SOME EXAMPLES OF ANCIENT
CAST AND RIBBED BOWLS
IN TURKEY
C. S. Lightfoot
Groups A and D
to study part of the glass collection of the An
In thetalyasummer
ofa large
1988,1
Museum.1 It is not
collection,was given permission
and the majority of the glass vessels are unremark
able. This is surprising, since Antalya is a major
The first example (Figs, i and 2) is a shallow
bowl of greenish colorless or decolorized glass.5 It
measures 14.9 cm in diameter and only 4.1 cm in
regional museum, and it houses some of Turkey's
finest treasures.2 However, the glass collection does
include a group of cast and ribbed bowls that is
Author's Note. To attempt a full survey of cast and ribbed
vessels found in Turkey, either of randomly collected objects in
worthy of special attention. There are 15 vessels.
museum collections or of material from properly recorded ar
cheological sites, is far beyond the scope of this article. The
These bowls, whether plain or ribbed, belong to
vagaries of the study are due largely to the demands on my time
groups that range in date from the second half of
the second century b.c. to the mid-first century a.D.
During the past two decades, a series of schol
arly articles has shown that the Syro-Palestinian
coastal region was an important center for the pro
duction of monochrome cast tableware.3 Hellenis
tic "grooved bowls" are best known from Tel Anafa
in Upper Galilee, where fragments have been found
in very large numbers. However, they have also
been uncovered at numerous other sites, not only
in the Levant, but also in Greece, Cyprus, and
Italy. Furthermore, similar material has recently
been published from Cyrenaica, Carthage, Spain,
and even northern France.4 D. F. Grose has divided
these monochrome cast bowls into four main
at the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara, and to the
arbitrary workings of the local bureaucracy. The photographs
were taken by Tugrul Çakar. All drawings are reproduced at /■>
scale, except Figs. 9 and 42, which are at 'A scale.
1.1 am grateful to the director and staff of the Antalya Mu
seum for their kind assistance, and to the General Directorate
of Antiquities in Ankara for arranging my permit. I am also
indebted to Sayin Sabri Aydal for his invaluable help.
2. In 1988, a splendid new catalog of these treasures was
published by the Antalya Museum. Glass, however, is repre
sented only by four sets of beads: E. and I. Özgen, eds., Antalya
Museum, Ankara, 1988, pp. 63,65,119, and 200, nos. 77-79 and
82.
3. G. Davidson Weinberg, "Hellenistic Glass from Tel Anafa
in Upper Galilee,"Journal of Glass Studies, v. 12, 1970, pp. 17-27;
"Notes on Glass from Upper Galilee," Journal of Glass Studies, v.
15, 1973, pp. 35-51; D. F. Grose, "The Syro-Palestinian Glass
Industry in the Later Hellenistic Period," Muse, v. 13, 1979, pp.
54-67; "The Hellenistic Glass Industry Reconsidered," Annales
du 8e Liège, 1981, pp. 66-69.
groups. The Antalya collection lacks an example of
4. D. F. Grose, The Toledo Museum of Art. Early Ancient Glass,
his Group B, and the plain bowls can be dividedNew York, 1989, p. 194 and note 34; J. Price, "A Survey of the
Hellenistic and Early Roman Vessel Glass Found on the Un
between Groups A and D without any great dif
ferentiation.
explored Mansion Site at Knossos in Crete," Annales du 11' Con
grès de l'AIHV, Amsterdam, 1990, pp. 28-32.
5. Antalya Museum, inv. no. A. 1645. Purchased. Intact. Cf.
22
This content downloaded from 198.168.106.100 on Wed, 22 Nov 2017 21:44:15 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
Fig. i. Shallow hemispherical bowl. Antalya Museum A. 1645.
Fig. 4. Hemispherical bowl. Izmir Museum 145-6-gji.
Fig.2. Shallowhemisphericalbowl.AntalyaMuseumA.1645.
Fig. 5. Hemispherical bowl. Izmir Museum 145-6-971.
at the center. It measures 10.5 cm in diameter and
Fig. 3. Hemispherical bowl. Antalya Museum A.1666.
5.9 cm in height. The rim is rounded and slightly
inverted, and the glass is streaked with purple at
the rim, indicating the use of manganese as the
height, and it is decorated with two horizontal
decolorizing agent. The bowl is undecorated, like
grooves on the inside, 0.8 cm and 1.6 cm below the
the second Antalya example, but the exterior sur
rim. The grooves are wheel-cut, as is indicated by
face has a shiny, fire-polished appearance.
the fact that the two ends of the upper groove do
These colorless vessels are generally less com
not meet. The rim, which is uneven and of irregular
mon than their counterparts in yellow-brown and
thickness, has a flat, horizontal upper edge. The
yellow-green glass, of which there are six examples
body thickness diminishes toward the bottom,
in the Antalya Museum.8 However, the collection
which is only slightly convex. The second bowl
(Fig. 3), also of greenish colorless glass, is hemi
spherical in shape, measuring 12.6 cm in diameter
and 6.3 cm in height.6 It, too, has a slightly uneven
but rounded, vertical rim. Its most unusual feature,
however, is that it lacks any cut decoration. The
interior and exterior surfaces are completely plain,
except for marks of fine rotary polishing. Another
colorless bowl (Figs. 4 and 5) is in the Izmir Ar
chaeological Museum.7 It is deep-bodied but less
rounded in shape, with a bottom that is flattened
S. M. Goldstein, Pre-Roman and Early Roman Glass in The Corning
Museum of Glass, Corning, 1979, p. 139, no. 286; and Grose [note
4], p. 205, no. 216.
6. Antalya Museum, inv. no. A. 1666. Purchased. Intact. Cf.
Goldstein [note 5], p. 138, no. 282; and Grose [note 4], p. 207,
no. 221.
7. Izmir Museum, inv. no. 145-6-971. Purchased. Brok
and repaired; one patch of fill.
8. According to Grose ([note 3], p. 57 and note 7), spectr
scopic analysis has shown that there is no significant chemic
difference between the two colors of yellow-brown and yell
green.
23
This content downloaded from 198.168.106.100 on Wed, 22 Nov 2017 21:44:15 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
Fig. 6. Conical bowl. Izmir Museum.
Fig. 8. Conical bowl. Izmir Museum 6048.
7
Fig. 9. Conical bowlfragment. Myndos.
■\
.r
Fig. 7. Conical bowl. Izmir Museum.
Fig. io. Myndos and Cremnafragments.
does not include any conical bowls; for these, one
has been ground, and it is partly flat. The straight
must again turn to Izmir, where two fine examples
side tapers diagonally downward to a round,
are to be found.9 One of these bowls (Figs. 6 and
pointed bottom. On the interior, there is a broad
7), in yellow-green glass, has a slightly oval rim,
band of three horizontal, deep-cut grooves, each
measuring between 15.05 cm and 15.3 cm in diam
between 0.3 cm and 0.4 cm wide. These are flanked
eter and 10.0 cm in height.10 The interior is deco
by three narrow grooves, one above the uppermost,
rated with a band of three broad grooves and two
one above the central, and one below the lowest
narrow lines, one immediately above the central
broad groove, and the other cut around part of the
vessel below the lowest groove. On the exterior,
there are two concentric, wheel-abraded circles
around the bottom, which has a small circle at its
center. There are rotary polishing marks on both
surfaces, which are still highly polished in places.
The second example (Fig. 8) is almost exactly the
same size, measuring 15.2 cm in diameter and 10
cm in height, but it is a light green glass.11 The rim
g. The vessels are described briefly in C. S. Lightfoot, "Three
Cast Vessels from Anatolia," Annales du 11e Congrès de IAIHV,
Amsterdam, 1991, pp. 89-91 and fig. 4 (where the diameter of
the unregistered piece is given incorrectly as 15.7-15.95 cm)
10. Izmir Museum, unregistered. Intact; two internal strain
cracks. The vessel could not be traced during a subsequent visit
to the museum in 1989.
11. Izmir Museum, inv. no. 6048. Broken and mended; chip
missing from the rim, and some plaster fill in the side.
24
This content downloaded from 198.168.106.100 on Wed, 22 Nov 2017 21:44:15 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
Fig. ii. Hemispherical bowl. Antalya Museum A.i8gy.
Fig. 12. Deep bowl. Antalya Museum A.1643.
broad groove. On the exterior, there are two concen
tric grooves around the bottom, which has a faintly
incised circle at its center. Rotary polishing marks
are visible, and the surface around the bottom is
still highly polished.
Other conical bowls have been seen, but unfortu
nately not yet recorded, at the museums of Fethiye
and Kahramanmara§.12 However, a fragment from
the rim of a similar conical bowl can be mentioned;
it is recorded as a random surface find at Myndos
Fig. 13. Deep bowl. Antalya Museum A. 1643.
(Gümü§lük) in Caria.13 This fragment (Figs. 9 and
10, left), measuring only 4.13 cm by 2.95 cm and
cm in diameter and 6.5 cm in height.16 It has an
having a maximum thickness of 0.46 cm, is an
upright, rounded, but irregular rim, and slightly
unusual pale purple glass. It has an upright rim
convex sides that taper toward the flat bottom. The
with rounded edges, sloping outward, and a slightly
convex side, tapering diagonally downward. On
the interior are one narrow and two broad horizon
tal grooves cut in a band, 0.94 cm wide, 0.73 cm
below the rim. The rim diameter has been esti
12. For references, see Lightfoot [note 9], p. 90, note 19. Cf.
also A. von Saldern and others, Gläser der Antike, Sammlung Erwin
Oppenländer, Hamburg, 1974, p. 93, nos. 244-245; S. H. Auth,
Arment Glass at the Newark Museum, Newark, 1976, p. 45, no. 33,
and p. 192, no. 288; Glass at the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge,
mated as about 21 cm, making for an unusually1978,
p. 22, no. 3oa-c (three examples from sites in Cyprus);
large conical bowl. It may be compared with fragHistoric
ments of a similar oversize vessel in the British
Museum.14
Glass from Collections in North West England, St. Helens,
1979, p. 7, no. A13 (reused in the Roman period as a hanging
lamp); S. B. Matheson, Ancient Glass in the Yale University Art
Gallery, New Haven, 1980, p. 12, no. 34; Y. Akat and others,
The third example from Antalya belonging to
Catalogue of Glass in the Hiiseyin Kocaba7 Collection, Istanbul, 1984,
Group A (Fig. 11) is of yellow-brown glass and
measures 13.8 cm in diameter and 6.1 cm in
p. 54, no. 82 (no exterior decoration); Grose [note 4], pp. 204
205, nos. 212-214; and Price [note 4], p. 30 and fig. 1.12.
13. For the site of Myndos, see G. E. Bean and J. M. Cook,
height.15 The rim is rounded and polished, while
the body is hemispherical with a convex bottom.
On the interior are two horizontal grooves, each 0.2
cm wide, set 0.8 cm and 1.6 cm below the rim; the
"The Halicarnassus Peninsula," The Annual of The British School
at Athens, v. 50, 1955, pp. 108—112.
14. D. Barag, Catalogue of Western Asiatic Glass in the British
Museum, v. 1, London, 1985, p. 87, no. 110 and fig. 8.
15. Antalya Museum, inv. no. A. 1895. Purchased. Broken
exterior surface is rotary-polished. I attribute two and repaired, with four chips in the rim. Cf. British Museum,
other bowls to the same group, although they have
flat instead of convex bottoms. One (Figs. 12 and
13) is of yellow-brown glass, and it measures 12.6
GR 1912.10-25.17.
16. Antalya Museum, inv. no. A. 1643. Purchased. Intact. Cf.
J. W. Hayes, Roman andPre-Roman Glass in the Royal Ontario Muse
um, Toronto, 1976, p. 18, no. 42 (dated by Hayes to the late first
25
This content downloaded from 198.168.106.100 on Wed, 22 Nov 2017 21:44:15 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
"ijm ■ MW* ' , mm\
Fig. 14. Deep bowl. Antalya Museum A. 1623.
Fig. 15. Deep bowl. Antalya Museum A.1644.
decoration comprises two horizontal grooves on the
interior, each o. i cm wide, 0.3 cm and 0.7 cm below
the rim; there are also rotary polishing marks on
the interior surface. The other bowl (Fig. 14) is very
similar in shape, but it is slightly larger and deeper,
measuring 13.0 cm in diameter and 7.7 cm in
Fig. i6.does
Deep bowl. Antalya Museum A. 1644.
height.17 This example, of yellow-green glass,
not have any grooves for decoration. A sixth bowl
(Figs. 15 and 16) may also be added.18 It measures
10.6-10.8 cm in diameter and 6.0 cm in height,
and it is slightly oval in shape at the rim. This deep
yellow-brown glass has a vertical, rounded rim and
Fig. 17. Hemispherical bowl fragment. Cremna.
sides that curve in gently to the flat bottom. The
interior is decorated with one broad, horizontal
groove 0.95 cm below the rim, and a band of two
narrower grooves 2.2 cm and 2.4 cm from thethe
rim. The slight irtop.
regularities of the grooves indi
Parts of the exterior surface are unweathered and
cate that they were probably made by wheel cutting
retain a smooth, fire-polished appearance.
rather than lathe cutting. Only a few vessels deco
Finally, a rim fragment (Figs. 17 and 10, right)
from Cremna (Çamlik) in Pisidia probably belongs
to a hemispherical bowl in the same deep yellow
brown.19 It measures only 2.43 cm by 3.1 cm, and
century B.c.-early first century a.D.); Grose [note 3], p. 59, no.
4 (a smaller version); Ancient Glass. The Bomford Collection of Pre
Roman and Roman Glass on Loan to the City of Bristol Museum and Art
its thickness varies between 0.34 cm and 0.45 cm; Gallery, Bristol, 1976, p. 17, no. 31; and British Museum, GR
the original diameter at the rim is estimated at 1896.11-17.2.
about 15 cm. The vertical rim has slightly rounded
edges and a convex curving side. The fragment
displays traces of rotary polishing on both surfaces,
17. Antalya Museum, inv. no. A. 1625. Purchased. Broken
and repaired; patches of plaster fil .
18. Antalya Museum, inv. no. A. 1644. Purchased. Broken;
one small chip and one larger chip in the rim.
terior is decorated with two narrow, horizontal
19. Surface find, Cremna Survey 1987, directed by Dr.
Stephen Mitchell of Swansea University. See C. S. Lightfoot,
"Some Types of Roman Cut-Glass Vessels Found in Turkey,"
grooves cut in a band, 0.35 cm wide, 0.3 cm below
ist International Anatolian Glass Symposium. April 26th-27th, ig88,
fine pitting, and random surface scratches. The ex
26
This content downloaded from 198.168.106.100 on Wed, 22 Nov 2017 21:44:15 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
I
#•
sv
v.
Fig. i8. Hemispherical bowl. Antalya Museum A.i 162.
lL-.4k
Fig. 20. Hemispherical bowl. Antalya Museum A.1623.
common type of late Hellenistic and early Roman
cast tableware, and examples are found throughout
the ancient world from Britain in the west to
Mesopotamia and beyond in the east.23 One com
plete and two fragmentary examples have recently
been published from a cemetery at ed-Dur, Umm
al-Qaiwain (U.A.E.) in the Persian Gulf near the
Fig. ig. Hemispherical bowl. Antalya Museum A.i 162.
Straits of Hormuz.24 Some variants and subgroups
have been recognized, and they have been taken to
indicate not only separate workshops but also dif
rated with similar grooves on the exterior are known;
ferent periods and areas of production. These
these are usually said to be lathe-cut.20
glasses were so popular, especially in the western
The two remaining plain bowls resemble Grose's
part of the Roman Empire, that they were still being
Group D in that they have slightly concave bot
made in Flavian times, and this demand led to both
toms. They are thick-walled, however, and in this
blown and mold-blown imitations of the form (see
respect, they are closer to the examples of Group
below).
A. Both are of yellow-brown glass; one measures
13.2 cm in diameter and 5.9 cm in height, while the
other is 12.4 cm in diameter and 5.3 cm in height.
The larger bowl (Figs. 18 and 19) is decorated with
two horizontal grooves cut on the inside, 0.6 cm
and 1.2 cm below the rim. It also has rotary polish
Istanbul, 1990, p. 8 and note 8. For Cremna, see S. Mitchell
and M. Waelkens, "Cremna and Sagalassus 1987," Anatolian
Studies, v. 38, 1988, pp. 53-59.
20. For example, Goldstein [note 5], pp. 138-139, no. 284;
and Grose [note 4], pp. 193-194 and fig. 11 o (top row, far right).
21. Antalya Museum, inv. no. A. 1162. Gift of Mehmet Ali
ing marks on the inside, but the exterior surface is
Cinas. Intact, except for one large crack running almost com
fire-polished and shows random scratch marks
pletely around the body. See note 15 above.
from use.21 The smaller bowl (Fig. 20) has a similar
decoration of two wheel-cut grooves, 0.5 cm and
0.9 cm below the rim.22 This object has some inter
nal strain cracks, but the quality of the glass and
the surface treatment are uncertain because most
of the vessel is coated with limy encrustation.
22. Antalya Museum, inv. no. A. 1623. Purchased. Intact,
except for a chip in the rim (restored with fill).
23. See, for example, D. B. Harden and others, Glass of the
Caesars, Milan, 1987, p. 51, no. 27 (a mosaic ribbed bowl found
at Radnage in Buckinghamshire); and Barag [note 14], pp.
92-93, nos. 116-117 (two fragmentary "pillar-molded" bowls,
one of which was excavated by Layard at Nineveh in 1851 ).
24. D. T. Potts, "The Danish Excavations," Mesopotamia, v.
24, 1989, pp. 18, 21, and 22, fig. J: 1-3. For the fragments found
Group C
at Arikamedu and Dharanikota in southern India, see E. M.
The other seven cast vessels in the Antalya Mu
seum are ribbed bowls. These represent the most
Stern, "Early Exports beyond the Empire," in Roman Glass: Two
Centuries of Art and Invention, ed. M. Newby and K. Painter, Lon
don, 1991, pp. 142-143, fig. 29b and pi. XXXVIa left.
27
This content downloaded from 198.168.106.100 on Wed, 22 Nov 2017 21:44:15 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
Fig. 2i. Ribbed bowl. Antalya Museum A. 1622.
Fig. 22. Ribbed bowl. Erimtan Collection 630.
YYtrrrrv
It was not possible to study two of the Antalya
bowls in any detail.25 One is of pale yellow-green
glass, and the other is a deeper shade of the same
color. Both are decorated with horizontal wheel-cut
grooves on the interior, and they have numerous Fig. 23. Ribbed bowl. Erimtan Collection 630.
shallow ribs set diagonally on the exterior of the
vertical sides. In general, they resemble a third bowl
in the collection. This piece (Fig. 21) is of yellow
of the broad, shallow type, and its 68 ribs are more
brown glass, and it measures 12.3 cm in diameter pronounced.29
and 5.6 cm in height.26 It has a slightly outsplayed
Another ribbed bowl, of pale blue-green glass
rim with a rounded edge; the sides are slightly con and measuring 12.1 cm in diameter and 4.2 cm in
vex; but taper sharply toward the flat bottom.
There is one horizontal interior groove, 1.0 cm
below the rim, and on the exterior there are 29
short, knoblike ribs, some vertical, others set diag
onally from left to right.
A close parallel to these vessels is provided by
one of four bowls in a private collection in Ankara.27
25. One (inv. no. A. 1834) could not be removed from the
display case, while the other, seen in the depot, was not available
for study because it was said to have come from the excavations
at Ka§.
26. Antalya Museum, inv. no. A. 1622. Purchased. Intact,
except for a large, vertical crack in the side.
27. I thank Mr. Yüksel Erimtan for allowing me to study this
and the other ribbed bowls in his possession. They have been
published in a complete catalog of his glass collection: C. S.
glass, measures 14.3 cm in diameter at the rim and
Lightfoot and Melih Arslan, Ancient Glass of Asia Minor: The
This bowl (Figs. 22 and 23), of pale yellow-green
stands, lopsided, between 5.6 cm and 6.3 cm in Yüksel Erimtan Collection, Ankara, 1992, pp. 33-36, nos. 2-5.
height.28 It has an almost vertical rim with a 28. Erimtan Collection, reg. no. 630; Lightfoot and Arslan
concave bottom. It has been rotary-polished on the
[note 27], p. 34, no. 3. Broken and badly repaired; some small
pieces missing. Cf. Grose [note 4], p. 264, no. 232.
29. A. Özet, "Ankara Anadolu Medeniyetleri Müzesindeki
interior and on the rim, and fire-polished on the
cam örnekleri ile antik çagida cam yapimi," Belleten, v. 51, no.
rounded edge, convex curving sides and a deep
exterior. It is decorated with three broad, horizontal 200, 1987, pp. 593 and 603, no. 7 and fig. 7. Another similar
grooves on the interior below the rim and around
piece, in blue-green glass, is on display in the Burdur Museum.
Cf. Goldstein [note 5], p. 154, no. 329; Harden and others [note
the middle of the body. On the exterior, 52 shallow 23], p. 50, no. 26; Grose [note 4], pp. 264-265, nos. 234-238;
ribs are arranged obliquely from left to right around Price [note 4], p. 30 and fig. 2.17; and C. Ziviello, "Considera
the middle of the body. Another bowl, in the Anato
tions about Some Pieces of Glassware from Puteoli Kept in the
Museo Archeologio Nazionale of Naples," Annales du iT Congrès
lian Civilizations Museum in Ankara, is likewise de TAIHV, Amsterdam, 1990, p. 50 and figs. 3-4 (perhaps im
decorated with many shallow ribs, but the vessel is
ports or early products of immigrant glassmakers from the East).
28
This content downloaded from 198.168.106.100 on Wed, 22 Nov 2017 21:44:15 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
Fig. 24. Ribbed bowl. Antalya Museum A. 164.6.
Fig. 27. Ribbed bowl. Antalya Museum 7.3.77.
iii jjjjtoi
i '
n£r*
'
m
>w*
«* •
•a I ~a
**
"«
*
■ w • ; #
M
'
Jl
I- f :■
, /,S» '
■Sfili
Fig. 28. Ribbed bowl. Antalya Museum 7.3.77.
Fig. 25. Ribbed bowl. Antalya Museum A.1621.
vessel, of an attractive light yellow-green glass, has
a rounded, slightly outsplayed rim, convex curving
sides, and a broad, flat bottom. The interior deco
ration consists of a groove 0.5 cm below the rim
and a band of two more horizontal but narrower
grooves, 3.5 cm and 3.8 cm below the rim. On the
exterior, there are 28 slender and rounded ribs
slanting downward from right to left; the ribs vary
Fig. 26. Ribbed bowl. Antalya Museum A. 1621.
in thickness, but most are in quite shallow relief.
A smaller version is seen in a third bowl (Figs.
27 and 28), also of light yellow-green glass.32 It
measures 10.7-10.8 cm in diameter and 4.2 cm in
height, belongs to a different subgroup, known for
height. The rim is rounded and slightly oval in
a long time as "pillar-molded" bowls. The Antalya
shape, while the convex sides curve in to a concave
piece (Fig. 24) has an uneven, rounded rim, with
bottom. There are three horizontal interior grooves;
short, vertical sides that curve in sharply to the very
one is 0.5 cm below the rim, and the other two,
slightly concave bottom.30 On the inside, marking
the junction of side and bottom, are two narrow,
wheel-cut grooves, while the exterior is decorated
For a rare example from Spain, see J. Price, "Late Hellenistic
and Early Imperial Cast Vessel Glass in Spain," Annales du 10e
with 23 pronounced, almost vertical ribs that taper
toward the bottom and extend underneath the ves
Congrès de IAIHV, Amsterdam, 1987, pp. 63-64 and fig. 1.4.
30. Antalya Museum, inv. no. A. 1646. Purchased. Intact, but
cracked across the bottom.
sel; most are rounded at the top. The tooling of the
31. Antalya Museum, inv. no. A. 1621. Provenance unknown.
ribs is clearly marked by a number of vertical in
Intact, except for a small, filled chip in the rim and a large crack.
dents on the sides, next to some of the ribs. A second
Cf. Goldstein [note 5], p. 155, no. 332.
bowl of this type (Figs. 25 and 26) is deeper, with
a diameter of 12.3 cm and a height of 5.7 cm.31 The
32. Antalya Museum, inv. no. 7.3.77. Purchased. Broken and
repaired; three chips missing from the rim; one hole in the side,
and a smaller hole in the bottom.
29
This content downloaded from 198.168.106.100 on Wed, 22 Nov 2017 21:44:15 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
Fig. 29. Ribbed bowl. Antalya Museum 13.14.86.
Fig. 31. Ribbed bowl. Erimtan Collection 188.
Fig. 32. Ribbed bowl. Erimtan Collection 188.
Fig. 30. Ribbed bowl. Antalya Museum 13.14.86.
Two of the vessels in the Erimtan Collection be
lower down, are badly cut and run together. The
long to the same deep-sided type of ribbed bowl.
18 ribs on the outside are crudely shaped and
One (Figs. 31 and 32), measuring 15.2 cm in diam
placed at irregular intervals; some slant downward
eter and 6.1 cm in height, is of light blue-green
from right to left. The tops of the ribs have been
glass. It has a slightly outsplayed rim with a
removed by grinding and polishing, and a band of
varying depth has been cut into the sides below the
rounded edge, a convex curving side, and a slightly
concave bottom.35 The interior is decorated with
rim, causing the ribs to have different lengths.
two horizontal grooves in a band at the junction of
The last example is the only bowl that has been
the side and bottom. On the exterior, there are 14
excavated by the Antalya Museum itself. It was
ribs of varying length, slanting downward from
found in a tomb uncovered during construction
right to left; the ribs end beyond the junction of the
work at Haciveliler, near Kumluca, late in 1986.
side and bottom. The side of the vessel is convex
The other grave goods included a bronze strigil,
between some of the ribs, and there are irregular
two bronze mirrors, a terra-cotta lamp, and several
tooling marks on and between the tops of the ribs.
pottery unguentaria.33 The bowl (Figs. 29 and 30)
The bowl has been rotary-polished on the interior,
is of pale blue glass, and it measures 12.8 cm in
diameter and 5.2 cm in height.34 It has no horizon
tal grooves decorating the interior, which displays
33- From information kindly supplied by Sayin I. Akan Atila.
Seventeen items were recovered from the tomb, but no details
traces of rotary polishing. The exterior retains a
are known concerning the appearance of the tomb and the na
highly polished surface, but there are vertical
ture of the burial(s). The finds have not been thoroughly studied
or published.
scratches between the ribs. The exterior is deco
34. Antalya Museum, inv. no. 13.14.86. Intact, except for a
rated with 18 long, vertical ribs of slightly uneven crack
length and thickness. They are set at irregular inter
running from the rim to the bottom.
35. Erimtan Collection, reg. no. 188; Lightfoot and Arslan
[note 27], p. 33, no. 2. Intact; one large crack extends from the
vals around the body, and their tops have been cut rim and runs across the bottom. Cf. Grose [note 4], p. 263, no.
229.
away to form a plain band below the rim.
30
This content downloaded from 198.168.106.100 on Wed, 22 Nov 2017 21:44:15 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
Fig. 33. Ribbed bowl. Erimtan Collection 16g.
Fig. 35. Ribbed bowl. Gaziantep Museum 46.1.JJ.
are vertical, and others slant or curve from left to
right. The top ends of the ribs terminate in one or
Fig. 34. Ribbed bowl. Erimtan Collection 16g.
two shallow pressed grooves. Rotary polishing
marks are visible on the interior and above the ribs
the top, and the outside of the rim, but the rest of
on the exterior; the rest appears to be fire-polished.
the exterior is fire-polished. The second example
On the interior, there is a single horizontal groove
(Figs. 33 and 34), like the Antalya piece found at
Haciveliler, has no cut decoration on the interior.
grooves are found where the sides curve in toward
It measures 12.4 cm in diameter and 5.5 cm in
the bottom.
0.6 cm below the rim, and a pair of narrower
height.36 This pale blue-green glass has a slightly
The second bowl (Figs. 36 and 37) is slightly
outsplayed rim with a rounded edge, a straight side
larger; it measures 12.4 cm in diameter and 6.9 cm
that tapers obliquely downward, and an almost flat
in height.38 It, too, has a rounded and slightly flar
bottom. It is decorated on the exterior with 11 pro
ing rim, deep sides, and a slightly concave bottom.
nounced ribs, rounded at the top and tapering
However, it has only 25 ribs, some of which are set
sharply toward the bottom. Some are vertical and
others are slanted. The ribs end beyond the junc
almost vertically, while others slant from right to
tion of the side and bottom. The object has been
rotary-polished on the interior, the top, and the
outside of the rim; it is fire-polished on the rest of
the exterior.
36. Erimtan Collection, reg. no. 169; Lightfoot and Arslan
[note 2 7], p. 35, no. 4. Badly cracked; areas of plaster fill around
the rim. Cf. Grose [note 4], p. 266, no. 239.
37. Gaziantep Museum, inv. no. 46.1.77. Purchased. Broken
and repaired; one large fragment missing from the bottom. Cf.
Cast ribbed bowls are found in several other Turk
ish museums. I have studied two such bowls in the
J. du Plat Taylor, "Roman Tombs at «Kambi» Vasa. Appendix
I (by D. B. Harden). The Glass," Report of the Department of
Antiquities of Cyprus, 1940-1948, 1958, p. 49, no. 3, pi. 5,d and fig.
Gaziantep Museum. These very similar vessels, of
20,b; von Saldern and others [note 12], pp. 94-95, no. 249
yellow-brown glass, represent an early form of the
(dated to the end of the first century B.c.-beginning of the first
ribbed bowl that may be dated to the first century
century a.D.); Ancient Glass [note 16], p. 17, no 34; and Barag
b.c. One of them (Fig. 35) measures 12 cm in diam
[note 14], p. 87, no. 112.
38. Gaziantep Museum, inv. no. 2.9.77. Purchased. Broken
eter and 6.1 cm in height.37 It has a rounded and
and mended; one large and two small fragments missing. Cf. M.
slightly flaring rim, deep sides, and a slightly con
Kunz, ed., 3000 Jahre Glaskunst von der Antike bis zum Jugendstil,
Luzern, 1981, p. 61, no. 140 (from Syria); and G. Loudmerand
cave bottom. The body is decorated on the exterior
A.-M. Kevorkian, Verres antiques et de l'Islam. Ancienne collection de
with 32 ribs of irregular length; some of these ribs
Monsieur D., Paris, 1985, p. 35, no. 81.
31
This content downloaded from 198.168.106.100 on Wed, 22 Nov 2017 21:44:15 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
TP?
Fig. 38. Ribbed bowl. Erimtan Collection 67.
Fig. 36. Ribbed bowl. Gaziantep Museum 2.g.yy.
Fig. 39. Ribbed bowl. Erimtan Collection 67.
with a rounded edge, a shallow and convex curving
side, and a slightly concave bottom. On the interior,
there are two horizontal grooves in a band at the
junction of the side and bottom, and a small, broad,
circular groove at the center of the bottom. The
exterior has 31 long, close-set ribs, slanting down
ward from right to left and tapering toward the
bottom. The ribs extend almost to the center of the
Fig. 37. Ribbed bowl. Gaziantep Museum 2.g.jj.
bottom, and they show signs of having been rotary
polished across their tops.
left, or curve from left to right. The ribs are of
A number of other bowls have been published in
irregular length and thickness, but all of them taper
recent years, notably those in the Ankara Museum,
toward the bottom. The interior is decorated with
the Sadberk Hamm Museum, and the collection of
a single horizontal, wheel-cut groove 0.6 cm below the Turkish Bottle and Glass Factory Company.41
the rim.
The Kahramanmara§ Museum also has a good
Another fine example is to be seen on display in selection of cast ribbed vessels, and E. M. Stern
the Izmir Archaeological Museum. Although this refers to four examples in the Adana Regional Mu
vessel was not available for proper recording, I can
offer the following description.39 It is a large, shal
low bowl of light blue glass, 17.5 cm in diameter
39- Izmir Museum, inv. no. 8008. Confiscated in 1974. In
and 5 cm in height. It has a rounded rim and atact, except for a hole and a crack in the side. Cf. Goldstein [note
5], p. 153, no. 328; and Price [note 4], p. 30 and fig. 2.20.
slightly concave bottom. On the exterior are 15 40. Erimtan Collection, reg. no. 67; Lightfoot and Arslan
ribs, the tops of which have been ground flat; the [note 27], p. 36, no. 5. Intact.
ribs taper downward, extending under the bot
41. Ozet [note 29], pp. 593 and 603, nos. 6-7 and figs. 6-7
(one in pale yellowish glass, the other in greenish colorless glass;
tom. The interior is decorated with two concentric
a third example, unpublished but similar to the greenish color
grooves at the junction of the side and bottom. less
Similar to this bowl is a vessel in the Erimtan Col
lection, measuring 15.2 cm in diameter and 4.0 cm
glass, is of light yellow-brown glass—Anatolian Civilizations
Museum, Ankara, inv. no. 90-19-81); Akat and others [note
12], pp. 85-87 and figs. 35-36 (three examples in blue-green
glass); Ü Canav, Tiirkiye §i§e ve Cam Fabrikalan A.§. Ancient Glass
in height.40 The bowl (Figs. 38 and 39) is of clear Collection, Istanbul, 1985, p. 85, no. 137 (in blue-green glass,
blue-green glass. It has a slightly outsplayed rim found at Iznik, ancient Nicaea).
32
This content downloaded from 198.168.106.100 on Wed, 22 Nov 2017 21:44:15 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
seum, although none of them is described or illus
as "luxury ware," these simple, mass-produced
trated.42 A yellow-brown example, similar to the
Gaziantep pieces described above, is known from
bowls represent the products of an industry that
was stretched to the limits. If, then, one adds the
the collections in the Hatay Museum at Antakya,
ancient Antioch-on-the-Orontes.43 Other bowls are
the existing markets in the eastern Mediterranean
on display in the Fethiye and Bodrum museums,
in the late first century B.C., one finds ideal condi
some of which are said to have come from the exca
tions for the adoption of new, cheaper, and faster
vations at Kaunos. Another example from the Dar
methods of production. It is no surprise, therefore,
Roman demand, which suddenly exploded onto
danelles area is now in the Museo del Vino, Palazzo
that in many ways early blown glass imitates cast
Baglioni, Torgiano (Perugia).44
ware. The blown and mold-blown ribbed bowls
Few cast ribbed bowls have been properly re
corded at archeological sites. A fine example, sadly
broken, was uncovered during the excavation of the
necropolis to the east of the sanctuary site at the
described below (pages 36-37) are a clear instance
of this process.
Glass from Military Sites
Letoon in Lycia. It was found with a number of
During the past five years, I have been able to
blown vessels, including a collared-rim jug.45 Other
study the glass from several archeological sites. Two
cast bowls are reported as having been found dur
of these sites, both in eastern Turkey, have yielded
ing the excavations at Anemurium (Anamur) in
pieces of cast vessels. These include a significant
Rough Cilicia.46 At Sardis, where the glass finds
number of ribbed bowl fragments. The first group
have been well published, many fragments have
been found.47 If this can be taken as a reliable
of fragments comes from the excavations at Tille
indicator, one may assume that monochrome cast
mound or tell, the site boasts a lower settlement
vessels were not uncommon in the prosperous cities
of the southern and western coasts of Asia Minor.
area, principally of the Hellenistic and Roman
periods, which incorporates a substantial baths
By contrast, it is worth noting that very little trace
complex. From the importance of the site as a nat
on the Euphrates.49 In addition to an impressive
of mosaic glass can be found in Anatolia. Apart
ural crossing-point on the river, and from the evi
from a piece in the Sadberk Hamm Museum, the
dence of military tile stamps, it is also inferred that
only example known to me is a fragment from the
excavations at the site of Labraunda in Caria.48
there was once a Roman fort at Tille.50 Apart from
Nevertheless, this survey indicates that there is a
wide distribution of late Hellenistic and early
Roman cast glassware in Asia Minor. In particular,
the coastal cities of Pamphylia and Lycia would
seem to have attracted either traders who brought
with them the products of faraway glasshouses, or
foreign craftsmen who came to exploit the local
market. Most of the stimulus undoubtedly derived
42. E. M. Stern, "Glass Vessels Exhibited in the Böige Mu
seum-Adana," Belleten, v. 53, nos. 207-208,1989, pp. 585-586.
43. E. E. Yagci, "Hatay miizesindeki bir grup cam eser," ist
International Anatolian Glass Symposium. April 2Ôth-2yth, ig88, Is
tanbul, 1990, p. 31 and fig. 28.
44. Bulletin de l'AIHV, v. 9, 1981-1983, p. 15t.
45. Found during the 1991 excavation season; personal com
munication of Prof. Christian Le Roy.
46. Stern [note 42].
47. A. von Saldern, Ancient and Byzantine Glass from Sardis,
from Syria, where a flourishing glass industry Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1980, pp. u-12, nos. 27-41, and
existed in the late Hellenistic period. The demand
for its products grew to such an extent that the
industry could barely cope. In this respect, the cast
pis. 2 and 20.
48. Akat and others [note 12], p. 54, no. 83 and fig. 33; P.
Hellström, Labraunda. Swedish Excavations and Researches, v. 2, part
i, Potteiy of Classical and Later Date, Terracotta Lamps and Glass,
vessels in Antalya are instructive. They were clearly Lund, 1965, p. 84, no. 1 and pi. 29.
made for a thriving local market, in which the
craftsmen could afford to produce relatively poor
work. Despite the fact that all cast glass is regarded
49.1 am grateful to the director of the Tille excavations, Dr.
David French, for allowing me to study and publish these glass
finds.
50. D. H. French, J. Moore, and H. F. Russell, "Excavations
33
This content downloaded from 198.168.106.100 on Wed, 22 Nov 2017 21:44:15 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
J
Fig. 42. Ribbed bowl fragment (no. 2). Tille.
Fig. 40. Hemispherical bowl fragments. Tille.
Fig. 43. Ribbed bowl fragment (no. 4). Tille.
rounded ribs extant; side slightly convex between
ribs; surface of side and ribs fire-polished; similar
Fig. 41. Ribbed bowlfragment (no. 1). Tille.
in shape to nos. i, 5, and 7.55
four tiny fragments of core-formed vessels found on
(Fig. 43). Light blue-green. D. about 14-16 cm.
the mound, the earliest example of a glass vessel is
Slightly outsplayed rim with rounded edge; rotary
4. Rim and body fragment, shallow ribbed bowl
a hemispherical bowl (Fig. 40), represented by two
polished on exterior below rim; tops of ribs ground
rim fragments.51 The rim diameter is estimated at
flat; part of one vertical rib extant, tapering down
ward.56
14 cm and the height at 6 cm.52 The fragments are
of colorless glass with a yellow-green tinge, and
they are decorated on the interior with two horizon
tal grooves below the rim. The vessel belongs to
Grose's Group A, and it can be dated to the mid
second or early first century b.c. The other cast
fragments are from ribbed bowls. There are 11
examples in all, none of which shows any trace of
horizontal cut grooves decorating the interior of the
vessels.
1. Rim and body fragment, deep ribbed bowl
(Fig. 41). Blue-green, more blue than nos. 4, 6, 7,
and 8. Very slightly outsplayed rim with rounded
at Tille, 1979-1982: An Interim Report," Anatolian Studies, v.
32, 1982, pp. 161, 169-170, 174, and 177.
51. For the core-formed vessel fragments, see C. S. Lightfoot,
"Glass in the Iron Age," in Anatolian Iron Ages. The Proceedings of
the Second Anatolian Iron Ages Colloquium Held at Izmir, 4-8 May,
1987, ed. A. Çilingiroflu and D. H. French, Oxford, 1991, p. 69
and note 1, pi. 05.1.
52. Excavation no. TH 1983-7759-193-50—040. Context:
stone wall on mound. H. 6.4 cm, L. 6.9 cm, W. 6.0 cm, Th.
0.7-0.3 cm. Both surfaces scratched and covered with brown
staining; the interior is smooth and has horizontal (rotary)
polishing marks. Cf. Grose [note 3], pp. 55-59; and British
Museum, GR 1868.5-1.220.
edge; rotary-polished on exterior between rim and
53. Excavation no. TH 1983-7556-163-50-106. Context:
tops of ribs; part of one rib extant, rounded, sloping
stone-robber's trench on mound, found with blown vessel frag
from left to right and tapering downward.53
2. Rim and body fragment, shallow ribbed bowl
(Fig. 42). Light blue-green, color as no. 5. D. about
20 cm. Slightly outsplayed rim with rounded edge,
continuing slope of wall; two rounded ribs extant.54
3. Rim and body fragment, ribbed bowl. Light
blue. Slightly outsplayed rim with rounded edge;
rotary-polished on exterior below rim; tops of ribs
ground flat, with uneven indentations; part of two
ments. H. 4.4 cm, W. 2.9 cm, Th. (between rim and top of ribs)
0.3 cm. On the interior, rotary polishing marks. Cf. Grose [note
4], p. 266, no. 239.
54. Excavation no. TH 1983-7656—137-50-106. Context:
remnants of surface on mound, found with blown vessel frag
ments. H. 3.4 cm, W. 3.35 cm, Th. (max.) 0.6 cm, (between rim
and top of ribs) 0.45 cm. Cf. Hayes [note 16], pp. 20-21, no. 53
and fig. 2 (excavated at Alchester, England).
55. Excavation no. TH 1983-7656—171-50-125. Context:
spread on mound, with Eastern Sigillata pottery. H. 4.5 cm, W.
3.9 cm, Th. (max.) 0.8 cm, (rim) 0.2-0.28 cm.
56. Excavation no. TH 1983-7656-147-50-117. Context:
34
This content downloaded from 198.168.106.100 on Wed, 22 Nov 2017 21:44:15 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
Fig. 47. Ribbed bowlfragments (no. 8). Tille.
Fig. 44. Ribbed bowlfragment (no. f). Tille.
Fig. 48. Ribbed bowl fragment (no. g). Tille.
Fig. 45- Ribbed bowlfragment (no. 6). Tille.
J
; *
i.
Fig. 49. Ribbed bowl fragment (no. 10). Tille.
Fig. 46. Ribbed bowlfragment (no. y). Tille.
(Fig. 47). Light blue-green. Lower part of five ribs
extant, tapering downward.60
5- Rim and body fragment, shallow ribbed bowl
(Fig. 44). Light blue-green. D. about 16 cm. Slightly
9. Rim fragment, ribbed bowl (Fig. 48). Light
blue-green. D. about 16 cm. Vertical rim with
outsplayed rim with rounded edge, continuing
rounded edge; tops of ribs cut flat by rotary polish
slope of wall; rotary-polished on exterior between
ing below rim; parts of two ribs extant, tapering
rim and tops of ribs; part of four rounded ribs ex
downward.61
tant, sloping and tapering downward; side slightly
concave on interior between ribs; surface of side
and ribs fire-polished.57
6. Rim and body fragment, ribbed bowl (Fig. 45).
Light blue-green. D. about 13 cm. Very slightly
outsplayed rim with rounded edge; rotary-polished
on interior and on exterior below rim; tops of ribs
ground flat, giving a notched profile; part of two
rounded ribs extant, tapering downward.58
7. Rim and body fragment, shallow ribbed bowl
(Fig. 46). Light blue-green. D. about 15 cm. Slightly
outsplayed rim with rounded edge; tops of ribs
slightly cut flat by rotary polishing below rim; parts
surface on mound. H. 3.8 cm, W. 3.3 cm, Th. (below rim) 0.3
cm. Cf. Grose [note 4], p. 264, no. 231.
57. Excavation no. TH 1983-7556-163-50-101. Context:
stone robber's trench on mound. H. 4.2 cm; W. 5.4 cm, Th.
(max.) 0.7 cm; (below rim) 0.45 cm. See D. French, "Tille höyük
1983," VI. Kazi sonuçlan toplantisi. Izmir—16-20 Nisan 1984, An
kara, 1985, p. 258, fig. 6, no. 5 (where it is attributed to the
Hellenistic Level 1, Phase 2).
58. Excavation no. TH 1983-7656-177-50-124. Context:
spread on mound, with Eastern Sigillata pottery. H. 4.3 cm, W.
5.2 cm, Th. (below rim) 0.3-0.4 cm. Internal strain cracks
around rim. Cf. Hayes [note 16], p. 20, no. 50 and fig. 2.
59. Excavation no. TH 1983-7757-152—50—071. Context:
medieval stone-robber's trench on mound, found with no. 8,
below. H. 3.35 cm, W. 7.5 cm, Th. (below rim) 0.4 cm.
of four rounded ribs extant, of varying width but
60. Excavation no. TH 1983-7757-152-50-071. Context:
tapering downward; surface of side and ribs highly
medieval stone-robber's trench on mound, found with no. 7,
above; possibly from same vessel. H. 2.8 cm, L. 6.9 cm, W. 3.5
cm, Th. (bottom) 0.3 cm.
polished.59
8. Two conjoining body fragments, ribbed bowl
61. Excavation no. TH 1990-013-50-20. Context: baths
35
This content downloaded from 198.168.106.100 on Wed, 22 Nov 2017 21:44:15 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
Fig. 50. Ribbed bowlfragment (medieval levels). Tille.
}
I
Fig. 52. Molded ribbed bowl fragment. Tille.
sites in the West.67 The association of certain types
f.
V Wk
im
of glass with the Roman army is further strength
ened by the example of another fragment from the
Tille excavations.68 It is from the rim of a mold
blown bowl with a diameter of about 8 cm (Fig.
Fig.
Fig.51.
Fragments
Fig.51.
51.Fragments
Fragments j j
52), in pale yellow-green glass. The slightly out
of ribbed bowls.
bowls. Satala.
Satala.
splayed rim has been cut and ground flat on the
top. The side curves out to a projecting shoulder of
10. Rim fragment, ribbed bowl (Fig. 49). Blue
green. Vertical rim with rounded edge; tops of three
ribs in low relief extant.62
close-set, vertical ribs. An intact but larger version
of the same mold-blown bowl is to be found, appro
priately, in the Antalya Museum.69 It has an un
Another fragment found in early medieval levels
on the mound may also be residual. It has an almost
vertical rim, turned slightly inward, with a rounded
edge and a convex curving side (Fig. 50). The ex
terior is decorated with a number of short, close-set
ribs, seven of which are extant, arranged almost
vertically around the middle of the body.63 It thus
bears a close resemblance to the group of ribbed
bowls decorated with short, close-set ribs that are
described above (page 28).
Two fragments of cast ribbed bowls have also
been recorded recently at Sadak köy, ancient
Satala, the site of a legionary fortress in northeast
complex. Th. 0.3—0.4 cm. On the interior, rotary polishing
marks.
62. Excavation no. TH 1982-7659-136-50-039. Context:
mound. H. 2.3 cm, W. 4.5 cm, Th. (below rim) 0.35 cm.
63. Excavation no. TH 1982-7458-076-50-037. Pale green.
D. about 14 cm. J. Moore, Tille 1: The Medieval Period, forth
coming, fig. 98, no. 24.
64. For a plan of the site and a preliminary report on other
glass finds there, see C. S. Lightfoot, "Satalayüzey araçtirmasi,
1989," VIII. Arajtirma sonuçlan toplantisi, Ankara, 1991, pp. 299—
309, esp. p. 305 and figs. 1, 5, and 6.
65. L. 6.3 cm, W. 2.35 cm, Th. (max.) 0.6 mm, L. (of rib as
extant) 4.3 cm; W. (top of rib) 0.8 cm. Grinding and polishing
marks on the band below the rim and on the interior; tooling
marks on the top of the rib. See C. S. Lightfoot, "Satala yüzey
ern Turkey. Both of these fragments (Fig. 51) were
ara§tirmasi, 1990," in IX. Araçtirma sonuçlart toplantisi, Ankara,
found outside the area of the fortress itself, in a field
1992, p. 293, no. i and fig. 8.
to the northwest of the modern village, but their
presence at the site should doubtless be associated
with the arrival of the Roman garrison soon after
a.D. 75.64 One is a small body fragment in pale blue
glass, consisting of a single vertical rib, the top of
66. L. 2.3 cm, W. 2.0 cm, Th. 0.2 cm. Ibid., p. 293, no. 2.
67. See, for example, S. Fünfschilling, "Beobachtungen zu
Rippenschalen von schweizer Fundorten," Annales du i(f Congrès
de l'AIHV, Amsterdam, 1987, pp. 81-108.
68. Excavation no. TH 1983—7656—143—50—108. Context:
from the mound. H. 2.7 cm, W. 4.3 cm, Th. 0.2 cm. Parts of
seven ribs are extant, raised on the exterior and slighdy hollowed
which has been ground flat by a horizontal rotary
on the interior; a purple streak, owing to the use of manganese
polished band.65 The other, of colorless glass, is a
as a decolorizing agent, runs obliquely down the side; chipped
and cracked. Cf. von Saldern and others [note 12], p. 160, no.
smaller piece, also with part of a single vertical
rib.66
The Tille and Satala material provides much
needed evidence for the use of cast ribbed bowls on
the eastern frontier, thereby forming a parallel to
the frequent discovery of similar finds on military
450; and J. Price, "Late Hellenistic and Early Imperial Vessel
Glass at Berenice: A Survey of Imported Tableware Found dur
ing Excavations at Sidi Khrebish, Benghazi," in Cyrenaica in
Antiquity, ed. G. Barker, J. Lloyd, and J. Reynolds, Oxford,
Society for Libyan Studies Occasional Papers, no. 1, 1985, p.
293 and figs. 24.3 and 43-46.
69. Antalya Museum, inv. no. 1847. Unknown provenance.
36
This content downloaded from 198.168.106.100 on Wed, 22 Nov 2017 21:44:15 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
Fig. 53. Molded ribbed bowl. Antalya Museum 1847.
Fig. 55. Zarte Rippenschale. Izmir Museum 6050.
Fig. 54. Molded ribbed bowl. Antalya Museum 184J.
worked, knocked-off rim, 9.2 cm in diameter (Figs.
53 and 54). Its height is 4.8 cm, with a maximum
diameter of 10.3 cm and a base diameter of 4.6 cm.
There are 68 close-set vertical ribs around the side,
below which are two horizontal raised lines. On the
bottom, there is a broad, molded base-ring sur
rounding two concentric raised circles and a central
pushed-in knob. These mold-blown vessels have
been found at numerous military sites in the West.70
The distribution of glass tableware, cast or blown,
is, of course, not limited to army camps and forts;
ribbed bowls are found across the Mediterranean
Fig. 56. Zarte Rippenschale. Bolu Museum§'ji.
Large section of the rim and side missing, probably broken in
antiquity (weathering visible on broken edge). The museum has
another example (number unknown), in blue-green glass; it
could not be removed from the display case for study. A bowl of
very similar dimensions of greenish glass, is in the British Muse
um: GR 1912.10—25.16 (from Cyprus; H. 4.7 cm, D. rim 9.1
Cf. "Recent Important Acquisitions," Journal of Glass
strumental in spreading such items to the very Studies, v. 4, 1962, p. 140, no. 8 (said to have been found in
western Anatolia).
limits of the empire, and in doing so, they were in
70. See J. Price, "Decorated Mould-Blown Glass Tablewares
world. However, Roman soldiers were clearly in cm).
very practical terms fostering the process of Ro
manization.
in the First Century AD," in Roman Glass [note 24], pp. 67, 70,
and 72, pl. XVM
37
This content downloaded from 198.168.106.100 on Wed, 22 Nov 2017 21:44:15 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
APPENDIX
measuresimita
6.4 cm in height, 7.7 cm in diameter at
I referred above (pages 36-37) to blown
tions of the cast ribbed bowl. I therefore include
the rim, and 9.9 cm around the body. It, too, has a
here two more vessels to illustrate the continuation
knocked-off rim and concave shoulder, but the body
of the tradition of making ribbed bowls by the use is a rather squat, bulbous shape, and the bottom
of inflation techniques. They belong to a group of is flat. It is decorated with 16 ribs, set at irregu
vessels known as zarte Rippenschalen, dated to the lar intervals around the body and tapering toward
middle of the first century a.D. The technique by the bottom. The glass is wafer-thin in places; it is
which these vessels were made has been the subject thickest at the shoulder and on the ribs (the inside
of some uncertainty among scholars, but it is likely of the vessel wall bulges outward behind the ribs).
that they were blown and tooled in some way. One
of the bowls (Fig. 55) is in the Izmir Archaeological
Museum.71 It is of light yellow-brown glass and
71. Izmir Museum, inv. no. 6050. Broken; two patches of fill
mixed with earth. For other examples in Turkey, see O. Gündüz,
measures 6.4 cm in height, 8.3 cm in diameter at
"Fragment of a Vase of Stained Glass," Annual of the Archaeological
the rim, and 9.6 cm around the body. It has a
Museums of Istanbul, v. 10, 1962, p. 132 and pl. XVI (two exam
ples, one with opaque white trails, acquired in 1961; the mu
flaring rim with a very thin knocked-off edge, a seum collection contains at least two other examples); von Sal
concave shoulder, a bulbous body, and a rounded dern [note 47], pp. 12-13, nos. 42-44 (fragments fromthe Sardis
bottom. Seventeen pinched ribs run from the shoul excavations); Canav [note 41], p. 85, no. 138 (found at Bigadiç;
der to the undercurve of the body, slanting both
deep yellow-brown with opaque blue and white trails); Yagci
[note 43], p. 33 and fig. 33f; Stern [note 42], p. 586 and figs. 1
from right to left and from left to right. The glass is and 4-5; and Çankiri Museum (number not known).
thickest on the interior behind the ribs, on the
shoulder, and on the bottom, which is slightiy con
cave on the interior. A similar bowl (Fig. 56), in
72. Bolu Museum, inv. no. 531. Transferred from Afyon Mu
seum, 1980. Broken and repaired; half of the rim missing; two
holes in the body. Cf. von Saldern and others [note 12], pp.
100-101, nos. 260-266; and Glass at the Fitgwilliam Museum [note
pale blue-green glass, is in the Bolu Museum.72 It 12], p. 34, no. 6oa-b (from Cyprus).
This content downloaded from 198.168.106.100 on Wed, 22 Nov 2017 21:44:15 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms