The application of biosensors in medicine

Bioscience Biotechnology Research Communications

The natural biosensors are chemical sense organs specially designed on the basis of smell and taste likewise. Biosensor is a device that detects, transmits and records information regarding physiological or biochemical changes. Basically it is the probe that integrates a biological component with an electronic transducer thereby converting biochemical signals into electrochemical, optical, acoustic and electronic ones. The function of a biosensor depends on specifi city of biological active material and the analyte to be detected such as chemical compound, antigen, microbes, hormones, nucleic acid or any subjective parameter like smell and taste. The biological sensing elements have been used as enzyme, antibody, DNA ,receptor ,organelles and microorganism as well as animal and plant tissues. Types of biosensor includes immunosensors, microbial biosensors, whole cell based, electrochemical, optical and acoustic biosensors, which have vast applications in biomedical research, healthcare, pharmaceutical, environmental monitoring, homemade security and battlefi elds. In this review a summary of relevant aspects concerning biosensor integration in effi cient analytical setups and the latest applications of biosensors in diagnostic applications focusing on detection of molecular biomarkers in real samples is included. An overview of the current state and future trends of biosensors in this fi eld is given.

Biosensor is a bio-analytical integrated device that uses a biological detection system to target molecules or macromolecules. Biosensors can provide specific quantitative and semi quantitative analytical information using biological recognition by coupling to a physiochemical transducer which converts this recognition into a detectable output signal. The characteristic features of a biosensor are linearity, sensitivity, selectivity and response time. Biosensors have potential applications beginning with medical, pharma, environmental, biodefence and food & beverage and have now extensive applications in health care. Biosensors are involved in molecular diagnosis, crime detection, drug development, food analysis, industrial process control, environmental field monitoring, detection systems in biological warfare agents and in manufacturing of pharmaceuticals and organ replacement. Biosensors have firmly established their applications in health care in the measurement of blood metabolites such as glucose, lactate, urea and creatinine, diabetes therapy, cardiovascular disease biomarkers and cancer biomarkers. This review mainly focuses on the recent advances and applications of biosensors in health care.

2017

There are various types of biosensors such as enzyme-based, tissue-based, immune sensors, DNA biosensors, thermal and piezoelectric biosensors have been deliberated here to highlight their indispensable applications in multitudinous fields.Some of the popular fields implementing the use of biosensors are food industry to keep a check on its quality and safety, to help distinguish between the natural and artificial; in the fermentation industry and in the scarification process to detect precise glucose concentrations; in metabolic engineering to enable in vivo monitoring of cellular metabolism. Biosensors and their role in medical science including early stage detection of human interleukin-10 causing heart diseases, rapid detection of human papilloma virus, etc. are important aspects. Fluorescent biosensors play a vital role in drug discovery and in cancer. Biosensor applications are prevalent in the plant biology sector to find out the missing links required in metabolic processes....

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A bioreceptor that is an immobilized sensitive biological element (e.g. enzyme, DNA probe, antibody) recognizing the analyte (e.g. enzyme substrate, complementary DNA, antigen). Although antibodies and oligonucleotides are widely employed, enzymes are by far the most commonly used biosensing elements in biosensors. 2. A transducer is used to convert (bio)chemical signal resulting from the interaction of the analyte with the bioreceptor into an electronic one. The intensity of generated signal is directly or inversely proportional to the analyte concentration. Electrochemical transducers are often used to develop biosensors. These systems offer some advantages such as low cost, simple design or small dimensions. Biosensors can also be based on gravimetric, calorimetric or optical detection [1]. www.intechopen.com A Roadmap of Biomedical Engineers and Milestones 116 Biosensors are categorized according to the basic principles of signal transduction and biorecognition elements. According to the transducing elements, biosensors can be classified as electrochemical, optical, piezoelectric, and thermal sensors [3]. Electrochemical biosensors are also classified as potentiometric, amperometric and conductometric sensors. The application of biosensor areas [4] are clinic, diagnostic, medical applications, process control, bioreactors, quality control, agriculture and veterinary medicine, bacterial and viral diagnostic, drag production, control of industrial waste water, mining, military defense industry [5], etc.

Biosensors are sensor frameworks that are consolidated with natural frameworks. They comprise of two primary parts; one of them is organic distinguishment component and the other one is physicochemical transducer. Organic distinguishment component might be biocatalysts (protein, microorganism, tissue materials) or bioligands (antibodies, nucleic acids, lectins) that associate specifically with the target analyte. Transducer changes over the physical reaction coming about because of the association between the target analyte and natural distinguishment component into a measurable indicator. Biosensors which give observing organic and manufactured methods could be utilized other than therapeutic measuring and examining, for natural perceptions and controls, barrier industry, agribusiness, sustenance and pharmaceutical industry. In this way, they have a paramount part in day by day life. In this audit, qualities of biosensors that are utilized as a part of restorative measuring and dissecting have been dead set and classifications of biosensors concurring diverse gimmicks that are found in writing are displaye.

https://ijshr.com/IJSHR_Vol.6_Issue.2_April2021/IJSHR-Abstract.015.html, 2021

Biosensor is rapid detection of any infectious disease at the early stages is critical for supporting public health and ensuring effective healthcare outcomes. A timely and accurate diagnosis of a disease is necessary for an effective medical response where is biosensor takes place. The design and development of biosensors have taken a centre stage for researchers or scientists in the recent decade owing to the wide range of biosensor applications, such as health care and disease diagnosis, environmental monitoring, water and food quality monitoring, and drug delivery and lately it shown great potential for use in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Biosensors are ideally suited to many diagnostic and real-time detection problems due to their use of biological molecules, tissues, and cells, and their high capacity for precision and accuracy promises to continue this trend. Biosensors will become even more widespread and essential to the industrial, agricultural, scientific, and health care as biotechnology tools advance to allow additional biosensor growth.

The detection and transfer of signals enable quick response in the diagnosis. Generally, for detection of components in samples, chromatographic methods are used. Other methods such as energy dispersed X-ray analysis, atomic absorption methods are used for detection of various compounds and impurities in water samples. Also, the compounds in gasses are detected by using various chromatographic, calorimetric and chemical analyses. It is always desired to measure the real time concentration and convey the signals to other display systems. A biosensor is an analytical device which converts a biological response into an electrical signal. These are analytical devices in which specific recognition of the chemical substances is performed by biological material, usually an enzyme. The current review summarizes research and studies on biosensors.

International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET), 2023

Biosensors are currently ubiquitous in the biomedical field as well as in a variety of other fields such as point-of-care intensive care for therapy and illness, ecological assessment, nutrition monitoring, the discovery of drugs, and other medical and forensics research. Biosensors were first reported during 1906 when M. Cremer determined that an acid concentration in a liquid is proportionate to the electric potential. Until then, a number of advancements have been made in this field. Biosensors can be described as analytical tools which consist of a grouping of natural sensing components such as a receptor and a transducer. In comparison with any further currently accessible analytical device, these sensors are sophisticated in the environments because of selectivity, sensitivity and specificity. This Paper aims to give an brief idea about biosensor technology.

The part of biochemical method is principal in diagnostics of clinical, application of clinical, control of food quality, bioreactors, control of waste water in industry, agriculture, mining, and the tactical safeguard industry. Though, the alteration of biological information to quantifiable electrical signals is presently a tedious. In this specific situation, biosensors have been investigated broadly on the grounds that they can be utilized to change over a biochemical interaction into a quantifiable sign. A long propels in gadget innovation, the utilization of biosensors has been expanded and they can be utilized to notice what many others systems of old-style sensing cannot. Today, numerous biosensors are being created mechanically and are being used to foster huge scope multi-esteemed detecting frameworks. In this clarify the principles of bio recognition, natural bio recognition elements, types and application of biosensors.

International Journal for Scientific Research and Development, 2016

A biosensor is an analytical device which converts a biological response into an electrical signal. The term biosensor is often used to cover sensor devices used in order to determine the concentration of substances and other parameters of biological interest even where they do not utilize a biological system directly. Biosensors have become essential analytical tools, since they offer higher performance in terms of sensitivity and selectivity than any other currently available diagnostic tool. With appropriate progress in research, biosensors will have an important impact on environmental monitoring, reducing cost and increasing efficiency. Biosensors represent a rapidly expanding field, at the present time, with an estimated 60% annual growth rate; where major focus is on health care industry. Although there use is unquestionable in the field of agri food, research, security and defence. In this paper various aspects of biosensors have been touched.