to evaluate the potential of the Someș River as a communication route, we start with an evaluation of the documentary evidence pertaining to the way in which the river was used as a navigation route in the Middle Ages. The Medieval written sources are also utilized as an example of how the trade was controlled by regional elites. The elites from the extraction (production) area and the elites living along the road, dealing with the transportation and the distribution of goods, had some special relationships. This can be used as a theoretical model to understand the Bronze Age connections. This model of the special inter-elite relationships illustrated by the medieval trade in the Someș River is used as a template for the analysis of the creation and maintenance of group identities in prehistoric settlements in the Someș valley. These identities are often a result of the combination of elements originated at various points along the commercial route linking the Baltic Sea and Transylvania. MIDDLE BRONZE AGE SETTLEMENT NETWORK (PATTERN?) AND METAL DEPOSITS IN THE VALLEY OF THE BLACK RIVER József PUSKÁS Târgu Secuiesc, RO Despite the numerous Middle Bronze Age indings in the Târgu Secuiesc Depression we have scarce information about the dynamics, the evolution and the possible hierarchy of the settlements. We have little information about the usage of space. Since we don’t have any site exhaustively excavated we don’t know about the inner arrangement of the settlements, don’t dispose of any comparable data. 32 Bronze Age Connectivity in the Carpathian Basin Târgu Mureș, 13–15 October 2016 The ield surveys made in the last few years lead to the discovery of many new Middle Bronze Age sites. The distribution, extent and visibility analysis of this settlements furnish new data on the settlement networks, possible communication routs etc. We are trying to ind out the purpose of the fortiied settlements. Where they centers of a local elite or were used as refugees by a local community? We have studied the metal deposits in the context of settlement network, trying to elucidate the cause of dissemble, the possible environment in which they were hide. LOCAL AND INTERREGIONAL CONNECTIONS THROUGH ARCHAEOMETALLURGICAL ANALYSIS AND 3D SCANNING OF THE HASFALVA DISC Géza SZABÓ Szekszárd, HU Péter KUNFALVI Szekszárd, HU Mónika BÉKEFI, HU The Hasfalva Disc gives us the chance to examine both the local and the interregional relations in the Late Bronze Age – Early Iron Age transition period. The original use and the dating of the disc have been unclear. That also has not been clear which part of the object was the bottom or the top side. In the light of the previous research, that have been accepted it was made in the same workshop with the almost identical Balkåkra Disc, therefore they might have been local products that reached distant locations. To prove or to deny this theory we looked for such methods that make possible to observe the identical details or the diferences. Through the archaeometallurgic analysis of the Hasfalva Disc, we have focused on the attributions of the drum 33 Bronze Age Connectivity in the Carpathian Basin Târgu Mureș, 13–15 October 2016 which can be originated from the manufacturing process. These attributions can conirm whether the objects were made in the same workshop or not. The frame of the Hasfalva Disc consist ten parts, which are similar to each other and to the parts of the Balkåkra Disc as well. On these, there are repeating characteristics, which suggest the serial production of these parts. To prove this theory, we looked for such measuring points, which can be measured by traditional tools and the results can be processed by statistic methods. Through the data processing it became clear, that the traditional methods used by several times may not answer many of our questions in the case of these bent objects. Such as, were the parts originally cast curvely or were they curved after the cast? To get answer for this and similar questions, we examined the Hasfalva Disc with 3D laser scanner. During the scanning and the data processing we came across some methodological problems. We would like to present our new observations and conclusions on these problems. BRONZE MOUNTS OF AN OSTENTATIOUS SHIP FROM KRIVA ON THE TISZA IN CARPATHIAN UKRAINE BETWEEN SCANDINAVIAN, AEGEAN AND NEAR EASTERN MARITIME TRADITIONS Louis D. NEBELSICK WARSAW–HALLE, PL–DE A hoard of Uriu-Opályi type (Br D/14th–13th century BC) was discovered in a Lăpuş style conical necked vessel on a high terrace of the Tisza River near Kriva, rajon Chust in the Ukrainian Maramureš in 1966. It was composed of a typical assemblage of conical and disk butted axes and spiral jewellery but also two remarkable cast bronze mounts: An upswept socket with lentoid button shaped inal and a wedge shaped pointed element which are interpreted as bronze mounts from the prow and/or 34 Bronze Age Connectivity in the Carpathian Basin Târgu Mureș, 13–15 October 2016 stern of an inceptive Late Bronze ostentatious ship. Comparable mounts, some of which are also likely to have decorated the extremities of ships, were found in the hoard Lozova II in Moldavia. In this contribution further bronzes, wooden remains of early ships and igurative art are referred to from Scandinavia, Western Europe, the Aegean and the Near East in order to propose likely reconstructions of these remarkable vessels which were probably plying East Central Europe’s great rivers at the dawn of the Late Bonze Age and forming tangible ties between maritime traditions ranging from Egypt to Sweden. DER DEPOTFUND VON KRIVA UND SEINE STELLUNG IN DER BEGINNENDEN SPÄTBRONZEZEIT IM OBEREN THEISSGEBIET Carol KACSÓ Baia Mare, RO Der 1966 auf einer hohen Gelädestufe am Südrand des Theiß-Tales zufällig geborgene Depotfund von Kriva gehört zu den charakteristischen Depots des Uriu-Opályi Typus. Er wurde in einem mit Lăpuş-Keramik ainen Gefäß geborgen. Die bemerkenswerten Beschläge werden von Louis Nebelsick auf dieser Tagung behandelt. In meinem Beitrag werde ich die Verbreitungsmuster der restlichen Artefakte dieses Depotfundes behandeln: Nackenscheibenäxte und Handschutzspiralen; zudem soll die Struktur seiner Zusammensetzung untersucht werden. Abschließend wird die Stellung des Fundes im Gefüge der Deponierungsmuster der beginnenden Spätbronzezeit im obereren Theiß gebiet näher bestimmt. 35 Bronze Age Connectivity in the Carpathian Basin Târgu Mureș, 13–15 October 2016 “GATHER AS MUCH AS YOU CAN”: THE CHRONOLOGICAL AND SPATIAL DIMENSIONS OF THE HOARD FROM BAND Tudor SOROCEANU Berlin, DE Botond REZI Târgu Mureş, RO Rita E. NÉMETH Târgu Mureş, RO The bronze hoard from Bandul de Câmpie is one of the largest bronze assemblages from Europe in the Urnield Period. Right after its discovery, but beginning mainly with the irst published opinions (especially M. Rusu’s) the treasure was catalogued as a great founders hoard, dated to the HaA1 period, a chronological setting which remained unchanged up till today. As a result of a dynamic dating of the ind, based mainly on a wider geographical and typological analysis of each artefact category, several “chronological horizons” can be clearly separated within the hoard. Thus three main artefact categories can be distinguished, with totally diferent origins: a) western Tumulus origin; b) eastern origin; c) local BzD origin, with a possible extension to HaA1. Relying on such conclusions it is possible to outline an inner chronology of the ind, taking into consideration that all the elements are pointing to a longer evolution. The analysis of the hoard’s structure ampliies our knowledge about the bronze metallurgy. The “personality” of the discovery shows special characteristics, unheard at other bronze treasures. But seen from the perspective of the Transylvanian hoards from the Late Bronze Age it integrates into the depositional phenomenon from the Mureş Valley, bringing also several original features. 36 Bronze Age Connectivity in the Carpathian Basin Târgu Mureș, 13–15 October 2016 37 Bronze Age Connectivity in the Carpathian Basin Târgu Mureș, 13–15 October 2016 Poster Presentations 38 Bronze Age Connectivity in the Carpathian Basin Târgu Mureș, 13–15 October 2016 CONNECTIVITY DURING THE MIDDLE BRONZE AGE IN THE CARPATHIAN BASIN – CASE STUDY: THE METALWORK Alexandra GĂVAN Köln, DE The Middle Bronze Age (MBA – Hungarian chronology) bronze industry from the Carpathian Basin is highly varied, with a wide range of artefact types being produced and in circulation at this time. Some of these metal products have a rather restricted distribution and can be considered typical products of speciic areas within the Carpathian Basin, being sometimes also found in neighbouring areas from this region. Others are distributed over larger areas within this macro-region, while certain types have a much wider distribution pattern, being found also outside of the Carpathian Basin. All these artefacts could be regarded as proofs for the existence of local, regional and inter-regional networks of interaction which facilitated the low of goods as well as ideas and technologies within and without the Carpathian Basin. By studying the diferent distribution patterns of selected metal artefact types encountered in the Carpathian Basin during the Middle Bronze Age, this presentation will aim to highlight the local, regional, and cross-regional networks of contact and interaction existing during this period at diferent levels. Attention will also be paid to the ind context of certain artefact types within and without their main distribution area, in order to detect possible diverging patterns of deposition speciic for each region and community that made use of these objects. As a preliminary remark, it can be said that the distribution of most of the artefact types taken under consideration in this study follows to a great extent the major rivers in the region and their tributaries, pointing towards the main channels of communication from this period. Moreover, at a macro-regional 39 Bronze Age Connectivity in the Carpathian Basin Târgu Mureș, 13–15 October 2016 level, a greater degree of connection and interaction in terms of metalwork can be observed between the Carpathian Basin and the central European metallurgical centre, especially during the last half of the Hungarian Middle Bronze Age. CONNECTING COMMUNITIES. THE LATE BRONZE AGE SETTLEMENT FROM VLAHA–PAD Florin GOGÂLTAN Cluj-Napoca, RO Rita E. NÉMETH Târgu Mureş, RO A pit with special indings was discovered on the Late Bronze Age settlement from Vlaha–Pad in 2004. It has contained typical Wietenberg IV and Cehăluţ–Hajdúbagos type ceramic fragments as well as whole pots deposited near a wooden recipient full with carbonized grain seeds. The presence of foreign cultural elements in Wietenberg environment is determining aspect for the Late Bronze Age cultural background in Transylvania. The topic of this poster is to present and analyze this phenomenon from the perspective of the feature Cx0834. THE HERO’S SWORD: ON LOCAL APPROPRIATION AND SOCIAL ‘INSTITUTIONS’ Tobias L. KIENLIN– Tim PICCOLINI Köln, DE According to a recent study on interaction and trade in the European Bronze Age by K. Kristiansen and P. 40 Bronze Age Connectivity in the Carpathian Basin Târgu Mureș, 13–15 October 2016 Suchowska-Ducke there is a correlation between the distribution of swords and the emergence of pan-European social institutions. They argue “that the shared use of sword types among Scandinavia, Central Europe, and the Aegean during this period would also lead to similarities in the social institutions linked to warriors” (KRISTIANSEN–SUCHOWSKA-DUCKE 2015, 371). A wanax type ritual chief supposedly is characterized among others by his command of full-hilted swords, while it is suggested a lawagetas type warrior chief is characterized by lange-hilted swords. In conjunction with these generalizations, much less efort has been spent on the contexts from which these swords are known. For example, the vast majority of swords from the Carpathian Basin are known from hoard, while in Scandinavia they originate from graves. This inter-regional disparity points to speciic cultural transformations of the same type of object within particular societies. In this study, therefore, the focus is on the local appropriation of objects (swords) and their implications for social structure. The diferent contexts serve as a starting point to consider the biographies of swords and warriors as well as their linkages more accurately. Since swords in Scandinavia and Mycenaean Greece are mostly found in graves, we can assume parallel biographies of both swords and warriors. In this case, there seems to be little ambiguity in the meaning of swords, and a relatively straightforward association of swords with a speciic section of the male population. The picture is diferent in the Carpathian Basin. The fact that the majority of swords come from hoard inds, indicates a tendency towards an earlier division of the biographies of swords and warriors. This departure from a linkage elsewhere attested, and the divergent biographies of males and ‘their’ swords is an essential starting point of our considerations. Such diferences in the association of males and swords most likely point to diferent perceptions of the ‘warrior’ as such, and more speciically to divergent notions of what it meant being a ‘warrior’ throughout or at diferent 41 Bronze Age Connectivity in the Carpathian Basin Târgu Mureș, 13–15 October 2016 stages of one’s life. We want to illustrate these diferent perceptions with reference to various examples. Through the juxtaposition of burials and hoards we want to explore the diferent perception and handling of swords and their potential impact on the speciic ‘warriors’ involved. Although comparable types of swords are distributed throughout Europe, their local appropriation varies. This clearly refers to diferent perceptions of the ‘warrior’ in their respective societies. The biographical approach taken to swords and their bearers in widely diferent Bronze Age groups from diferent parts of Europe indicates that divergent notions of being a ‘warrior’ and corresponding options of social action prevailed. In our opinion, it is highly unlikely that the same objects are representing the same pan-European institutions. This contribution is to be understood as a critique of the transfer of center-periphery perspectives in the European Bronze Age. KRISTIANSEN–SUCHOWSKA-DUCKE 2015 Kristiansen, K.–SuchowskaDucke, P., Connected Histories: the Dynamics of Bronze Age Interaction and Trade 1500–1100 BC., Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, 81, 2015, 361–392. ENTANGLED TERRITORIES – MIDDLE BRONZE AGE COPPER TRADE AND THE NATURE OF CONNECTIVITY BETWEEN THE CARPATHIAN BASIN, THE SLOVAKIAN ORE MOUNTAINS AND THE ALPS Bianka NESSEL Heidelberg, DE Ernst PERNICKA Mannheim, DE Communities in the Carpathian Basin had wide ranging connections with regions both close and far away, something 42 Bronze Age Connectivity in the Carpathian Basin Târgu Mureș, 13–15 October 2016 that is clearly visible through a number of exchanged goods and typological inluences. Recent studies have established that the copper used in the production of bronze items in the Carpathian Basin was probably primarily brought from the Alps and the Slovakian Ore Mountains. Although more lead isotope analyses are required, it is highly likely that a constantly maintained trade network for copper and perhaps other metals and goods between these three regions existed. The use of copper from distant sources raises questions about the manufacture of items such as swords of Apa-Hajdúsámson type. If we accept an origin in Transylvania or Eastern Hungary, they are thought to be locally made. But why was copper from the distant Mitterberg region used to produce them? We have to consider a scenario where smiths in the Carpathian Basin either mixed Mitterberg copper with tin from elsewhere, or that they did not obtain copper from the Alps but bronze alloy. An alternative explanation would be the possibility that semi-inished blades were traded eastwards instead of raw copper or bronze metal. If this is a possible scenario we would deal with a highly specialised production as well as trade and consumption strategies within all three regions. This would also imply a strong division of labour and a much higher degree of specialisation in the Middle Bronze Age than hitherto assumed. To investigate these questions, the study focuses on the character of metal production and trade in communities in the three regions, using well investigated examples. Available chemical and lead isotope data from bronzes will also be used to develop models of connectivity. 43 Bronze Age Connectivity in the Carpathian Basin Târgu Mureș, 13–15 October 2016 GEOPHYSICAL INVESTIGATION AND SETTLEMENT STRUCTURE OF THE TELEAC HILLFORT Claes UHNÉR Frankfurt am Main, DE The Late Bronze and Early Iron Age Gáva culture fortiied settlement in Teleac is situated on the east bank of the Mureş River some 5 kilometres northeast of Alba Iulia in south-western Transylvania. Recent excavations and a magnetometer survey of parts of the interior of the 30 hectare large hillfort and exterior areas north of the fortiications has produced some tentative insights regarding the settlement structure and defensive organisation of the site. All surveyed parts of the fortiied area have rather high concentrations of anomalies suggesting intensive settlement activities and a dense use of space, a notion further supported by the up to two metre deep cultural layers on the site, while the immediate areas north of the fortiication system are mostly empty. The anomalies on the magnetogram in the hillfort are indicative of pits, various ire installations and small sunken buildings. This notion has been veriied during new excavations, which show a high accordance between anomalies and the nature of the actual features found. Overall, the dense use of internal settlement space suggests that Teleac had a considerable population, while the immediate areas outside the fortiication was probably kept open in order to deny any would be attackers from using a built up area as cover. 44 Bronze Age Connectivity in the Carpathian Basin Târgu Mureș, 13–15 October 2016 Bronze Age connectivity in The Carpathian Basin Proceedings of the International Colloquium from Târgu Mureş 13–15 October 2016 GUIDE FOR THE PAPER Paper size: A4, Font: Times New Roman, Size: 12, Line spacing: 1.5, Alignment: Justiied Title: BOLD, ALL CAPS, CENTRED; Author: Name Bold, align right, Name of Institution, City, Country, Personal e-mail address Keywords: at least 5 keywords In the text the sites should be written: Locality–Toponym (ex. Sopron–Krautacker) In text italics should be used only for toponyms or foreign expressions. Please avoid using italics and bold in the text. Illustration: ■ in text: igures (Fig. 1) ■ at the end of the text: plates (Pl. 1) ■ References to igures and plates in text should be made in parentheses. Ex.: (Pl. 2/1–3; 3/1, 3) ■ illustration must have at least 300 dpi ■ A list of igures and plates should be provided after the references. ■ Please note that one coloured illustration will be accepted Citation: Parenthetical referencing: British Standard / Harvard System, with SMALL CAPS!! ■ ex.: (AUTHOR 2006, 60–62; AUTHOR1–AUTHOR2 2007a, 80; AUTHOR ET AL. 2008, 94). ■ When referring to the pages from the study do not use the abbreviation f./sq. or f./sqq. (for further information about the 45 Bronze Age Connectivity in the Carpathian Basin Târgu Mureș, 13–15 October 2016 system see: http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk/referencing/harvard. htm). ■ Authors are kindly asked to avoid the use of footnotes. ■ Acknowledgements for any kind of support can be given in separate paragraphs at the end of the paper, before the bibliographic list References: at the end of the paper in table with two columns SMITH 2005a SMITH 2005b CHAPMAN 2003 Smith, J. M., Dutch Citing Practices, Amsterdam. Smith, J. M., Harvard Referencing, London. Chapman, J., From Franchthi to the Tiszazug: two Early Neolithic worlds, IN: Jerem, E.–Raczky, P. (Hrsg.), Morgenrot der Kulturen. Frühe Etappen der Menschheitsgeschichte in Mittelund Südosteuropa. Festschrift für Nándor Kalicz zum 75. Geburtstag, Budapest, 89–108. WALSH–MOCCI 2003 Walsh, K.–Mocci, F., Fame and Marginality: The Archaeology of the Montagne Sainte Victoire (Provence, France), American Journal of Archaeology, 107, 1, 25–70. SAVAGE ET AL. 2003 Savage, S. H.–Zamora, K.–Keller, D. R., Archaeology in Jordan, 2002 Season, American Journal of Archaeology, 107, 3, 127–145. Contributors are kindly required to send their manuscripts no later than 15th January 2017 to Németh Rita: ritaenemeth@yahoo.com 46 Bronze Age Connectivity in the Carpathian Basin Târgu Mureș, 13–15 October 2016 My notes 47 Bronze Age Connectivity in the Carpathian Basin Târgu Mureș, 13–15 October 2016 48 Bronze Age Connectivity in the Carpathian Basin Târgu Mureș, 13–15 October 2016 49