CHAPTER 1 RE

solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaics (PV) or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP). The concentrated solar power system uses lens or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. The process of conversion of light into electric current by the photovoltaics is known as the photovoltaic effect. Solar photovoltaic arrays are subjected to partial shading and rapid fluctuations of shading, in most of the portable applications. By partially shaded cells, the residual energy generated, either cannot be collected if the diode is bypassed, or impedes collection of power from the remaining fully illuminated cells, if the diode is not bypassed. The PV system is capable of maximizing the power generated by every PV cells in the PV panel. This system comprises of an array of parallel connected PV cells, a low-input voltage step up power converter and a simple bandwidth MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) tracker. The MPPT operation is to adjust photovoltaic interfaces, so that the operating characteristics of the load and the photovoltaic array match at the maximum power point, no matter what the stand-alone or grid connected photovoltaic applications are.

International Journal of Photoenergy, 2014

The utilization of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems has gained a tremendous momentum due to decreasing costs of PV arrays and interface systems by as much as 50% during the last five years. The advancements on electric utility grid interface systems and utilization of PV arrays in standalone local power generation and smart buildings with storage battery and back-up hybrid systems are increasing the PV system utilization as the emerging form of renewable/alternative energy source. In many countries, the government has instituted special incentives and tax credits as well as feed-in tariff and energy purchase back legislation programs in order to promote and encourage manufacturers and consumers and boost new investments in solar PV energy use in different sectors.

2018

Photovoltaic (PV) is a method of generating electrical power by converting solar radiation into direct current electricity using semiconductors that exhibit the photovoltaic effect. Photovoltaic power generation employs solar panels composed of a number of solar cells containing a photovoltaic material. Materials presently used for photovoltaics include mono crystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, cadmium telluride, and copper/sulfide. PV panels tend to work much better in cold weather than in hot climates (except for amorphous silicon panels). The two types of stand-alone photovoltaic power systems are direct-coupled system without batteries and stand alone system with batteries and Grid-connected photovoltaic power systems are power systems energized by photovoltaic panels which are connected to the utility grid. Grid-connected photovoltaic power systems consist of Photovoltaic panels, MPPT, solar inverters, power conditioning units and grid connection equ...

Solar Photovoltaics, 2018

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International Journal of Advanced Science and Engineering, 2019

The spectrum of solar energy is quite wide and its intensity varies according to the timing of the day and geographic location. We review solar energy conversion into electricity with particular emphasis on photovoltaic systems, solar cells and how to store electricity.

This paper presents the design of photovoltaic module, where the panel is constructed by series and parallel connection of solar cell. The power obtained from the solar panel is boosted up by feeding it to dual stage boost converter and then the output is fed to multilevel cascaded H-bridge inverters. The utilization of multilevel inverter in power electronics has been increased since last decades. Multilevel cascaded H-bridge inverters have high conversion efficiency, easily interfaced with renewable energy sources such as solar panel. In this paper comparisons have been made of THD of voltage waveform obtained from 3,5,7,9 and 11 level cascaded H-bridge inverter, using shifted pulses technique for switching. Also comparisons has been made of THD of sinusoidal voltage waveform obtained from T-LCL type LPF filter used for 3,5,7,9 and 11 level inverters to get voltage with minimum harmonics. This paper demonstrates that as the level of cascaded H-bridge inverter used increases the Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) decreases.

2017

Photovoltaic (PV) is a system is a term which covers the conversion of light into electricity using semiconducting materials that exhibit the photovoltaic effect, a typical photovoltaic system employs solar panels, each panel is composed by several groups of solar cells. PV systems have greater advantage of the traditional energy sources for its low pollution and no greenhouse gas emission, however, the PV systems' power output is strongly dependent on direct sunlight, so about 10-25% is lost if a tracking system is not used, uncertain weather condition also effect the consistent power output. [1] Photovoltaic is the third world wide green technology after hydropower and wind power, the worldwide installed PV capacity has reached 227 gigawatts, which is 2 percent of the global electricity production. [2] Since 2000, installed capacity has been an growth factor of about 57 [3] , total power output has reached 200TWh of electricity.(Fig 4.1) [4] In 2017 a study estimated that by 2030 global PV installed capacities will be between 3000 and 10000GW. China is the country with top capacity in 2015, which is 43530MW, and expect an annual increasing of 34.8% [5] Fig 4.1 Worldwide Growth of Photovoltaics on a semi-log Utilization of photovoltaic systems Photovoltaic converters, which is commonly as solar cells (Fig 4.2), are semiconductor devices that convert part of the incident solar radiation energy directly into electricity energy, it is the main part of the photovoltaic system. Early handmade cells reached efficiency of 5% with an area of 1 and 2cm 2 , the gross output is only few milliwatts. In recent years the efficiency of solar cells have reached over 30%, solar cell modules(group of cells) are being manufactured with areas with many square meters. Solar cells are being used in a range of applications, like powering watch and calculators, street lamp (Fig 4.3) for power generation. Photovoltaic panels have been utilized as supplying power to most of the satellites in outer space for since the beginning of space programs around the world. [6]

The word solar power means energy from the sun that is converted in to electrical energy.In this era solar vigor is the abundant renewable energy source available.The intensity of solar is quite large and varies according to the timing of the day and geographic emplacement. Now the first and most useful energy source is electric energy .To provide electric energy solar PV modules as renewable energy resources device has been installed.However,electric powerfulness outages always happened.Solar Photovoltaic Panel as Renewable Energy of rule Twist is implemented as electric power source by using solar as a help and livelihood.it is used by providing flush through solar panel from sunlight.Then ,the charge is flow through the solar controller to complaint battery that will flow to the load.Since energy that obtained from the battery are shaped in direct current(Dc), then the inverter used to change direct current(Dc) to alternating current (Ac) for purpose of using gimmick or application that using alternating current(Alternating electric current) to operate.