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Some Examples of Ancient Cast and Ribbed Bowls from Turkey

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This paper presents a detailed analysis of ancient cast and ribbed bowls discovered in Turkey, focusing on their construction, decorative techniques, and the significance of their distribution across historical periods. By examining specific examples, it highlights the craftsmanship of glass production in the Roman Empire and discusses the archaeological context of these artifacts, shedding light on regional variations and historical usage.

SOME EXAMPLES OF ANCIENT CAST AND RIBBED BOWLS IN TURKEY C. S. Lightfoot Groups A and D to study part of the glass collection of the An In thetalyasummer ofa large 1988,1 Museum.1 It is not collection,was given permission and the majority of the glass vessels are unremark able. This is surprising, since Antalya is a major The first example (Figs, i and 2) is a shallow bowl of greenish colorless or decolorized glass.5 It measures 14.9 cm in diameter and only 4.1 cm in regional museum, and it houses some of Turkey's finest treasures.2 However, the glass collection does include a group of cast and ribbed bowls that is Author's Note. To attempt a full survey of cast and ribbed vessels found in Turkey, either of randomly collected objects in worthy of special attention. There are 15 vessels. museum collections or of material from properly recorded ar cheological sites, is far beyond the scope of this article. The These bowls, whether plain or ribbed, belong to vagaries of the study are due largely to the demands on my time groups that range in date from the second half of the second century b.c. to the mid-first century a.D. During the past two decades, a series of schol arly articles has shown that the Syro-Palestinian coastal region was an important center for the pro duction of monochrome cast tableware.3 Hellenis tic "grooved bowls" are best known from Tel Anafa in Upper Galilee, where fragments have been found in very large numbers. However, they have also been uncovered at numerous other sites, not only in the Levant, but also in Greece, Cyprus, and Italy. Furthermore, similar material has recently been published from Cyrenaica, Carthage, Spain, and even northern France.4 D. F. Grose has divided these monochrome cast bowls into four main at the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara, and to the arbitrary workings of the local bureaucracy. The photographs were taken by Tugrul Çakar. All drawings are reproduced at /■> scale, except Figs. 9 and 42, which are at 'A scale. 1.1 am grateful to the director and staff of the Antalya Mu seum for their kind assistance, and to the General Directorate of Antiquities in Ankara for arranging my permit. I am also indebted to Sayin Sabri Aydal for his invaluable help. 2. In 1988, a splendid new catalog of these treasures was published by the Antalya Museum. Glass, however, is repre sented only by four sets of beads: E. and I. Özgen, eds., Antalya Museum, Ankara, 1988, pp. 63,65,119, and 200, nos. 77-79 and 82. 3. G. Davidson Weinberg, "Hellenistic Glass from Tel Anafa in Upper Galilee,"Journal of Glass Studies, v. 12, 1970, pp. 17-27; "Notes on Glass from Upper Galilee," Journal of Glass Studies, v. 15, 1973, pp. 35-51; D. F. Grose, "The Syro-Palestinian Glass Industry in the Later Hellenistic Period," Muse, v. 13, 1979, pp. 54-67; "The Hellenistic Glass Industry Reconsidered," Annales du 8e Liège, 1981, pp. 66-69. groups. The Antalya collection lacks an example of 4. D. F. Grose, The Toledo Museum of Art. Early Ancient Glass, his Group B, and the plain bowls can be dividedNew York, 1989, p. 194 and note 34; J. Price, "A Survey of the Hellenistic and Early Roman Vessel Glass Found on the Un between Groups A and D without any great dif ferentiation. explored Mansion Site at Knossos in Crete," Annales du 11' Con grès de l'AIHV, Amsterdam, 1990, pp. 28-32. 5. Antalya Museum, inv. no. A. 1645. Purchased. Intact. Cf. 22 This content downloaded from 198.168.106.100 on Wed, 22 Nov 2017 21:44:15 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms Fig. i. Shallow hemispherical bowl. Antalya Museum A. 1645. Fig. 4. Hemispherical bowl. Izmir Museum 145-6-gji. Fig.2. Shallowhemisphericalbowl.AntalyaMuseumA.1645. Fig. 5. Hemispherical bowl. Izmir Museum 145-6-971. at the center. It measures 10.5 cm in diameter and Fig. 3. Hemispherical bowl. Antalya Museum A.1666. 5.9 cm in height. The rim is rounded and slightly inverted, and the glass is streaked with purple at the rim, indicating the use of manganese as the height, and it is decorated with two horizontal decolorizing agent. The bowl is undecorated, like grooves on the inside, 0.8 cm and 1.6 cm below the the second Antalya example, but the exterior sur rim. The grooves are wheel-cut, as is indicated by face has a shiny, fire-polished appearance. the fact that the two ends of the upper groove do These colorless vessels are generally less com not meet. The rim, which is uneven and of irregular mon than their counterparts in yellow-brown and thickness, has a flat, horizontal upper edge. The yellow-green glass, of which there are six examples body thickness diminishes toward the bottom, in the Antalya Museum.8 However, the collection which is only slightly convex. The second bowl (Fig. 3), also of greenish colorless glass, is hemi spherical in shape, measuring 12.6 cm in diameter and 6.3 cm in height.6 It, too, has a slightly uneven but rounded, vertical rim. Its most unusual feature, however, is that it lacks any cut decoration. The interior and exterior surfaces are completely plain, except for marks of fine rotary polishing. Another colorless bowl (Figs. 4 and 5) is in the Izmir Ar chaeological Museum.7 It is deep-bodied but less rounded in shape, with a bottom that is flattened S. M. Goldstein, Pre-Roman and Early Roman Glass in The Corning Museum of Glass, Corning, 1979, p. 139, no. 286; and Grose [note 4], p. 205, no. 216. 6. Antalya Museum, inv. no. A. 1666. Purchased. Intact. Cf. Goldstein [note 5], p. 138, no. 282; and Grose [note 4], p. 207, no. 221. 7. Izmir Museum, inv. no. 145-6-971. Purchased. Brok and repaired; one patch of fill. 8. According to Grose ([note 3], p. 57 and note 7), spectr scopic analysis has shown that there is no significant chemic difference between the two colors of yellow-brown and yell green. 23 This content downloaded from 198.168.106.100 on Wed, 22 Nov 2017 21:44:15 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms Fig. 6. Conical bowl. Izmir Museum. Fig. 8. Conical bowl. Izmir Museum 6048. 7 Fig. 9. Conical bowlfragment. Myndos. ■\ .r Fig. 7. Conical bowl. Izmir Museum. Fig. io. Myndos and Cremnafragments. does not include any conical bowls; for these, one has been ground, and it is partly flat. The straight must again turn to Izmir, where two fine examples side tapers diagonally downward to a round, are to be found.9 One of these bowls (Figs. 6 and pointed bottom. On the interior, there is a broad 7), in yellow-green glass, has a slightly oval rim, band of three horizontal, deep-cut grooves, each measuring between 15.05 cm and 15.3 cm in diam between 0.3 cm and 0.4 cm wide. These are flanked eter and 10.0 cm in height.10 The interior is deco by three narrow grooves, one above the uppermost, rated with a band of three broad grooves and two one above the central, and one below the lowest narrow lines, one immediately above the central broad groove, and the other cut around part of the vessel below the lowest groove. On the exterior, there are two concentric, wheel-abraded circles around the bottom, which has a small circle at its center. There are rotary polishing marks on both surfaces, which are still highly polished in places. The second example (Fig. 8) is almost exactly the same size, measuring 15.2 cm in diameter and 10 cm in height, but it is a light green glass.11 The rim g. The vessels are described briefly in C. S. Lightfoot, "Three Cast Vessels from Anatolia," Annales du 11e Congrès de IAIHV, Amsterdam, 1991, pp. 89-91 and fig. 4 (where the diameter of the unregistered piece is given incorrectly as 15.7-15.95 cm) 10. Izmir Museum, unregistered. Intact; two internal strain cracks. The vessel could not be traced during a subsequent visit to the museum in 1989. 11. Izmir Museum, inv. no. 6048. Broken and mended; chip missing from the rim, and some plaster fill in the side. 24 This content downloaded from 198.168.106.100 on Wed, 22 Nov 2017 21:44:15 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms Fig. ii. Hemispherical bowl. Antalya Museum A.i8gy. Fig. 12. Deep bowl. Antalya Museum A.1643. broad groove. On the exterior, there are two concen tric grooves around the bottom, which has a faintly incised circle at its center. Rotary polishing marks are visible, and the surface around the bottom is still highly polished. Other conical bowls have been seen, but unfortu nately not yet recorded, at the museums of Fethiye and Kahramanmara§.12 However, a fragment from the rim of a similar conical bowl can be mentioned; it is recorded as a random surface find at Myndos Fig. 13. Deep bowl. Antalya Museum A. 1643. (Gümü§lük) in Caria.13 This fragment (Figs. 9 and 10, left), measuring only 4.13 cm by 2.95 cm and cm in diameter and 6.5 cm in height.16 It has an having a maximum thickness of 0.46 cm, is an upright, rounded, but irregular rim, and slightly unusual pale purple glass. It has an upright rim convex sides that taper toward the flat bottom. The with rounded edges, sloping outward, and a slightly convex side, tapering diagonally downward. On the interior are one narrow and two broad horizon tal grooves cut in a band, 0.94 cm wide, 0.73 cm below the rim. The rim diameter has been esti 12. For references, see Lightfoot [note 9], p. 90, note 19. Cf. also A. von Saldern and others, Gläser der Antike, Sammlung Erwin Oppenländer, Hamburg, 1974, p. 93, nos. 244-245; S. H. Auth, Arment Glass at the Newark Museum, Newark, 1976, p. 45, no. 33, and p. 192, no. 288; Glass at the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge, mated as about 21 cm, making for an unusually1978, p. 22, no. 3oa-c (three examples from sites in Cyprus); large conical bowl. It may be compared with fragHistoric ments of a similar oversize vessel in the British Museum.14 Glass from Collections in North West England, St. Helens, 1979, p. 7, no. A13 (reused in the Roman period as a hanging lamp); S. B. Matheson, Ancient Glass in the Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, 1980, p. 12, no. 34; Y. Akat and others, The third example from Antalya belonging to Catalogue of Glass in the Hiiseyin Kocaba7 Collection, Istanbul, 1984, Group A (Fig. 11) is of yellow-brown glass and measures 13.8 cm in diameter and 6.1 cm in p. 54, no. 82 (no exterior decoration); Grose [note 4], pp. 204 205, nos. 212-214; and Price [note 4], p. 30 and fig. 1.12. 13. For the site of Myndos, see G. E. Bean and J. M. Cook, height.15 The rim is rounded and polished, while the body is hemispherical with a convex bottom. On the interior are two horizontal grooves, each 0.2 cm wide, set 0.8 cm and 1.6 cm below the rim; the "The Halicarnassus Peninsula," The Annual of The British School at Athens, v. 50, 1955, pp. 108—112. 14. D. Barag, Catalogue of Western Asiatic Glass in the British Museum, v. 1, London, 1985, p. 87, no. 110 and fig. 8. 15. Antalya Museum, inv. no. A. 1895. Purchased. Broken exterior surface is rotary-polished. I attribute two and repaired, with four chips in the rim. Cf. British Museum, other bowls to the same group, although they have flat instead of convex bottoms. One (Figs. 12 and 13) is of yellow-brown glass, and it measures 12.6 GR 1912.10-25.17. 16. Antalya Museum, inv. no. A. 1643. Purchased. Intact. Cf. J. W. Hayes, Roman andPre-Roman Glass in the Royal Ontario Muse um, Toronto, 1976, p. 18, no. 42 (dated by Hayes to the late first 25 This content downloaded from 198.168.106.100 on Wed, 22 Nov 2017 21:44:15 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms "ijm ■ MW* ' , mm\ Fig. 14. Deep bowl. Antalya Museum A. 1623. Fig. 15. Deep bowl. Antalya Museum A.1644. decoration comprises two horizontal grooves on the interior, each o. i cm wide, 0.3 cm and 0.7 cm below the rim; there are also rotary polishing marks on the interior surface. The other bowl (Fig. 14) is very similar in shape, but it is slightly larger and deeper, measuring 13.0 cm in diameter and 7.7 cm in Fig. i6.does Deep bowl. Antalya Museum A. 1644. height.17 This example, of yellow-green glass, not have any grooves for decoration. A sixth bowl (Figs. 15 and 16) may also be added.18 It measures 10.6-10.8 cm in diameter and 6.0 cm in height, and it is slightly oval in shape at the rim. This deep yellow-brown glass has a vertical, rounded rim and Fig. 17. Hemispherical bowl fragment. Cremna. sides that curve in gently to the flat bottom. The interior is decorated with one broad, horizontal groove 0.95 cm below the rim, and a band of two narrower grooves 2.2 cm and 2.4 cm from thethe rim. The slight irtop. regularities of the grooves indi Parts of the exterior surface are unweathered and cate that they were probably made by wheel cutting retain a smooth, fire-polished appearance. rather than lathe cutting. Only a few vessels deco Finally, a rim fragment (Figs. 17 and 10, right) from Cremna (Çamlik) in Pisidia probably belongs to a hemispherical bowl in the same deep yellow brown.19 It measures only 2.43 cm by 3.1 cm, and century B.c.-early first century a.D.); Grose [note 3], p. 59, no. 4 (a smaller version); Ancient Glass. The Bomford Collection of Pre Roman and Roman Glass on Loan to the City of Bristol Museum and Art its thickness varies between 0.34 cm and 0.45 cm; Gallery, Bristol, 1976, p. 17, no. 31; and British Museum, GR the original diameter at the rim is estimated at 1896.11-17.2. about 15 cm. The vertical rim has slightly rounded edges and a convex curving side. The fragment displays traces of rotary polishing on both surfaces, 17. Antalya Museum, inv. no. A. 1625. Purchased. Broken and repaired; patches of plaster fil . 18. Antalya Museum, inv. no. A. 1644. Purchased. Broken; one small chip and one larger chip in the rim. terior is decorated with two narrow, horizontal 19. Surface find, Cremna Survey 1987, directed by Dr. Stephen Mitchell of Swansea University. See C. S. Lightfoot, "Some Types of Roman Cut-Glass Vessels Found in Turkey," grooves cut in a band, 0.35 cm wide, 0.3 cm below ist International Anatolian Glass Symposium. April 26th-27th, ig88, fine pitting, and random surface scratches. The ex 26 This content downloaded from 198.168.106.100 on Wed, 22 Nov 2017 21:44:15 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms I #• sv v. Fig. i8. Hemispherical bowl. Antalya Museum A.i 162. lL-.4k Fig. 20. Hemispherical bowl. Antalya Museum A.1623. common type of late Hellenistic and early Roman cast tableware, and examples are found throughout the ancient world from Britain in the west to Mesopotamia and beyond in the east.23 One com plete and two fragmentary examples have recently been published from a cemetery at ed-Dur, Umm al-Qaiwain (U.A.E.) in the Persian Gulf near the Fig. ig. Hemispherical bowl. Antalya Museum A.i 162. Straits of Hormuz.24 Some variants and subgroups have been recognized, and they have been taken to indicate not only separate workshops but also dif rated with similar grooves on the exterior are known; ferent periods and areas of production. These these are usually said to be lathe-cut.20 glasses were so popular, especially in the western The two remaining plain bowls resemble Grose's part of the Roman Empire, that they were still being Group D in that they have slightly concave bot made in Flavian times, and this demand led to both toms. They are thick-walled, however, and in this blown and mold-blown imitations of the form (see respect, they are closer to the examples of Group below). A. Both are of yellow-brown glass; one measures 13.2 cm in diameter and 5.9 cm in height, while the other is 12.4 cm in diameter and 5.3 cm in height. The larger bowl (Figs. 18 and 19) is decorated with two horizontal grooves cut on the inside, 0.6 cm and 1.2 cm below the rim. It also has rotary polish Istanbul, 1990, p. 8 and note 8. For Cremna, see S. Mitchell and M. Waelkens, "Cremna and Sagalassus 1987," Anatolian Studies, v. 38, 1988, pp. 53-59. 20. For example, Goldstein [note 5], pp. 138-139, no. 284; and Grose [note 4], pp. 193-194 and fig. 11 o (top row, far right). 21. Antalya Museum, inv. no. A. 1162. Gift of Mehmet Ali ing marks on the inside, but the exterior surface is Cinas. Intact, except for one large crack running almost com fire-polished and shows random scratch marks pletely around the body. See note 15 above. from use.21 The smaller bowl (Fig. 20) has a similar decoration of two wheel-cut grooves, 0.5 cm and 0.9 cm below the rim.22 This object has some inter nal strain cracks, but the quality of the glass and the surface treatment are uncertain because most of the vessel is coated with limy encrustation. 22. Antalya Museum, inv. no. A. 1623. Purchased. Intact, except for a chip in the rim (restored with fill). 23. See, for example, D. B. Harden and others, Glass of the Caesars, Milan, 1987, p. 51, no. 27 (a mosaic ribbed bowl found at Radnage in Buckinghamshire); and Barag [note 14], pp. 92-93, nos. 116-117 (two fragmentary "pillar-molded" bowls, one of which was excavated by Layard at Nineveh in 1851 ). 24. D. T. Potts, "The Danish Excavations," Mesopotamia, v. 24, 1989, pp. 18, 21, and 22, fig. J: 1-3. For the fragments found Group C at Arikamedu and Dharanikota in southern India, see E. M. The other seven cast vessels in the Antalya Mu seum are ribbed bowls. These represent the most Stern, "Early Exports beyond the Empire," in Roman Glass: Two Centuries of Art and Invention, ed. M. Newby and K. Painter, Lon don, 1991, pp. 142-143, fig. 29b and pi. XXXVIa left. 27 This content downloaded from 198.168.106.100 on Wed, 22 Nov 2017 21:44:15 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms Fig. 2i. Ribbed bowl. Antalya Museum A. 1622. Fig. 22. Ribbed bowl. Erimtan Collection 630. YYtrrrrv It was not possible to study two of the Antalya bowls in any detail.25 One is of pale yellow-green glass, and the other is a deeper shade of the same color. Both are decorated with horizontal wheel-cut grooves on the interior, and they have numerous Fig. 23. Ribbed bowl. Erimtan Collection 630. shallow ribs set diagonally on the exterior of the vertical sides. In general, they resemble a third bowl in the collection. This piece (Fig. 21) is of yellow of the broad, shallow type, and its 68 ribs are more brown glass, and it measures 12.3 cm in diameter pronounced.29 and 5.6 cm in height.26 It has a slightly outsplayed Another ribbed bowl, of pale blue-green glass rim with a rounded edge; the sides are slightly con and measuring 12.1 cm in diameter and 4.2 cm in vex; but taper sharply toward the flat bottom. There is one horizontal interior groove, 1.0 cm below the rim, and on the exterior there are 29 short, knoblike ribs, some vertical, others set diag onally from left to right. A close parallel to these vessels is provided by one of four bowls in a private collection in Ankara.27 25. One (inv. no. A. 1834) could not be removed from the display case, while the other, seen in the depot, was not available for study because it was said to have come from the excavations at Ka§. 26. Antalya Museum, inv. no. A. 1622. Purchased. Intact, except for a large, vertical crack in the side. 27. I thank Mr. Yüksel Erimtan for allowing me to study this and the other ribbed bowls in his possession. They have been published in a complete catalog of his glass collection: C. S. glass, measures 14.3 cm in diameter at the rim and Lightfoot and Melih Arslan, Ancient Glass of Asia Minor: The This bowl (Figs. 22 and 23), of pale yellow-green stands, lopsided, between 5.6 cm and 6.3 cm in Yüksel Erimtan Collection, Ankara, 1992, pp. 33-36, nos. 2-5. height.28 It has an almost vertical rim with a 28. Erimtan Collection, reg. no. 630; Lightfoot and Arslan concave bottom. It has been rotary-polished on the [note 27], p. 34, no. 3. Broken and badly repaired; some small pieces missing. Cf. Grose [note 4], p. 264, no. 232. 29. A. Özet, "Ankara Anadolu Medeniyetleri Müzesindeki interior and on the rim, and fire-polished on the cam örnekleri ile antik çagida cam yapimi," Belleten, v. 51, no. rounded edge, convex curving sides and a deep exterior. It is decorated with three broad, horizontal 200, 1987, pp. 593 and 603, no. 7 and fig. 7. Another similar grooves on the interior below the rim and around piece, in blue-green glass, is on display in the Burdur Museum. Cf. Goldstein [note 5], p. 154, no. 329; Harden and others [note the middle of the body. On the exterior, 52 shallow 23], p. 50, no. 26; Grose [note 4], pp. 264-265, nos. 234-238; ribs are arranged obliquely from left to right around Price [note 4], p. 30 and fig. 2.17; and C. Ziviello, "Considera the middle of the body. Another bowl, in the Anato tions about Some Pieces of Glassware from Puteoli Kept in the Museo Archeologio Nazionale of Naples," Annales du iT Congrès lian Civilizations Museum in Ankara, is likewise de TAIHV, Amsterdam, 1990, p. 50 and figs. 3-4 (perhaps im decorated with many shallow ribs, but the vessel is ports or early products of immigrant glassmakers from the East). 28 This content downloaded from 198.168.106.100 on Wed, 22 Nov 2017 21:44:15 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms Fig. 24. Ribbed bowl. Antalya Museum A. 164.6. Fig. 27. Ribbed bowl. Antalya Museum 7.3.77. iii jjjjtoi i ' n£r* ' m >w* «* • •a I ~a ** "« * ■ w • ; # M ' Jl I- f :■ , /,S» ' ■Sfili Fig. 28. Ribbed bowl. Antalya Museum 7.3.77. Fig. 25. Ribbed bowl. Antalya Museum A.1621. vessel, of an attractive light yellow-green glass, has a rounded, slightly outsplayed rim, convex curving sides, and a broad, flat bottom. The interior deco ration consists of a groove 0.5 cm below the rim and a band of two more horizontal but narrower grooves, 3.5 cm and 3.8 cm below the rim. On the exterior, there are 28 slender and rounded ribs slanting downward from right to left; the ribs vary Fig. 26. Ribbed bowl. Antalya Museum A. 1621. in thickness, but most are in quite shallow relief. A smaller version is seen in a third bowl (Figs. 27 and 28), also of light yellow-green glass.32 It measures 10.7-10.8 cm in diameter and 4.2 cm in height, belongs to a different subgroup, known for height. The rim is rounded and slightly oval in a long time as "pillar-molded" bowls. The Antalya shape, while the convex sides curve in to a concave piece (Fig. 24) has an uneven, rounded rim, with bottom. There are three horizontal interior grooves; short, vertical sides that curve in sharply to the very one is 0.5 cm below the rim, and the other two, slightly concave bottom.30 On the inside, marking the junction of side and bottom, are two narrow, wheel-cut grooves, while the exterior is decorated For a rare example from Spain, see J. Price, "Late Hellenistic and Early Imperial Cast Vessel Glass in Spain," Annales du 10e with 23 pronounced, almost vertical ribs that taper toward the bottom and extend underneath the ves Congrès de IAIHV, Amsterdam, 1987, pp. 63-64 and fig. 1.4. 30. Antalya Museum, inv. no. A. 1646. Purchased. Intact, but cracked across the bottom. sel; most are rounded at the top. The tooling of the 31. Antalya Museum, inv. no. A. 1621. Provenance unknown. ribs is clearly marked by a number of vertical in Intact, except for a small, filled chip in the rim and a large crack. dents on the sides, next to some of the ribs. A second Cf. Goldstein [note 5], p. 155, no. 332. bowl of this type (Figs. 25 and 26) is deeper, with a diameter of 12.3 cm and a height of 5.7 cm.31 The 32. Antalya Museum, inv. no. 7.3.77. Purchased. Broken and repaired; three chips missing from the rim; one hole in the side, and a smaller hole in the bottom. 29 This content downloaded from 198.168.106.100 on Wed, 22 Nov 2017 21:44:15 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms Fig. 29. Ribbed bowl. Antalya Museum 13.14.86. Fig. 31. Ribbed bowl. Erimtan Collection 188. Fig. 32. Ribbed bowl. Erimtan Collection 188. Fig. 30. Ribbed bowl. Antalya Museum 13.14.86. Two of the vessels in the Erimtan Collection be lower down, are badly cut and run together. The long to the same deep-sided type of ribbed bowl. 18 ribs on the outside are crudely shaped and One (Figs. 31 and 32), measuring 15.2 cm in diam placed at irregular intervals; some slant downward eter and 6.1 cm in height, is of light blue-green from right to left. The tops of the ribs have been glass. It has a slightly outsplayed rim with a removed by grinding and polishing, and a band of varying depth has been cut into the sides below the rounded edge, a convex curving side, and a slightly concave bottom.35 The interior is decorated with rim, causing the ribs to have different lengths. two horizontal grooves in a band at the junction of The last example is the only bowl that has been the side and bottom. On the exterior, there are 14 excavated by the Antalya Museum itself. It was ribs of varying length, slanting downward from found in a tomb uncovered during construction right to left; the ribs end beyond the junction of the work at Haciveliler, near Kumluca, late in 1986. side and bottom. The side of the vessel is convex The other grave goods included a bronze strigil, between some of the ribs, and there are irregular two bronze mirrors, a terra-cotta lamp, and several tooling marks on and between the tops of the ribs. pottery unguentaria.33 The bowl (Figs. 29 and 30) The bowl has been rotary-polished on the interior, is of pale blue glass, and it measures 12.8 cm in diameter and 5.2 cm in height.34 It has no horizon tal grooves decorating the interior, which displays 33- From information kindly supplied by Sayin I. Akan Atila. Seventeen items were recovered from the tomb, but no details traces of rotary polishing. The exterior retains a are known concerning the appearance of the tomb and the na highly polished surface, but there are vertical ture of the burial(s). The finds have not been thoroughly studied or published. scratches between the ribs. The exterior is deco 34. Antalya Museum, inv. no. 13.14.86. Intact, except for a rated with 18 long, vertical ribs of slightly uneven crack length and thickness. They are set at irregular inter running from the rim to the bottom. 35. Erimtan Collection, reg. no. 188; Lightfoot and Arslan [note 27], p. 33, no. 2. Intact; one large crack extends from the vals around the body, and their tops have been cut rim and runs across the bottom. Cf. Grose [note 4], p. 263, no. 229. away to form a plain band below the rim. 30 This content downloaded from 198.168.106.100 on Wed, 22 Nov 2017 21:44:15 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms Fig. 33. Ribbed bowl. Erimtan Collection 16g. Fig. 35. Ribbed bowl. Gaziantep Museum 46.1.JJ. are vertical, and others slant or curve from left to right. The top ends of the ribs terminate in one or Fig. 34. Ribbed bowl. Erimtan Collection 16g. two shallow pressed grooves. Rotary polishing marks are visible on the interior and above the ribs the top, and the outside of the rim, but the rest of on the exterior; the rest appears to be fire-polished. the exterior is fire-polished. The second example On the interior, there is a single horizontal groove (Figs. 33 and 34), like the Antalya piece found at Haciveliler, has no cut decoration on the interior. grooves are found where the sides curve in toward It measures 12.4 cm in diameter and 5.5 cm in the bottom. 0.6 cm below the rim, and a pair of narrower height.36 This pale blue-green glass has a slightly The second bowl (Figs. 36 and 37) is slightly outsplayed rim with a rounded edge, a straight side larger; it measures 12.4 cm in diameter and 6.9 cm that tapers obliquely downward, and an almost flat in height.38 It, too, has a rounded and slightly flar bottom. It is decorated on the exterior with 11 pro ing rim, deep sides, and a slightly concave bottom. nounced ribs, rounded at the top and tapering However, it has only 25 ribs, some of which are set sharply toward the bottom. Some are vertical and others are slanted. The ribs end beyond the junc almost vertically, while others slant from right to tion of the side and bottom. The object has been rotary-polished on the interior, the top, and the outside of the rim; it is fire-polished on the rest of the exterior. 36. Erimtan Collection, reg. no. 169; Lightfoot and Arslan [note 2 7], p. 35, no. 4. Badly cracked; areas of plaster fill around the rim. Cf. Grose [note 4], p. 266, no. 239. 37. Gaziantep Museum, inv. no. 46.1.77. Purchased. Broken and repaired; one large fragment missing from the bottom. Cf. Cast ribbed bowls are found in several other Turk ish museums. I have studied two such bowls in the J. du Plat Taylor, "Roman Tombs at «Kambi» Vasa. Appendix I (by D. B. Harden). The Glass," Report of the Department of Antiquities of Cyprus, 1940-1948, 1958, p. 49, no. 3, pi. 5,d and fig. Gaziantep Museum. These very similar vessels, of 20,b; von Saldern and others [note 12], pp. 94-95, no. 249 yellow-brown glass, represent an early form of the (dated to the end of the first century B.c.-beginning of the first ribbed bowl that may be dated to the first century century a.D.); Ancient Glass [note 16], p. 17, no 34; and Barag b.c. One of them (Fig. 35) measures 12 cm in diam [note 14], p. 87, no. 112. 38. Gaziantep Museum, inv. no. 2.9.77. Purchased. Broken eter and 6.1 cm in height.37 It has a rounded and and mended; one large and two small fragments missing. Cf. M. slightly flaring rim, deep sides, and a slightly con Kunz, ed., 3000 Jahre Glaskunst von der Antike bis zum Jugendstil, Luzern, 1981, p. 61, no. 140 (from Syria); and G. Loudmerand cave bottom. The body is decorated on the exterior A.-M. Kevorkian, Verres antiques et de l'Islam. Ancienne collection de with 32 ribs of irregular length; some of these ribs Monsieur D., Paris, 1985, p. 35, no. 81. 31 This content downloaded from 198.168.106.100 on Wed, 22 Nov 2017 21:44:15 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms TP? Fig. 38. Ribbed bowl. Erimtan Collection 67. Fig. 36. Ribbed bowl. Gaziantep Museum 2.g.yy. Fig. 39. Ribbed bowl. Erimtan Collection 67. with a rounded edge, a shallow and convex curving side, and a slightly concave bottom. On the interior, there are two horizontal grooves in a band at the junction of the side and bottom, and a small, broad, circular groove at the center of the bottom. The exterior has 31 long, close-set ribs, slanting down ward from right to left and tapering toward the bottom. The ribs extend almost to the center of the Fig. 37. Ribbed bowl. Gaziantep Museum 2.g.jj. bottom, and they show signs of having been rotary polished across their tops. left, or curve from left to right. The ribs are of A number of other bowls have been published in irregular length and thickness, but all of them taper recent years, notably those in the Ankara Museum, toward the bottom. The interior is decorated with the Sadberk Hamm Museum, and the collection of a single horizontal, wheel-cut groove 0.6 cm below the Turkish Bottle and Glass Factory Company.41 the rim. The Kahramanmara§ Museum also has a good Another fine example is to be seen on display in selection of cast ribbed vessels, and E. M. Stern the Izmir Archaeological Museum. Although this refers to four examples in the Adana Regional Mu vessel was not available for proper recording, I can offer the following description.39 It is a large, shal low bowl of light blue glass, 17.5 cm in diameter 39- Izmir Museum, inv. no. 8008. Confiscated in 1974. In and 5 cm in height. It has a rounded rim and atact, except for a hole and a crack in the side. Cf. Goldstein [note 5], p. 153, no. 328; and Price [note 4], p. 30 and fig. 2.20. slightly concave bottom. On the exterior are 15 40. Erimtan Collection, reg. no. 67; Lightfoot and Arslan ribs, the tops of which have been ground flat; the [note 27], p. 36, no. 5. Intact. ribs taper downward, extending under the bot 41. Ozet [note 29], pp. 593 and 603, nos. 6-7 and figs. 6-7 (one in pale yellowish glass, the other in greenish colorless glass; tom. The interior is decorated with two concentric a third example, unpublished but similar to the greenish color grooves at the junction of the side and bottom. less Similar to this bowl is a vessel in the Erimtan Col lection, measuring 15.2 cm in diameter and 4.0 cm glass, is of light yellow-brown glass—Anatolian Civilizations Museum, Ankara, inv. no. 90-19-81); Akat and others [note 12], pp. 85-87 and figs. 35-36 (three examples in blue-green glass); Ü Canav, Tiirkiye §i§e ve Cam Fabrikalan A.§. Ancient Glass in height.40 The bowl (Figs. 38 and 39) is of clear Collection, Istanbul, 1985, p. 85, no. 137 (in blue-green glass, blue-green glass. It has a slightly outsplayed rim found at Iznik, ancient Nicaea). 32 This content downloaded from 198.168.106.100 on Wed, 22 Nov 2017 21:44:15 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms seum, although none of them is described or illus as "luxury ware," these simple, mass-produced trated.42 A yellow-brown example, similar to the Gaziantep pieces described above, is known from bowls represent the products of an industry that was stretched to the limits. If, then, one adds the the collections in the Hatay Museum at Antakya, ancient Antioch-on-the-Orontes.43 Other bowls are the existing markets in the eastern Mediterranean on display in the Fethiye and Bodrum museums, in the late first century B.C., one finds ideal condi some of which are said to have come from the exca tions for the adoption of new, cheaper, and faster vations at Kaunos. Another example from the Dar methods of production. It is no surprise, therefore, Roman demand, which suddenly exploded onto danelles area is now in the Museo del Vino, Palazzo that in many ways early blown glass imitates cast Baglioni, Torgiano (Perugia).44 ware. The blown and mold-blown ribbed bowls Few cast ribbed bowls have been properly re corded at archeological sites. A fine example, sadly broken, was uncovered during the excavation of the necropolis to the east of the sanctuary site at the described below (pages 36-37) are a clear instance of this process. Glass from Military Sites Letoon in Lycia. It was found with a number of During the past five years, I have been able to blown vessels, including a collared-rim jug.45 Other study the glass from several archeological sites. Two cast bowls are reported as having been found dur of these sites, both in eastern Turkey, have yielded ing the excavations at Anemurium (Anamur) in pieces of cast vessels. These include a significant Rough Cilicia.46 At Sardis, where the glass finds number of ribbed bowl fragments. The first group have been well published, many fragments have been found.47 If this can be taken as a reliable of fragments comes from the excavations at Tille indicator, one may assume that monochrome cast mound or tell, the site boasts a lower settlement vessels were not uncommon in the prosperous cities of the southern and western coasts of Asia Minor. area, principally of the Hellenistic and Roman periods, which incorporates a substantial baths By contrast, it is worth noting that very little trace complex. From the importance of the site as a nat on the Euphrates.49 In addition to an impressive of mosaic glass can be found in Anatolia. Apart ural crossing-point on the river, and from the evi from a piece in the Sadberk Hamm Museum, the dence of military tile stamps, it is also inferred that only example known to me is a fragment from the excavations at the site of Labraunda in Caria.48 there was once a Roman fort at Tille.50 Apart from Nevertheless, this survey indicates that there is a wide distribution of late Hellenistic and early Roman cast glassware in Asia Minor. In particular, the coastal cities of Pamphylia and Lycia would seem to have attracted either traders who brought with them the products of faraway glasshouses, or foreign craftsmen who came to exploit the local market. Most of the stimulus undoubtedly derived 42. E. M. Stern, "Glass Vessels Exhibited in the Böige Mu seum-Adana," Belleten, v. 53, nos. 207-208,1989, pp. 585-586. 43. E. E. Yagci, "Hatay miizesindeki bir grup cam eser," ist International Anatolian Glass Symposium. April 2Ôth-2yth, ig88, Is tanbul, 1990, p. 31 and fig. 28. 44. Bulletin de l'AIHV, v. 9, 1981-1983, p. 15t. 45. Found during the 1991 excavation season; personal com munication of Prof. Christian Le Roy. 46. Stern [note 42]. 47. A. von Saldern, Ancient and Byzantine Glass from Sardis, from Syria, where a flourishing glass industry Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1980, pp. u-12, nos. 27-41, and existed in the late Hellenistic period. The demand for its products grew to such an extent that the industry could barely cope. In this respect, the cast pis. 2 and 20. 48. Akat and others [note 12], p. 54, no. 83 and fig. 33; P. Hellström, Labraunda. Swedish Excavations and Researches, v. 2, part i, Potteiy of Classical and Later Date, Terracotta Lamps and Glass, vessels in Antalya are instructive. They were clearly Lund, 1965, p. 84, no. 1 and pi. 29. made for a thriving local market, in which the craftsmen could afford to produce relatively poor work. Despite the fact that all cast glass is regarded 49.1 am grateful to the director of the Tille excavations, Dr. David French, for allowing me to study and publish these glass finds. 50. D. H. French, J. Moore, and H. F. Russell, "Excavations 33 This content downloaded from 198.168.106.100 on Wed, 22 Nov 2017 21:44:15 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms J Fig. 42. Ribbed bowl fragment (no. 2). Tille. Fig. 40. Hemispherical bowl fragments. Tille. Fig. 43. Ribbed bowl fragment (no. 4). Tille. rounded ribs extant; side slightly convex between ribs; surface of side and ribs fire-polished; similar Fig. 41. Ribbed bowlfragment (no. 1). Tille. in shape to nos. i, 5, and 7.55 four tiny fragments of core-formed vessels found on (Fig. 43). Light blue-green. D. about 14-16 cm. the mound, the earliest example of a glass vessel is Slightly outsplayed rim with rounded edge; rotary 4. Rim and body fragment, shallow ribbed bowl a hemispherical bowl (Fig. 40), represented by two polished on exterior below rim; tops of ribs ground rim fragments.51 The rim diameter is estimated at flat; part of one vertical rib extant, tapering down ward.56 14 cm and the height at 6 cm.52 The fragments are of colorless glass with a yellow-green tinge, and they are decorated on the interior with two horizon tal grooves below the rim. The vessel belongs to Grose's Group A, and it can be dated to the mid second or early first century b.c. The other cast fragments are from ribbed bowls. There are 11 examples in all, none of which shows any trace of horizontal cut grooves decorating the interior of the vessels. 1. Rim and body fragment, deep ribbed bowl (Fig. 41). Blue-green, more blue than nos. 4, 6, 7, and 8. Very slightly outsplayed rim with rounded at Tille, 1979-1982: An Interim Report," Anatolian Studies, v. 32, 1982, pp. 161, 169-170, 174, and 177. 51. For the core-formed vessel fragments, see C. S. Lightfoot, "Glass in the Iron Age," in Anatolian Iron Ages. The Proceedings of the Second Anatolian Iron Ages Colloquium Held at Izmir, 4-8 May, 1987, ed. A. Çilingiroflu and D. H. French, Oxford, 1991, p. 69 and note 1, pi. 05.1. 52. Excavation no. TH 1983-7759-193-50—040. Context: stone wall on mound. H. 6.4 cm, L. 6.9 cm, W. 6.0 cm, Th. 0.7-0.3 cm. Both surfaces scratched and covered with brown staining; the interior is smooth and has horizontal (rotary) polishing marks. Cf. Grose [note 3], pp. 55-59; and British Museum, GR 1868.5-1.220. edge; rotary-polished on exterior between rim and 53. Excavation no. TH 1983-7556-163-50-106. Context: tops of ribs; part of one rib extant, rounded, sloping stone-robber's trench on mound, found with blown vessel frag from left to right and tapering downward.53 2. Rim and body fragment, shallow ribbed bowl (Fig. 42). Light blue-green, color as no. 5. D. about 20 cm. Slightly outsplayed rim with rounded edge, continuing slope of wall; two rounded ribs extant.54 3. Rim and body fragment, ribbed bowl. Light blue. Slightly outsplayed rim with rounded edge; rotary-polished on exterior below rim; tops of ribs ground flat, with uneven indentations; part of two ments. H. 4.4 cm, W. 2.9 cm, Th. (between rim and top of ribs) 0.3 cm. On the interior, rotary polishing marks. Cf. Grose [note 4], p. 266, no. 239. 54. Excavation no. TH 1983-7656—137-50-106. Context: remnants of surface on mound, found with blown vessel frag ments. H. 3.4 cm, W. 3.35 cm, Th. (max.) 0.6 cm, (between rim and top of ribs) 0.45 cm. Cf. Hayes [note 16], pp. 20-21, no. 53 and fig. 2 (excavated at Alchester, England). 55. Excavation no. TH 1983-7656—171-50-125. Context: spread on mound, with Eastern Sigillata pottery. H. 4.5 cm, W. 3.9 cm, Th. (max.) 0.8 cm, (rim) 0.2-0.28 cm. 56. Excavation no. TH 1983-7656-147-50-117. Context: 34 This content downloaded from 198.168.106.100 on Wed, 22 Nov 2017 21:44:15 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms Fig. 47. Ribbed bowlfragments (no. 8). Tille. Fig. 44. Ribbed bowlfragment (no. f). Tille. Fig. 48. Ribbed bowl fragment (no. g). Tille. Fig. 45- Ribbed bowlfragment (no. 6). Tille. J ; * i. Fig. 49. Ribbed bowl fragment (no. 10). Tille. Fig. 46. Ribbed bowlfragment (no. y). Tille. (Fig. 47). Light blue-green. Lower part of five ribs extant, tapering downward.60 5- Rim and body fragment, shallow ribbed bowl (Fig. 44). Light blue-green. D. about 16 cm. Slightly 9. Rim fragment, ribbed bowl (Fig. 48). Light blue-green. D. about 16 cm. Vertical rim with outsplayed rim with rounded edge, continuing rounded edge; tops of ribs cut flat by rotary polish slope of wall; rotary-polished on exterior between ing below rim; parts of two ribs extant, tapering rim and tops of ribs; part of four rounded ribs ex downward.61 tant, sloping and tapering downward; side slightly concave on interior between ribs; surface of side and ribs fire-polished.57 6. Rim and body fragment, ribbed bowl (Fig. 45). Light blue-green. D. about 13 cm. Very slightly outsplayed rim with rounded edge; rotary-polished on interior and on exterior below rim; tops of ribs ground flat, giving a notched profile; part of two rounded ribs extant, tapering downward.58 7. Rim and body fragment, shallow ribbed bowl (Fig. 46). Light blue-green. D. about 15 cm. Slightly outsplayed rim with rounded edge; tops of ribs slightly cut flat by rotary polishing below rim; parts surface on mound. H. 3.8 cm, W. 3.3 cm, Th. (below rim) 0.3 cm. Cf. Grose [note 4], p. 264, no. 231. 57. Excavation no. TH 1983-7556-163-50-101. Context: stone robber's trench on mound. H. 4.2 cm; W. 5.4 cm, Th. (max.) 0.7 cm; (below rim) 0.45 cm. See D. French, "Tille höyük 1983," VI. Kazi sonuçlan toplantisi. Izmir—16-20 Nisan 1984, An kara, 1985, p. 258, fig. 6, no. 5 (where it is attributed to the Hellenistic Level 1, Phase 2). 58. Excavation no. TH 1983-7656-177-50-124. Context: spread on mound, with Eastern Sigillata pottery. H. 4.3 cm, W. 5.2 cm, Th. (below rim) 0.3-0.4 cm. Internal strain cracks around rim. Cf. Hayes [note 16], p. 20, no. 50 and fig. 2. 59. Excavation no. TH 1983-7757-152—50—071. Context: medieval stone-robber's trench on mound, found with no. 8, below. H. 3.35 cm, W. 7.5 cm, Th. (below rim) 0.4 cm. of four rounded ribs extant, of varying width but 60. Excavation no. TH 1983-7757-152-50-071. Context: tapering downward; surface of side and ribs highly medieval stone-robber's trench on mound, found with no. 7, above; possibly from same vessel. H. 2.8 cm, L. 6.9 cm, W. 3.5 cm, Th. (bottom) 0.3 cm. polished.59 8. Two conjoining body fragments, ribbed bowl 61. Excavation no. TH 1990-013-50-20. Context: baths 35 This content downloaded from 198.168.106.100 on Wed, 22 Nov 2017 21:44:15 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms Fig. 50. Ribbed bowlfragment (medieval levels). Tille. } I Fig. 52. Molded ribbed bowl fragment. Tille. sites in the West.67 The association of certain types f. V Wk im of glass with the Roman army is further strength ened by the example of another fragment from the Tille excavations.68 It is from the rim of a mold blown bowl with a diameter of about 8 cm (Fig. Fig. Fig.51. Fragments Fig.51. 51.Fragments Fragments j j 52), in pale yellow-green glass. The slightly out of ribbed bowls. bowls. Satala. Satala. splayed rim has been cut and ground flat on the top. The side curves out to a projecting shoulder of 10. Rim fragment, ribbed bowl (Fig. 49). Blue green. Vertical rim with rounded edge; tops of three ribs in low relief extant.62 close-set, vertical ribs. An intact but larger version of the same mold-blown bowl is to be found, appro priately, in the Antalya Museum.69 It has an un Another fragment found in early medieval levels on the mound may also be residual. It has an almost vertical rim, turned slightly inward, with a rounded edge and a convex curving side (Fig. 50). The ex terior is decorated with a number of short, close-set ribs, seven of which are extant, arranged almost vertically around the middle of the body.63 It thus bears a close resemblance to the group of ribbed bowls decorated with short, close-set ribs that are described above (page 28). Two fragments of cast ribbed bowls have also been recorded recently at Sadak köy, ancient Satala, the site of a legionary fortress in northeast complex. Th. 0.3—0.4 cm. On the interior, rotary polishing marks. 62. Excavation no. TH 1982-7659-136-50-039. Context: mound. H. 2.3 cm, W. 4.5 cm, Th. (below rim) 0.35 cm. 63. Excavation no. TH 1982-7458-076-50-037. Pale green. D. about 14 cm. J. Moore, Tille 1: The Medieval Period, forth coming, fig. 98, no. 24. 64. For a plan of the site and a preliminary report on other glass finds there, see C. S. Lightfoot, "Satalayüzey araçtirmasi, 1989," VIII. Arajtirma sonuçlan toplantisi, Ankara, 1991, pp. 299— 309, esp. p. 305 and figs. 1, 5, and 6. 65. L. 6.3 cm, W. 2.35 cm, Th. (max.) 0.6 mm, L. (of rib as extant) 4.3 cm; W. (top of rib) 0.8 cm. Grinding and polishing marks on the band below the rim and on the interior; tooling marks on the top of the rib. See C. S. Lightfoot, "Satala yüzey ern Turkey. Both of these fragments (Fig. 51) were ara§tirmasi, 1990," in IX. Araçtirma sonuçlart toplantisi, Ankara, found outside the area of the fortress itself, in a field 1992, p. 293, no. i and fig. 8. to the northwest of the modern village, but their presence at the site should doubtless be associated with the arrival of the Roman garrison soon after a.D. 75.64 One is a small body fragment in pale blue glass, consisting of a single vertical rib, the top of 66. L. 2.3 cm, W. 2.0 cm, Th. 0.2 cm. Ibid., p. 293, no. 2. 67. See, for example, S. Fünfschilling, "Beobachtungen zu Rippenschalen von schweizer Fundorten," Annales du i(f Congrès de l'AIHV, Amsterdam, 1987, pp. 81-108. 68. Excavation no. TH 1983—7656—143—50—108. Context: from the mound. H. 2.7 cm, W. 4.3 cm, Th. 0.2 cm. Parts of seven ribs are extant, raised on the exterior and slighdy hollowed which has been ground flat by a horizontal rotary on the interior; a purple streak, owing to the use of manganese polished band.65 The other, of colorless glass, is a as a decolorizing agent, runs obliquely down the side; chipped and cracked. Cf. von Saldern and others [note 12], p. 160, no. smaller piece, also with part of a single vertical rib.66 The Tille and Satala material provides much needed evidence for the use of cast ribbed bowls on the eastern frontier, thereby forming a parallel to the frequent discovery of similar finds on military 450; and J. Price, "Late Hellenistic and Early Imperial Vessel Glass at Berenice: A Survey of Imported Tableware Found dur ing Excavations at Sidi Khrebish, Benghazi," in Cyrenaica in Antiquity, ed. G. Barker, J. Lloyd, and J. Reynolds, Oxford, Society for Libyan Studies Occasional Papers, no. 1, 1985, p. 293 and figs. 24.3 and 43-46. 69. Antalya Museum, inv. no. 1847. Unknown provenance. 36 This content downloaded from 198.168.106.100 on Wed, 22 Nov 2017 21:44:15 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms Fig. 53. Molded ribbed bowl. Antalya Museum 1847. Fig. 55. Zarte Rippenschale. Izmir Museum 6050. Fig. 54. Molded ribbed bowl. Antalya Museum 184J. worked, knocked-off rim, 9.2 cm in diameter (Figs. 53 and 54). Its height is 4.8 cm, with a maximum diameter of 10.3 cm and a base diameter of 4.6 cm. There are 68 close-set vertical ribs around the side, below which are two horizontal raised lines. On the bottom, there is a broad, molded base-ring sur rounding two concentric raised circles and a central pushed-in knob. These mold-blown vessels have been found at numerous military sites in the West.70 The distribution of glass tableware, cast or blown, is, of course, not limited to army camps and forts; ribbed bowls are found across the Mediterranean Fig. 56. Zarte Rippenschale. Bolu Museum§'ji. Large section of the rim and side missing, probably broken in antiquity (weathering visible on broken edge). The museum has another example (number unknown), in blue-green glass; it could not be removed from the display case for study. A bowl of very similar dimensions of greenish glass, is in the British Muse um: GR 1912.10—25.16 (from Cyprus; H. 4.7 cm, D. rim 9.1 Cf. "Recent Important Acquisitions," Journal of Glass strumental in spreading such items to the very Studies, v. 4, 1962, p. 140, no. 8 (said to have been found in western Anatolia). limits of the empire, and in doing so, they were in 70. See J. Price, "Decorated Mould-Blown Glass Tablewares world. However, Roman soldiers were clearly in cm). very practical terms fostering the process of Ro manization. in the First Century AD," in Roman Glass [note 24], pp. 67, 70, and 72, pl. XVM 37 This content downloaded from 198.168.106.100 on Wed, 22 Nov 2017 21:44:15 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms APPENDIX measuresimita 6.4 cm in height, 7.7 cm in diameter at I referred above (pages 36-37) to blown tions of the cast ribbed bowl. I therefore include the rim, and 9.9 cm around the body. It, too, has a here two more vessels to illustrate the continuation knocked-off rim and concave shoulder, but the body of the tradition of making ribbed bowls by the use is a rather squat, bulbous shape, and the bottom of inflation techniques. They belong to a group of is flat. It is decorated with 16 ribs, set at irregu vessels known as zarte Rippenschalen, dated to the lar intervals around the body and tapering toward middle of the first century a.D. The technique by the bottom. The glass is wafer-thin in places; it is which these vessels were made has been the subject thickest at the shoulder and on the ribs (the inside of some uncertainty among scholars, but it is likely of the vessel wall bulges outward behind the ribs). that they were blown and tooled in some way. One of the bowls (Fig. 55) is in the Izmir Archaeological Museum.71 It is of light yellow-brown glass and 71. Izmir Museum, inv. no. 6050. Broken; two patches of fill mixed with earth. For other examples in Turkey, see O. Gündüz, measures 6.4 cm in height, 8.3 cm in diameter at "Fragment of a Vase of Stained Glass," Annual of the Archaeological the rim, and 9.6 cm around the body. It has a Museums of Istanbul, v. 10, 1962, p. 132 and pl. XVI (two exam ples, one with opaque white trails, acquired in 1961; the mu flaring rim with a very thin knocked-off edge, a seum collection contains at least two other examples); von Sal concave shoulder, a bulbous body, and a rounded dern [note 47], pp. 12-13, nos. 42-44 (fragments fromthe Sardis bottom. Seventeen pinched ribs run from the shoul excavations); Canav [note 41], p. 85, no. 138 (found at Bigadiç; der to the undercurve of the body, slanting both deep yellow-brown with opaque blue and white trails); Yagci [note 43], p. 33 and fig. 33f; Stern [note 42], p. 586 and figs. 1 from right to left and from left to right. The glass is and 4-5; and Çankiri Museum (number not known). thickest on the interior behind the ribs, on the shoulder, and on the bottom, which is slightiy con cave on the interior. A similar bowl (Fig. 56), in 72. Bolu Museum, inv. no. 531. Transferred from Afyon Mu seum, 1980. Broken and repaired; half of the rim missing; two holes in the body. Cf. von Saldern and others [note 12], pp. 100-101, nos. 260-266; and Glass at the Fitgwilliam Museum [note pale blue-green glass, is in the Bolu Museum.72 It 12], p. 34, no. 6oa-b (from Cyprus). This content downloaded from 198.168.106.100 on Wed, 22 Nov 2017 21:44:15 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms